1
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Varty GB, Canal CE, Mueller TA, Hartsel JA, Tyagi R, Avery K, Morgan ME, Reichelt AC, Pathare P, Stang E, Palfreyman MG, Nivorozhkin A. Synthesis and Structure-Activity Relationships of 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-Substituted Phenethylamines and the Discovery of CYB210010: A Potent, Orally Bioavailable and Long-Acting Serotonin 5-HT 2 Receptor Agonist. J Med Chem 2024; 67:6144-6188. [PMID: 38593423 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Structure-activity studies of 4-substituted-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamines led to the discovery of 2,5-dimethoxy-4-thiotrifluoromethylphenethylamines, including CYB210010, a potent and long-acting serotonin 5-HT2 receptor agonist. CYB210010 exhibited high agonist potency at 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors, modest selectivity over 5-HT2B, 5-HT1A, 5-HT6, and adrenergic α2A receptors, and lacked activity at monoamine transporters and over 70 other proteins. CYB210010 (0.1-3 mg/kg) elicited a head-twitch response (HTR) and could be administered subchronically at threshold doses without behavioral tolerance. CYB210010 was orally bioavailable in three species, readily and preferentially crossed into the CNS, engaged frontal cortex 5-HT2A receptors, and increased the expression of genes involved in neuroplasticity in the frontal cortex. CYB210010 represents a new tool molecule for investigating the therapeutic potential of 5-HT2 receptor activation. In addition, several other compounds with high 5-HT2A receptor potency, yet with little or no HTR activity, were discovered, providing the groundwork for the development of nonpsychedelic 5-HT2A receptor ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey B Varty
- Cybin IRL Limited, North Wall Quay, 1 Spencer Dock, Dublin 1 DO1 X9R7, Ireland
| | - Clinton E Canal
- Cybin IRL Limited, North Wall Quay, 1 Spencer Dock, Dublin 1 DO1 X9R7, Ireland
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mercer University, 3001 Mercer University Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Tina A Mueller
- Cybin IRL Limited, North Wall Quay, 1 Spencer Dock, Dublin 1 DO1 X9R7, Ireland
- BioIVT, Hicksville, New York 11803, United States
| | - Joshua A Hartsel
- Cybin IRL Limited, North Wall Quay, 1 Spencer Dock, Dublin 1 DO1 X9R7, Ireland
- Consultant, UPS PO Box #105-650, 25422 Trabuco Road, Lake Forest, California 92630, United States
| | - Richa Tyagi
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mercer University, 3001 Mercer University Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Ken Avery
- Cybin IRL Limited, North Wall Quay, 1 Spencer Dock, Dublin 1 DO1 X9R7, Ireland
| | - Michael E Morgan
- Cybin IRL Limited, North Wall Quay, 1 Spencer Dock, Dublin 1 DO1 X9R7, Ireland
| | - Amy C Reichelt
- Cybin IRL Limited, North Wall Quay, 1 Spencer Dock, Dublin 1 DO1 X9R7, Ireland
- Faculty of Biomedicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Pradip Pathare
- Cybin IRL Limited, North Wall Quay, 1 Spencer Dock, Dublin 1 DO1 X9R7, Ireland
| | - Erik Stang
- Cybin IRL Limited, North Wall Quay, 1 Spencer Dock, Dublin 1 DO1 X9R7, Ireland
| | | | - Alex Nivorozhkin
- Cybin IRL Limited, North Wall Quay, 1 Spencer Dock, Dublin 1 DO1 X9R7, Ireland
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2
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Andrzejewski K, Orłowska ME, Zaremba M, Joniec-Maciejak I, Kaczyńska K. Impact of Serotonergic 5HT 1A and 5HT 2A Receptor Activation on the Respiratory Response to Hypercapnia in a Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4403. [PMID: 38673988 PMCID: PMC11050428 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In Parkinson's disease (PD), along with typical motor dysfunction, abnormal breathing is present; the cause of which is not well understood. The study aimed to analyze the effects of stimulation of the serotonergic system with 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A agonists in a model of PD induced by injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). To model PD, bilateral injection of 6-OHDA into both striata was performed in male Wistar rats. Respiratory disturbances in response to 7% hypercapnia (CO2 in O2) in the plethysmographic chamber before and after stimulation of the serotonergic system and the incidence of apnea were studied in awake rats 5 weeks after 6-OHDA or vehicle injection. Administration of 6-OHDA reduced the concentration of serotonin (5-HT), dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NA) in the striatum and the level of 5-HT in the brainstem of treated rats, which have been associated with decreased basal ventilation, impaired respiratory response to 7% CO2 and increased incidence of apnea compared to Sham-operated rats. Intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of the 5-HT1AR agonist 8-OH-DPAT and 5-HT2AR agonist NBOH-2C-CN increased breathing during normocapnia and hypercapnia in both groups of rats. However, it restored reactivity to hypercapnia in 6-OHDA group to the level present in Sham rats. Another 5-HT2AR agonist TCB-2 was only effective in increasing normocapnic ventilation in 6-OHDA rats. Both the serotonergic agonists 8-OH-DPAT and NBOH-2C-CN had stronger stimulatory effects on respiration in PD rats, compensating for deficits in basal ventilation and hypercapnic respiration. We conclude that serotonergic stimulation may have a positive effect on respiratory impairments that occur in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kryspin Andrzejewski
- Department of Respiration Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5 St., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (K.A.); (M.E.O.)
| | - Magdalena E. Orłowska
- Department of Respiration Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5 St., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (K.A.); (M.E.O.)
| | - Małgorzata Zaremba
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Preclinical Research (CePT), Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (M.Z.), (I.J.-M.)
| | - Ilona Joniec-Maciejak
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Preclinical Research (CePT), Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (M.Z.), (I.J.-M.)
| | - Katarzyna Kaczyńska
- Department of Respiration Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5 St., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (K.A.); (M.E.O.)
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3
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Vargas-Perez H, Minauro-Sanmiguel F, Ting-A-Kee R, Grieder TE, Méndez-Díaz M, Prospéro-García O, van der Kooy D. Rewarding Effects of the Hallucinogen 4-AcO-DMT Administration and Withdrawal in Rats: A Challenge to the Opponent-Process Theory. Neurosci Lett 2024; 820:137597. [PMID: 38110146 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
According to the opponent-process theory of drug addiction, the intake of an addictive substance initiates two processes: a rapid primary process that results in the drug's rewarding effects, and a slower opponent process that leads to the aversive motivational state of drug aftereffects. This aversive state is integral in the desire, pursuit, and maintenance of drug use, potentially leading to dependence and addiction. However, current observational and experimental evidence suggests that the administration of a 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors-type 2A (5-HT2A) agonist, while capable of inducing a positive mental state in humans, may not generate the behavioral patterns typically associated with drugs of abuse. In this study, we found that administering the 5-HT2A agonist 4-Acetoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine fumarate (4-AcO-DMT) did not result in place preference in male rats compared to control saline administration 24 h later, after the drug has been cleared from the organism. However, in a modified place preference test where only the acute motivational effects of the drug were evaluated (excluding withdrawal), 4-AcO-DMT was found to be rewarding. Furthermore, in another modified place preference test where only the motivational effects of drug withdrawal were evaluated (excluding the acute effects of drug administration), the 24-hour aftereffect of 5-HT2A agonist administration also resulted in a robust place preference. Therefore, while 4-AcO-DMT administration was able to induce place preference, its 24-hour aftereffect also produced a strong reward. In the counterbalanced test, this reward from the aftereffect effectively overshadowed its acute rewarding properties, which could potentially create a false impression that 4-AcO-DMT lacks motivational properties. This suggests that 5-HT2A agonist administration follows a different dynamic than that proposed by the opponent-process theory of motivation and implies that the administration of 5-HT2A agonists may lead to behavioral patterns less typical of drugs associated with addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector Vargas-Perez
- The Nierika Intercultural Medicine Institute, Ocuilan, Estado de México, 52483, Mexico; Institute of Medical Science and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada; Postgrado En Ciencias Cognitivas, Universidad Autonoma Del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Mexico.
| | - Fernando Minauro-Sanmiguel
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Genética Humana, Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Ryan Ting-A-Kee
- Institute of Medical Science and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Taryn Elizabeth Grieder
- Department of Molecular Genetics, the Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Mónica Méndez-Díaz
- Laboratorio de Cannabinoides, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Mexico
| | - Oscar Prospéro-García
- Laboratorio de Cannabinoides, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Mexico
| | - Derek van der Kooy
- Institute of Medical Science and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, the Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
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4
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Kim S, Doukmak EJ, Shanguhyia M, Gray DJ, Steinhardt RC. Photoactivatable Agonist-Antagonist Pair as a Tool for Precise Spatiotemporal Control of Serotonin Receptor 2C Signaling. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:3665-3673. [PMID: 37721710 PMCID: PMC10557072 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Orthogonal recreation of the signaling profile of a chemical synapse is a current challenge in neuroscience. This is due in part to the kinetics of synaptic signaling, where neurotransmitters are rapidly released and quickly cleared by active reuptake machinery. One strategy to produce a rapid rise in an orthogonally controlled signal is via photocaged compounds. In this work, photocaged compounds are employed to recreate both the rapid rise and equally rapid fall in activation at a chemical synapse. Specifically, a complementary pair of photocages based on BODIPY were conjugated to a 5-HT2C subtype-selective agonist, WAY-161503, and antagonist, N-desmethylclozapine, to generate "caged" versions of these drugs. These conjugates release the bioactive drug upon illumination with green light (agonist) or red light (antagonist). We report on the synthesis, characterization, and bioactivity testing of the conjugates against the 5-HT2C receptor. We then characterize the kinetics of photolysis quantitatively using HPLC and qualitatively in cell culture conditions stimulating live cells. The compounds are shown to be stable in the dark for 48 h at room temperature, yet photolyze rapidly when irradiated with visible light. In live cells expressing the 5-HT2C receptor, precise spatiotemporal control of the degree and length of calcium signaling is demonstrated. By loading both compounds in tandem and leveraging spectral multiplexing as a noninvasive method to control local small-molecule drug availability, we can reproducibly initiate and suppress intracellular calcium flux on a timescale not possible by traditional methods of drug dosing. These tools enable a greater spatiotemporal control of 5-HT2C modulation and will allow for more detailed studies of the receptors' signaling, interactions with other proteins, and native physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer
T. Kim
- Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Emma J. Doukmak
- Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | | | - Dylan J. Gray
- Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
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5
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Yao R, Jensen AA, Bryce-Rogers HP, Schultz-Knudsen K, Zhou L, Hovendal NP, Pedersen H, Kubus M, Ulven T, Laraia L. Identification of 5-HT2 Serotonin Receptor Modulators through the Synthesis of a Diverse, Tropane- and Quinuclidine-alkaloid-Inspired Compound Library. J Med Chem 2023; 66:11536-11554. [PMID: 37566000 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
The recombination of natural product (NP) fragments in unprecedented ways has emerged as an important strategy for bioactive compound discovery. In this context, we propose that privileged primary fragments predicted to be enriched in activity against a specific target class can be coupled to diverse secondary fragments to engineer selectivity among closely related targets. Here, we report the synthesis of an alkaloid-inspired compound library enriched in spirocyclic ring fusions, comprising 58 compounds from 12 tropane- or quinuclidine-containing scaffolds, all of which can be considered pseudo-NPs. The library displays excellent predicted drug-like properties including high Fsp3 content and Lipinski's rule-of-five compliance. Targeted screening against selected members of the serotonin and dopamine G protein-coupled receptor family led to the identification of several hits that displayed significant agonist or antagonist activity against 5-HT2A and/or 5-HT2C, and subsequent optimization of one of these delivered a lead dual 5-HT2B/C antagonist with a highly promising selectivity profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruwei Yao
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anders A Jensen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hogan P Bryce-Rogers
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Katrine Schultz-Knudsen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Libin Zhou
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicklas P Hovendal
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Henrik Pedersen
- Medicinal Chemistry, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500 Valby, Denmark
| | - Mariusz Kubus
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Trond Ulven
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Luca Laraia
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
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6
