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Luna-Gomes T, Bozza PT, Bandeira-Melo C. Eosinophil recruitment and activation: the role of lipid mediators. Front Pharmacol 2013; 4:27. [PMID: 23525348 PMCID: PMC3605515 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2013.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are effector cells that migrate toward several mediators released at inflammatory sites to perform their multiple functions. The mechanisms driving eosinophil selective accumulation in sites of allergic inflammation are well-established and involve several steps controlled by adhesion molecules, priming agents, chemotactic, and surviving factors. Even though the majority of studies focused on role of protein mediators like IL-5 and eotaxins, lipid mediators also participate in eosinophil recruitment and activation. Among the lipid mediators with distinguish eosinophil recruitment and activation capabilities are platelet activating factor and the eicosanoids, including leukotriene B4, cysteinyl leukotrienes, and prostaglandin D2. In this review, we focused on the role of these four lipid mediators in eosinophil recruitment and activation, since they are recognized as key mediators of eosinophilic inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Luna-Gomes
- Instituto de Biofïsica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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52
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Möhle R, Drost AC. G protein-coupled receptor crosstalk and signaling in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012; 1266:63-7. [PMID: 22901257 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06559.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A variety of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is expressed in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HPCs), including the chemokine receptor CXCR4, the leukotriene receptor CysLT1, the sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor S1P1, the cannabinoid receptor CB2, and the complement receptor C3aR. While the role of CXCR4 in stem cell homing is largely established, the function of the other GPCRs expressed in HPCs is only partially understood. CXCR4 and CysLT1 inhibit their own activation after ligand binding (homologous desensitization). Stimulation of S1P1 or C3aR has been shown to activate CXCR4 in HPCs that may sensitize CXCR4-dependent stem cell homing. In contrast, activation of CXCR4 results in a loss of CysLT1 function, which is most likely mediated by protein kinase C (PKC) signaling (heterologous desensitization) and could explain the ineffectiveness of CysLT1 antagonists to mobilize HPCs in vivo. Further characterization of GPCR crosstalk will allow a better understanding of HPC trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Möhle
- Department of Medicine II, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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53
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Jin Q, Davis RS, Bullion AM, Jin J, Wang Y, Widdowson KL, Palovich MR, Foley JJ, Schmidt DB, Buckley PT, Webb EF, Salmon M, Belmonte KE, Sarau HM, Busch-Petersen J. Tyrosine urea muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists: achiral quaternary ammonium groups. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:7087-91. [PMID: 23099092 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.09.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Revised: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine ureas had been identified as potent muscarinic receptor antagonists with promising in vivo activity. Controlling the stereochemistry of the chiral quaternary ammonium center had proved to be a serious issue for this series, however. Herein we describe the preparation and SAR of tyrosine urea antagonists containing achiral quaternary ammonium centers. The most successful such moiety was the 2-methylimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazol-7-ium group which yielded highly potent antagonists with long duration of action in an inhaled animal model of bronchoconstriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Jin
- GlaxoSmithKline, 709 Swedeland Road, PO Box 1539, King of Prussia, PA 19406-0939, USA
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Drost AC, Seitz G, Boehmler A, Funk M, Norz KP, Zipfel A, Xue X, Kanz L, Möhle R. The G protein-coupled receptor CysLT1 mediates chemokine-like effects and prolongs survival in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2012; 53:665-73. [PMID: 21936770 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2011.625578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) CXCR4 is involved in bone marrow tropism and survival of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells. The function of the GPCRs cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 (CysLT1) and CysLT2 remains elusive. Here we demonstrate that in CLL and normal B lymphocytes, CysLT1 mRNA is consistently expressed, in contrast to low CysLT2 levels. Similar to the CXCR4 ligand CXCL12, the cysteinyl leukotriene (cysLT) LTD(4) induces calcium fluxes, actin polymerization, and chemotaxis. These effects are blocked by specific CysLT1 antagonists. Their inhibition by pertussis toxin suggests Giα/o protein involvement. Furthermore, CysLT1 mediates MAP-kinase phosphorylation, which implicates contribution of cysLT to survival. Indeed, CysLT1 antagonists induce apoptosis and reduce viability independent of Gαi/o protein signaling. Considering the production of cysLTs in the bone marrow, our data suggest that CysLT1 induces chemokine-like effects, supports accumulation and survival of CLL cells in the bone marrow and thus represents a potential treatment target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana C Drost
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Rheumatology, Clinical Immunology and Pulmology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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Yamashima T. ‘PUFA–GPR40–CREB signaling’ hypothesis for the adult primate neurogenesis. Prog Lipid Res 2012; 51:221-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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56
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McCarthy MK, Weinberg JB. Eicosanoids and respiratory viral infection: coordinators of inflammation and potential therapeutic targets. Mediators Inflamm 2012; 2012:236345. [PMID: 22665949 PMCID: PMC3362132 DOI: 10.1155/2012/236345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are frequent causes of respiratory infection, and viral respiratory infections are significant causes of hospitalization, morbidity, and sometimes mortality in a variety of patient populations. Lung inflammation induced by infection with common respiratory pathogens such as influenza and respiratory syncytial virus is accompanied by increased lung production of prostaglandins and leukotrienes, lipid mediators with a wide range of effects on host immune function. Deficiency or pharmacologic inhibition of prostaglandin and leukotriene production often results in a dampened inflammatory response to acute infection with a respiratory virus. These mediators may, therefore, serve as appealing therapeutic targets for disease caused by respiratory viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary K. McCarthy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jason B. Weinberg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Lainé DI, Yan H, Xie H, Davis RS, Dufour J, Widdowson KL, Palovich MR, Wan Z, Foley JJ, Schmidt DB, Hunsberger GE, Burman M, Bacon AM, Webb EF, Luttmann MA, Salmon M, Sarau HM, Umbrecht ST, Landis PS, Peck BJ, Busch-Petersen J. Design, synthesis and structure–activity relationship of N-substituted tropane muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:3366-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Revised: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Capra V, Bäck M, Barbieri SS, Camera M, Tremoli E, Rovati GE. Eicosanoids and Their Drugs in Cardiovascular Diseases: Focus on Atherosclerosis and Stroke. Med Res Rev 2012; 33:364-438. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Capra
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences; University of Milan; Via Balzaretti 9 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Magnus Bäck
- Department of Cardiology and Center for Molecular Medicine; Karolinska University Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
| | | | - Marina Camera
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences; University of Milan; Via Balzaretti 9 20133 Milan Italy
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino; I.R.C.C.S Milan Italy
| | - Elena Tremoli
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences; University of Milan; Via Balzaretti 9 20133 Milan Italy
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino; I.R.C.C.S Milan Italy
| | - G. Enrico Rovati
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences; University of Milan; Via Balzaretti 9 20133 Milan Italy
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Parmentier CN, Fuerst E, McDonald J, Bowen H, Lee TH, Pease JE, Woszczek G, Cousins DJ. Human T(H)2 cells respond to cysteinyl leukotrienes through selective expression of cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 129:1136-42. [PMID: 22391114 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.01.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2011] [Revised: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic asthma is characterized by reversible airway obstruction and bronchial hyperresponsiveness associated with T(H)2 cell-mediated inflammation. Cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) are potent lipid mediators involved in bronchoconstriction, mucus secretion, and cell trafficking in asthmatic patients. Recent data have implicated CysLTs in the establishment and amplification of T(H)2 responses in murine models, although the precise mechanisms are unresolved. OBJECTIVES Preliminary microarray studies suggested that human T(H)2 cells might selectively express cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 (CYSLTR1) mRNA. We sought to establish whether human T(H)2 cells are indeed a CysLT target cell type. METHODS We examined the expression of CYSLTR1 using real-time PCR in human T(H)1 and T(H)2 cells. We functionally assessed cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 protein (CysLT(1)) expression using calcium flux, cyclic AMP, and chemotaxis assays. RESULTS We show that human T(H)2 cells selectively express CYSLTR1 mRNA at high levels compared with T(H)1 cells after in vitro differentiation from naive precursors. Human T(H)2 cells are selectively responsive to CysLTs in a calcium flux assay when compared with T(H)1 cells with a rank order of potency similar to that described for CysLT(1) (leukotriene [LT] D(4) > LTC(4) > LTE(4)). We also show that LTD(4)-induced signaling in T(H)2 cells is mediated through CysLT(1) coupled to G(α)q and G(α)i proteins, and both pathways can be completely inhibited by selective CysLT(1) antagonists. LTD(4) is also found to possess potent chemotactic activity for T(H)2 cells at low nanomolar concentrations. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest a novel mechanism of action for CysLTs in the pathogenesis of asthma and provide a potential explanation for the anti-inflammatory effects of CysLT(1) antagonists.
