51
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Huthwelker T, Zelenay V, Birrer M, Krepelova A, Raabe J, Tzvetkov G, Vernooij MGC, Ammann M. An in situ cell to study phase transitions in individual aerosol particles on a substrate using scanning transmission x-ray microspectroscopy. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2010; 81:113706. [PMID: 21133477 DOI: 10.1063/1.3494604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A new in situ cell to study phase transitions and chemical processes on individual aerosol particles in the x-ray transmission microscope at the PolLux beamline of the Swiss light source has been built. The cell is machined from stainless steel and aluminum components and is designed to be used in the standard mount of the microscope without need of complicated rearrangements of the microscope. The cell consists of two parts, a back part which contains connections for the gas supply, heating, cooling devices, and temperature measurement. The second part is a removable clip, which hosts the sample. This clip can be easily exchanged and brought into a sampling unit for aerosol particles. Currently, the cell can be operated at temperatures ranging from -40 to +50 °C. The function of the cell is demonstrated using two systems of submicron size: inorganic sodium bromide aerosols and soot originating from a diesel passenger car. For the sodium bromide we demonstrate how phase transitions can be studied in these systems and that O1s spectra from aqueous sodium bromide solution can be taken from submicron sized particles. For the case of soot, we demonstrate that the uptake of water onto individual soot particles can be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Huthwelker
- Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI), 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
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52
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Moffet RC, Henn T, Laskin A, Gilles MK. Automated Chemical Analysis of Internally Mixed Aerosol Particles Using X-ray Spectromicroscopy at the Carbon K-Edge. Anal Chem 2010; 82:7906-14. [DOI: 10.1021/ac1012909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C. Moffet
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720-8226, Department of Physics, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany, and W. R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, 99352
| | - Tobias Henn
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720-8226, Department of Physics, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany, and W. R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, 99352
| | - Alexander Laskin
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720-8226, Department of Physics, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany, and W. R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, 99352
| | - Mary K. Gilles
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720-8226, Department of Physics, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany, and W. R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, 99352
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53
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Meinen J, Khasminskaya S, Eritt M, Leisner T, Antonsson E, Langer B, Rühl E. Core level photoionization on free sub-10-nm nanoparticles using synchrotron radiation. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2010; 81:085107. [PMID: 20815628 DOI: 10.1063/1.3475154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A novel instrument is presented, which permits studies on singly charged free nanoparticles in the diameter range from 1 to 30 nm using synchrotron radiation in the soft x-ray regime. It consists of a high pressure nanoparticle source, a high efficiency nanoparticle beam inlet, and an electron time-of-flight spectrometer suitable for probing surface and bulk properties of free, levitated nanoparticles. We show results from x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study near the Si L(3,2)-edge on 8.2 nm SiO(2) particles prepared in a nanoparticle beam. The possible use of this apparatus regarding chemical reactions on the surface of nanometer-sized particles is highlighted. This approach has the potential to be exploited for process studies on heterogeneous atmospheric chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Meinen
- Institute for Environmental Physics, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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54
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Colarco P, da Silva A, Chin M, Diehl T. Online simulations of global aerosol distributions in the NASA GEOS-4 model and comparisons to satellite and ground-based aerosol optical depth. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd012820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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55
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Hawkins LN, Russell LM, Covert DS, Quinn PK, Bates TS. Carboxylic acids, sulfates, and organosulfates in processed continental organic aerosol over the southeast Pacific Ocean during VOCALS-REx 2008. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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56
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Zaveri RA, Berkowitz CM, Brechtel FJ, Gilles MK, Hubbe JM, Jayne JT, Kleinman LI, Laskin A, Madronich S, Onasch TB, Pekour MS, Springston SR, Thornton JA, Tivanski AV, Worsnop DR. Nighttime chemical evolution of aerosol and trace gases in a power plant plume: Implications for secondary organic nitrate and organosulfate aerosol formation, NO3radical chemistry, and N2O5heterogeneous hydrolysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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57