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Pottie E, Poulie CBM, Simon IA, Harpsøe K, D’Andrea L, Komarov IV, Gloriam DE, Jensen AA, Kristensen JL, Stove CP. Structure-Activity Assessment and In-Depth Analysis of Biased Agonism in a Set of Phenylalkylamine 5-HT 2A Receptor Agonists. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:2727-2742. [PMID: 37474114 PMCID: PMC10401645 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Serotonergic psychedelics are described to have activation of the serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2A) as their main pharmacological action. Despite their relevance, the molecular mechanisms underlying the psychedelic effects induced by certain 5-HT2A agonists remain elusive. One of the proposed hypotheses is the occurrence of biased agonism, defined as the preferential activation of certain signaling pathways over others. This study comparatively monitored the efficiency of a diverse panel of 4-position-substituted (and N-benzyl-derived) phenylalkylamines to induce recruitment of β-arrestin2 (βarr2) or miniGαq to the 5-HT2A, allowing us to assess structure-activity relationships and biased agonism. All test compounds exhibited agonist properties with a relatively large range of both EC50 and Emax values. Interestingly, the lipophilicity of the 2C-X phenethylamines was correlated with their efficacy in both assays but yielded a stronger correlation in the miniGαq- than in the βarr2-assay. Molecular docking suggested that accommodation of the 4-substituent of the 2C-X analogues in a hydrophobic pocket between transmembrane helices 4 and 5 of 5-HT2A may contribute to this differential effect. Aside from previously used standard conditions (lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) as a reference agonist and a 2 h activation profile to assess a compound's activity), serotonin was included as a second reference agonist, and the compounds' activities were also assessed using the first 30 min of the activation profile. Under all assessed circumstances, the qualitative structure-activity relationships remained unchanged. Furthermore, the use of two reference agonists allowed for the estimation of both "benchmark bias" (relative to LSD) and "physiology bias" (relative to serotonin).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline Pottie
- Laboratory
of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Ghent University, Campus Heymans, Ottergemsesteenweg
460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christian B. M. Poulie
- Department
of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Icaro A. Simon
- Department
of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kasper Harpsøe
- Department
of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Laura D’Andrea
- Department
of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - David E. Gloriam
- Department
of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders A. Jensen
- Department
of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesper L. Kristensen
- Department
of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christophe P. Stove
- Laboratory
of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Ghent University, Campus Heymans, Ottergemsesteenweg
460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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7
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Vargas MV, Dunlap LE, Dong C, Carter SJ, Tombari RJ, Jami SA, Cameron LP, Patel SD, Hennessey JJ, Saeger HN, McCorvy JD, Gray JA, Tian L, Olson DE. Psychedelics promote neuroplasticity through the activation of intracellular 5-HT2A receptors. Science 2023; 379:700-706. [PMID: 36795823 PMCID: PMC10108900 DOI: 10.1126/science.adf0435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Decreased dendritic spine density in the cortex is a hallmark of several neuropsychiatric diseases, and the ability to promote cortical neuron growth has been hypothesized to underlie the rapid and sustained therapeutic effects of psychedelics. Activation of 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) 2A receptors (5-HT2ARs) is essential for psychedelic-induced cortical plasticity, but it is currently unclear why some 5-HT2AR agonists promote neuroplasticity, whereas others do not. We used molecular and genetic tools to demonstrate that intracellular 5-HT2ARs mediate the plasticity-promoting properties of psychedelics; these results explain why serotonin does not engage similar plasticity mechanisms. This work emphasizes the role of location bias in 5-HT2AR signaling, identifies intracellular 5-HT2ARs as a therapeutic target, and raises the intriguing possibility that serotonin might not be the endogenous ligand for intracellular 5-HT2ARs in the cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxemiliano V. Vargas
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, Davis; Davis, CA 95618, USA
- Institute for Psychedelics and Neurotherapeutics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95618, USA
| | - Lee E. Dunlap
- Institute for Psychedelics and Neurotherapeutics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95618, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis; Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Chunyang Dong
- Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Davis; Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Samuel J. Carter
- Institute for Psychedelics and Neurotherapeutics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95618, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis; Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Robert J. Tombari
- Institute for Psychedelics and Neurotherapeutics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95618, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis; Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Shekib A. Jami
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis; Davis, CA 95618, USA
| | - Lindsay P. Cameron
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, Davis; Davis, CA 95618, USA
| | - Seona D. Patel
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis; Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Joseph J. Hennessey
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin; Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Hannah N. Saeger
- Institute for Psychedelics and Neurotherapeutics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95618, USA
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Davis; Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - John D. McCorvy
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin; Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - John A. Gray
- Institute for Psychedelics and Neurotherapeutics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95618, USA
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis; Davis, CA 95618, USA
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Lin Tian
- Institute for Psychedelics and Neurotherapeutics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95618, USA
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis; Davis, CA 95618, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis; Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - David E. Olson
- Institute for Psychedelics and Neurotherapeutics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95618, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis; Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis; Davis, CA 95618, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis; Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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8
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de la Fuente Revenga M, Jaster AM, McGinn J, Silva G, Saha S, González-Maeso J. Tolerance and Cross-Tolerance among Psychedelic and Nonpsychedelic 5-HT 2A Receptor Agonists in Mice. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:2436-2448. [PMID: 35900876 PMCID: PMC10411500 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Classical psychedelics represent a subgroup of serotonergic psychoactive substances characterized by their distinct subjective effects on the human psyche. Another unique attribute of this drug class is that such effects become less apparent after repeated exposure within a short time span. The classification of psychedelics as a subgroup within the serotonergic drug family and the tolerance to their effects are replicated by the murine head twitch response (HTR) behavioral paradigm. Here, we aimed to assess tolerance and cross-tolerance to HTR elicited by psychedelic and nonpsychedelic serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2AR) agonists in mice. We show that repeated (4 days) administration of the psychedelic 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane (DOI) induced a progressive decrease in HTR behavior. Tolerance to DOI-induced HTR was also observed 24 h after a single administration of this psychedelic. Pretreatment with the 5-HT2AR antagonist M100907 reduced not only the acute manifestation of DOI-induced HTR, but also the development of tolerance to HTR. Additionally, cross-tolerance became apparent between the psychedelics DOI and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), whereas repeated administration of the nonpsychedelic 5-HT2AR agonist lisuride did not affect the ability of these two psychedelics to induce HTR. At the molecular level, DOI administration led to down-regulation of 5-HT2AR density in mouse frontal cortex membrane preparations. However, development of tolerance to the effect of DOI on HTR remained unchanged in β-arrestin-2 knockout mice. Together, these data suggest that tolerance to HTR induced by psychedelics involves activation of the 5-HT2AR, is not observable upon repeated administration of nonpsychedelic 5-HT2AR agonists, and occurs via a signaling mechanism independent of β-arrestin-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario de la Fuente Revenga
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
- Virginia Institute of Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Alaina M Jaster
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - John McGinn
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Gabriella Silva
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Somdatta Saha
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Javier González-Maeso
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
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9
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Liu X, Zhu H, Gao H, Tian X, Tan B, Su R. G s signaling pathway distinguishes hallucinogenic and nonhallucinogenic 5-HT 2AR agonists induced head twitch response in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 598:20-25. [PMID: 35149433 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.01.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
5- HT2A receptor is a member of the family A G-protein-coupled receptor. It is involved in many psychiatric disorders, such as depression, addiction and Parkinson's disease. 5-HT2AR targeted drugs play an important role in regulating cognition, memory, emotion and other physiological function by coupling G proteins, and their most notable function is stimulating the serotonergic hallucination. However, not all 5-HT2AR agonists exhibit hallucinogenic activity, such as lisuride. Molecular mechanisms of these different effects are not well illustrated. This study suggested that 5-HT2AR coupled both Gs and Gq protein under hallucinogenic agonists DOM and 25CN-NBOH stimulation, but nonhallucinogenic agonist lisuride and TBG only activates Gq signaling. Moreover, in head twitch response (HTR) model, we found that cAMP analogs 8-Bromo-cAMP and PDE4 inhibitor Rolipram could increase HTR, while Gs protein inhibitor Melittin could reduce HTR. Collectively, these results revealed that Gs signaling is a key signaling pathway that may distinguish hallucinogenic agonists and nonhallucinogenic agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27th Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Huili Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Huan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27th Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China; School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Xiangyun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27th Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Bo Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27th Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Ruibin Su
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27th Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China.
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10
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Valentina S, Blasio A, Ferragud A, Quadir SG, Iyer MR, Rice KC, Cottone P. Characterization of a differential reinforcement of low rates of responding task in non-deprived male and female rats: Role of Sigma-1 receptors. Neuropharmacology 2021; 200:108786. [PMID: 34516984 PMCID: PMC9869339 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Impulsive action can be defined as the inability to withhold a response and represents one of the dimensions of the broad construct impulsivity. Here, we characterized a modified differential reinforcement of low rates of responding (DRL) task developed in our laboratory, in which impulsive action is measured in ad libitum fed/watered subjects. Specifically, we first determined the effects of both sex and estrous cycle on impulsive action by systematically comparing male and estrous-synchronized female subjects. In addition, we evaluated the convergent validity of this modified DRL task by testing the effects of the D2R/5HT2AR antagonist, aripiprazole, and the noncompetitive NMDAR antagonist, MK-801. Finally, we tested the effects of the selective antagonist BD-1063 and agonist PRE-084 of Sigma-1 receptor (Sig-1R) on impulsive action using this modified DRL task. We found that female rats showed and increased inability to withhold a response when compared to males, and this effect was driven by the metestrus/diestrus phase of the estrous cycle. In addition, aripiprazole and MK-801 fully retained their capability to reduce and increase impulsive action, respectively. Finally, the selective Sig-1R antagonist, BD-1063 dose-dependently reduced the inability to withhold a response in both sexes, though more potently in female rats. In summary, we show that impulsive action, as measured in a modified DRL task which minimizes energy-homeostatic influences, is a function of both sex and estrous cycle. Furthermore, we validate the convergent validity of the task and provide evidence that Sig-1R antagonism may represent a novel pharmacological strategy to reduce impulsive action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabino Valentina
- Laboratory of Addictive Disorders, Departments of Pharmacology and Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Angelo Blasio
- Laboratory of Addictive Disorders, Departments of Pharmacology and Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Antonio Ferragud
- Laboratory of Addictive Disorders, Departments of Pharmacology and Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sema G Quadir
- Laboratory of Addictive Disorders, Departments of Pharmacology and Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Malliga R Iyer
- Section on Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kenner C Rice
- Drug Design and Synthesis, National Institute on Drug Abuse and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Pietro Cottone
- Laboratory of Addictive Disorders, Departments of Pharmacology and Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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11
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de la Fuente Revenga M, Zhu B, Guevara CA, Naler LB, Saunders JM, Zhou Z, Toneatti R, Sierra S, Wolstenholme JT, Beardsley PM, Huntley GW, Lu C, González-Maeso J. Prolonged epigenomic and synaptic plasticity alterations following single exposure to a psychedelic in mice. Cell Rep 2021; 37:109836. [PMID: 34686347 PMCID: PMC8582597 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical evidence suggests that rapid and sustained antidepressant action can be attained with a single exposure to psychedelics. However, the biological substrates and key mediators of psychedelics' enduring action remain unknown. Here, we show that a single administration of the psychedelic DOI produces fast-acting effects on frontal cortex dendritic spine structure and acceleration of fear extinction via the 5-HT2A receptor. Additionally, a single dose of DOI leads to changes in chromatin organization, particularly at enhancer regions of genes involved in synaptic assembly that stretch for days after the psychedelic exposure. These DOI-induced alterations in the neuronal epigenome overlap with genetic loci associated with schizophrenia, depression, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Together, these data support that epigenomic-driven changes in synaptic plasticity sustain psychedelics' long-lasting antidepressant action but also warn about potential substrate overlap with genetic risks for certain psychiatric conditions.