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Leukotriene C4 induces migration of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells without loss of immunostimulatory function. Blood 2012; 119:3113-22. [PMID: 22323449 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-10-385930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Generation of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) for cancer vaccination involves ex vivo maturation in the presence of proinflammatory cytokines and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)). Although the inclusion of PGE(2) during maturation is imperative for the induction of DC migration, PGE(2) has unfavorable effects on the immunostimulatory capacity of these cells. Like PGE(2), leukotrienes (LTs) are potent mediators of DC migration. We therefore sought to characterize the migratory and immunologic properties of DCs that matured in the presence of LTB(4), LTC(4), LTD(4), and PGE(2). Here, we demonstrate that DCs matured in the presence of LTC(4), but not LTB(4) or LTD(4), are superior to PGE(2)-matured DCs in stimulating CD4(+) T-cell responses and in inducing antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in vitro without concomitant induction or recruitment of regulatory T cells (Tregs). LTC(4)-matured DCs migrate efficiently through layers of extracellular matrix and secrete higher levels of immunostimulatory IL-12p70 while producing reduced levels of immune-inhibitory IL-10, IL12p40, indoleamine-2,3-dioxidase, and TIMP-1 (tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases). Intracellular calcium mobilization and receptor antagonist studies reveal that, in contrast to LTD(4), LTC(4) did not signal through CysLTR(1) in DCs. Collectively, our data suggest that LTC(4) represents a promising candidate to replace PGE(2) in DC maturation protocols for cancer vaccination.
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61
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Xue L, Barrow A, Fleming VM, Hunter MG, Ogg G, Klenerman P, Pettipher R. Leukotriene E4 activates human Th2 cells for exaggerated proinflammatory cytokine production in response to prostaglandin D2. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2012; 188:694-702. [PMID: 22174450 PMCID: PMC3272457 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PGD(2) exerts a number of proinflammatory responses through a high-affinity interaction with chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on Th2 cells (CRTH2) and has been detected at high concentrations at sites of allergic inflammation. Because cysteinyl leukotrienes (cysLTs) are also produced during the allergic response, we investigated the possibility that cysLTs may modulate the response of human Th2 cells to PGD(2). PGD(2) induced concentration-dependent Th2 cytokine production in the absence of TCR stimulation. Leukotrienes D(4) and E(4) (LTE(4)) also stimulated the cytokine production but were much less active than PGD(2). However, when combined with PGD(2), cysLTs caused a greater than additive enhancement of the response, with LTE(4) being most effective in activating Th2 cells. LTE(4) enhanced calcium mobilization in response to PGD(2) in Th2 cells without affecting endogenous PGD(2) production or CRTH2 receptor expression. The effect of LTE(4) was inhibited by montelukast but not by the P2Y(12) antagonist methylthioadenosine 5'-monophosphate. The enhancing effect was also evident with endogenous cysLTs produced from immunologically activated mast cells because inhibition of cysLT action by montelukast or cysLT synthesis by MK886, an inhibitor of 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein, reduced the response of Th2 cells to the levels produced by PGD(2) alone. These findings reveal that cysLTs, in particular LTE(4), have a significant proinflammatory impact on T cells and demonstrate their effects on Th2 cells are mediated by a montelukast-sensitive receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luzheng Xue
- Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom.
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62
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Haeggström JZ, Funk CD. Lipoxygenase and leukotriene pathways: biochemistry, biology, and roles in disease. Chem Rev 2011; 111:5866-98. [PMID: 21936577 DOI: 10.1021/cr200246d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 591] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Z Haeggström
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Chemistry 2, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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63
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Lau WKH, Chow AWM, Au SCL, Ko WH. Differential inhibitory effects of CysLT(1) receptor antagonists on P2Y(6) receptor-mediated signaling and ion transport in human bronchial epithelia. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22363. [PMID: 21799837 PMCID: PMC3142161 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cysteinyl leukotriene (CysLT) is one of the proinflammatory mediators released by the bronchi during inflammation. CysLTs exert their biological effects via specific G-protein-coupled receptors. CysLT1 receptor antagonists are available for clinical use for the treatment of asthma. Recently, crosstalk between CysLT1 and P2Y6 receptors has been delineated. P2Y receptors are expressed in apical and/or basolateral membranes of virtually all polarized epithelia to control the transport of fluid and electrolytes. Previous research suggests that CysLT1 receptor antagonists inhibit the effects of nucleotides acting at P2Y receptors. However, the detailed molecular mechanism underlying the inhibition remains unresolved. Methodology/Principal Findings In this study, western blot analysis confirmed that both CysLT1 and P2Y6 receptors were expressed in the human bronchial epithelial cell line 16HBE14o-. All three CysLT1 antagonists inhibited the uridine diphosphate (UDP)-evoked ISC, but only montelukast inhibited the UDP-evoked [Ca2+]i increase. In the presence of forskolin or 8-bromoadenosine 3′5′ cyclic monophosphate (8-Br-cAMP), the UDP-induced ISC was potentiated but was reduced by pranlukast and zafirlukast but not montelukast. Pranlukast inhibited the UDP-evoked ISC potentiated by an Epac activator, 8-(4-Chlorophenylthio)-2′-O-methyladenosine-3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (8-CPT-2′-O-Me-cAMP), while montelukast and zafirlukast had no such effect. Pranlukast inhibited the real-time increase in cAMP changes activated by 8-CPT-2′-O-Me-cAMP as monitored by fluorescence resonance energy transfer imaging. Zafirlukast inhibited the UDP-induced ISC potentiated by N6- Phenyladenosine- 3′, 5′- cyclic monophosphorothioate, Sp- isomer (Sp-6-Phe-cAMP; a PKA activator) and UDP-activated PKA activity. Conclusions/Significance In summary, our data strongly suggest for the first time that in human airway epithelia, the three specific CysLT1 receptor antagonists exert differential inhibitory effects on P2Y6 receptor-coupled Ca2+ signaling pathways and the potentiating effect on ISC mediated by cAMP and Epac, leading to the modulation of ion transport activities across the epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Ka-hoi Lau
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Alison Wai-ming Chow
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Simon Chak-leung Au
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wing-hung Ko
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- * E-mail:
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64
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Bäck M, Dahlén SE, Drazen JM, Evans JF, Serhan CN, Shimizu T, Yokomizo T, Rovati GE. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXXIV: Leukotriene Receptor Nomenclature, Distribution, and Pathophysiological Functions. Pharmacol Rev 2011; 63:539-84. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.110.004184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Bettinelli I, Graziani D, Marconi C, Pedretti A, Vistoli G. The Approach of Conformational Chimeras to Model the Role of Proline-Containing Helices on GPCR Mobility: the Fertile Case of Cys-LTR1. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:1217-27. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Revised: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Motonao Nakamura
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Tokyo, Japan.