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58
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Hub C, Wenzel S, Raabe J, Ade H, Fink RH. Surface sensitivity in scanning transmission x-ray microspectroscopy using secondary electron detection. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2010; 81:033704. [PMID: 20370182 DOI: 10.1063/1.3360813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The successful integration of electron detection into an existing scanning transmission x-ray microspectroscope (STXM) at the Swiss Light Source is demonstrated. In conventional x-ray detection using a photomultiplier, STXM offers mainly bulk sensitivity combined with high lateral resolution. However, by implementation of a channeltron electron multiplier, the surface sensitivity can be established by the detection of secondary electrons emitted from the sample upon resonant excitation. We describe the experimental setup and discuss several relevant aspects, in particular the schemes to correct for self-absorption in the specimen due to back illumination in case of thicker films.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hub
- Physikalische Chemie II and ICMM, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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59
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Lang-Yona N, Abo-Riziq A, Erlick C, Segre E, Trainic M, Rudich Y. Interaction of internally mixed aerosols with light. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:21-31. [DOI: 10.1039/b913176k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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60
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Křepelová A, Newberg J, Huthwelker T, Bluhm H, Ammann M. The nature of nitrate at the ice surface studied by XPS and NEXAFS. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:8870-80. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp00359j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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61
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Mysak ER, Starr DE, Wilson KR, Bluhm H. Note: A combined aerodynamic lens/ambient pressure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy experiment for the on-stream investigation of aerosol surfaces. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2010; 81:016106. [PMID: 20113137 DOI: 10.1063/1.3276714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We discuss a new approach for the measurement of the surfaces of free aerosol particles with diameters from 50 to 1000 nm. Particles in this size range have significant influence on the heterogeneous chemistry in the atmosphere and affect human health. Interfacing an aerodynamic lens to an ambient pressure x-ray photoelectron spectrometer permits measurement of the surface chemical composition of unsupported aerosol particles in real time. We discuss the basic considerations for the design of such an instrument, its current limitations and potentials for improvement. Results from a proof-of-principle experiment on silicon oxide particles with average diameters of 270 nm are shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin R Mysak
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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62
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Takahashi Y, Miyoshi T, Higashi M, Kamioka H, Kanai Y. Neutralization of calcite in mineral aerosols by acidic sullur species collected in China and Japan studied by ca K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2009; 43:6535-6540. [PMID: 19764213 DOI: 10.1021/es9010256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Calcium species in mineral aerosols collected simultaneously in Aksu (near the Taklimakan Desert), Qingdao (eastern China), and Tsukuba (Japan) during dust and nondust periods were determined using Ca K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES). From the fitting of XANES spectra, it was found that (i) calcite and gypsum were the main Ca species in the aerosol samples, and (ii) the gypsum fraction versus total Ca minerals [Gyp]/[Ca2+]t increased progressively in the order Aksu < Qingdao < Tsukuba. Surface-sensitive XANES in the conversion electron yield mode (CEY) showed that the gypsum is formed selectively at the surface of mineral aerosols for all the samples except for that taken in Aksu during the dust period. The decrease of the [Gyp]/[Ca2+]t ratio with an increase in particle size showed that the neutralization effect proceeds from the particle surface. For the Aksu sample in the dust period, however, (i) the [Gyp]/[Ca2+]t ratios obtained by XANES measured in the fluorescence (FL; regarded as bulk analysis) and CEY modes were similar and (ii) size dependence was not found, showing that neutralization is not important for the sample because of the large supply of mineral aerosol with little neutralization effect in Aksu. It was also found that the pH of the aerosol and the ratio of (NH4)2SO4 to gypsum were positively and negatively correlated with the Ca (or calcite) content, respectively. The speciation of Ca by XANES revealed the neutralization processes of acidic sulfur species by calcite during the long-range transport of mineral aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Takahashi
- Department of Earth and Planetary Systems Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan.