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MESH Headings
- Amphetamines/pharmacology
- Animals
- Behavior, Animal/drug effects
- Dendritic Spines/drug effects
- Dendritic Spines/metabolism
- Epigenesis, Genetic/drug effects
- Epigenome/drug effects
- Epigenomics
- Extinction, Psychological/drug effects
- Fear/drug effects
- Frontal Lobe/drug effects
- Frontal Lobe/metabolism
- Hallucinogens/pharmacology
- Male
- Mice, 129 Strain
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Neuronal Plasticity/drug effects
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A/drug effects
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A/genetics
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A/metabolism
- Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists/pharmacology
- Synapses/drug effects
- Synapses/metabolism
- Time Factors
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario de la Fuente Revenga
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; Virginia Institute of Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Bohan Zhu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Christopher A Guevara
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Lynette B Naler
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Justin M Saunders
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Zirui Zhou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Rudy Toneatti
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Salvador Sierra
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Jennifer T Wolstenholme
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Patrick M Beardsley
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; Center for Biomarker Research and Precision Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - George W Huntley
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Chang Lu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Javier González-Maeso
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
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12
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Yu B, Battaglia DM, Foster TP, Nichols CD. Serotonin 5-HT 2A receptor activity mediates adipocyte differentiation through control of adipogenic gene expression. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19714. [PMID: 34611182 PMCID: PMC8492876 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98970-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin 5-HT2 receptors are expressed in many tissues and play important roles in biological processes. Although the 5-HT2A receptor is primarily known for its role in central nervous system, it is also expressed in peripheral tissues. We have found that 5-HT2A receptor antagonists inhibit human subcutaneous primary adipocyte differentiation. We also show that siRNA knockdown of the 5-HT2A receptor blocks differentiation. Using gene expression analysis in combination with receptor antagonists we found that activity of 5-HT2A receptors is necessary very early in the differentiation process to mediate expression of adipogenic genes, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (ppar-γ), adipocyte protein 2 (aP2), adiponectin, and serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 (sgk1). We show here for the first time that 5-HT2A receptor activity is necessary for differentiation of human primary subcutaneous preadipocytes to adipocytes, and that 5-HT2A receptor activity mediates key genes related to adipogenesis during this process. Importantly, this work contributes to a greater understanding of the adipocyte differentiation process, as well as to the role of 5-HT2A receptors in peripheral tissues, and may be relevant to the development of novel therapeutic strategies targeting this receptor for the treatment of obesity related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bangning Yu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, 1901 Perdido Street, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Diana M Battaglia
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, 1901 Perdido Street, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Timothy P Foster
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, 1901 Perdido Street, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Charles D Nichols
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, 1901 Perdido Street, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
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13
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Jin B, Ha SE, Wei L, Singh R, Zogg H, Clemmensen B, Heredia DJ, Gould TW, Sanders KM, Ro S. Colonic Motility Is Improved by the Activation of 5-HT 2B Receptors on Interstitial Cells of Cajal in Diabetic Mice. Gastroenterology 2021; 161:608-622.e7. [PMID: 33895170 PMCID: PMC8532042 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Constipation is commonly associated with diabetes. Serotonin (5-HT), produced predominantly by enterochromaffin (EC) cells via tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1), is a key modulator of gastrointestinal (GI) motility. However, the role of serotonergic signaling in constipation associated with diabetes is unknown. METHODS We generated EC cell reporter Tph1-tdTom, EC cell-depleted Tph1-DTA, combined Tph1-tdTom-DTA, and interstitial cell of Cajal (ICC)-specific Kit-GCaMP6 mice. Male mice and surgically ovariectomized female mice were fed a high-fat high-sucrose diet to induce diabetes. The effect of serotonergic signaling on GI motility was studied by examining 5-HT receptor expression in the colon and in vivo GI transit, colonic migrating motor complexes (CMMCs), and calcium imaging in mice treated with either a 5-HT2B receptor (HTR2B) antagonist or agonist. RESULTS Colonic transit was delayed in males with diabetes, although colonic Tph1+ cell density and 5-HT levels were increased. Colonic transit was not further reduced in diabetic mice by EC cell depletion. The HTR2B protein, predominantly expressed by colonic ICCs, was markedly decreased in the colonic muscles of males and ovariectomized females with diabetes. Ca2+ activity in colonic ICCs was decreased in diabetic males. Treatment with an HTR2B antagonist impaired CMMCs and colonic motility in healthy males, whereas treatment with an HTR2B agonist improved CMMCs and colonic motility in males with diabetes. Colonic transit in ovariectomized females with diabetes was also improved significantly by the HTR2B agonist treatment. CONCLUSIONS Impaired colonic motility in mice with diabetes was improved by enhancing HTR2B signaling. The HTR2B agonist may provide therapeutic benefits for constipation associated with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byungchang Jin
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada
| | - Se Eun Ha
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada
| | - Lai Wei
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada
| | - Rajan Singh
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada
| | - Hannah Zogg
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada
| | - Brooke Clemmensen
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada
| | - Dante J Heredia
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada
| | - Thomas W Gould
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada
| | - Kenton M Sanders
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada
| | - Seungil Ro
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada.
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14
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Abstract
Psychedelic 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor (5-HT2AR) agonists are showing promise in the treatment of psychiatric disorders, such as treatment-resistant depression and anxiety. Human studies suggest that enhanced cognitive flexibility may contribute to their clinical efficacy. Both improvement and impairment of cognitive flexibility has been reported with 5-HT2AR ligands, making the link between 5-HT2AR pharmacology and cognitive flexibility equivocal. We tested the selective 5-HT2AR agonist 25CN-NBOH in healthy male C57BL/6JOlaHsd mice in a touchscreen-based mouse reversal learning test. No effects were observed on acquisition of the new stimulus-reward contingency, learning errors, or perseverative responses during reversal. Our results suggest that 25CN-NBOH does not affect reversal learning in the schedule used in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna U Odland
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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15
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Abstract
The objectives of this study were to determine alcohol consumption after administration of (R)(-)-2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (DOI) or naltrexone in Long-Evans rats, and to assess the effectiveness of these treatments based on individual differences in alcohol consumption. Adult male Long-Evans rats (N = 16) were given opportunities to orally self-administer a 20% (v/v) ethanol (EtOH) solution using an intermittent access, two-bottle (vs. tap water) choice procedure in their home cages. EtOH consumption and preference, total fluid consumption and food intake were measured. Last, we assessed the effects of naltrexone (1 mg/kg; subcutaneous) and (R)(-)-DOI (0.1-1 mg/kg; subcutaneous) on EtOH intake and preference using a quartile analysis. Rats showed stable EtOH (20%) intake and preference after 15 EtOH access sessions. Naltrexone produced a transient decrease in EtOH intake, but an inconsistent effect on EtOH preference, whereas DOI dose-dependently reduced EtOH intake and preference for at least 24 h. Subsequent quartile analyses revealed that rats with the highest EtOH intake during the first 60 min of access to EtOH showed greater reductions in EtOH intake and preference after DOI treatment. This is the first report to show that DOI-elicited reductions in EtOH intake and preference in rats depend on baseline EtOH intake, perhaps supporting a 'baseline dependency' hypothesis of effectiveness with phenethylamine psychedelics on EtOH consumption. If so, individuals with greater potential to develop severe AUDs may be particularly responsive to the positive motivational changes produced by treatment with psychedelics that target the 5-HT2 receptor family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. BERQUIST
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - William E. FANTEGROSSI
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
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16
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Bombardi C, Delicata F, Tagliavia C, Grandis A, Pierucci M, Marino Gammazza A, Casarrubea M, De Deurwaerdère P, Di Giovanni G. Lateral Habenula 5-HT 2C Receptor Function Is Altered by Acute and Chronic Nicotine Exposures. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094775. [PMID: 33946328 PMCID: PMC8124296 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) is important in some nicotine actions in the CNS. Among all the 5-HT receptors (5-HTRs), the 5-HT2CR has emerged as a promising drug target for smoking cessation. The 5-HT2CRs within the lateral habenula (LHb) may be crucial for nicotine addiction. Here we showed that after acute nicotine tartrate (2 mg/kg, i.p.) exposure, the 5-HT2CR agonist Ro 60-0175 (5–640 µg/kg, i.v.) increased the electrical activity of 42% of the LHb recorded neurons in vivo in rats. Conversely, after chronic nicotine treatment (6 mg/kg/day, i.p., for 14 days), Ro 60-0175 was incapable of affecting the LHb neuronal discharge. Moreover, acute nicotine exposure increased the 5-HT2CR-immunoreactive (IR) area while decreasing the number of 5-HT2CR-IR neurons in the LHb. On the other hand, chronic nicotine increased both the 5-HT2CR-IR area and 5-HT2CR-IR LHb neurons in the LHb. Western blot analysis confirmed these findings and further revealed an increase of 5-HT2CR expression in the medial prefrontal cortex after chronic nicotine exposure not detected by the immunohistochemistry. Altogether, these data show that acute and chronic nicotine exposure differentially affect the central 5-HT2CR function mainly in the LHb and this may be relevant in nicotine addiction and its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano Bombardi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia, Italy; (C.B.); (C.T.); (A.G.)
| | - Francis Delicata
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, MSD2080 Msida, Malta; (F.D.); (M.P.)
| | - Claudio Tagliavia
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia, Italy; (C.B.); (C.T.); (A.G.)
| | - Annamaria Grandis
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia, Italy; (C.B.); (C.T.); (A.G.)
| | - Massimo Pierucci
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, MSD2080 Msida, Malta; (F.D.); (M.P.)
| | - Antonella Marino Gammazza
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Maurizio Casarrubea
- Laboratory of Behavioral Physiology, Human Physiology Section “Giuseppe Pagano”, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Philippe De Deurwaerdère
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 5287, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 146 rue Léo Saignat, B.P.281, CEDEX, F-33000 Bordeaux, France;
| | - Giuseppe Di Giovanni
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, MSD2080 Msida, Malta; (F.D.); (M.P.)
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +356-23402776
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17
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Abstract
This paper introduces a new construct, the 'pivotal mental state', which is defined as a hyper-plastic state aiding rapid and deep learning that can mediate psychological transformation. We believe this new construct bears relevance to a broad range of psychological and psychiatric phenomena. We argue that pivotal mental states serve an important evolutionary function, that is, to aid psychological transformation when actual or perceived environmental pressures demand this. We cite evidence that chronic stress and neurotic traits are primers for a pivotal mental state, whereas acute stress can be a trigger. Inspired by research with serotonin 2A receptor agonist psychedelics, we highlight how activity at this particular receptor can robustly and reliably induce pivotal mental states, but we argue that the capacity for pivotal mental states is an inherent property of the human brain itself. Moreover, we hypothesize that serotonergic psychedelics hijack a system that has evolved to mediate rapid and deep learning when its need is sensed. We cite a breadth of evidences linking stress via a variety of inducers, with an upregulated serotonin 2A receptor system (e.g. upregulated availability of and/or binding to the receptor) and acute stress with 5-HT release, which we argue can activate this primed system to induce a pivotal mental state. The pivotal mental state model is multi-level, linking a specific molecular gateway (increased serotonin 2A receptor signaling) with the inception of a hyper-plastic brain and mind state, enhanced rate of associative learning and the potential mediation of a psychological transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Brouwer
- Centre for Psychedelic Research, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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18
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Shuai J, Gao Y, Chen L, Wang Z. Role of serotonin in regulation of pancreatic and mesenteric arterial function in diabetic mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 901:174070. [PMID: 33798598 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the reaction of pancreatic and mesenteric artery to 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin) and the mechanism of nitric oxide in diabetes. Diabetic mice were induced by streptozotocin through intraperitoneal injection. The vascular tension of the pancreatic, mesenteric and brain basilar arteries in diabetic and control mice were measured by myograph in the applications of angiotensin II, 5-HT, 5-HT2A receptor agonist 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine hydrochloride (DOI), 5-HT1B/1D receptor agonist sumatriptan, 5-HT2B receptor agonist BW723C86, 5-HT1D receptor antagonist Palonosetron and 5-HT2 receptor antagonist Sarpogrelate. The effect of 5-HT on arteries pretreated with L-NAME and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) on arteries pretreated with norepinephrine were measured. The mRNA expressions of eNOS, 5-HT1B, 5-HT1D, 5-HT2A and 5-HT2B in pancreatic and mesenteric arteries were measured by Real-time PCR. The concentration of 5-HT in plasma and eNOS in pancreatic and mesenteric arteries were tested. Our results showed that the tension of pancreatic and mesenteric arteries in diabetic mice impaired to 5-HT, but not Ang II, and to DOI and sumatriptan, but normalized by incubation with L-NAME. Pancreatic and mesenteric arteries showed no differences to SNP after pretreated with NE between diabetic and control mice. The mRNA of eNOS and 5-HT receptors in pancreatic and mesenteric artery showed no difference between control and diabetic mice. We conclude that the effect of 5-HT on the tension of pancreatic and mesenteric arteries decrease in diabetic mice. It may due to the decreased activity of 5-HT receptors and the activation of eNOS, which causes nitric oxide to release more and makes the tension of vessels decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Shuai
- Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yufang Gao
- Department of Physiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Zhongli Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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19
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Nikaido T, Muroga S, Maruyama C, Fujimaru Y, Asano T, Takaoka A. Ethenzamide Exerts Protective Effects against Ibuprofen-Induced Gastric Mucosal Damage in Rats by Suppressing Gastric Contraction. Biol Pharm Bull 2021; 44:332-337. [PMID: 33342935 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b20-00479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are known to cause gastric mucosal damage, in which gastric hypermotility has been reported to play a primary role. The antipyretic analgesic drug ethenzamide (ETZ) is widely used in combination with other NSAIDs and, in a recent study, was found to possess 5-hydroxytriptamine (5HT)2B receptor antagonistic activity. Therefore, the inhibition of gastric contraction via 5HT2B receptor blockade by ETZ might contribute to ETZ's protective effect against NSAIDs-induced gastric mucosal damage. In the present study, we examined the effects of ETZ on gastric contraction and ibuprofen (IBP)-induced gastric mucosal damage in rats. We found that ETZ suppressed both 5HT- and α-methyl-5HT (5HT2 receptor agonist)-induced contractions of rat-isolated gastric fundus in a concentration-dependent manner. This suppressive effect of ETZ was not seen for either high-KCl- or acetylcholine-induced contractions. Furthermore, ETZ was confirmed to decrease ibuprofen-induced gastric mucosal damage in a dose-dependent manner in rats. Similarly, clonidine is known to reduce gastric motility, and methysergide (a 5HT2 receptor antagonist) is known to inhibit 5HT-induced contractions of the gastric fundus, which also decreases IBP-induced gastric mucosal damage, respectively. Although further research on other possible sites or mechanisms of action would be needed, these results suggest that ETZ exerts a protective effect against IBP-induced gastric mucosal damage and that suppressing the gastric contraction may play an important role in the gastroprotective effect of ETZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takato Nikaido
- Health Science Research R&D Laboratories, Research & Development Headquarters Self-Medication, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Shota Muroga
- Health Science Research R&D Laboratories, Research & Development Headquarters Self-Medication, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Chikashi Maruyama
- Health Science Research R&D Laboratories, Research & Development Headquarters Self-Medication, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Yukiko Fujimaru
- Health Science Research R&D Laboratories, Research & Development Headquarters Self-Medication, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Toshiki Asano
- Health Science Research R&D Laboratories, Research & Development Headquarters Self-Medication, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Akiko Takaoka
- Health Science Research R&D Laboratories, Research & Development Headquarters Self-Medication, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
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20
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Podlewska S, Bugno R, Lacivita E, Leopoldo M, Bojarski AJ, Handzlik J. Low Basicity as a Characteristic for Atypical Ligands of Serotonin Receptor 5-HT2. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031035. [PMID: 33494248 PMCID: PMC7864501 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Serotonin receptors are extensively examined by academic and industrial researchers, due to their vital roles, which they play in the organism and constituting therefore important drug targets. Up to very recently, it was assumed that the basic nitrogen in compound structure is a necessary component to make it active within this receptor system. Such nitrogen interacts in its protonated form with the aspartic acid from the third transmembrane helix (D3x32) forming a hydrogen bond tightly fitting the ligand in the protein binding site. However, there are several recent studies that report strong serotonin receptor affinity also for compounds without a basic moiety in their structures. In the study, we carried out a comprehensive in silico analysis of the low-basicity phenomenon of the selected serotonin receptor ligands. We focused on the crystallized representatives of the proteins of 5-HT1B, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, and 5-HT2C receptors, and examined the problem both from the ligand- and structure-based perspectives. The study was performed for the native proteins, and for D3x32A mutants. The investigation resulted in the determination of nonstandard structural requirements for activity towards serotonin receptors, which can be used in the design of new nonbasic ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Podlewska
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31-343 Kraków, Poland; (R.B.); (A.J.B.)