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67
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Leukotriene-induced contraction is mediated by cysteinyl leukotriene receptor CysLT1 in guinea pig fundus but by CysLT1 and CysLT2 in antrum. Life Sci 2011; 88:819-24. [PMID: 21396378 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2011.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Revised: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Leukotriene D(4) (LTD(4)) causes contraction of the stomach through unclear receptors. The aim of the present study is to characterize the cysteinyl leukotriene receptor (CysLT) mediating leukotriene-induced muscle contraction in the stomach. MAIN METHODS We measured contraction of gastric muscle strips isolated from the guinea pig fundus and antrum caused by cysteinyl leukotrienes, including LTC(4), LTD(4) and LTE(4), as well as the dihydroxy leukotriene LTB(4) in vitro. KEY FINDINGS In both fundic and antral muscle strips, LTC(4) and LTD(4) caused marked whereas LTE(4) caused moderate, concentration-dependent contractions. In contrast, LTB(4) caused only small contraction. The relative potencies for cysteinyl leukotrienes to cause contraction in both fundus and antrum were LTC(4)=LTD(4)>LTE(4). The LTD(4)-induced contraction was not affected by tetrodotoxin or atropine, suggesting that the action is not neurally mediated. The LTD(4)-induced contraction in the fundus was almost abolished by the CysLT(1) selective antagonist montelukast. In contrast, the LTD(4)-induced contraction in the antrum was only partially inhibited by montelukast or the dual CysLT(1) and CysLT(2) antagonist BAY u9773. This antral contraction was almost abolished by the combination of montelukast and BAY u9773, indicating enhancement of inhibition. SIGNIFICANCE The results of the present study demonstrate that cysteinyl leukotrienes LTC(4), LTD(4) and LTE(4) cause moderate to marked whereas the dihydroxy leukotriene LTB(4) causes small muscle contraction in the stomach in vitro. The leukotriene-induced contraction is mediated by CysLT(1) in fundus but by CysLT(1) and CysLT(2) in antrum.
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Busch C, Passon M, Wenzel M, Socher I, Kaiser WA, Hilger I. Detection of Leukotriene Receptor CysLT
1
R in Inflammatory Diseases by Molecular Imaging with Near-Infrared Fluorescence-Based Contrast Agents. Mol Imaging 2011. [DOI: 10.2310/7290.2010.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Busch
- From the Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Department of Experimental Radiology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany, and Dyomics GmbH, Jena, Germany
| | - Marta Passon
- From the Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Department of Experimental Radiology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany, and Dyomics GmbH, Jena, Germany
| | - Matthias Wenzel
- From the Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Department of Experimental Radiology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany, and Dyomics GmbH, Jena, Germany
| | - Ines Socher
- From the Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Department of Experimental Radiology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany, and Dyomics GmbH, Jena, Germany
| | - Werner A. Kaiser
- From the Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Department of Experimental Radiology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany, and Dyomics GmbH, Jena, Germany
| | - Ingrid Hilger
- From the Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Department of Experimental Radiology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany, and Dyomics GmbH, Jena, Germany
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69
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Kim MH, Lee YJ, Kim MO, Kim JS, Han HJ. Effect of leukotriene D4 on mouse embryonic stem cell migration and proliferation: involvement of PI3K/Akt as well as GSK-3β/β-catenin signaling pathways. J Cell Biochem 2011; 111:686-98. [PMID: 20589831 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The actual leukotriene D(4) (LTD(4)) signaling pathways that regulate cell proliferation have not been elucidated thoroughly although fatty acid and its metabolites play a key role in regulations of embryonic functions. Thus, this study investigated the response of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells exposed to LTD(4) and elucidated the signaling pathways as well. LTD(4) increased DNA synthesis in concentration-dependent (≥10(-7) M) and time-dependent (≥12 h) manners, as determined by [(3)H] thymidine incorporation and increased cell number. LTD(4) induced the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3) and the increase of intracellular Ca(2+) levels via cysteinyl leukotriene (CysLT) 1 and 2 receptors. LTD(4) increased Akt activation and calcineurin expression, which were blocked by STAT3 inhibitor and calcium chelators. LTD(4)-induced glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β phosphorylation was decreased by LY294002, Akt inhibitor, and cyclosporine A. LTD(4) inhibited the phosphorylation of β-catenin. In addition, LTD(4)-stimulated migration through increased activation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and paxillin which were blocked by Akt inhibitor and cyclosporine A. LTD(4)-induced increases in protooncogene and cell cycle regulatory proteins were blocked by cyclosporine A, FAK siRNA, and β-catenin siRNA. In conclusion, LTD(4)-stimulated mouse ES cell proliferation and migration via STAT3, phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K)/Akt, Ca(2+)-calcineurin, and GSK-3β/β-catenin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Hee Kim
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Rehabilitation Science, Daegu University, Daegu, South Korea
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Huber C, Marschallinger J, Tempfer H, Furtner T, Couillard-Despres S, Bauer HC, Rivera FJ, Aigner L. Inhibition of Leukotriene Receptors Boosts Neural Progenitor Proliferation. Cell Physiol Biochem 2011; 28:793-804. [DOI: 10.1159/000335793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Yan D, Stocco R, Sawyer N, Nesheim ME, Abramovitz M, Funk CD. Differential signaling of cysteinyl leukotrienes and a novel cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 2 (CysLT₂) agonist, N-methyl-leukotriene C₄, in calcium reporter and β arrestin assays. Mol Pharmacol 2010; 79:270-8. [PMID: 21078884 DOI: 10.1124/mol.110.069054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The cysteinyl leukotrienes (cysLTs) LTC₄, LTD₄, and LTE₄ are lipid mediators with physiological and pathophysiological functions. They exert their effects through G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), most notably via CysLT₁ and CysLT₂ receptor. The roles of the CysLT₂ receptor are beginning to emerge. Both LTC₄ and LTD₄ are potent agonists for the CysLT₂ receptor; however, LTC₄ is rapidly converted to LTD₄, which is also the main endogenous ligand for the CysLT₁ receptor. A selective and potent agonist at the CysLT₂ receptor would facilitate studies to discern between receptor subtypes. We show here that N-methyl LTC₄ (NMLTC₄), a metabolically stable LTC₄ mimetic, is a potent and selective CysLT₂ receptor agonist. Two expression systems were used to evaluate the functional activity of NMLTC₄ at human and/or mouse CysLT₁ and CysLT₂ receptors. Through the aequorin cell-based assay for calcium-coupled GPCRs, NMLTC₄ was almost equipotent to LTC₄ at CysLT₂ receptors but was the least efficacious at CysLT₂ receptors. In a β-galactosidase-β-arrestin complementation assay, the human (h) CysLT₂ receptor can couple with β-arrestin-2, and NMLTC₄ is slightly more potent for eliciting β-arrestin-2 binding compared with cysLTs. Furthermore, LTE₄ is nearly inactive in this assay compared with its weak partial agonist activity in the aequorin system. In a vascular leakage assay, NMLTC₄ is potent and active in mice overexpressing hCysLT₂ receptor in endothelium, whereas the response is abrogated in CysLT₂ receptor knockout mice. Therefore, NMLTC₄ is a potent subtype selective agonist for the CysLT₂ receptor in vitro and in vivo, and it will be useful to elucidate its biological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Yan
- Department of Biochemistry, Queen's University, 18 Stuart Street, 433 Botterell Hall, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada
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72
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Brochu-Bourque A, Véronneau S, Rola-Pleszczynski M, Stankova J. Differential signaling defects associated with the M201V polymorphism in the cysteinyl leukotriene type 2 receptor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2010; 336:431-9. [PMID: 20966037 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.172411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The cysteinyl-leukotrienes (cysLTs) LTC(4), LTD(4), and LTE(4), are involved in a variety of inflammatory diseases, including asthma, and act on at least two distinct receptors, CysLT(1) and CysLT(2). Specific antagonists of CysLT(1) are currently used to control bronchoconstriction and inflammation in asthmatic patients. The potential role of CysLT(2) in asthma remains poorly understood. A polymorphism in the CysLT(2) gene, resulting in a single amino acid substitution (M201V), was found to be associated with asthma in three separate population studies. Here, we investigated whether the M201V mutation affected the affinity of CysLT(2) for its natural ligands and its signaling efficiency. Human embryonic kidney 293 cells were stably transfected with either wild-type (wt) or mutant (M201V) CysLT(2). Affinity of the M201V receptor for LTC(4) was reduced by 50%, whereas affinity for LTD(4) was essentially lost. LTC(4)-induced production of inositol phosphates (IPs) in M201V-expressing cells was significantly decreased at suboptimal concentrations of the ligand, but no difference was observed at high concentrations. In contrast, LTD(4)-induced IP production was 10- to 100-fold less in M201V- than in wt-expressing cells. Similar results were also observed with the transactivation of the interleukin-8 promoter induced by LTC(4) or LTD(4). Moreover, in contrast to wt-expressing cells, phosphorylation of nuclear factor κB p65 was absent in LTD(4)-stimulated M201V-expressing cells. Likewise, phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase was not induced in LTD(4)-stimulated M201V cells, whereas activation of extracellular response kinase and p38 was maintained, at least at higher LTD(4) concentrations. Our results indicate that the M201V polymorphism drastically affects CysLT(2) responses to LTD(4) and less to LTC(4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Brochu-Bourque
- Immunology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
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73
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Pranlukast attenuates ischemia-like injury in endothelial cells via inhibiting reactive oxygen species production and nuclear factor-kappaB activation. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2010; 53:77-85. [PMID: 19129732 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e318196736c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The anti-inflammatory effects of pranlukast, an antagonist of cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1, may be rendered not only by antileukotriene activity but also by other pharmacological activities. Previous studies indicate that pranlukast reduces ischemic tissue injury partially through decreasing vascular permeability, but its effect on ischemic injury in endothelial cells is not known. Thus, in this study, we investigated the effect of pranlukast on ischemia-like injury induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) in EA.hy926 cells, a human endothelial cell line, and the possible mechanisms. We found that cell viability was reduced, lactate dehydrogenase release was increased 4-8 hours after OGD, and necrosis was induced 8 hours after OGD. Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) increased by 211%, 176%, and 128%, respectively, 0.5, 1, and 2 hours after OGD. Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) was translocated to the nuclei 4-8 hours after OGD. Pranlukast ameliorated the reduced viability, the increased lactate dehydrogenase release, and necrosis after OGD. It also reduced ROS production and inhibited NF-kappaB nuclear translocation after OGD. The ROS scavenger, edaravone, inhibited OGD-induced nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB as well. Edaravone and pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (a specific NF-kappaB inhibitor) protected endothelial cells from the OGD-induced injury. However, zileuton, a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor, did not affect the cell injury, ROS production, and NF-kappaB nuclear translocation after OGD. The exogenous leukotriene D4 did not induce cell injury, ROS production, and NF-kappaB translocation. Thus, we conclude that pranlukast protects endothelial cells from ischemia-like injury via decreasing ROS production and inhibiting NF-kappaB activation, which is leukotriene independent.