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63
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Vernooij MGC, Mohr M, Tzvetkov G, Zelenay V, Huthwelker T, Kaegi R, Gehrig R, Grobéty B. On source identification and alteration of single diesel and wood smoke soot particles in the atmosphere; an X-ray microspectroscopy study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2009; 43:5339-5344. [PMID: 19708363 DOI: 10.1021/es800773h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Diesel and wood combustion are major sources of carbonaceous particles in the atmosphere. It is very hard to distinguish between the two sources by looking at soot particle morphology, but clear differences in the chemical structure of single particles are revealed by C(1s) NEXAFS (near edge X-ray absorption fine structure) microspectroscopy. Soot from diesel combustion has a dominant spectral signature at approximately 285 eV from aromatic pi-bonds, whereas soot from wood combustion has the strongest signature at approximately 287 eV from phenolic carbon bonds. To investigate if it is possible to use these signatures for source apportionment purposes, we collected atmospheric samples with either diesel or wood combustion as a dominant particle source. No spectra obtained from the atmospheric particles completely matched the emission spectra. Especially particles from the wood dominated location underwent large modifications; the phenolic spectral signature at approximately 287 eV is greatly suppressed and surpassed by the peak attributed to the aromatic carbon groups at approximately 285 eV. Comparison with spectra from diesel soot samples experimentally aged with ozone show that very fast modification of the carbon structure of soot particles occurs as soon as they enter the atmosphere. Source attribution of single soot particles with microspectroscopy is thus hardly possible, but NEXAFS remains a powerful tool to study aging effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G C Vernooij
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, Feuerwerkerstrasse 39, Thun, CH-3602, Switzerland.
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64
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Braun A. Comment on "Effects of native organic material and water on sorption properties of reference diesel soot". ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2009; 43:5158-5160. [PMID: 19673323 DOI: 10.1021/es900943r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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65
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Russell LM, Takahama S, Liu S, Hawkins LN, Covert DS, Quinn PK, Bates TS. Oxygenated fraction and mass of organic aerosol from direct emission and atmospheric processing measured on the R/VRonald Brownduring TEXAQS/GoMACCS 2006. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd011275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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66
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Cheng Y, He KB, Duan FK, Zheng M, Ma YL, Tan JH. Measurement of semivolatile carbonaceous aerosols and its implications: a review. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2009; 35:674-681. [PMID: 19201473 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2008.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2008] [Revised: 11/23/2008] [Accepted: 11/27/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Measurement of carbonaceous aerosols is complicated by positive and negative artifacts. An organic denuder with high efficiency for removing gaseous organics is an effective approach to eliminate the positive artifact, and it is a precondition for the accurate determination of SVOC by an adsorbent backup filter. Evaluations of different configurations of the organic denuder, and SVOC determined by different denuder-based samplers, both integrated and semi-continuous, are reviewed. A new equation for determination of the denuder efficiency is estimated, considering the efficiency of removing both the gaseous organics that could be adsorbed by the quartz and the gaseous passing through the quartz that could be subsequently adsorbed by the backup adsorbent filter. The origin of OC on the backup quartz filter, behind either quartz or Teflon filter, is quantitatively evaluated by the denuder-based method based on the data published. The backup-OC is shown to be dominated by either gaseous organics passing through the front filter or the evaporated particulate organic carbon depending on the sampling environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Cheng
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, People's Republic China
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67
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Ade H, Stoll H. Near-edge X-ray absorption fine-structure microscopy of organic and magnetic materials. NATURE MATERIALS 2009; 8:281-90. [PMID: 19308087 DOI: 10.1038/nmat2399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Many high-performance materials and novel devices consist of multiple components and are naturally or intentionally nano-structured for optimal properties and performance. To understand their structure-property relationships fully, quantitative compositional analysis at length scales below 100 nm is required, a need that is often uniquely addressed using soft X-ray microscopy. Similarly, the interaction of X-rays with magnetic materials provides unique element-specific contrast that allows the determination of magnetic properties in multi-element antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic materials. Pump-probe-type experiments can even investigate magnetic domain dynamics. Here we review and exemplify the ability of soft X-ray microscopy to provide information that is otherwise inaccessible, and discuss a perspective on future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Ade
- Department of Physics, NCSU, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA.