- Correspondence: (S.P.); (J.H.); Tel.: +48-12-66-23-301 (S.P.); +48-12-620-55-84 (J.H.)
| | - Ryszard Bugno
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31-343 Kraków, Poland; (R.B.); (A.J.B.)
| | - Enza Lacivita
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (E.L.); (M.L.)
| | - Marcello Leopoldo
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (E.L.); (M.L.)
| | - Andrzej J. Bojarski
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31-343 Kraków, Poland; (R.B.); (A.J.B.)
| | - Jadwiga Handzlik
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
- Correspondence: (S.P.); (J.H.); Tel.: +48-12-66-23-301 (S.P.); +48-12-620-55-84 (J.H.)
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21
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Odland AU, Kristensen JL, Andreasen JT. Investigating the role of 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptor activation in the effects of psilocybin, DOI, and citalopram on marble burying in mice. Behav Brain Res 2020; 401:113093. [PMID: 33359368 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.113093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Psychedelic drugs acting as 5-hydroxyptryptamine 2A receptor (5-HT2AR) agonists have shown promise as viable treatments of psychiatric disorders, including obsessive-compulsive disorder. The marble burying test is a test of compulsive-like behavior in mice, and psychedelics acting as 5-HT2AR agonists can reduce digging in this test. We assessed the 5-HT2R contribution to the mechanisms of two 5-HT2A agonists on digging behavior in female NMRI mice, using citalopram as a reference compound. While the 5-HT2AR antagonist M100907 blocked the effect of DOI and the 5-HT2CR antagonist SB242084 blocked the effect of citalopram, neither antagonist blocked the effect of psilocybin. This study confirms 5-HT2AR agonism as a mechanism for reduced compulsive-like digging in the MB test and suggests that 5-HT2A and 5-HT2CRs can work in parallel on this type of behavior. Our results with psilocybin suggest that a 5-HT2R-independent mechanism also contributes to the effect of psilocybin on repetitive digging behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna U Odland
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Jesper L Kristensen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Jesper T Andreasen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark.
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22
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Tsybko AS, Ilchibaeva TV, Filimonova EA, Eremin DV, Popova NK, Naumenko VS. The Chronic Treatment With 5-HT 2A Receptor Agonists Affects the Behavior and the BDNF System in Mice. Neurochem Res 2020; 45:3059-3075. [PMID: 33095437 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-03153-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Serotonin 5-HT2A receptors and the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) are involved in the pathophysiology and treatment of many psychiatric diseases. However, the interaction between 5-HT2A and BDNF is still poorly understood. In the present paper, the effects of chronic treatment with mixed 5-HT2A/2C receptor agonist DOI, highly selective 5-HT2A agonists TCB-2 and 25CN-NBOH on behavior and the BDNF system have been investigated. Chronic treatment of males of C57Bl/6 mice with DOI, TCB-2 and 25CN-NBOH (1 mg/kg, i.p., 14 days) resulted in desensitization of 5-HT2A receptors. Treatment with 25CN-NBOH significantly increased startle amplitude. At the same time all used drugs failed to affect anxiety, exploratory and stereotyped behavior as well as spatial memory and learning. TCB-2 and 25CN-NBOH increased the BDNF mRNA level. All 5-HT2A agonists increased the proBDNF level but failed to alter the mature BDNF protein level. TrkB and p75NTR mRNA levels were affected by all utilized agonists. All drugs decreased the total level as well as membrane TrkB protein one indicating downregulation of TrkB receptors. All agonists decreased the membrane p75NTR protein level. Thus, we have shown for the first time that the chronic activation of the 5-HT2A receptor with agonists has affected the BDNF system almost on all levels-transcription, proBDNF production, TrkB and p75NTR receptors' level. The obtained data suggested possible suppression in BDNF-TrkB signaling under chronic treatment with 5-HT2A agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton S Tsybko
- The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, The Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Lavrentyeva, 10, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia.
| | - Tatiana V Ilchibaeva
- The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, The Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Lavrentyeva, 10, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Elena A Filimonova
- The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, The Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Lavrentyeva, 10, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Dmitry V Eremin
- The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, The Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Lavrentyeva, 10, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nina K Popova
- The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, The Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Lavrentyeva, 10, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Vladimir S Naumenko
- The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, The Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Lavrentyeva, 10, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
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23
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Lagière M, Bosc M, Whitestone S, Benazzouz A, Chagraoui A, Millan MJ, De Deurwaerdère P. A Subset of Purposeless Oral Movements Triggered by Dopaminergic Agonists Is Modulated by 5-HT 2C Receptors in Rats: Implication of the Subthalamic Nucleus. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228509. [PMID: 33198169 PMCID: PMC7698107 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopaminergic medication for Parkinson’s disease is associated with troubling dystonia and dyskinesia and, in rodents, dopaminergic agonists likewise induce a variety of orofacial motor responses, certain of which are mimicked by serotonin2C (5-HT2C) receptor agonists. However, the neural substrates underlying these communalities and their interrelationship remain unclear. In Sprague-Dawley rats, the dopaminergic agonist, apomorphine (0.03–0.3 mg/kg) and the preferential D2/3 receptor agonist quinpirole (0.2–0.5 mg/kg), induced purposeless oral movements (chewing, jaw tremor, tongue darting). The 5-HT2C receptor antagonist 5-methyl-1-[[2-[(2-methyl-3-pyridyl)oxyl]-5-pyridyl]carbamoyl]-6-trifluoromethylindone (SB 243213) (1 mg/kg) reduced the oral responses elicited by specific doses of both agonists (0.1 mg/kg apomorphine; 0.5 mg/kg quinpirole). After having confirmed that the oral bouts induced by quinpirole 0.5 mg/kg were blocked by another 5-HT2C antagonist (6-chloro-5-methyl-1-[6-(2-methylpiridin-3-yloxy)pyridine-3-yl carbamoyl] indoline (SB 242084), 1 mg/kg), we mapped the changes in neuronal activity in numerous sub-territories of the basal ganglia using c-Fos expression. We found a marked increase of c-Fos expression in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) in combining quinpirole (0.5 mg/kg) with either SB 243213 or SB 242084. In a parallel set of electrophysiological experiments, the same combination of SB 243213/quinpirole produced an irregular pattern of discharge and an increase in the firing rate of STN neurons. Finally, it was shown that upon the electrical stimulation of the anterior cingulate cortex, quinpirole (0.5 mg/kg) increased the response of substantia nigra pars reticulata neurons corresponding to activation of the “hyperdirect” (cortico-subthalamonigral) pathway. This effect of quinpirole was abolished by the two 5-HT2C antagonists. Collectively, these results suggest that induction of orofacial motor responses by D2/3 receptor stimulation involves 5-HT2C receptor-mediated activation of the STN by recruitment of the hyperdirect (cortico-subthalamonigral) pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Lagière
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (Unité Mixte de Recherche 5287), 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux CEDEX, France; (M.L.); (M.B.); (S.W.)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (Unité Mixte de Recherche 5293), 33076 Bordeaux CEDEX, France;
| | - Marion Bosc
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (Unité Mixte de Recherche 5287), 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux CEDEX, France; (M.L.); (M.B.); (S.W.)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (Unité Mixte de Recherche 5293), 33076 Bordeaux CEDEX, France;
| | - Sara Whitestone
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (Unité Mixte de Recherche 5287), 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux CEDEX, France; (M.L.); (M.B.); (S.W.)
| | - Abdelhamid Benazzouz
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (Unité Mixte de Recherche 5293), 33076 Bordeaux CEDEX, France;
| | - Abdeslam Chagraoui
- Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication Laboratory, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine of Normandy (IRIB), Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM, U1239, CHU Rouen, 76000 Rouen, France;
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Rouen University Hospital, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Mark J. Millan
- Institut de Recherche Servier, Center for Therapeutic Innovation in Neuropsychiatry, Croissy/Seine, 78290 Paris, France;
| | - Philippe De Deurwaerdère
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (Unité Mixte de Recherche 5287), 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux CEDEX, France; (M.L.); (M.B.); (S.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-(0)-557-57-12-90
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24
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Michaiel AM, Parker PRL, Niell CM. A Hallucinogenic Serotonin-2A Receptor Agonist Reduces Visual Response Gain and Alters Temporal Dynamics in Mouse V1. Cell Rep 2020; 26:3475-3483.e4. [PMID: 30917304 PMCID: PMC6559379 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.02.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory perception arises from the integration of externally and internally driven representations of the world. Disrupted balance of these representations can lead to perceptual deficits and hallucinations. The serotonin-2A receptor (5-HT2AR) is associated with such perceptual alterations, both in its role in schizophrenia and in the action of hallucinogenic drugs. Despite this powerful influence on perception, relatively little is known about how serotonergic hallucinogens influence sensory processing in the neocortex. Using widefield and two-photon calcium imaging and single-unit electrophysiology in awake mice, we find that administration of the hallucinogenic selective 5-HT2AR agonist DOI (2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine) leads to a net reduction in visual response amplitude and surround suppression in primary visual cortex, as well as disrupted temporal dynamics. However, basic retinotopic organization, tuning properties, and receptive field structure remain intact. Our results provide support for models of hallucinations in which reduced bottom-up sensory drive is a key factor leading to altered perception. Activation of serotonin-2A receptors (5-HT2ARs) is associated with hallucinations, but impacts on sensory processing are largely unknown. Michaiel et al. demonstrate that the 5-HT2AR agonist DOI strongly reduces sensory-evoked activity and disrupts temporal dynamics. These results support models of hallucinations that propose reduced bottom-up sensory drive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angie M Michaiel
- Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Philip R L Parker
- Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Cristopher M Niell
- Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA.