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Diamant Z, Mantzouranis E, Bjermer L. Montelukast in the treatment of asthma and beyond. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2010; 5:639-58. [PMID: 20477688 DOI: 10.1586/eci.09.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting over 300 million people worldwide. The common association with allergic rhinitis and the presence of proinflammatory cells and mediators in the circulation of patients qualify asthma as a systemic disease. This characteristic and the fact that the gold-standard therapy for persistent asthma, inhaled corticosteroids, cannot suppress all components of airway inflammation and fail to adequately penetrate into the small airways, warrant the quest for effective systemic anti-asthma therapies. This review describes the most important controlled studies of montelukast, a once-daily leukotriene receptor antagonist, in asthma and allergic rhinitis in both adults and children. Montelukast is a systemically active drug with a targeted, dual mechanism of action, acting both as a bronchodilator and anti-inflammatory. In patients of all ages, montelukast has shown a favorable safety profile and was well-tolerated. Both as monotherapy or in combination with inhaled corticosteroids, montelukast produced clinically relevant improvements in asthma-related parameters, including symptoms, lung function parameters, quality of life and the number of asthma exacerbations. Furthermore, bronchoprotective effects have been reported both against specific and nonspecific bronchoactive stimuli. Similarly, in patients with allergic rhinitis, montelukast produced substantial improvements in symptoms and quality of life. Long-term studies aimed to determine its effects on airway remodeling are still lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Diamant
- Department of Allergology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Pharmacological characterization of the first potent and selective antagonist at the cysteinyl leukotriene 2 (CysLT(2)) receptor. Br J Pharmacol 2010; 160:399-409. [PMID: 20423349 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00730.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) have been implicated in the pathophysiology of inflammatory and cardiovascular disorders. Their actions are mediated by CysLT(1) and CysLT(2) receptors. Here we report the discovery of 3-({[(1S,3S)-3-carboxycyclohexyl]amino}carbonyl)-4-(3-{4-[4-(cyclo-hexyloxy)butoxy]phenyl}propoxy) benzoic acid (HAMI3379), the first potent and selective CysLT(2) receptor antagonist. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Pharmacological characterization of HAMI3379 was performed using stably transfected CysLT(1) and CysLT(2) receptor cell lines, and isolated, Langendorff-perfused, guinea pig hearts. KEY RESULTS In a CysLT(2) receptor reporter cell line, HAMI3379 antagonized leukotriene D(4)- (LTD(4)-) and leukotriene C(4)- (LTC(4)-) induced intracellular calcium mobilization with IC(50) values of 3.8 nM and 4.4 nM respectively. In contrast, HAMI3379 exhibited very low potency on a recombinant CysLT(1) receptor cell line (IC(50) > 10 000 nM). In addition, HAMI3379 did not exhibit any agonistic activity on both CysLT receptor cell lines. In binding studies using membranes from the CysLT(2) and CysLT(1) receptor cell lines, HAMI3379 inhibited [(3)H]-LTD(4) binding with IC(50) values of 38 nM and >10 000 nM respectively. In isolated Langendorff-perfused guinea pig hearts HAMI3379 concentration-dependently inhibited and reversed the LTC(4)-induced perfusion pressure increase and contractility decrease. The selective CysLT(1) receptor antagonist zafirlukast was found to be inactive in this experimental setting. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS HAMI3379 was identified as a potent and selective CysLT(2) receptor antagonist, which was devoid of CysLT receptor agonism. Using this compound, we showed that the cardiac effects of CysLTs are predominantly mediated by the CysLT(2) receptor.
