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Hoek H, Gerber T, Richter C, Dupuy R, Rapf RJ, Oertel H, Buttersack T, Trotochaud L, Karslıoğlu O, Goodacre D, Blum M, Gericke SM, Buechner C, Rude B, Mugele F, Wilson KR, Bluhm H. Compression of a Stearic Acid Surfactant Layer on Water Investigated by Ambient Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:3755-3763. [PMID: 38578662 PMCID: PMC11033867 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c00451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
We present a combined Langmuir-Pockels trough and ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (APXPS) study of the compression of stearic acid surfactant layers on neat water. Changes in the packing density of the molecules are directly determined from C 1s and O 1s APXPS data. The experimental data are fit with a 2D model for the stearic acid coverage. Based on the results of these proof-of-principle experiments, we discuss the remaining challenges that need to be overcome for future investigations of the role of surfactants in heterogeneous chemical reactions at liquid-vapor interfaces in combined Langmuir-Pockels trough and APXPS measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harmen Hoek
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Physics
of Complex Fluids − MESA+institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente,
PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Timm Gerber
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Clemens Richter
- Fritz
Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rémi Dupuy
- Fritz
Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rebecca J. Rapf
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Holger Oertel
- Fritz
Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tillmann Buttersack
- Fritz
Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lena Trotochaud
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Osman Karslıoğlu
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Dana Goodacre
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, The University of
Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Monika Blum
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Advanced
Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Sabrina M. Gericke
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Christin Buechner
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Bruce Rude
- Advanced
Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Frieder Mugele
- Physics
of Complex Fluids − MESA+institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente,
PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Kevin R. Wilson
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Hendrik Bluhm
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Fritz
Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
- Advanced
Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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2
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Xue R, Beer M, Seidler I, Humpohl S, Tu JS, Trellenkamp S, Struck T, Bluhm H, Schreiber LR. Si/SiGe QuBus for single electron information-processing devices with memory and micron-scale connectivity function. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2296. [PMID: 38485971 PMCID: PMC10940717 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46519-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The connectivity within single carrier information-processing devices requires transport and storage of single charge quanta. Single electrons have been adiabatically transported while confined to a moving quantum dot in short, all-electrical Si/SiGe shuttle device, called quantum bus (QuBus). Here we show a QuBus spanning a length of 10 μm and operated by only six simply-tunable voltage pulses. We introduce a characterization method, called shuttle-tomography, to benchmark the potential imperfections and local shuttle-fidelity of the QuBus. The fidelity of the single-electron shuttle across the full device and back (a total distance of 19 μm) is (99.7 ± 0.3) %. Using the QuBus, we position and detect up to 34 electrons and initialize a register of 34 quantum dots with arbitrarily chosen patterns of zero and single-electrons. The simple operation signals, compatibility with industry fabrication and low spin-environment-interaction in 28Si/SiGe, promises long-range spin-conserving transport of spin qubits for quantum connectivity in quantum computing architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Xue
- JARA-FIT Institute for Quantum Information, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH and RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Max Beer
- JARA-FIT Institute for Quantum Information, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH and RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Inga Seidler
- JARA-FIT Institute for Quantum Information, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH and RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Simon Humpohl
- JARA-FIT Institute for Quantum Information, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH and RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- ARQUE Systems GmbH, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jhih-Sian Tu
- Helmholtz Nano Facility (HNF), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Stefan Trellenkamp
- Helmholtz Nano Facility (HNF), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Tom Struck
- JARA-FIT Institute for Quantum Information, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH and RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- ARQUE Systems GmbH, Aachen, Germany
| | - Hendrik Bluhm
- JARA-FIT Institute for Quantum Information, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH and RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- ARQUE Systems GmbH, Aachen, Germany
| | - Lars R Schreiber
- JARA-FIT Institute for Quantum Information, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH and RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
- ARQUE Systems GmbH, Aachen, Germany.