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25
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Yuen H, Hung A, Yang AWH, Lenon GB. Mechanisms of Action of Cassiae Semen for Weight Management: A Computational Molecular Docking Study of Serotonin Receptor 5-HT2C. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041326. [PMID: 32079105 PMCID: PMC7072867 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Overweight and obesity is a growing global health concern. Current management of obesity includes lifestyle intervention, bariatric surgery and medication. The serotonin receptor, 5-HT2C, is known to mediate satiety, appetite and consumption behaviour. Lorcaserin, an appetite control drug, has demonstrated efficacy in appetite control by targeting 5-HT2C but causes undesirable side effects. This study aimed to explore the potential usage of Cassiae semen (CS), a well-known traditional Chinese medicine used to treat obesity. A computational molecular docking study was performed to determine the binding mechanism of CS compounds to the 5-HT2C receptors in both active, agonist-bound and inactive, antagonist-bound conformations. By comparing binding poses and predicted relative binding affinities towards the active or inactive forms of the receptor, we hypothesise that two of the CS compounds studied may be potent agonists which may mimic the appetite suppression effects of lorcaserin: obtusifoliol and cassiaside B2. Furthermore, two ligands, beta-sitosterol and juglanin, were predicted to bind favourably to 5-HT2C outside of the known agonist binding pocket in the active receptor, suggesting that such ligands may serve as positive allosteric modulators of 5-HT2C receptor function. Overall, this study proposed several CS compounds which may be responsible for exerting anti-obesity effects via appetite suppression by 5-HT2C receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Yuen
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia; (H.Y.); (A.W.H.Y.)
| | - Andrew Hung
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia;
| | - Angela Wei Hong Yang
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia; (H.Y.); (A.W.H.Y.)
| | - George Binh Lenon
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia; (H.Y.); (A.W.H.Y.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-400-821-631
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26
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Flanagan TW, Sebastian MN, Battaglia DM, Foster TP, Cormier SA, Nichols CD. 5-HT 2 receptor activation alleviates airway inflammation and structural remodeling in a chronic mouse asthma model. Life Sci 2019; 236:116790. [PMID: 31626791 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Although the bulk of research into the biology of serotonin 5-HT2A receptors has focused on its role in the CNS, selective activation of these receptors in peripheral tissues can produce profound anti-inflammatory effects. We previously demonstrated that the small molecule 5-HT2 receptor agonist (R)-2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine [(R)-DOI] inhibits TNF-α-mediated proinflammatory signaling cascades and inflammation via 5-HT2A receptor activation and prevents the development of, and inflammation associated with, acute allergic asthma in a mouse ovalbumin (OVA) model. Here, we investigated the ability of (R)-DOI to reverse inflammation and symptoms associated with established asthma in a newly developed model of chronic asthma. METHODS An 18-week ovalbumin challenge period was performed to generate persistent, chronic asthma in BALB/c mice. Four once daily intranasal treatments of (R)-DOI were administered one week after allergen cessation, with respiratory parameters being measured by whole-body plethysmography (WBP). Cytokine and chemokine levels were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) in homogenized lung tissue, bronchoalveolar (BALF) fluid was analyzed for chemokine modulation by multiplex assays, and Periodic Acid-Schiff and Masson's Trichrome staining was performed to determine goblet cell infiltration and overall changes to lung morphology. KEY FINDINGS 5-HT2 activation via (R)-DOI attenuates elevated airway hyperresponsiveness to methacholine, reduces pulmonary inflammation and mucus production, and reduces airway structural remodeling and collagen deposition by nearly 70%. SIGNIFICANCE Overall, these data provide support for the therapeutic potential of (R)-DOI and 5-HT2 receptor activation for the treatment of asthma, and identifies (R)-DOI as a novel therapeutic compound against pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Flanagan
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Melaine N Sebastian
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Diana M Battaglia
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, And Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Timothy P Foster
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, And Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Stephania A Cormier
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, 202 Life Sciences Building, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Charles D Nichols
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
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27
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Kim J, Kim YJ, Londhe AM, Pae AN, Choo H, Kim HJ, Min SJ. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Disubstituted Pyrimidines as Selective 5-HT 2C Agonists. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24183234. [PMID: 31491978 PMCID: PMC6767204 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24183234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we describe the synthesis of disubstituted pyrimidine derivatives and their biological evaluation as selective 5-HT2C agonists. To improve selectivity for 5-HT2C over other subtypes, we synthesized two series of disubstituted pyrimidines with fluorophenylalkoxy groups at either the 5-position or 4-position and varying cyclic amines at the 2-position. The in vitro cell-based assay and binding assay identified compounds 10a and 10f as potent 5-HT2C agonists. Further studies on selectivity to 5-HT subtypes and drug-like properties indicated that 2,4-disubstituted pyrimidine 10a showed a highly agonistic effect on the 5-HT2C receptor, with excellent selectivity, as well as exceptional drug-like properties, including high plasma and microsomal stability, along with low CYP inhibition. Thus, pyrimidine 10a could be considered a viable lead compound as a 5-HT2C selective agonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhyeon Kim
- Center for Neuro-Medicine, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Yoon Jung Kim
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Korea
| | - Ashwini M Londhe
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Ae Nim Pae
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Hyunah Choo
- Center for Neuro-Medicine, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Hak Joong Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Sun-Joon Min
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Korea.
- Department of Chemical & Molecular Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Korea.
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28
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Sakloth F, Leggett E, Moerke MJ, Townsend EA, Banks ML, Negus SS. Effects of acute and repeated treatment with serotonin 5-HT2A receptor agonist hallucinogens on intracranial self-stimulation in rats. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2019; 27:215-226. [PMID: 30628811 PMCID: PMC6690189 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The prototype 5-HT2A receptor agonist hallucinogens LSD, mescaline, and psilocybin are classified as Schedule 1 drugs of abuse by the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration. Accumulating clinical evidence has also suggested that acute or repeated "microdosing" with these drugs may have utility for treatment of some mental health disorders, including drug abuse and depression. The goal of the present study was to evaluate LSD, mescaline, and psilocybin effects on intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS), a procedure that has been used to evaluate abuse-related effects of other classes of abused drugs. Effects of repeated LSD were also examined to evaluate potential changes in its own effects on ICSS or changes in effects produced by the abused psychostimulant methamphetamine or the prodepressant kappa opioid receptor (KOR) agonist U69,593. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were implanted with microelectrodes targeting the medial forebrain bundle and trained to respond under a "frequency-rate" ICSS procedure, in which many drugs of abuse increase (or "facilitate") ICSS. In acute dose-effect and time-course studies, evidence for abuse-related ICSS facilitation was weak and inconsistent; the predominant effect of all 3 drugs was dose- and time-dependent ICSS depression. Repeated LSD treatment failed to alter either its own ICSS depressant effects or the abuse-related effects of methamphetamine; however, repeated LSD did attenuate ICSS depression by U69,593. These results extend those of previous preclinical studies to suggest weak expression of abuse-related effects by 5-HT2A agonist hallucinogens and provide supportive evidence for therapeutic effects of repeated LSD dosing to attenuate KOR-mediated depressant effects but not abuse potential of psychostimulants. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Ishigami T, Ueshima K, Ukai M, Asai N, Takamatsu H, Yokono M, Takeda M, Masuda N. Effect of ASP2205 fumarate, a novel 5-HT 2C receptor agonist, on urethral closure function in rats. J Pharmacol Sci 2019; 139:333-339. [PMID: 30871873 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The pharmacological profile of ASP2205 fumarate (ASP2205), a novel 5-HT2C receptor agonist, was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. ASP2205 showed potent and selective agonistic activity for the human 5-HT2C receptor, with an EC50 of 0.85 nM in the intracellular Ca2+ mobilization assay. Rat 5-HT2C receptor was also activated by ASP2205 with an EC50 of 2.5 nM. Intraduodenal administration (i.d.) of ASP2205 (0.1-1 mg/kg) significantly elevated the leak point pressure (LPP) in anesthetized rats in a dose-dependent manner. This ASP2205 (0.3 mg/kg i.d.)-induced LPP elevation was inhibited by SB242084 (0.3 mg/kg i.v.), a selective 5-HT2C receptor antagonist. Urethral closure responses induced by intravesical pressure loading in rats were enhanced by ASP2205 (0.3 mg/kg i.v.), which was abolished by pretreatment with SB242084 (0.3 mg/kg i.v.) and bilateral transection of the pudendal nerve. In contrast, ASP2205 (0.3 mg/kg i.v.) did not change the resting urethral pressure in rats. These results indicate that ASP2205 can enhance the pudendal nerve-mediated urethral closure reflex via the 5-HT2C receptor, resulting in the prevention of involuntary urine loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Ishigami
- Institute for Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc, 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, 305-8585, Japan.
| | - Koji Ueshima
- Institute for Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc, 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, 305-8585, Japan
| | - Masashi Ukai
- Institute for Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc, 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, 305-8585, Japan
| | - Norio Asai
- Institute for Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc, 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, 305-8585, Japan
| | - Hajime Takamatsu
- Institute for Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc, 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, 305-8585, Japan
| | - Masanori Yokono
- Institute for Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc, 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, 305-8585, Japan
| | - Masahiro Takeda
- Institute for Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc, 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, 305-8585, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Masuda
- Institute for Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc, 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, 305-8585, Japan
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Toro-Sazo M, Brea J, Loza MI, Cimadevila M, Cassels BK. 5-HT2 receptor binding, functional activity and selectivity in N-benzyltryptamines. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0209804. [PMID: 30629611 PMCID: PMC6328172 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The last fifteen years have seen the emergence and overflow into the drug scene of "superpotent" N-benzylated phenethylamines belonging to the "NBOMe" series, accompanied by numerous research articles. Although N-benzyl substitution of 5-methoxytryptamine is known to increase its affinity and potency at 5-HT2 receptors associated with psychedelic activity, N-benzylated tryptamines have been studied much less than their phenethylamine analogs. To further our knowledge of the activity of N-benzyltryptamines, we have synthesized a family of tryptamine derivatives and, for comparison, a few 5-methoxytryptamine analogs with many different substitution patterns on the benzyl moiety, and subjected them to in vitro affinity and functional activity assays vs. the human 5-HT2 receptor subtypes. In the binding (radioligand displacement) studies some of these compounds exhibited only modest selectivity for either 5-HT2A or 5-HT2C receptors suggesting that a few of them, with affinities in the 10-100 nanomolar range for 5-HT2A receptors, might presumably be psychedelic. Unexpectedly, their functional (calcium mobilization) assays reflected very different trends. All of these compounds proved to be 5-HT2C receptor full agonists while most of them showed low efficacy at the 5-HT2A subtype. Furthermore, several showed moderate-to-strong preferences for activation of the 5-HT2C subtype at nanomolar concentrations. Thus, although some N-benzyltryptamines might be abuse-liable, others might represent new leads for the development of therapeutics for weight loss, erectile dysfunction, drug abuse, or schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Toro-Sazo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
| | - José Brea
- BioFarma Research Group, CIMUS, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María I. Loza
- BioFarma Research Group, CIMUS, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Marta Cimadevila
- BioFarma Research Group, CIMUS, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Bruce K. Cassels
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
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Prabhakaran J, DeLorenzo C, Zanderigo F, Knudsen GM, Gilling N, Pratap M, Jorgensen MJ, Daunais J, Kaplan JR, Parsey RV, Mann JJ, Kumar D. In vivo PET Imaging of [11C]CIMBI-5, a 5-HT2AR Agonist Radiotracer in Nonhuman Primates. J Pharm Pharm Sci 2019; 22:352-364. [PMID: 31356761 PMCID: PMC7453972 DOI: 10.18433/jpps30329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE 5-HT2AR exists in high and low affinity states. Agonist PET tracers measure binding to the active high affinity site and thus provide a functionally relevant measure of the receptor. Limited in vivo data have been reported so far for a comparison of agonist versus antagonist tracers for 5-HT2AR used as a proof of principle for measurement of high and low affinity states of this receptor. We compared the in vivo binding of [11C]CIMBI-5, a 5-HT2AR agonist, and of the antagonist [11C]M100907, in monkeys and baboons. METHODS [11C]CIMBI-5 and [11C]M100907 baseline PET scans were performed in anesthetized male baboons (n=2) and male vervet monkeys (n=2) with an ECAT EXACT HR+ and GE 64-slice PET/CT Discovery VCT scanners. Blocking studies were performed in vervet monkeys by pretreatment with MDL100907 (0.5 mg/kg, i.v.) 60 minutes prior to the scan. Regional distribution volumes and binding potentials were calculated for each ROI using the likelihood estimation in graphical analysis and Logan plot, with either plasma input function or reference region as input, and simplified reference tissue model approaches. RESULTS PET imaging of [11C]CIMBI-5 in baboons and monkeys showed the highest binding in 5-HT2AR-rich cortical regions, while the lowest binding was observed in cerebellum, consistent with the expected distribution of 5-HT2AR. Very low free fractions and rapid metabolism were observed for [11C]CIMBI-5 in baboon plasma. Binding potential values for [11C]CIMBI-5 were 25-33% lower than those for [11C]MDL100907 in the considered brain regions. CONCLUSION The lower binding potential of [11C]CIMBI-5 in comparison to [11C]MDL100907 is likely due to the preferential binding of the former to the high affinity site in vivo in contrast to the antagonist, [11C]MDL100907, which binds to both high and low affinity sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Prabhakaran
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA. Area of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, USA
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Eshleman AJ, Wolfrum KM, Reed JF, Kim SO, Johnson RA, Janowsky A. Neurochemical pharmacology of psychoactive substituted N-benzylphenethylamines: High potency agonists at 5-HT 2A receptors. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 158:27-34. [PMID: 30261175 PMCID: PMC6298744 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The use of new psychoactive substituted 2,5-dimethoxy-N-benzylphenethylamines is associated with abuse and toxicity in the United States and elsewhere and their pharmacology is not well known. This study compares the mechanisms of action of 2-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxybenzyl)ethanamine (25D-NBOMe), 2-(4-ethyl-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-(2-methoxybenzyl)ethanamine (25E-NBOMe), 2-(2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-(2-methoxybenzyl)ethanamine (25H-NBOMe), 2-(((4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethyl)amino)methyl)phenol (25I-NBOH); and 2-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-nitrophenyl)-N-(2-methoxybenzyl)ethanamine) (25N-NBOMe) with hallucinogens and stimulants. Mammalian cells heterologously expressing 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B or 5-HT2C receptors, or dopamine, serotonin or norepinephrine transporters (DAT, SERT and NET, respectively) were used to assess drug affinities at radioligand binding sites. Potencies and efficacies were determined using [35S]GTPγS binding assays (5-HT1A), inositol-phosphate accumulation assays (5-HT2A, 5-HT2B and 5-HT2C), and uptake and release assays (transporters). The substituted phenethylamines were very low potency and low efficacy agonists at the 5-HT1A receptor. 25D-NBOMe, 25E-NBOMe, 25H-NBOMe, 25I-NBOH and 25N-NBOMe had very high affinity for, and full efficacy at, 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors. In the 5-HT2A receptor functional assay, 25D-NBOMe, 25E-NBOMe, 25I-NBOH and 25N-NBOMe had subnanomolar to low nanomolar potencies similar to (+)lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) while 25H-NBOMe had lower potency, similar to serotonin. At the 5-HT2C receptor, four had very high potencies, similar to LSD and serotonin, while 25H-NBOMe had lower potency. At the 5-HT2B receptor, the compounds had lower affinity, potency and efficacy compared to 5-HT2A or 5-HT2C. The phenethylamines had low to mid micromolar affinities and potencies at the transporters. These results demonstrate that these -NBOMe and -NBOH substituted phenethylamines have a biochemical pharmacology consistent with hallucinogenic activity, with little psychostimulant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy J Eshleman
- Research Service, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR 97239, United States; Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States.