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68
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Takahama S, Gilardoni S, Russell LM. Single-particle oxidation state and morphology of atmospheric iron aerosols. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd009810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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69
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Moretti F, Tagliavini E, Decesari S, Facchini MC, Rinaldi M, Fuzzi S. NMR determination of total carbonyls and carboxyls: a tool for tracing the evolution of atmospheric oxidized organic aerosols. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2008; 42:4844-4849. [PMID: 18678015 DOI: 10.1021/es703166v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is used to investigate the chemical composition of organic aerosol in terms of functional group distribution with a special focus on secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. The knowledge of the functional group composition is a benchmark for understanding how SOA components partition into the particulate phase and undergo chemical transformation. The paper presents a new chemical derivatization procedure coupled to proton NMR (1H NMR) analysis for the specific determination of total carbonylic groups in atmospheric aerosol samples, which couples with the procedure for determination of total carboxylic acid groups described in a previous work. A first deployment of the combined techniques for the analysis of PM10 samples collected in the Po Valley in the warm season shows that the concentration in the particulate phase of total carbonyls varies and covaries with respect to those of carboxylic acids and of less-oxidized functional groups. The proposed methodology provides the breakdown of the oxygenated fraction of the organic aerosol into major functional groups through well-established chemical methods and can be used to benchmark the more sensitive and widely used aerosol mass spectrometric techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Moretti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bologna, Bologna, I-40126, Italy.
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70
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Xia AG, Michelangeli DV, Makar PA. Box model studies of the secondary organic aerosol formation under different HC/NOxconditions using the subset of the Master Chemical Mechanism forα-pinene oxidation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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71
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de Gouw JA, Brock CA, Atlas EL, Bates TS, Fehsenfeld FC, Goldan PD, Holloway JS, Kuster WC, Lerner BM, Matthew BM, Middlebrook AM, Onasch TB, Peltier RE, Quinn PK, Senff CJ, Stohl A, Sullivan AP, Trainer M, Warneke C, Weber RJ, Williams EJ. Sources of particulate matter in the northeastern United States in summer: 1. Direct emissions and secondary formation of organic matter in urban plumes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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72
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Hopkins RJ, Desyaterik Y, Tivanski AV, Zaveri RA, Berkowitz CM, Tyliszczak T, Gilles MK, Laskin A. Chemical speciation of sulfur in marine cloud droplets and particles: Analysis of individual particles from the marine boundary layer over the California current. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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73
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NEXAFS microscopy and resonant scattering: Composition and orientation probed in real and reciprocal space. POLYMER 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2007.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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74
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Braun A, Huggins FE, Kubátová A, Wirick S, Maricq MM, Mun BS, McDonald JD, Kelly KE, Shah N, Huffman GP. Toward distinguishing woodsmoke and diesel exhaust in ambient particulate matter. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2008; 42:374-80. [PMID: 18284133 DOI: 10.1021/es071260k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) from biomass burning and diesel exhaust has distinct X-ray spectroscopic, carbon specific signatures, which can be employed for source apportionment. Characterization of the functional groups of a wide selection of PM samples (woodsmoke, diesel soot, urban air PM) was carried out using the soft X-ray spectroscopy capabilities at the synchrotron radiation sources in Berkeley (ALS) and Brookhaven (NSLS). The spectra reveal that diesel exhaust particulate (DEP) matter is made up from a semigraphitic solid core and soluble organic matter, predominantly with carboxylic functional groups. Woodsmoke PM has no or a less prevalent, graphitic signature, instead it contains carbon-hydroxyl groups. Using these features to apportion the carbonaceous PM in ambient samples we estimate that the relative contribution of DEP to ambient PM in an urban area such as Lexington, KY and St. Louis, MO is 7% and 13.5%, respectively. These values are comparable to dispersion modeling data from nonurban and urban areas in California, and with elemental carbon measurements in urban locations such as Boston, MA, Rochester, NY, and Washington, DC.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Braun
- University of Kentucky, Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, and the Consortium for Fossil Fuel Science, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA.