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Kerschner JE, Erdos G, Hu FZ, Burrows A, Cioffi J, Khampang P, Dahlgren M, Hayes J, Keefe R, Janto B, Post JC, Ehrlich GD. Partial characterization of normal and Haemophilus influenzae-infected mucosal complementary DNA libraries in chinchilla middle ear mucosa. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2010; 119:270-8. [PMID: 20433028 DOI: 10.1177/000348941011900411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We sought to construct and partially characterize complementary DNA (cDNA) libraries prepared from the middle ear mucosa (MEM) of chinchillas to better understand pathogenic aspects of infection and inflammation, particularly with respect to leukotriene biogenesis and response. METHODS Chinchilla MEM was harvested from controls and after middle ear inoculation with nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae. RNA was extracted to generate cDNA libraries. Randomly selected clones were subjected to sequence analysis to characterize the libraries and to provide DNA sequence for phylogenetic analyses. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction of the RNA pools was used to generate cDNA sequences corresponding to genes associated with leukotriene biosynthesis and metabolism. RESULTS Sequence analysis of 921 randomly selected clones from the uninfected MEM cDNA library produced approximately 250,000 nucleotides of almost entirely novel sequence data. Searches of the GenBank database with the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool provided for identification of 515 unique genes expressed in the MEM and not previously described in chinchillas. In almost all cases, the chinchilla cDNA sequences displayed much greater homology to human or other primate genes than with rodent species. Genes associated with leukotriene metabolism were present in both normal and infected MEM. CONCLUSIONS Based on both phylogenetic comparisons and gene expression similarities with humans, chinchilla MEM appears to be an excellent model for the study of middle ear inflammation and infection. The higher degree of sequence similarity between chinchillas and humans compared to chinchillas and rodents was unexpected. The cDNA libraries from normal and infected chinchilla MEM will serve as useful molecular tools in the study of otitis media and should yield important information with respect to middle ear pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E Kerschner
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee 53226, USA
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Kurokawa S, Suda M, Okuda T, Miyake Y, Matsumura Y, Ishimura M, Saito R, Nakamura T. Effect of inhaled KP-496, a novel dual antagonist of the cysteinyl leukotriene and thromboxane A2 receptors, on a bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis model in mice. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2010; 23:425-31. [PMID: 20457270 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2010.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2009] [Revised: 04/06/2010] [Accepted: 04/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cysteinyl-leukotrienes (cysLTs) and thromboxane A(2) (TXA(2)) are important mediators in inflammatory lung diseases such as bronchial asthma and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). We examined the effects of inhaled KP-496, a novel dual antagonist of the cysLTs and TXA(2) receptors, on bleomycin-induced IPF in mice. Mice were intravenously injected bleomycin on day 0, and 0.5% of KP-496 was inhaled twice a day (30 min/time) for the entire experimental period. The effects of KP-496 were evaluated by the number of infiltrated cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), hydroxyl-L-proline content in the lung, and histopathology. Analyses of BALF on days 7 and 21 revealed that inhaled KP-496 significantly decreased total cell numbers, macrophages, neutrophils, and eosinophils on both days. KP-496 significantly decreased hydroxyl-L-proline content in the lung on day 21. Histopathological analyses of lungs on day 21 demonstrated that KP-496 significantly suppressed inflammatory and fibrotic changes. Our results suggested that the suppression of cysLTs and TXA(2) pathways by KP-496 could control airway inflammation and pulmonary fibrosis, and that KP-496 could be a new therapeutic agent for lung diseases with inflammation and fibrogenesis such as IPF and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Inhalation
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/administration & dosage
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/pharmacology
- Benzoates/administration & dosage
- Benzoates/pharmacology
- Bleomycin
- Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/cytology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Inflammation/pathology
- Inflammation/prevention & control
- Leukotriene Antagonists/administration & dosage
- Leukotriene Antagonists/pharmacology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred ICR
- Pulmonary Fibrosis/chemically induced
- Pulmonary Fibrosis/prevention & control
- Receptors, Leukotriene/metabolism
- Receptors, Thromboxane A2, Prostaglandin H2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Thromboxane A2, Prostaglandin H2/metabolism
- Thiazoles/administration & dosage
- Thiazoles/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeo Kurokawa
- Pharmacology Department, Central Research Laboratories, Kaken Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, Japan
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Mirshafiey A, Jadidi-Niaragh F. Immunopharmacological role of the Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists and inhibitors of leukotrienes generating enzymes in Multiple Sclerosis. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2010; 32:219-27. [DOI: 10.3109/08923970903283662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Farias S, Frey LC, Murphy RC, Heidenreich KA. Injury-related production of cysteinyl leukotrienes contributes to brain damage following experimental traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2010; 26:1977-86. [PMID: 19886806 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2009.0877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The leukotrienes belong to a family of biologically active lipids derived from arachidonate that are often involved in inflammatory responses. In the central nervous system, a group of leukotrienes, known as the cysteinyl leukotrienes, is generated in brain tissue in response to a variety of acute brain injuries. Although the exact clinical significance of this excess production remains unclear, the cysteinyl leukotrienes may contribute to injury-related disruption of the brain-blood barrier and exacerbate secondary injury processes. In the present study, the formation and role of cysteinyl leukotrienes was explored in the fluid percussion injury model of traumatic brain injury in rats. The results showed that levels of the cysteinyl leukotrienes were elevated after fluid percussion injury with a maximal formation 1 hour after the injury. Neutrophils contributed to cysteinyl leukotriene formation in the injured brain hemisphere, potentially through a transcellular biosynthetic mechanism. Furthermore, pharmacological reduction of cysteinyl leukotriene formation after the injury, using MK-886, resulted in reduction of brain lesion volumes, suggesting that the cysteinyl leukotrienes play an important role in traumatic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Farias
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado at Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
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80
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Woszczek G, Chen LY, Alsaaty S, Nagineni S, Shelhamer JH. Concentration-dependent noncysteinyl leukotriene type 1 receptor-mediated inhibitory activity of leukotriene receptor antagonists. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:2219-25. [PMID: 20083671 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The use of cysteinyl leukotriene receptor antagonists (LTRAs) for asthma therapy has been associated with a significant degree of interpatient variability in response to treatment. Some of that variability may be attributable to noncysteinyl leukotriene type 1 receptor (CysLT(1))-mediated inhibitory mechanisms that have been demonstrated for this group of drugs. We used a model of CysLT(1) signaling in human monocytes to characterize CysLT(1)-dependent and -independent anti-inflammatory activity of two chemically different, clinically relevant LTRAs (montelukast and zafirlukast). Using receptor-desensitization experiments in monocytes and CysLT(1)-transfected HEK293 cells and IL-10- and CysLT(1) small interfering RNA-induced downregulation of CysLT(1) expression, we showed that reported CysLT(1) agonists leukotriene D(4) and UDP signal through calcium mobilization, acting on separate receptors, and that both pathways were inhibited by montelukast and zafirlukast. However, 3-log greater concentrations of LTRAs were required for the inhibition of UDP-induced signaling. In monocytes, UDP, but not leukotriene D(4), induced IL-8 production that was significantly inhibited by both drugs at micromolar concentrations. At low micromolar concentrations, both LTRAs also inhibited calcium ionophore-induced leukotriene (leukotriene B(4) and leukotriene C(4)) production, indicating 5-lipoxygenase inhibitory activities. We report herein that montelukast and zafirlukast, acting in a concentration-dependent manner, can inhibit non-CysLT(1)-mediated proinflammatory reactions, suggesting activities potentially relevant for interpatient variability in response to treatment. Higher doses of currently known LTRAs or new compounds derived from this class of drugs may represent a new strategy for finding more efficient therapy for bronchial asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Woszczek
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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81
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Daniele S, Lecca D, Trincavelli ML, Ciampi O, Abbracchio MP, Martini C. Regulation of PC12 cell survival and differentiation by the new P2Y-like receptor GPR17. Cell Signal 2010; 22:697-706. [PMID: 20056144 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2009.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2009] [Revised: 12/04/2009] [Accepted: 12/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The P2Y-like receptor GPR17 has been reported to respond to both uracil nucleotides and cysteinyl-leukotrienes (cysLTs), such as UDP-glucose and LTD(4). Our previous data suggest a potential role for GPR17 in regulation of both cell viability and differentiation state of central nervous system cells. On this basis, in the present paper we investigated the effect of GPR17 receptor ligands on PC12 cell viability, following induction of morphological differentiation by nerve growth factor (NGF). In addition, the role of GPR17 ligands, either alone or in combination with growth factors, on the degree of PC12 cell differentiation was investigated. GPR17, which was not basally expressed in undifferentiated PC12 cells, was specifically induced by a 10day-treatment with NGF, suggesting a role in the control of neuronal specification. Both UDP-glucose and LTD(4), agonists at the nucleotide and cysLT GPR17 binding sites, respectively, induced a significant pro-survival effect on PC12 cells after priming with NGF. By in vitro silencing experiments with specific small interfering RNAs and by using receptor antagonists, we confirmed that the agonist effects are indeed mediated by the selective activation of GPR17. We also demonstrated that GPR17 agonists act, both alone and synergistically with NGF, to promote neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells. In addition, GPR17 ligands were able to confer an NGF-like activity to the epidermal growth factor (EGF), that, under these experimental conditions, also promoted cell differentiation and neurite elongation. Finally, we show that GPR17 ligands activate the intracellular phosphorylation of both ERK 1/2 and p38 kinases, that have been identified as important signalling pathways for neurotrophins in PC12 cells. Our results establish GPR17 as a neurotrophic regulator for neuronal-like cells and suggest a possible interplay between endogenous uracil derivatives, cysLTs and NGF in the signalling pathways involved in neuronal survival and differentiation. They also represent the first direct demonstration, in a native system, that GPR17 can indeed be activated by uracil nucleotides and cysLTs, in line with what previously demonstrated in recombinant expression systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Daniele