| | - Katherine M Wolfrum
- Research Service, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - John F Reed
- Research Service, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Sunyoung O Kim
- Research Service, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Robert A Johnson
- Research Service, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Aaron Janowsky
- Research Service, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR 97239, United States; Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States; The Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States
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Abstract
Sleep paralysis is a state of involuntary immobility occurring at sleep onset or offset, often accompanied by uncanny "ghost-like" hallucinations and extreme fear reactions. I provide here a neuropharmacological account for these hallucinatory experiences by evoking the role of the serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2AR). Research has shown that 5-HT2AR activation can induce visual hallucinations, "mystical" subjective states, and out-of-body experiences (OBEs), and modulate fear circuits. Hallucinatory experiences triggered by serotonin-serotonergic ("pseudo") hallucinations, induced by hallucinogenic drugs-tend to be "dream-like" with the experiencer having insight ("meta-awareness") that he is hallucinating, unlike dopaminergic ("psychotic" and "life-like") hallucinations where such insight is lost. Indeed, hallucinatory experiences during sleep paralysis have the classic features of serotonergic hallucinations, and are strikingly similar to perceptual and subjective states induced by hallucinogenic drugs (e.g., lysergic acid diethylamide [LSD] and psilocybin), i.e., they entail visual hallucinations, mystical experiences, OBEs, and extreme fear reactions. I propose a possible mechanism whereby serotonin could be functionally implicated in generating sleep paralysis hallucinations and fear reactions through 5-HT2AR activity. Moreover, I speculate on the role of 5-HT2C receptors vis-à-vis anxiety and panic during sleep paralysis, and the orbitofrontal cortex-rich with 5-HT2A receptors-in influencing visual pathways during sleep paralysis, and, in effect, hallucinations. Finally, I propose, for the first time, a drug to target sleep paralysis hallucinations and fear reactions, namely the selective 5-HT2AR inverse agonist, pimavanserin. This account implicates gene HTR2A on chromosome 13q as the underlying cause of sleep paralysis hallucinations and could be explored using positron emission tomography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baland Jalal
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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Sánchez-Brualla I, Boulenguez P, Brocard C, Liabeuf S, Viallat-Lieutaud A, Navarro X, Udina E, Brocard F. Activation of 5-HT 2A Receptors Restores KCC2 Function and Reduces Neuropathic Pain after Spinal Cord Injury. Neuroscience 2018; 387:48-57. [PMID: 28844001 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Downregulation of the potassium chloride cotransporter type 2 (KCC2) after a spinal cord injury (SCI) disinhibits motoneurons and dorsal horn interneurons causing spasticity and neuropathic pain, respectively. We showed recently (Bos et al., 2013) that specific activation of 5-HT2A receptors by TCB-2 [(4-bromo-3,6-dimethoxybenzocyclobuten-1-yl)methylamine hydrobromide] upregulates KCC2 function, restores motoneuronal inhibition and reduces SCI-induced spasticity. Here, we tested the potential analgesic effect of TCB-2 on central (thoracic hemisection) and peripheral [spared nerve injury (SNI)] neuropathic pain. We found mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia reduced by an acute administration of TCB-2 in rats with SCI. This analgesic effect was associated with an increase in dorsal horn membrane KCC2 expression and was prevented by pharmacological blockade of KCC2 with an intrathecal injection of DIOA [(dihydroindenyl)oxy]alkanoic acid]. In contrast, the SNI-induced neuropathic pain was not attenuated by TCB-2 although there was a slight increase of membrane KCC2 expression in the dorsal horn ipsilateral to the lesion. Up-regulation of KCC2 function by targeting 5-HT2A receptors, therefore, has therapeutic potential in the treatment of neuropathic pain induced by SCI but not by SNI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Sánchez-Brualla
- Team P3M, Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, UMR7289, Aix Marseille Université and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Marseille, France; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Pascale Boulenguez
- Team P3M, Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, UMR7289, Aix Marseille Université and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Marseille, France
| | - Cécile Brocard
- Team P3M, Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, UMR7289, Aix Marseille Université and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Marseille, France
| | - Sylvie Liabeuf
- Team P3M, Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, UMR7289, Aix Marseille Université and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Marseille, France
| | - Annelise Viallat-Lieutaud
- Team P3M, Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, UMR7289, Aix Marseille Université and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Marseille, France
| | - Xavier Navarro
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Esther Udina
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Frédéric Brocard
- Team P3M, Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, UMR7289, Aix Marseille Université and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Marseille, France.
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Abstract
Because of the ethical and regulatory hurdles associated with human studies, much of what is known about the psychopharmacology of hallucinogens has been derived from animal models. However, developing reliable animal models has proven to be a challenging task due to the complexity and variability of hallucinogen effects in humans. This chapter focuses on three animal models that are frequently used to test the effects of hallucinogens on unconditioned behavior: head twitch response (HTR), prepulse inhibition of startle (PPI), and exploratory behavior. The HTR has demonstrated considerable utility in the neurochemical actions of hallucinogens. However, the latter two models have clearer conceptual bridges to human phenomenology. Consistent with the known mechanism of action of hallucinogens in humans, the behavioral effects of hallucinogens in rodents are mediated primarily by activation of 5-HT2A receptors. There is evidence, however, that other receptors may play secondary roles. The structure-activity relationships (SAR) of hallucinogens are reviewed in relation to each model, with a focus on the HTR in rats and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam L Halberstadt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0804, USA.
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Mark A Geyer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0804, USA
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
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Kim J, Jo H, Lee H, Choo H, Kim HJ, Pae AN, Cho YS, Min SJ. Identification of Optically Active Pyrimidine Derivatives as Selective 5-HT 2C Modulators. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22091416. [PMID: 28846591 PMCID: PMC6151589 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22091416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of pyrimidine derivatives 4a-i were synthesized and evaluated for their binding affinities towards 5-HT2C receptors. With regard to designed molecules 4a-i, the influence of the size of alkyl ether and the absolute configuration of a stereogenic center on the 5-HT2C binding affinity and selectivity was studied. The most promising diasteromeric mixtures 4d and 4e were selected in the initial radioligand binding assay and they were further synthesized as optically active forms starting from optically active alcohols 5d and 5e, prepared by an enzymatic kinetic resolution. Pyrimidine analogue (R,R)-4e displayed an excellent 5-HT2C binding affinity with good selectivity values against a broad range of other 5-HT receptor subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhyeon Kim
- Center for Neuro-Medicine, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 5 Hwarangno 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Korea.
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea.
| | - Hanbyeol Jo
- Department of Chemical & Molecular Engineering/Applied Chemistry, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Korea.
| | - Hyunseung Lee
- Department of Chemical & Molecular Engineering/Applied Chemistry, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Korea.
| | - Hyunah Choo
- Center for Neuro-Medicine, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 5 Hwarangno 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Korea.
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajungro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Korea.
| | - Hak Joong Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea.
| | - Ae Nim Pae
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajungro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Korea.
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, KIST, Seoul 02792, Korea.
| | - Yong Seo Cho
- Center for Neuro-Medicine, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 5 Hwarangno 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Korea.
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajungro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Korea.
| | - Sun-Joon Min
- Department of Chemical & Molecular Engineering/Applied Chemistry, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Korea.
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Ge T, Zhang Z, Lv J, Song Y, Fan J, Liu W, Wang X, Hall FS, Li B, Cui R. The role of 5-HT 2c receptor on corticosterone-mediated food intake. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2017; 31. [PMID: 28186389 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Corticosterone plays an important role in feeding behavior. However, its mechanism remains unclear. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of corticosterone on feeding behavior. In this study, cumulative food intake was increased by acute corticosterone administration in a dose-dependent manner. Administration of the 5-HT2c receptor agonist m-chlorophenylpiperazin (mCPP) reversed the effect of corticosterone on food intake. The anorectic effects of mCPP were also blocked by the 5-HT2c receptor antagonist RS102221 in corticosterone-treated mice. Both corticosterone and mCPP increased c-Fos expression in hypothalamic nuclei, but not the nucleus of the solitary tract. RS102221 inhibited c-Fos expression induced by mCPP, but not corticosterone. In addition, mCPP had little effect on TH and POMC levels in the hypothalamus. Furthermore, mCPP antagonized decreasing effect of the leptin produced by corticosterone. Taken together, our findings suggest that 5-HT2c receptors and leptin may be involved in the effects of corticosterone-induced hyperphagia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Ge
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130041, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University 126 Xiantai Street, Nanguan District, Changchun, 13033, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiayin Lv
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University 126 Xiantai Street, Nanguan District, Changchun, 13033, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunong Song
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130041, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Fan
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130041, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Liu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130041, People's Republic of China
| | - F Scott Hall
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Toledo College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Bingjin Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130041, People's Republic of China
| | - Ranji Cui
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130041, People's Republic of China
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Prabhakaran J, Solingapuram Sai KK, Zanderigo F, Rubin-Falcone H, Jorgensen MJ, Kaplan JR, Tooke KI, Mintz A, Mann JJ, Kumar JSD. In vivo evaluation of [ 18F]FECIMBI-36, an agonist 5-HT 2A/2C receptor PET radioligand in nonhuman primate. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:21-23. [PMID: 27889455 PMCID: PMC5348621 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported the radiosynthesis and in vitro evaluation of [18F]-2-(4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-(2-(2-fluoroethoxy)benzyl)ethanamine, ([18F]FECIMBI-36) or ([18F]1), an agonist radioligand for 5HT2A/2C receptors in postmortem samples of human brain. Herein we describe the in vivo evaluation of [18F]FECIMBI-36 in vervet/African green monkeys by PET imaging. PET images show that [18F]FECIMBI-36 penetrates the blood-brain barrier and a low retention of radioactivity is observed in monkey brain. Although the time activity curves indicate a somehow heterogeneous distribution of the radioligand in the brain, the low level of [18F]FECIMBI-36 in brain may limit the use of this tracer for quantification of 5-HT2A/2C receptors by PET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Prabhakaran
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA; Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, USA
| | | | - Francesca Zanderigo
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA; Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, USA
| | | | - Matthew J Jorgensen
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Jay R Kaplan
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Katharine I Tooke
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Akiva Mintz
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - J John Mann
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA; Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, USA
| | - J S Dileep Kumar
- Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, USA.