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3
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Struck T, Volmer M, Visser L, Offermann T, Xue R, Tu JS, Trellenkamp S, Cywiński Ł, Bluhm H, Schreiber LR. Spin-EPR-pair separation by conveyor-mode single electron shuttling in Si/SiGe. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1325. [PMID: 38351007 PMCID: PMC10864332 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45583-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Long-ranged coherent qubit coupling is a missing function block for scaling up spin qubit based quantum computing solutions. Spin-coherent conveyor-mode electron-shuttling could enable spin quantum-chips with scalable and sparse qubit-architecture. Its key feature is the operation by only few easily tuneable input terminals and compatibility with industrial gate-fabrication. Single electron shuttling in conveyor-mode in a 420 nm long quantum bus has been demonstrated previously. Here we investigate the spin coherence during conveyor-mode shuttling by separation and rejoining an Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) spin-pair. Compared to previous work we boost the shuttle velocity by a factor of 10000. We observe a rising spin-qubit dephasing time with the longer shuttle distances due to motional narrowing and estimate the spin-shuttle infidelity due to dephasing to be 0.7% for a total shuttle distance of nominal 560 nm. Shuttling several loops up to an accumulated distance of 3.36 μm, spin-entanglement of the EPR pair is still detectable, giving good perspective for our approach of a shuttle-based scalable quantum computing architecture in silicon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Struck
- JARA-FIT Institute for Quantum Information, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH and RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- ARQUE Systems GmbH, Aachen, Germany
| | - Mats Volmer
- JARA-FIT Institute for Quantum Information, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH and RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Lino Visser
- JARA-FIT Institute for Quantum Information, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH and RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Tobias Offermann
- JARA-FIT Institute for Quantum Information, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH and RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ran Xue
- JARA-FIT Institute for Quantum Information, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH and RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jhih-Sian Tu
- Helmholtz Nano Facility (HNF), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Stefan Trellenkamp
- Helmholtz Nano Facility (HNF), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Łukasz Cywiński
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Hendrik Bluhm
- JARA-FIT Institute for Quantum Information, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH and RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- ARQUE Systems GmbH, Aachen, Germany
| | - Lars R Schreiber
- JARA-FIT Institute for Quantum Information, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH and RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
- ARQUE Systems GmbH, Aachen, Germany.
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4
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Ostermann‐Miyashita E, Bluhm H, Dobiáš K, Gandl N, Hibler S, Look S, Michler F, Weltgen L, Smaga A, König HJ, Kuemmerle T, Kiffner C. Opportunities and challenges for monitoring a recolonizing large herbivore using citizen science. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10484. [PMID: 37664516 PMCID: PMC10474824 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Monitoring is a prerequisite for evidence-based wildlife management and conservation planning, yet conventional monitoring approaches are often ineffective for species occurring at low densities. However, some species such as large mammals are often observed by lay people and this information can be leveraged through citizen science monitoring schemes. To ensure that such wildlife monitoring efforts provide robust inferences, assessing the quantity, quality, and potential biases of citizen science data is crucial. For Eurasian moose (Alces alces), a species currently recolonizing north-eastern Germany and occurring in very low numbers, we applied three citizen science tools: a mail/email report system, a smartphone application, and a webpage. Among these monitoring tools, the mail/email report system yielded the greatest number of moose reports in absolute and in standardized (corrected for time effort) terms. The reported moose were predominantly identified as single, adult, male individuals, and reports occurred mostly during late summer. Overlaying citizen science data with independently generated habitat suitability and connectivity maps showed that members of the public detected moose in suitable habitats but not necessarily in movement corridors. Also, moose detections were often recorded near roads, suggestive of spatial bias in the sampling effort. Our results suggest that citizen science-based data collection can be facilitated by brief, intuitive digital reporting systems. However, inference from the resulting data can be limited due to unquantified and possibly biased sampling effort. To overcome these challenges, we offer specific recommendations such as more structured monitoring efforts involving the public in areas likely to be roamed by moose for improving quantity, quality, and analysis of citizen science-based data for making robust inferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emu‐Felicitas Ostermann‐Miyashita
- Faculty of Life SciencesThaer‐Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt Universität zu BerlinBerlinGermany