- Department of Psychiatry, Neurobiology, Pharmacology and Biotechnology, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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Nakamori Y, Komatsu Y, Kotani T, Kojima S, Takeuchi K. Pathogenic importance of cysteinyl leukotrienes in development of gastric lesions induced by ischemia/reperfusion in mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2009; 333:91-8. [PMID: 20042530 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.109.162578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the role of cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) in the gastric ulcerogenic response to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) in mice. Experiments were performed in male C57BL/6J mice after 18-h fasting. Under urethane anesthesia, the celiac artery was clamped for 30 min, and then reperfusion was achieved by removing the clamp. The stomach was examined for lesions 60 min thereafter. The severity of I/R-induced gastric damage was reduced by prior administration of pranlukast [CysLT receptor type 1 (CysLT(1)R) antagonist] as well as 1-[[5'-(3''-methoxy-4''-ethoxycarbonyl-oxyphenyl)-2',4'-pentadienoyl]aminoethyl]-4-diphenylmethoxypiperidine [TMK688; 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) inhibitor]. On the contrary, these lesions were markedly worsened by pretreatment with indomethacin, and this response was abrogated by the coadministration of TMK688 or pranlukast. The gene expression of CysLT(1)R but not 5-LOX was up-regulated in the stomach after I/R, but both expressions were increased under I/R in the presence of indomethacin. I/R slightly increased the mucosal CysLT content of the stomach, yet this increase was markedly enhanced when the animals were pretreated with indomethacin. The increased CysLT biosynthetic response to indomethacin during I/R was attenuated by TMK688. Indomethacin alone caused a slight increase of CysLT(1)R expression and markedly up-regulated 5-LOX expression in the stomach. We concluded that I/R up-regulated the expression of CysLT(1)R in the stomach; CysLTs play a role in the pathogenesis of I/R-induced gastric damage through the activation of CysLT(1)R; and the aggravation by indomethacin of these lesions may be brought about by the increase of CysLT production and the up-regulation of 5-LOX expression, in addition to the decreased prostaglandin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Nakamori
- Division of Pathological Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
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83
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Ouyang Y, Kamijo A, Murata SI, Okamoto A, Endo S, Katoh R, Masuyama K. Expression of cysLT1 and cysLT2 receptor in chronic hyperplastic eosinophilic sinusitis. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2009; 42:191-6. [PMID: 20126572 PMCID: PMC2808502 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.09031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2009] [Accepted: 10/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated production of cysteinyl leukotrienes (cysLTs) from sinus tissues and abundant sinus eosinophils are characteristic features of chronic hyperplastic eosinophilic sinusitis (CHS). CysLTs exert their action through G-protein-coupled receptors named cysLTs receptor type I (cysLT1R) and type II (cysLT2R). These expressions of cysLT receptors in the sinus mucosa have yet to be clarified and the relationship between eosinophilia and the expression of these receptors remains obscure. We compared the expressions of cysLT1R and cysLT2R in the sinus mucosa in patients with CHS, non-eosinophilic chronic sinusitis (NECS), and control sinus tissues; and analyzed the correlation between the expression of CysLTRs and the presence of sinus eosinophils by immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR. A significantly higher percentage of eosinophils expressing cysLT2R protein was observed in patients with CHS compared with NECS and controls. In addition, cysLT2R mRNA expression in CHS was significantly higher than in NECS and controls. Furthermore, a positive correlation was observed between cysLT2R mRNA expression and the number of infiltrated eosinophils. In contrast, the cysLT1R mRNA expression did not differ significantly among these groups. The effect of cysLTs on sinus eosinophils may be mediated through the cysLT2R in patients with CHS. These results may suggest the therapeutic benefit of cysLT2R antagonists in CHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Ouyang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi
- Beijing Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Beijing Tongren Hospital
| | - Atsushi Kamijo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi
| | - Shin-ichi Murata
- Department of Human Pathology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi
| | - Atsushi Okamoto
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi
| | - Shuichiro Endo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi
| | - Ryohei Katoh
- Department of Human Pathology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi
| | - Keisuke Masuyama
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi
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Sokolowska M, Wodz-Naskiewicz K, Cieslak M, Seta K, Bednarek AK, Pawliczak R. Variable expression of cysteinyl leukotriene type I receptor splice variants in asthmatic females with different promoter haplotypes. BMC Immunol 2009; 10:63. [PMID: 20003473 PMCID: PMC2805608 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-10-63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2009] [Accepted: 12/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cysteinyl leukotrienes are potent inflammatory mediators implicated in the pathogenesis of asthma. Human cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 (CYSLTR1) gene contains five exons that are variably spliced. Within its promoter few polymorphisms were described. To date, there has been no evidence about the expression of different splice variants of CysLT1 in asthma and their association with CYSLTR1 promoter polymorphisms.The goal of our study was to investigate CysLT1 alternative transcripts expression in asthmatic patients with different CYSLTR1 promoter haplotypes.The study groups consisted of 44 patients with asthma, diagnosed according to GINA 2008 criteria and 18 healthy subjects. Genomic DNA and total RNA was extracted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Real-time PCR was performed with specific primers for transcript I [GenBank:DQ131799] and II [GenBank:DQ131800]. Fragments of the CYSLTR1 promoter were amplified by PCR and sequenced directly to identify four single nucleotide polymorphisms: C/T [SNP:rs321029], A/C [SNP:rs2637204], A/G [SNP:rs2806489] and C/T [SNP:rs7066737]. RESULTS The expression of CysLT1 transcript I and II in asthma did not differ from its expression in healthy control group. However, in major alleles homozygotic CAAC/CAAC women with asthma we found significantly higher expression of transcript I as compared to heterozygous CAAC/TCGC women in that loci. CysLT1 transcript I expression tended to negative correlation with episodes of acute respiratory infection in our asthmatic population. Moreover, expression of CysLT1 transcript II in CAAC/CAAC homozygotic women with asthma was significantly lower than in CAAC/CAAC healthy control females. CONCLUSIONS Genetic variants of CYSLTR1 promoter might be associated with gender specific expression of CysLT1 alternative transcripts in patients with asthma. CysLT1 splice variants expression might also correlate with the susceptibility to infection in asthmatic population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Sokolowska
- Department of Immunopathology, Chair of Allergology, Immunology and Dermatology, Faculty of Medical Science and Postgraduate Training, Medical University of Lodz, Pomorska 251 str, 92-213 Lodz, Poland
| | - Karolina Wodz-Naskiewicz
- Department of Immunopathology, Chair of Allergology, Immunology and Dermatology, Faculty of Medical Science and Postgraduate Training, Medical University of Lodz, Pomorska 251 str, 92-213 Lodz, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Cieslak
- Department of Immunology, Rheumatology and Allergy, Chair of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Pomorska 251 str, 92-213 Lodz, Poland
| | - Karolina Seta
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Chair of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Science and Postgraduate Training, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8 str, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
| | - Andrzej K Bednarek
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Chair of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Science and Postgraduate Training, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8 str, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
| | - Rafal Pawliczak
- Department of Immunopathology, Chair of Allergology, Immunology and Dermatology, Faculty of Medical Science and Postgraduate Training, Medical University of Lodz, Pomorska 251 str, 92-213 Lodz, Poland
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Leukotriene, lipoxin, oxoeicosanoid and resolvin E1. Br J Pharmacol 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00501_37.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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87
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Modification of cysteinyl leukotriene receptors expression in capsular contracture: follow-up study and definitive results. Ann Plast Surg 2009; 63:206-8. [PMID: 19561455 DOI: 10.1097/sap.0b013e31818937bc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Periprosthetic capsular contracture represents a specific iatrogenic phenomenon with different side effects. Recently, interesting data have disclosed a potential role of leukotrienes as important mediators of inflammation in the reactivation process of capsular contracture. Some preliminary studies have assessed the efficacy of leukotriene antagonists in the prevention and treatment of capsular contracture. These clinical data are still lacking of a potential biomolecular basis. The aim of our present study was to evaluate the expression of the protein receptor cysteinyl leukotriene receptors (CysLTR). We included 50 patients with severe capsular contracture (Baker III-IV) and a control group consisting of healthy patients who underwent an implant replacement. In both groups, we performed the protein extraction and semiquantitative analysis for the determination of protein concentration on myofibroblasts and macrophages. Western Blot analysis of protein levels shows a significant increase in the expression of CysLTR in patients with capsular contracture. Our final results show that the increase in the levels of mRNA coding for CysLTR actually translates into an effective increase in protein levels of these mRNA transcripts. These findings could at least partially provide a biomolecular basis that justifies the use of specific antileukotriene drugs in the treatment of this disease.