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Brandt SD, Kavanagh PV, Westphal F, Elliott SP, Wallach J, Colestock T, Burrow TE, Chapman SJ, Stratford A, Nichols DE, Halberstadt AL. Return of the lysergamides. Part II: Analytical and behavioural characterization of N 6 -allyl-6-norlysergic acid diethylamide (AL-LAD) and (2'S,4'S)-lysergic acid 2,4-dimethylazetidide (LSZ). Drug Test Anal 2017; 9:38-50. [PMID: 27265891 PMCID: PMC5411264 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Lysergic acid N,N-diethylamide (LSD) is perhaps one of the most intriguing psychoactive substances known and numerous analogs have been explored to varying extents in previous decades. In 2013, N6 -allyl-6-norlysergic acid diethylamide (AL-LAD) and (2'S,4'S)-lysergic acid 2,4-dimethylazetidide (LSZ) appeared on the 'research chemicals'/new psychoactive substances (NPS) market in both powdered and blotter form. This study reports the analytical characterization of powdered AL-LAD and LSZ tartrate samples and their semi-quantitative determination on blotter paper. Included in this study was the use of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), low and high mass accuracy electrospray MS(/MS), high performance liquid chromatography diode array detection and GC solid-state infrared analysis. One feature shared by serotonergic psychedelics, such as LSD, is the ability to mediate behavioural responses via activation of 5-HT2A receptors. Both AL-LAD and LSZ displayed LSD-like responses in male C57BL/6 J mice when employing the head-twitch response (HTR) assay. AL-LAD and LSZ produced nearly identical inverted-U-shaped dose-dependent effects, with the maximal responses occurring at 200 µg/kg. Analysis of the dose responses by nonlinear regression confirmed that LSZ (ED50 = 114.2 nmol/kg) was equipotent to LSD (ED50 = 132.8 nmol/kg) in mice, whereas AL-LAD was slightly less potent (ED50 = 174.9 nmol/kg). The extent to which a comparison in potency can be translated directly to humans requires further investigation. Chemical and pharmacological data obtained from NPS may assist research communities that are interested in various aspects related to substance use and forensic identification. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon D. Brandt
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Pierce V. Kavanagh
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Folker Westphal
- State Bureau of Criminal Investigation Schleswig-Holstein, Section Narcotics/Toxicology, Mühlenweg 166, D-24116 Kiel, Germany
| | - Simon P. Elliott
- ROAR Forensics, Malvern Hills Science Park, Geraldine Road, WR14 3SZ, UK
| | - Jason Wallach
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Tristan Colestock
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of the Sciences, 600 South 43rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Timothy E. Burrow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | | | | | - David E. Nichols
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Genetic Medicine Building, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Adam L. Halberstadt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804, USA
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Abstract
Serotonergic hallucinogens induce profound changes in perception and cognition. The characteristic effects of hallucinogens are mediated by 5-HT2A receptor activation. One class of hallucinogens are 2,5-dimethoxy-substituted phenethylamines, such as the so-called 2C-X compounds 2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromophenethylamine (2C-B) and 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenethylamine (2C-I). Addition of an N-benzyl group to phenethylamine hallucinogens produces a marked increase in 5-HT2A-binding affinity and hallucinogenic potency. N-benzylphenethylamines ("NBOMes") such as N-(2-methoxybenzyl)-2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenethylamine (25I-NBOMe) show subnanomolar affinity for the 5-HT2A receptor and are reportedly highly potent in humans. Several NBOMEs have been available from online vendors since 2010, resulting in numerous cases of toxicity and multiple fatalities. This chapter reviews the structure-activity relationships, behavioral pharmacology, metabolism, and toxicity of members of the NBOMe hallucinogen class. Based on a review of 51 cases of NBOMe toxicity reported in the literature, it appears that rhabdomyolysis is a relatively common complication of severe NBOMe toxicity, an effect that may be linked to NBOMe-induced seizures, hyperthermia, and vasoconstriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam L Halberstadt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0804, USA.
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.
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Klotz JL, Aiken GE, Bussard JR, Foote AP, Harmon DL, Goff BM, Schrick FN, Strickland JR. Vasoactivity and Vasoconstriction Changes in Cattle Related to Time off Toxic Endophyte-Infected Tall Fescue. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8100271. [PMID: 27669299 PMCID: PMC5086632 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8100271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research has indicated that serotonergic and α-adrenergic receptors in peripheral vasculature are affected by exposure of cattle grazing toxic endophyte-infected (E+; Epichlöe coenophialia) tall fescue (Lolium arundinaceum). The objective of this experiment was to determine the period of time necessary for the vascular effects of ergot alkaloids to subside. Two experiments were conducted to investigate changes in vascular contractile response and vasoconstriction over time relative to removal from an ergot alkaloid-containing E+ tall fescue pasture. In Experiment 1, lateral saphenous vein biopsies were conducted on 21 predominantly Angus steers (357 ± 3 kg body weight) at 0 (n = 6), 7 (n = 6), 14 (n = 5), or 28 days (n = 4) after removal from grazing pasture (3.0 ha; endpoint ergovaline + ergovalinine = 1.35 mg/kg DM) for 126 days. In Experiment 2, lateral saphenous veins were biopsied from 24 Angus-cross steers (361 ± 4 kg body weight) at 0, 21, 42, and 63 days (n = 6 per time point) following removal from grazing tall fescue pastures (3.0 ha; first 88 days endpoint ergovaline + ergovalinine = 0.15 mg/kg DM; last 18 days endpoint ergovaline + ergovalinine = 0.57 mg/kg DM) for 106 total days. Six steers (370 ± 18 kg body weight) off of bermudagrass pasture for the same time interval were also biopsied on Day 0 and Day 63 (n = 3 per time point). Additionally, in Experiment 2, cross-sectional ultrasound scans of caudal artery at the fourth coccygeal vertebra were taken on Days 0, 8, 15, 21, 29, 36, 42, and 45 to determine mean artery luminal area to evaluate vasoconstriction. In both experiments, steers were removed from pasture and housed in a dry lot and fed a corn silage diet for the duration of biopsies and ultrasound scans. Biopsied vessels used to evaluate vasoactivity were cleaned, incubated in a multimyograph, and exposed to increasing concentrations of 4-Bromo-3,6-dimethoxybenzocyclobuten-1-yl) methylamine hydrobromide (TCB2; 5HT2A agonist), guanfacine (GF; α2A-adrenergic agonist), and (R)-(+)-m-nitrobiphenyline oxalate (NBP; α2C-adrenergic agonist) in both experiments and ergovaline (ERV) and ergotamine (ERT) in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. In Experiment 1, days off pasture × agonist concentration was not significant (p > 0.1) for all four compounds tested. In Experiment 2, GF, NBP, TCB2 and ERT were significant for days off pasture × agonist concentration interaction (p < 0.02) and vasoactivity increased over time. Vasoactivity to agonists was reduced (p < 0.05) when steers were initially removed from E+ tall fescue pasture compared to bermudagrass, but did not differ by Day 63 for any variable. Luminal areas of caudal arteries in steers grazed on E+ tall fescue relaxed and were similar to steers that had grazed bermudagrass for 36 days on non-toxic diet (p = 0.15). These data demonstrate changes in peripheral vasoactivity and recovery from vasoconstriction occur beyond five weeks off toxic pasture and 5HT2A receptors appear to be more dramatically affected in the lateral saphenous vein by grazing E+ tall fescue pasture than adrenergic receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Klotz
- USDA-ARS, Forage-Animal Production Research Unit, Lexington, KY 40546, USA.
| | - Glen E Aiken
- USDA-ARS, Forage-Animal Production Research Unit, Lexington, KY 40546, USA.
| | - Jessica R Bussard
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA.
| | - Andrew P Foote
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA.
| | - David L Harmon
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA.
| | - Ben M Goff
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA.
| | - F Neal Schrick
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
| | - James R Strickland
- USDA-ARS, Forage-Animal Production Research Unit, Lexington, KY 40546, USA.
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Brandt SD, Kavanagh PV, Westphal F, Stratford A, Elliott SP, Hoang K, Wallach J, Halberstadt AL. Return of the lysergamides. Part I: Analytical and behavioural characterization of 1-propionyl-d-lysergic acid diethylamide (1P-LSD). Drug Test Anal 2016; 8:891-902. [PMID: 26456305 PMCID: PMC4829483 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
1-Propionyl-d-lysergic acid diethylamide hemitartrate (1P-LSD) has become available as a 'research chemical' in the form of blotters and powdered material. This non-controlled derivative of d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) has previously not been described in the published literature despite being closely related to 1-acetyl-LSD (ALD-52), which was developed in the 1950s. This study describes the characterization of 1P-LSD in comparison with LSD using various chromatographic and mass spectrometric methods, infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. An important feature common to LSD and other serotonergic hallucinogens is that they produce 5-HT2A -receptor activation and induce the head-twitch response (HTR) in rats and mice. In order to assess whether 1P-LSD displays LSD-like properties and activates the 5-HT2A receptor, male C57BL/6 J mice were injected with vehicle (saline) or 1P-LSD (0.025-0.8 mg/kg, IP) and HTR assessed for 30 min using magnetometer coil recordings. It was found that 1P-LSD produced a dose-dependent increase in HTR counts, and that it had ~38% (ED50 = 349.6 nmol/kg) of the potency of LSD (ED50 = 132.8 nmol/kg). Furthermore, HTR was abolished when 1P-LSD administration followed pretreatment with the selective 5-HT2A receptor antagonist M100907 (0.1 mg/kg, SC), which was consistent with the concept that the behavioural response was mediated by activation of the 5-HT2A receptor. These results indicate that 1P-LSD produces LSD-like effects in mice, consistent with its classification as a serotonergic hallucinogen. Nevertheless, the extent to which 1P-LSD might show psychoactive effects in humans similar to LSD remains to be investigated. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon D. Brandt
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Pierce V. Kavanagh
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Folker Westphal
- State Bureau of Criminal Investigation Schleswig-Holstein, Section Narcotics/Toxicology, Mühlenweg 166, D-24116 Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Simon P. Elliott
- ROAR Forensics, Malvern Hills Science Park, Geraldine Road, WR14 3SZ, UK
| | - Khoa Hoang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jason Wallach
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Adam L. Halberstadt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804, USA
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Lazenka MF, Blough BE, Negus SS. Preclinical Abuse Potential Assessment of Flibanserin: Effects on Intracranial Self-Stimulation in Female and Male Rats. J Sex Med 2016; 13:338-49. [PMID: 26831817 PMCID: PMC4779698 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2015.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Flibanserin is a serotonin receptor subtype 1A agonist and 2A antagonist that has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for treating female sexual interest and arousal disorder. Little is known about the abuse potential of flibanserin. AIM To examine abuse-related effects of flibanserin in rats using an intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) procedure previously used to evaluate the abuse potential of other drugs. METHODS Adult female and male Sprague-Dawley rats with electrodes implanted in the medial forebrain bundle were trained to press a lever for electrical brain stimulation under a "frequency-rate" ICSS procedure. In this procedure, increasing frequencies of brain stimulation maintain increasing rates of responding. Drugs of abuse typically increase (or "facilitate") ICSS rates and produce leftward and upward shifts in ICSS frequency-rate curves, whereas drugs that lack abuse potential typically do not alter or only decrease ICSS rates. Initial studies determined the potency and time course of effects on ICSS produced by acute flibanserin administration (1.0, 3.2 and 10.0 mg/kg). Subsequent studies determined the effects of flibanserin (3.2-18 mg/kg) before and after a regimen of repeated flibanserin administration (5.6 mg/kg/d for 5 days). Effects of the abused stimulant amphetamine (1.0 mg/kg) were examined as a positive control. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Flibanserin effects on ICSS frequency-rate curves in female and male rats were examined and compared with the effects of amphetamine. RESULTS Baseline ICSS frequency-rate curves were similar in female and male rats. Acute and repeated administrations of flibanserin produced only decreases in ICSS rates, and rate-decreasing effects of the highest flibanserin dose (10 mg/kg) were greater in female than in male rats. In contrast to flibanserin, amphetamine produced an abuse-related increase in ICSS rates that did not differ between female and male rats. CONCLUSION These results suggest that flibanserin has low abuse potential. In addition, this study suggests that female rats might be more sensitive than male rats to the rate-decreasing effects of high flibanserin doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew F Lazenka
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
| | - Bruce E Blough
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - S Stevens Negus
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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Abstract
Most of the previous content of this book has focused on obtaining the structures of membrane proteins. In this chapter we explore how those structures can be further used in two key ways. The first is their use in structure based drug design (SBDD) and the second is how they can be used to extend our understanding of their functional activity via the use of molecular dynamics. Both aspects now heavily rely on computations. This area is vast, and alas, too large to consider in depth in a single book chapter. Thus where appropriate we have referred the reader to recent reviews for deeper assessment of the field. We discuss progress via the use of examples from two main drug target areas; G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) and ion channels. We end with a discussion of some of the main challenges in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip C Biggin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK.
| | - Matteo Aldeghi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Michael J Bodkin
- Evotec Ltd, 114 Innovation Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, OX14 4RZ, UK
| | - Alexander Heifetz
- Evotec Ltd, 114 Innovation Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, OX14 4RZ, UK
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Serafine KM, Rice KC, France CP. Directly Observable Behavioral Effects of Lorcaserin in Rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 355:381-5. [PMID: 26384326 PMCID: PMC4658489 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.228148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
(1R)-8-chloro-1-methyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine (lorcaserin) is approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for treating obesity, and its therapeutic effects are thought to result from agonist activity at serotonin (5-HT)2C receptors. Lorcaserin has affinity for other 5-HT receptor subtypes, although its activity at those subtypes is not fully described. The current study compared the behavioral effects of lorcaserin (0.0032-32.0 mg/kg) to the effects of other 5-HT receptor selective agonists in rats (n = 8). The 5-HT2C receptor selective agonist 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine (mCPP, 0.032-1.0 mg/kg) and lorcaserin induced yawning which was attenuated by the 5-HT2C receptor selective antagonist 6-chloro-5-methyl-N-(6-[(2-methylpyridin-3-yl)oxy]pydidin-3-yl)indoline-1-carboxamide (1.0 mg/kg). The 5-HT2A receptor selective agonist 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (0.1-3.2 mg/kg) induced head twitching, which was attenuated by the 5-HT2A receptor selective antagonist R-(+)-2,3-dimethoxyphenyl-1-[2-(4-piperidine)-methanol] (MDL 100907, 0.01 mg/kg), lorcaserin (3.2 mg/kg), and mCPP (3.2 mg/kg). In rats pretreated with MDL 100907 (1.0 mg/kg), lorcaserin also induced head twitching. At larger doses, lorcaserin produced forepaw treading, which was attenuated by the 5-HT1A receptor selective antagonist N-(2-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl]ethyl)-N-(2-pyridyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide (0.178 mg/kg). While the behavioral effects of lorcaserin in rats are consistent with it having agonist activity at 5-HT2C receptors, these data suggest that at larger doses it also has agonist activity at 5-HT2A and possibly 5-HT1A receptors. Mounting evidence suggests that 5-HT2C receptor agonists might be effective for treating drug abuse. A more complete description of the activity of lorcaserin at 5-HT receptor subtypes will facilitate a better understanding of the mechanisms that mediate its therapeutic effects.