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75
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76
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Sullivan RC, Prather KA. Investigations of the diurnal cycle and mixing state of oxalic acid in individual particles in Asian aerosol outflow. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2007; 41:8062-8069. [PMID: 18186338 DOI: 10.1021/es071134g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The mixing state of oxalic acid was measured in Asian outflow during ACE-Asia by direct shipboard measurements using an ATOFMS single-particle mass spectrometer. Oxalic and malonic acids were found to be predominantly internally mixed with mineral dust and aged sea salt particles. A persistent diurnal cycle of oxalic acid in mineral dust occurred for over 25 days in marine, polluted marine, and dust storm air masses. The preferential enrichment of diacids in mineral dust over carbonaceous particles and their diurnal behavior indicate a photochemical source of the diacids. Oxalate was only detected simultaneously with elevated aged dust particle counts. This suggests that the diurnal production of diacids most likely results from episodic atmospheric processing of the polluted dust aerosol. We propose a mechanism to explain these observations in which the photochemical oxidation of volatile organic compounds is followed by partitioning of the diacids and precursors to the alkaline Asian dust, with subsequent heterogeneous and aqueous oxidation. Our data indicate that the particulate diacids were produced over just a few hours close to the source; no significant production or destruction appears to have occurred during long-range transport to the ship. No evidence of extensive cloud processing of the sampled aerosol was found. This mixing state of diacids has important implications for the solubility and cloud nucleation properties of the dominant fraction of water-soluble organics and the bioavailability of iron in dust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C Sullivan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0314, USA
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77
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Song C, Na K, Warren B, Malloy Q, Cocker DR. Secondary organic aerosol formation from the photooxidation of p- and o-xylene. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2007; 41:7403-7408. [PMID: 18044518 DOI: 10.1021/es0621041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) from the photooxidation of xylene isomers (m-, p-, and o-xylenes) has been extensively investigated. The dependence of SOA aerosol formation on the structure of xylene isomers in the presence of NO was confirmed. Generally, SOA formation of p-xylene was less than that of m- and o-xylenes. This discrepancy varies significantly with initial NOx levels. In a NOx-free environment, the difference of aerosol formation between o- and p-xylenes becomes insignificant. Several chemical pathways for the SOA dependence on structure and NOx are explored, with the experimental findings indicating that organic peroxides may be a major key to explaining SOA formation from aromatic hydrocarbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Song
- Bourns College of Engineering--Center for Environmental Research and Technology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
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78
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Rudich Y, Donahue NM, Mentel TF. Aging of organic aerosol: bridging the gap between laboratory and field studies. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2007; 58:321-52. [PMID: 17090227 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.physchem.58.032806.104432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The oxidation of organics in aerosol particles affects the physical properties of aerosols through a process known as aging. Atmospheric particles compose a huge set of specific organic compounds, most of which have not been identified in field measurements. Laboratory experiments inevitably address model systems of reduced complexity to isolate critical chemical phenomena, but growing evidence suggests that composition effects may play a central role in the atmospheric aging of organic particles. In this review we seek to address the connections between recent laboratory studies and recent field campaigns addressing the aging of organic aerosols. We review laboratory studies on the uptake of oxidants, the evolution of particle-water interactions, and the evolution of particle density with aging. Finally, we review field data addressing condensed-phase lifetimes of organic tracers. These data suggest that although matrix effects identified in the laboratory have taken a step toward reconciling laboratory-field disagreements, further work is needed to understand the actual aging rates of organics in ambient particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinon Rudich