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF)MünchebergGermany
| | - Hendrik Bluhm
- Geography DepartmentHumboldt‐Universität zu BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Kornelia Dobiáš
- Landesbetrieb Forst Brandenburg Abt. 4Landeskompetenzzentrum Forst Eberswalde (LFE)EberswaldeGermany
| | | | - Sophia Hibler
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF)MünchebergGermany
| | | | - Frank‐Uwe Michler
- Faculty of Forest and EnvironmentEberswalde University for Sustainable DevelopmentEberswaldeGermany
| | | | - Aleksandra Smaga
- Zachodniopomorskie Towarzystwo PrzyrodniczeDzika ZagrodaMirosławiecPoland
| | - Hannes J. König
- Faculty of Life SciencesThaer‐Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt Universität zu BerlinBerlinGermany
| | | | - Christian Kiffner
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF)MünchebergGermany
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5
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Dupuy R, Filser J, Richter C, Seidel R, Trinter F, Buttersack T, Nicolas C, Bozek J, Hergenhahn U, Oberhofer H, Winter B, Reuter K, Bluhm H. Correction: Photoelectron angular distributions as sensitive probes of surfactant layer structure at the liquid-vapor interface. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:22538. [PMID: 37555358 PMCID: PMC10445327 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp90161k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Correction for 'Photoelectron angular distributions as sensitive probes of surfactant layer structure at the liquid-vapor interface' by Rémi Dupuy et al., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2022, 24, 4796-4808, https://doi.org/10.1039/D1CP05621B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Dupuy
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Jakob Filser
- Chair for Theoretical Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Clemens Richter
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Robert Seidel
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian Trinter
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Tillmann Buttersack
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Christophe Nicolas
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin - BP 48, 91192, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - John Bozek
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin - BP 48, 91192, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Uwe Hergenhahn
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Harald Oberhofer
- Chair for Theoretical Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
- Chair for Theoretical Physics VII and Bavarian Center for Battery Technology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Bernd Winter
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Karsten Reuter
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Hendrik Bluhm
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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6
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Buttersack T, Haak H, Bluhm H, Hergenhahn U, Meijer G, Winter B. Imaging temperature and thickness of thin planar liquid water jets in vacuum. Struct Dyn 2023; 10:034901. [PMID: 37398627 PMCID: PMC10314331 DOI: 10.1063/4.0000188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
We present spatially resolved measurements of the temperature of a flat liquid water microjet for varying ambient pressures, from vacuum to 100% relative humidity. The entire jet surface is probed in a single shot by a high-resolution infrared camera. Obtained 2D images are substantially influenced by the temperature of the apparatus on the opposite side of the infrared camera; a protocol to correct for the thermal background radiation is presented. In vacuum, we observe cooling rates due to water evaporation on the order of 105 K/s. For our system, this corresponds to a temperature decrease in approximately 15 K between upstream and downstream positions of the flowing leaf. Making reasonable assumptions on the absorption of the thermal background radiation in the flatjet, we can extend our analysis to infer a thickness map. For a reference system, our value for the thickness is in good agreement with the one reported from white light interferometry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Bernd Winter
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed: and
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7
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Dupuy R, Filser J, Richter C, Buttersack T, Trinter F, Gholami S, Seidel R, Nicolas C, Bozek J, Egger D, Oberhofer H, Thürmer S, Hergenhahn U, Reuter K, Winter B, Bluhm H. Ångstrom-Depth Resolution with Chemical Specificity at the Liquid-Vapor Interface. Phys Rev Lett 2023; 130:156901. [PMID: 37115858 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.156901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The determination of depth profiles across interfaces is of primary importance in many scientific and technological areas. Photoemission spectroscopy is in principle well suited for this purpose, yet a quantitative implementation for investigations of liquid-vapor interfaces is hindered by the lack of understanding of electron-scattering processes in liquids. Previous studies have shown, however, that core-level photoelectron angular distributions (PADs) are altered by depth-dependent elastic electron scattering and can, thus, reveal information on the depth distribution of species across the interface. Here, we explore this concept further and show that the experimental anisotropy parameter characterizing the PAD scales linearly with the average distance of atoms along the surface normal obtained by molecular dynamics simulations. This behavior can be accounted for in the low-collision-number regime. We also show that results for different atomic species can be compared on the same length scale. We demonstrate that atoms separated by about 1 Å along the surface normal can be clearly distinguished with this method, achieving excellent depth resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Dupuy