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MESH Headings
- DOM 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-Methylamphetamine/pharmacology
- 8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin/pharmacology
- Amphetamines/pharmacology
- Animals
- Anti-Obesity Agents/pharmacology
- Behavior, Animal/drug effects
- Benzazepines/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Head Movements/drug effects
- Male
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1A/drug effects
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A/drug effects
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2C/drug effects
- Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists/pharmacology
- Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists/pharmacology
- Serotonin Antagonists/pharmacology
- Serotonin Receptor Agonists/pharmacology
- Yawning/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Serafine
- Departments of Pharmacology (K.M.S., C.P.F.) and Psychiatry (C.P.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas and Chemical Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute on Drug Abuse and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (K.C.R.)
| | - Kenner C Rice
- Departments of Pharmacology (K.M.S., C.P.F.) and Psychiatry (C.P.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas and Chemical Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute on Drug Abuse and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (K.C.R.)
| | - Charles P France
- Departments of Pharmacology (K.M.S., C.P.F.) and Psychiatry (C.P.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas and Chemical Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute on Drug Abuse and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (K.C.R.)
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Ponnala S, Kapadia N, Madapa S, Alberts IL, Harding WW. Synthesis and evaluation of aporphine analogs containing C1 allyl isosteres at the h5-HT(2A) receptor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:5102-6. [PMID: 26475518 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A series of C1 aporphine analogs related to compound 5 and that contain substituted allylic, alkynyl, nitrile, ester and benzyl groups was synthesized and evaluated for affinity at h5HT2A and α1A receptors in functional activity assays that measure calcium release. The presence of branched allylic substituent groups diminished affinity for the h5HT2A receptor. Likewise, the alkynyl, nitrile and ester derivatives evaluated displayed lower 5-HT2A receptor affinity as compared to 5. Hydrophobic, steric and electronic effects impact the affinity of p-substituted benzyl derivatives 8i-8k but in different ways. High hydrophobicity and size favor 5-HT2A affinity whereas, high electronegativity disfavors 5-HT2A affinity. p-Bromobenzyl analog 8k was identified as a 5-HT2A receptor selective ligand, with the highest 5-HT2A receptor affinity of any aporphine known to date. Most of the other analogs were selective for the 5-HT2A versus the α1A receptor. ChemScore binding energies from docking studies correlated qualitatively with the observed trends in affinity for 8i-8k, although the binding energies were not well differentiated quantitatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashikanth Ponnala
- Hunter College, City University of New York, Department of Chemistry, 695 Park Avenue, NY 10065, USA
| | - Nirav Kapadia
- Hunter College, City University of New York, Department of Chemistry, 695 Park Avenue, NY 10065, USA; The Graduate Center, City University of New York, 365 5th Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Sudharshan Madapa
- Hunter College, City University of New York, Department of Chemistry, 695 Park Avenue, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ian L Alberts
- LaGuardia Community College, Department of Chemistry, 31-10 Thompson Avenue, LIC, NY 11104, USA
| | - Wayne W Harding
- Hunter College, City University of New York, Department of Chemistry, 695 Park Avenue, NY 10065, USA; The Graduate Center, City University of New York, 365 5th Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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Wu X, Pang G, Zhang YM, Li G, Xu S, Dong L, Stackman RW, Zhang G. Activation of serotonin 5-HT(2C) receptor suppresses behavioral sensitization and naloxone-precipitated withdrawal symptoms in heroin-treated mice. Neurosci Lett 2015; 607:23-28. [PMID: 26375926 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abuse and dependence to heroin has evolved into a global epidemic as a significant clinical and societal problem with devastating consequences. Repeated exposure to heroin can induce long-lasting behavioral sensitization and withdrawal. Pharmacological activation of 5-HT2C receptors (5-HT2CRs) suppresses psychostimulant-induced drug-seeking and behavioral sensitization. The present study examined the effect of a selective 5-HT2CR agonist lorcaserin on behavioral sensitization and naloxone-precipitated withdrawal symptoms in heroin-treated mice. Male mice received heroin (1.0 mg/kg, s.c.) twice a day for 3 days and then drug treatment was suspended for 5 days. On day 9, a challenge dose of heroin (1.0 mg/kg) was administered to examine the expression of behavioral sensitization. Lorcaserin administered during the development, withdrawal or expression stage suppressed heroin-induced behavioral sensitization on day 9. Another cohort of mice received increasing doses of heroin over a 4.5-day period. Lorcaserin, or the positive control clonidine (an α2-adrenoceptor agonist) suppressed naloxone-precipitated withdrawal symptoms in heroin-treated mice. These findings suggest that activation of 5-HT2CRs suppresses behavioral sensitization and withdrawal in heroin-treated mice. Thus, pharmacological activation of 5-HT2CRs may represent a new avenue for the treatment of heroin addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Wu
- College of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Gang Pang
- College of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Yong-Mei Zhang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology; College of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China
| | - Guangwu Li
- College of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Shengchun Xu
- College of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Liuyi Dong
- College of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Robert W Stackman
- Department of Psychology, Florida Atlantic University and the Life Science Initiative at FAU, 5353 Parkside Drive, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Gongliang Zhang
- College of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- Department of Psychology, Florida Atlantic University and the Life Science Initiative at FAU, 5353 Parkside Drive, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
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Rüedi-Bettschen D, Spealman RD, Platt DM. Attenuation of cocaine-induced reinstatement of drug seeking in squirrel monkeys by direct and indirect activation of 5-HT2C receptors. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:2959-68. [PMID: 25877746 PMCID: PMC4515185 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-3932-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) transport inhibitors can attenuate the abuse-related effects of cocaine, and the mechanisms underlying this attenuation may involve activation of 5-HT2C receptors. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to investigate the consequences of direct and indirect pharmacological activation of 5-HT2C receptors on reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior induced by cocaine priming and a cocaine-paired stimulus. METHODS Monkeys were trained to self-administer cocaine under a second-order schedule in which responding was maintained by i.v. cocaine injections and a cocaine-paired stimulus. Drug seeking was extinguished by replacing cocaine with vehicle and eliminating the cocaine-paired stimulus. During reinstatement tests, the animals received a priming injection of cocaine along with restoration of the cocaine-paired stimulus, but only vehicle was available for self administration. RESULTS Pretreatment with either the 5-HT transport inhibitor fluoxetine (5.6 mg/kg) or the 5-HT2C receptor agonist Ro 60-0175 (1 mg/kg) attenuated reinstatement of drug seeking by cocaine priming. The reinstatement-attenuating effects of both drugs were reversed by the 5-HT2C receptor antagonist SB 242084 (0.03-0.56 mg/kg). Ro 60-0175 (1 mg/kg) attenuated cocaine-induced reinstatement of drug seeking regardless of whether priming injections were or were not accompanied by restoration of the cocaine-paired stimulus. Ro 60-0175 (0.56 mg/kg) was equally effective whether it was administered acutely or chronically. Finally, Ro 60-0175 (0.3-1 mg/kg) had observable behavioral effects suggestive of anxiolytic-like properties. CONCLUSIONS 5-HT2C receptor mechanisms play a key role in the modulation of cocaine-induced reinstatement by fluoxetine and Ro 60-0175. Direct activation of 5-HT2C receptors may offer a novel, tolerance-free therapeutic strategy for the prevention of cocaine relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roger D. Spealman
- Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, MA, USA
| | - Donna M. Platt
- Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, MA, USA
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Prabhakaran J, Underwood MD, Kumar JSD, Simpson NR, Kassir SA, Bakalian MJ, Mann JJ, Arango V. Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of [18F]FECIMBI-36: A potential agonist PET ligand for 5-HT2A/2C receptors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:3933-6. [PMID: 26253634 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2015] [Revised: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Radiosynthesis and in vitro evaluation of [(18)F]-2-(4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-(2-(2-fluoroethoxy)benzyl)ethanamine, ([(18)F]FECIMBI-36) or ([(18)F]1), a potential agonist PET imaging agent for 5-HT2A/2C receptors is described. Syntheses of reference standard 1 and the corresponding des-fluoroethyl radiolabeling precursor (2) were achieved with 75% and 65% yields, respectively. In vitro pharmacology assay of FECIMBI-36 by [(3)H]-ketanserin competition binding assay obtained from NIMH-PDSP showed high affinities to 5-HT2AR (Ki = 1nM) and 5-HT2CR (Ki=1.7 nM). Radiolabeling of FECIMBI-36 was achieved from the boc-protected precursor 2 using [(18)F]-fluoroethyltosylate in presence of Cs2CO3 in DMSO followed by removal of the protective group. [(18)F]1 was isolated using RP-HPLC in 25 ± 5% yield, purity > 95% and specific activity 1-2Ci/μmol (N = 6). In vitro autoradiography studies demonstrate that [(18)F]1 selectively label 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors in slide-mounted sections of postmortem human brain using phosphor imaging. Our results indicate the potential of [(18)F]1 for imaging 5-HT2A/2C receptors in the high affinity state in vivo using PET imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Prabhakaran
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Mark D Underwood
- Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - J S Dileep Kumar
- Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Norman R Simpson
- Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Suham A Kassir
- Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mihran J Bakalian
- Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - J John Mann
- Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Victoria Arango
- Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
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50
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Nichols DE, Sassano MF, Halberstadt AL, Klein LM, Brandt SD, Elliott SP, Fiedler WJ. N-Benzyl-5-methoxytryptamines as Potent Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Family Agonists and Comparison with a Series of Phenethylamine Analogues. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:1165-75. [PMID: 25547199 PMCID: PMC4505863 DOI: 10.1021/cn500292d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of N-benzylated-5-methoxytryptamine analogues was prepared and investigated, with special emphasis on substituents in the meta position of the benzyl group. A parallel series of several N-benzylated analogues of 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenethylamine (2C-I) also was included for comparison of the two major templates (i.e., tryptamine and phenethylamine). A broad affinity screen at serotonin receptors showed that most of the compounds had the highest affinity at the 5-HT2 family receptors. Substitution at the para position of the benzyl group resulted in reduced affinity, whereas substitution in either the ortho or the meta position enhanced affinity. In general, introduction of a large lipophilic group improved affinity, whereas functional activity often followed the opposite trend. Tests of the compounds for functional activity utilized intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization. Function was measured at the human 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, and 5-HT2C receptors, as well as at the rat 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors. There was no general correlation between affinity and function. Several of the tryptamine congeners were very potent functionally (EC50 values from 7.6 to 63 nM), but most were partial agonists. Tests in the mouse head twitch assay revealed that many of the compounds induced the head twitch and that there was a significant correlation between this behavior and functional potency at the rat 5-HT2A receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E. Nichols
- Division
of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - M. Flori Sassano
- Division
of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Adam L. Halberstadt
- Department of Psychiatry, and Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Landon M. Klein
- Department of Psychiatry, and Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Simon D. Brandt
- School
of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool
John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, U.K.
| | - Simon P. Elliott
- ROAR Forensics, Malvern Hills Science Park, Geraldine Road, Malvern, Worcestershire WR14 3SZ, U.K.
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