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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79
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Tivanski AV, Hopkins RJ, Tyliszczak T, Gilles MK. Oxygenated Interface on Biomass Burn Tar Balls Determined by Single Particle Scanning Transmission X-ray Microscopy. J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:5448-58. [PMID: 17542565 DOI: 10.1021/jp070155u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Carbonaceous particles originating from biomass burning can account for a large fraction of organic aerosols in a local environment. Presently, their composition, physical and chemical properties, as well as their environmental effects are largely unknown. Tar balls, a distinct type of highly spherical carbonaceous biomass burn particles, have been observed in a number of field campaigns. The Yosemite Aerosol Characterization Study that took place in summer 2002 occurred during an active fire season in the western United States; tar balls collected during this field campaign are described in this article. Scanning transmission X-ray microscopy and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy are used to determine the shape, structure, and size-dependent chemical composition of approximately 150 individual spherical particles ranging in size from 0.15 to 1.2 mum. The elemental composition of tar balls is approximately 55% atomic carbon and approximately 45% atomic oxygen. Oxygen is present primarily as carboxylic carbonyls and oxygen-substituted alkyl (O-alkyl-C) functional groups, followed by moderate amounts of ketonic carbonyls. The observed chemical composition, density, and carbon functional groups are distinctly different from soot or black carbon and more closely resemble high molecular weight polymeric humic-like substances, which could account for their reported optical properties. A detailed examination of the carboxylic carbonyl and O-alkyl-C functional groups as a function of particle size reveals a thin oxygenated interface layer. The high oxygen content, as well as the presence of water-soluble carboxylic carbonyl groups, could account for the reported hygroscopic properties of tar balls. The presence of the oxygenated layer is attributed to atmospheric processing of biomass burn particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei V Tivanski
- Chemical Science Division and Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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80
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Huff Hartz KE, Weitkamp EA, Sage AM, Donahue NM, Robinson AL. Laboratory measurements of the oxidation kinetics of organic aerosol mixtures using a relative rate constants approach. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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81
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Braun A, Mun BS, Huggins FE, Huffman GP. Carbon speciation of diesel exhaust and urban particulate matter NIST standard reference materials with C(1s) NEXAFS spectroscopy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2007; 41:173-8. [PMID: 17265944 DOI: 10.1021/es061044w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) provides a number of particulate matter (PM) standard reference materials (SRM) for use in environmental and toxicological methodology and research. We present here the first analysis with respect to the molecular structure of the carbon in three such NIST SRM samples, i.e., diesel engine exhaust soot from heavy duty equipment engines (SRM 1650), diesel soot from a forklift engine (SRM 2975), and urban PM collected in St. Louis, MO (SRM 1648), with near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy. The NEXAFS spectra of the two diesel soot samples appear quite similar, while they differ significantly from the urban PM spectrum, in agreement with X-ray diffraction data published recently. Such comparison is made in terms of aromatic and aliphatic carbon species, as well as by a general comparison with graphitic materials. Both diesel soot SRM samples contain basic graphitic structures, but the presence of exciton resonance and extended X-ray absorption fine structure oscillations in SRM 1650 and the lack therof in SRM 2975 suggest that SRM 1650 is the more graphitic material. The presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which have a characteristic NEXAFS resonance at the same position as graphite, can obscure the graphitic character of soot, unless an extraction of the organic matter is made. Our NEXAFS data do not suggest that the urban PM sample SRM 1648 contains a substantial amount of graphite-like material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Braun
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, The Consortium for Fossil Fuel Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA.