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Thivierge M, Stankova J, Rola-Pleszczynski M. Cysteinyl-leukotriene receptor type 1 expression and function is down-regulated during monocyte-derived dendritic cell maturation with zymosan: involvement of IL-10 and prostaglandins. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:6778-87. [PMID: 19846883 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
TLRs sense microbial products and initiate adaptive immune responses by activating dendritic cells (DCs). DCs have been shown to produce leukotrienes and, conversely, leukotrienes are known to modulate several DC functions. In this study, we examined the modulation of expression and function of cysteinyl-leukotriene receptor type 1 (CysLT1) on human monocyte-derived DCs during their differentiation and subsequent maturation with zymosan, a TLR2 agonist. Maturation of DCs with zymosan reduced CysLT1 mRNA levels and protein expression in a time-dependent fashion and was associated with a diminution of functional responsiveness to leukotriene D(4) as assessed by intracellular calcium mobilization, CCL2 and CCL3 production, and chemotaxis. The effect of zymosan was mediated by both TLR2 and dectin-1 activation. Zymosan also induced a rapid expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and the production of PGE(2) and IL-10. Addition of an anti-IL-10 neutralizing Ab or inhibitors of cyclooxygenase greatly reduced the ability of zymosan to down-regulate CysLT1 expression. Down-regulation of CysLT1 expression by zymosan could be reproduced by a combination of IL-10 and PGE(2), and was dependent on MAPK activation. Taken together, our findings indicate that zymosan down-regulates CysLT1 expression in DCs with consequently reduced functional responsiveness of the cells to leukotriene D(4) stimulation. This effect is partially dependent on an endogenous production of PGs and IL-10 by DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryse Thivierge
- Immunology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
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89
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Mezhybovska M, Yudina Y, Abhyankar A, Sjölander A. Beta-catenin is involved in alterations in mitochondrial activity in non-transformed intestinal epithelial and colon cancer cells. Br J Cancer 2009; 101:1596-605. [PMID: 19826421 PMCID: PMC2778528 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alteration in respiratory activity and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) transcription seems to be an important feature of cancer cells. Leukotriene D(4) (LTD(4)) is a proinflammatory mediator implicated in the pathology of chronic inflammation and cancer. We have shown earlier that LTD(4) causes translocation of beta-catenin both to the mitochondria, in which it associates with the survival protein Bcl-2 identifying a novel role for beta-catenin in cell survival, and to the nucleus in which it activates the TCF/LEF transcription machinery. METHODS Here we have used non-transformed intestinal epithelial Int 407 cells and Caco-2 colon cancer cells, transfected or not with wild type and mutated (S33Y) beta-catenin to analyse its effect on mitochondria activity. We have measured the ATP/ADP ratio, and transcription of the mtDNA genes ND2, ND6 and 16 s in these cells stimulated or not with LTD(4). RESULTS We have shown for the first time that LTD(4) triggers a cellular increase in NADPH dehydrogenase activity and ATP/ADP ratio. In addition, LTD(4) significantly increased the transcription of mtDNA genes. Overexpression of wild-type beta-catenin or a constitutively active beta-catenin mutant mimicked the effect of LTD(4) on ATP/ADP ratio and mtDNA transcription. These elevations in mitochondrial activity resulted in increased reactive oxygen species levels and subsequent activations of the p65 subunit of NF-kappaB. CONCLUSIONS The present novel data show that LTD(4), presumably through beta-catenin accumulation in the mitochondria, affects mitochondrial activity, lending further credence to the idea that inflammatory signalling pathways are intrinsically linked with potential oncogenic signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mezhybovska
- Cell and Experimental Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Malmö University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, SE-205 02, Sweden
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90
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Duroudier NP, Strachan DP, Blakey JD, Hall IP. Association of the cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 gene with atopy in the British 1958 birth cohort. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 124:566-72, 572.e1-3. [PMID: 19733299 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2008] [Revised: 05/25/2009] [Accepted: 06/01/2009] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) play an important role in the pathophysiology of many allergic inflammatory disorders. However, data on the contribution of genetic variability of the cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 gene (CYSLTR1) in asthma and atopy remain conflicting. OBJECTIVE We investigated the association of polymorphisms of interest located at this locus and allergic disease prevalence in a national population with an established DNA archive, the British 1958 birth cohort. METHODS The British 1958 birth cohort comprises all persons born in Britain during 1 week in 1958. Asthma, wheezy bronchitis, and wheezing were ascertained by interview at ages 7, 11, 16, 23, 33, and 42 years. At age 44 to 45 years, serum total circulating IgE levels were measured and atopy was defined as a serum total IgE level of greater than 30 kU/L and specific IgE levels to 1 or more of dust mite, cat fur, and mixed grass of greater than 0.3 kU/L. DNA samples from 8018 participants were genotyped for 2 variants of the CYSLTR1 promoter (Xq13-Xq21). RESULTS The rare polymorphism C > T (rs7066737) was not associated with any of the phenotypes studied. The common promoter polymorphism A > G (rs2806489) was not associated with total IgE levels or the prevalence or age of onset of asthma, wheezy bronchitis, or wheeze. However, the wild-type allele A was significantly associated with atopy in female subjects (chi(2) = 8.30, P = .004), although not in male subjects (P = .841). CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that a CYSLTR1 polymorphism previously shown to affect the gene transcription in vitro might influence the risk of atopy in the female white population with suggestive evidence of heterozygote vigor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie P Duroudier
- Division of Therapeutics and Molecular Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
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91
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Abstract
Aspirin-sensitive respiratory disease (ASRD) is a condition characterized by persistent and often severe inflammation of the upper and lower respiratory tracts. Patients develop chronic eosinophilic rhinosinusitis, nasal polyposis, and asthma. The ingestion of aspirin and other cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) inhibitors induces exacerbations of airway disease that may be life-threatening. Thus, aspirin sensitivity is a phenotypic marker for the syndrome, yet nearly all affected individuals can be desensitized by the administration of graded doses of aspirin, leading to long-term clinical benefits. Patients with aspirin sensitivity are often able to tolerate selective COX-2 inhibitors. The pathogenesis of ASRD is underpinned by abnormalities in eicosanoid biosynthesis and eicosanoid receptor expression coupled with intense mast cell and eosinophilic infiltration of the entire respiratory tract. This review focuses on the molecular, cellular, and biochemical abnormalities characterizing ASRD and highlights unanswered questions in the literature and potential future areas of investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie P Farooque
- King's College London, MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, England
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Wan Z, Laine DI, Yan H, Zhu C, Widdowson KL, Buckley PT, Burman M, Foley JJ, Sarau HM, Schmidt DB, Webb EF, Belmonte KE, Palovich M. Discovery of (3-endo)-3-(2-cyano-2,2-diphenylethyl)-8,8-dimethyl-8-azoniabicyclo[3.2.1]octane bromide as an efficacious inhaled muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist for the treatment of COPD. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:4560-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2009] [Revised: 06/26/2009] [Accepted: 07/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Kopriva F, Dzubak P, Potesil J, Hajduch M. The anti-inflammatory effects of inhaled corticosteroids versus anti-leukotrienes on the lymphocyte P-glycoprotein (PGP) expression in asthmatic children. J Asthma 2009; 46:366-70. [PMID: 19484671 DOI: 10.1080/02770900902777767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) are used in asthma therapy for their anti-inflammatory effects. P-glycoprotein (PGP) is a transmembrane efflux pump for many drugs, including corticosteroids. Expression of PGP is associated with therapy resistant disease. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to compare expression levels of PGP in blood lymphocytes of pediatric asthma patients either on ICS or on the leukotriene inhibitor montelukast medication. PATIENTS AND METHODS The evaluation of lymphocyte PGP expression was performed on a sample of 99 children (66 boys and 33 girls) aged 2-18 (median 12) years with intermittent or persisting mild asthma, (as defined by GINY 2002). The asthmatic children were divided into 3 groups: (1) treated by ICS budesonide 200-400 microg per day (n = 27) more than 1 year; (2) treated by oral montelukast 4 or 5 mg at an age-based dose (n = 16); and (3) treated by inhaled corticosteroids and montelukast (n = 45). Reference PGP values were obtained from a group of 64 healthy children (23 boys and 29 girls) aged 2-15 years (median, 10 years). The expression of lymphocyte PGP was determined on fixed and permeabilized blood mononuclear cells using indirect immunofluorescence staining technique by flow cytometry modified according to Boer et al., 1997. RESULTS Based on the weighted medians for PGP expression in peripheral blood lymphocytes, we found a significant difference (p < 10(-3)) between the group of asthma patients (n = 99), (619 +/- 5.3) and healthy controls (n = 64) (446.9 +/- 4.4). Second, there was a lower level of PGP expression in the group treated by ICS (548.6 +/- 9) than the group treated by montelukast and montelukast with budesonide (643.2 +/- 6.3) (p < 10(-6)). CONCLUSIONS The anti-inflammatory activity of ICS is more effective in decreasing the production of pro-inflammatory mediators and results in reduced multidrug resistence (MDR-1) gene activity and expression of lymphocyte PGP in asthmatic children.