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82
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Howle CR, Homer CJ, Hopkins RJ, Reid JP. Probing the evaporation of ternary ethanol–methanol–water droplets by cavity enhanced Raman scattering. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2007; 9:5344-52. [PMID: 17914471 DOI: 10.1039/b706211g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cavity enhanced Raman scattering is used to characterise the evolving composition of ternary aerosol droplets containing methanol, ethanol and water during evaporation into a dry nitrogen atmosphere. Measurements made using non-linear stimulated Raman scattering from these ternary alcohol-water droplets allow the in situ determination of the concentration of the two alcohol components with high accuracy. The overlapping spontaneous Raman bands of the two alcohol components, arising from C-H stretching vibrational modes, are spectrally-resolved in stimulated Raman scattering measurements. We also demonstrate that the evaporation measurements are consistent with a quasi-steady state evaporation model, which can be used to interpret the evaporation dynamics occurring at a range of pressures at a particular evaporation time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris R Howle
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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83
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Crimaldi JP, Hartford JR, Weiss JB. Reaction enhancement of point sources due to vortex stirring. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2006; 74:016307. [PMID: 16907191 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.74.016307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2005] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We investigate a class of reactive advection-diffusion problems motivated by an ecological mixing process. We use analytical and numerical methods to determine reaction rates between two initially distinct scalar point masses that are separated from one another by a third (nonreactive) scalar. The scalars are stirred by a single two-dimensional vortex in a variety of geometrical configurations. We show that the aggregate second-order reaction rate in the low-concentration limit is enhanced by the instantaneous stirring processes, relative to the rate predicted by an equivalent eddy diffusivity. The peak reaction rate grows as P(1/3), and the time to reach the peak decreases as P(-2/3), where P is the Péclet number. The results of this study have important implications not only for ecological modeling, but for the general understanding of turbulent reactive flows.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Crimaldi
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0428, USA.
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84
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Erel Y, Dayan U, Rabi R, Rudich Y, Stein M. Trans boundary transport of pollutants by atmospheric mineral dust. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2006; 40:2996-3005. [PMID: 16719103 DOI: 10.1021/es051502l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The transport of anthropogenic pollution by desert dust in the Eastern Mediterranean region was studied by analyzing major and trace element composition, organic species, and Pb isotope ratios in suspended dust samples collected in Jerusalem, Israel. Dust storms in this region are associated with four distinct synoptic conditions (Red Sea Trough (RS), Eastern High (EH), Sharav Cyclone (SC), and Cold Depression (Cyprus low, CD)) that carry dust mostly from North African (SC, CD, EH) and Arabian and Syrian (RS, EH) deserts. Substantial contamination of dust particles by Pb, Cu, Zn, and Ni is observed, while other elements (Na, Ca, Mg, Mn, Sr, Rb, REE, U, and Th) display natural concentrations. Sequential extraction of the abovementioned elements from the dust samples shows that the carbonate and sorbed fractions contain most of the pollution, yet the Al-silicate fraction is also contaminated, implying that soils and sediments in the source terrains of the dust are already polluted. We identified the pollutant sources by using Pb isotopes. It appears that before the beginning of the dust storm, the pollutants in the collected samples are dominated by local sources but with the arrival of dust from North Africa, the proportion of foreign pollutants increases. Organic pollutants exhibit behavior similar and complementary to that of the inorganic tracers, attesting to the importance of anthropogenic-pollutant addition en route of the dust from its remote sources. Pollution of suspended dust is observed under all synoptic conditions, yet it appears that easterly winds carry higher proportions of local pollution and westerly winds carry pollution emitted in the Cairo basin. Therefore, pollution transport by mineral dust should be accounted for in environmental models and in assessing the health-related effects of mineral dust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yigal Erel
- Institute of Earth Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel.
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85
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Huthwelker
- Laboratory for Radio- and Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
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86
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Robinson AL, Donahue NM, Rogge WF. Photochemical oxidation and changes in molecular composition of organic aerosol in the regional context. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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87
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Stier P, Seinfeld JH, Kinne S, Feichter J, Boucher O. Impact of nonabsorbing anthropogenic aerosols on clear-sky atmospheric absorption. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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88
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Atmosphärische Aerosole: Zusammensetzung, Transformation, Klima- und Gesundheitseffekte. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200501122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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89
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Pöschl U. Atmospheric Aerosols: Composition, Transformation, Climate and Health Effects. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005; 44:7520-40. [PMID: 16302183 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200501122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 748] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Aerosols are of central importance for atmospheric chemistry and physics, the biosphere, climate, and public health. The airborne solid and liquid particles in the nanometer to micrometer size range influence the energy balance of the Earth, the hydrological cycle, atmospheric circulation, and the abundance of greenhouse and reactive trace gases. Moreover, they play important roles in the reproduction of biological organisms and can cause or enhance diseases. The primary parameters that determine the environmental and health effects of aerosol particles are their concentration, size, structure, and chemical composition. These parameters, however, are spatially and temporally highly variable. The quantification and identification of biological particles and carbonaceous components of fine particulate matter in the air (organic compounds and black or elemental carbon, respectively) represent demanding analytical challenges. This Review outlines the current state of knowledge, major open questions, and research perspectives on the properties and interactions of atmospheric aerosols and their effects on climate and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Pöschl
- Technical University of Munich, Institute of Hydrochemistry, 81377 München, Germany.
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90
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Braun A. Carbon speciation in airborne particulate matter with C (1s) NEXAFS spectroscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 7:1059-65. [PMID: 16252053 DOI: 10.1039/b508910g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent and current research activities on the chemical characterization of carbon in airborne carbonaceous particulate matter with near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy are reviewed. NEXAFS spectroscopy uses soft X-rays from synchrotron radiation facilities and allows for the bulk and surface speciation of particulates smaller than 2.5 micrometres (PM 2.5). This relatively novel technique is often superior to TEM-EELS and FTIR spectroscopy. In the extreme case, one single PM particle is sufficient for characterization. Liquids, extracts, solid core and surface functional groups can be quantified. Preliminary data on combustion derived PM such as diesel soot, wood smoke and tobacco smoke are compared with ambient samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Braun
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky and The Consortium for Fossil Fuel Sciences, Lexington, KY 40506, USA.
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91
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Mysak ER, Wilson KR, Jimenez-Cruz M, Ahmed M, Baer T. Synchrotron Radiation Based Aerosol Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry for Organic Constituents. Anal Chem 2005; 77:5953-60. [PMID: 16159127 DOI: 10.1021/ac050440e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A synchrotron radiation based aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer using tunable vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) light is described for real-time analysis of organic compounds in ultrafine and large aerosol particles. Particles are sampled from atmospheric pressure and are focused through an aerodynamic lens assembly into the mass spectrometer. As the particles enter the source region, they impinge on a cartridge heater and are vaporized. The particle vapor expands back into the source region and is softly ionized with tunable, quasicontinuous VUV light generated with synchrotron radiation. The radiation can be tuned to an energy close to the ionization energy of the sample molecules, thus minimizing the complications resulting from ion fragmentation. Photoionization efficiency scans (photon scans) can be readily collected, which permit measurement of the molecule's ionization energy and fragmentation onsets. Four high molecular weight, low vapor pressure organic compounds of importance in atmospheric aerosols are analyzed and their ionization energies measured with uncertainties of +/-60 meV. These are oleic acid (8.68 eV), linoleic acid (8.52 eV), linolenic acid (8.49 eV), and cholesterol (8.69 eV).
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin R Mysak
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, USA
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92
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Sullivan RC, Prather KA. Recent Advances in Our Understanding of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Made Possible by On-Line Aerosol Analysis Instrumentation. Anal Chem 2005; 77:3861-85. [PMID: 15952760 DOI: 10.1021/ac050716i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C Sullivan
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0314, USA
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93
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Hand JL, Malm WC, Laskin A, Day D, Lee T, Wang C, Carrico C, Carrillo J, Cowin JP, Collett J, Iedema MJ. Optical, physical, and chemical properties of tar balls observed during the Yosemite Aerosol Characterization Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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