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94
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Boehmler AM, Drost A, Jaggy L, Seitz G, Wiesner T, Denzlinger C, Kanz L, Möhle R. The CysLT1 ligand leukotriene D4 supports alpha4beta1- and alpha5beta1-mediated adhesion and proliferation of CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:6789-98. [PMID: 19454674 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0801525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines and chemokines control hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HPC) proliferation and trafficking. However, the role of nonpeptide mediators in the bone marrow microenvironment has remained elusive. Particularly CysLT(1), a G protein-coupled receptor recognizing inflammatory mediators of the cysteinyl leukotriene family, is highly expressed in HPCs. We therefore analyzed the effects of its ligands on human CD34(+) HPCs. The most potent CysLT(1) ligand, LTD(4), rapidly and significantly up-regulated alpha(4)beta(1) and alpha(5)beta(1) integrin-dependent adhesion of both primitive and committed HPC. LTD(4)-triggered adhesion was inhibited by specific CysLT(1) antagonists. The effects of other CysLT(1) ligands were weak (LTC(4)) or absent (LTE(4)). In serum-free liquid cultures supplemented with various hematopoietic cytokines including IL-3, only LTD(4) significantly augmented the expansion of HPCs in a dose-dependent manner comparable to that of peptide growth factors. LTC(4) and LTE(4) were less effective. In CD34(+) cell lines and primary HPCs, LTD(4) induced phosphorylation of p44/42 ERK/MAPK and focal adhesion kinase-related tyrosine kinase Pyk2, which is linked to integrin activation. Bone marrow stromal cells produced biologically significant amounts of cysteinyl leukotrienes only when hematopoietic cells were absent, suggesting a regulatory feedback mechanism in the hematopoietic microenvironment. In contrast to antagonists of the homing-related G protein-coupled receptor CXCR4, administration of a CysLT(1) antagonist failed to induce human CD34(+) HPC mobilization in vivo. Our results suggest that cysteinyl leukotriene may contribute to HPC retention and proliferation only when cysteinyl leukotriene levels are increased either systemically during inflammation or locally during marrow aplasia.
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Abstract
Leukotrienes (LT) are biologically active lipid mediators known to be involved in allergic inflammation. Leukotrienes have been shown to mediate diverse features of allergic conditions including inflammatory cell chemotaxis/activation and smooth muscle contraction. Cysteinyl leukotrienes (LTC(4), LTD(4) and, LTE(4)) and the dihydroxy leukotriene LTB(4) are generated by a series of enzymes/proteins constituting the LT synthetic pathway or 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) pathway. Their function is mediated by interacting with multiple receptors. Leukotriene receptor antagonists (LTRA) and LT synthesis inhibitors (LTSI) have shown clinical efficacy in asthma and more recently in allergic rhinitis. Despite growing knowledge of leukotriene biology, the molecular regulation of these inflammatory mediators remains to be fully understood. Genes encoding enzymes of the 5-LO pathway (i.e. ALOX5, LTC4S and LTA4H) and encoding for LT receptors (CYSLTR1/2 and LTB4R1/2) provide excellent candidates for disease susceptibility and severity; however, their role remains unclear. Preliminary data also suggest that 5-LO pathway/receptor gene polymorphism can predict patient responses to LTSI and LTRA; however, the exact mechanisms require elucidation. The aim of this review was to summarize the recent advances in the knowledge of these important mediators, focusing on genetic and pharmacogenetic aspects in the context of allergic phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- N P Duroudier
- Division of Therapeutics and Molecular Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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Shimizu T. Lipid mediators in health and disease: enzymes and receptors as therapeutic targets for the regulation of immunity and inflammation. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2009; 49:123-50. [PMID: 18834304 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.011008.145616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 430] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, platelet-activating factor, lysophosphatidic acid, sphingosine 1-phosphate, and endocannabinoids, collectively referred to as lipid mediators, play pivotal roles in immune regulation and self-defense, and in the maintenance of homeostasis in living systems. They are produced by multistep enzymatic pathways, which are initiated by the de-esterification of membrane phospholipids by phospholipase A2s or sphingo-myelinase. Lipid mediators exert their biological effects by binding to cognate receptors, which are members of the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily. The synthesis of the lipid mediators and subsequent induction of receptor activity is tightly regulated under normal physiological conditions, and enzyme and/or receptor dysfunction can lead to a variety of disease conditions. Thus, the manipulation of lipid mediator signaling, through either enzyme inhibitors or receptor antagonists and agonists, has great potential as a therapeutic approach to disease. In this review, I summarize our current state of knowledge of the synthesis of lipid mediators and the function of their cognate receptors, and discuss the effects of genetic or pharmacological ablation of enzyme or receptor function on various pathophysiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Shimizu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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97
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Huang SC. Cysteinyl Leukotriene Receptor Type 1 (CysLT1) Mediates Contraction of the Guinea Pig Lower Esophageal Sphincter. Tzu Chi Med J 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1016-3190(09)60005-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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98
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Chang BS, Chang JC, Wang YS, Huang SC. Cysteinyl leucotriene receptor type 1 mediates contraction in human and guinea-pig oesophagus. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2008; 20:1140-6. [PMID: 18651869 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2008.01168.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Leucotriene D(4) (LTD(4)) causes contraction of the guinea-pig and cat oesophagus. Effects of cysteinyl leucotrienes in the human oesophagus were unknown. To investigate and compare the cysteinyl leucotriene effects in the human oesophagus with those in the guinea-pig oesophagus, we measured contraction of muscularis mucosae strips isolated from the human and guinea-pig oesophagus caused by cysteinyl leucotrienes, LTC(4), LTD(4) and LTE(4), as well as the dihydroxy leucotriene, LTB(4). Effects of leucotrienes in human were similar to those in guinea-pig oesophagus. LTC(4) and LTD(4) caused moderate, whereas LTE(4) caused mild, concentration-dependent contraction. LTE(4) was a partial agonist. In contrast, LTB(4) did not cause any contraction. The relative potencies for cysteinyl leucotrienes to cause contraction were LTD(4) = LTC(4) > LTE(4). The LTD(4)-induced contraction was moderately inhibited by two selective CysLT(1) receptor antagonists, montelukast and zafirlukast, in both human and guinea-pig oesophagus. In addition, the LTD(4)-induced contraction was not and only slightly inhibited by BAY u9773, the CysLT(1) and CysLT(2) receptor antagonist, in the human and guinea-pig oesophageal muscularis mucosae respectively. These indicate the existence of the CysLT(1) mediating oesophageal contraction in both human and guinea-pig oesophagus. The LTD(4)-induced contraction was not affected by tetrodotoxin, atropine or capsaicin, suggesting a direct effect. These results demonstrate that cysteinyl leucotrienes but not the dihydroxy leucotriene cause contraction in the human and guinea-pig oesophagus. CysLT(1) mediates contraction in both human and guinea-pig oesophagus.
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Affiliation(s)
- B-S Chang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
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Thompson C, McMahon S, Bossé Y, Dubois CM, Stankova J, Rola-Pleszczynski M. Leukotriene D4Up-Regulates Furin Expression through CysLT1 Receptor Signaling. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2008; 39:227-34. [DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2007-0293oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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