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, LCPMR, F-75005 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - J Filser
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - C Richter
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - T Buttersack
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - F Trinter
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - S Gholami
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - R Seidel
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - C Nicolas
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin-BP 48 91192, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - J Bozek
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin-BP 48 91192, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - D Egger
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - H Oberhofer
- Department of Physics, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - S Thürmer
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - U Hergenhahn
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - K Reuter
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - B Winter
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - H Bluhm
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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8
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Dupuy R, Thürmer S, Richter C, Buttersack T, Trinter F, Winter B, Bluhm H. Core-Level Photoelectron Angular Distributions at the Liquid-Vapor Interface. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:215-223. [PMID: 36695522 PMCID: PMC9910046 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusPhotoelectron spectroscopy (PES) is a powerful tool for the investigation of liquid-vapor interfaces, with applications in many fields from environmental chemistry to fundamental physics. Among the aspects that have been addressed with PES is the question of how molecules and ions arrange and distribute themselves within the interface, that is, the first few nanometers into solution. This information is of crucial importance, for instance, for atmospheric chemistry, to determine which species are exposed in what concentration to the gas-phase environment. Other topics of interest include the surface propensity of surfactants, their tendency for orientation and self-assembly, as well as ion double layers beneath the liquid-vapor interface. The chemical specificity and surface sensitivity of PES make it in principle well suited for this endeavor. Ideally, one would want to access complete atomic-density distributions along the surface normal, which, however, is difficult to achieve experimentally for reasons to be outlined in this Account. A major complication is the lack of accurate information on electron transport and scattering properties, especially in the kinetic-energy regime below 100 eV, a pre-requisite to retrieving the depth information contained in photoelectron signals.In this Account, we discuss the measurement of the photoelectron angular distributions (PADs) as a way to obtain depth information. Photoelectrons scatter with a certain probability when moving through the bulk liquid before being expelled into a vacuum. Elastic scattering changes the electron direction without a change in the electron kinetic energy, in contrast to inelastic scattering. Random elastic-scattering events usually lead to a reduction of the measured anisotropy as compared to the initial, that is, nascent PAD. This effect that would be considered parasitic when attempting to retrieve information on photoionization dynamics from nascent liquid-phase PADs can be turned into a powerful tool to access information on elastic scattering, and hence probing depth, by measuring core-level PADs. Core-level PADs are relatively unaffected by effects other than elastic scattering, such as orbital character changes due to solvation. By comparing a molecule's gas-phase angular anisotropy, assumed to represent the nascent PAD, with its liquid-phase anisotropy, one can estimate the magnitude of elastic versus inelastic scattering experienced by photoelectrons on their way to the surface from the site at which they were generated. Scattering events increase with increasing depth into solution, and thus it is possible to correlate the observed reduction in angular anisotropy with the depth below the surface along the surface normal.We will showcase this approach for a few examples. In particular, our recent works on surfactant molecules demonstrated that one can indeed probe atomic distances within these molecules with a high sensitivity of ∼1 Å resolution along the surface normal. We were also able to show that the anisotropy reduction scales linearly with the distance along the surface normal within certain limits. The limits and prospects of this technique are discussed at the end, with a focus on possible future applications, including depth profiling at solid-vapor interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Dupuy
- Fritz-Haber-Institut
der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195Berlin, Germany,
| | - Stephan Thürmer
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho,
Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto606-8502, Japan
| | - Clemens Richter
- Fritz-Haber-Institut
der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195Berlin, Germany
| | - Tillmann Buttersack
- Fritz-Haber-Institut
der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian Trinter
- Fritz-Haber-Institut
der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195Berlin, Germany,Institut
für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität
Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Strasse
1, Frankfurt am Main60438, Germany
| | - Bernd Winter
- Fritz-Haber-Institut
der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195Berlin, Germany
| | - Hendrik Bluhm
- Fritz-Haber-Institut
der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195Berlin, Germany,
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9
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Bluhm H, Diserens TA, Engleder T, Heising K, Heurich M, Janík T, Jirků M, Klich D, König HJ, Kowalczyk R, Kuijper D, Maślanko W, Michler F, Neumann W, Oeser J, Olech W, Perzanowski K, Ratkiewicz M, Romportl D, Šálek M, Kuemmerle T. Widespread habitat for Europe's largest herbivores, but poor connectivity limits recolonization. DIVERS DISTRIB 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Bluhm
- Geography Department Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Tom A. Diserens
- Mammal Research Institute Polish Academy of Sciences Białowieża Poland
- Faculty of Biology University of Warsaw Warsaw Poland
| | | | - Kaja Heising
- Wisent‐Welt Wittgenstein e.V Bad Berleburg Germany
| | - Marco Heurich
- Chair of Wildlife Ecology and Wildlife Management University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
- Department of Visitor Management and National Park Monitoring Bavarian Forest National Park Grafenau Germany
- Institute for Forest and Wildlife Management Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences Koppang Norway
| | - Tomáš Janík
- Department of Physical Geography and Geoecology, Faculty of Science Charles University Praha Czechia
- Department of Spatial Ecology The Silva Tarouca Research Institute for Landscape and Ornamental Gardening (VÚKOZ) Průhonice Czechia
| | - Miloslav Jirků
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre Czech Academy of Sciences České Budějovice Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Klich
- Department of Animal Genetics and Conservation Warsaw University of Life Sciences Warsaw Poland
| | - Hannes J. König
- Junior Research Group Human‐Wildlife Conflict and Coexistence Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF) Müncheberg Germany
| | - Rafał Kowalczyk
- Mammal Research Institute Polish Academy of Sciences Białowieża Poland
| | - Dries Kuijper
- Mammal Research Institute Polish Academy of Sciences Białowieża Poland
| | - Weronika Maślanko
- Department of Animal Ethology and Wildlife Management University of Life Sciences in Lublin Lublin Poland
| | - Frank‐Uwe Michler
- Faculty of Forest and Environment Eberswalde University for Sustainable Development Eberswalde Germany
| | - Wiebke Neumann
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
| | - Julian Oeser
- Geography Department Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Wanda Olech
- Department of Animal Genetics and Conservation Warsaw University of Life Sciences Warsaw Poland
| | - Kajetan Perzanowski
- Institute of Biological Sciences Catholic University of Lublin Lublin Poland
| | | | - Dušan Romportl
- Department of Physical Geography and Geoecology, Faculty of Science Charles University Praha Czechia
- Department of Spatial Ecology The Silva Tarouca Research Institute for Landscape and Ornamental Gardening (VÚKOZ) Průhonice Czechia
| | - Martin Šálek
- Czech Academy of Sciences Institute of Vertebrate Biology Brno Czech Republic
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Suchdol Czech Republic
| | - Tobias Kuemmerle
- Geography Department Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin Berlin Germany
- Integrative Research Institute on Transformation in Human‐Environment Systems (IRI THESys) Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin Berlin Germany
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10
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Wang W, Favaro M, Chen E, Trotochaud L, Bluhm H, Choi KS, van de Krol R, Starr DE, Galli G. Influence of Excess Charge on Water Adsorption on the BiVO 4(010) Surface. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:17173-17185. [PMID: 36074011 PMCID: PMC9501793 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
We present a combined computational and experimental
study of the
adsorption of water on the Mo-doped BiVO4(010) surface,
revealing how excess electrons influence the dissociation of water
and lead to hydroxyl-induced alterations of the surface electronic
structure. By comparing ambient pressure resonant photoemission spectroscopy
(AP-ResPES) measurements with the results of first-principles calculations,
we show that the dissociation of water on the stoichiometric Mo-doped
BiVO4(010) surface stabilizes the formation of a small
electron polaron on the VO4 tetrahedral site and leads
to an enhanced concentration of localized electronic charge at the
surface. Our calculations demonstrate that the dissociated water accounts
for the enhanced V4+ signal observed in ambient pressure
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and the enhanced signal of a small
electron polaron inter-band state observed in AP-ResPES measurements.
For ternary oxide surfaces, which may contain oxygen vacancies in
addition to other electron-donating dopants, our study reveals the
importance of defects in altering the surface reactivity toward water
and the concomitant water-induced modifications to the electronic
structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wennie Wang
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Marco Favaro
- Institute for Solar Fuels, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, Berlin 14109, Germany
| | - Emily Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60615, United States
| | - Lena Trotochaud
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Hendrik Bluhm
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kyoung-Shin Choi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Roel van de Krol
- Institute for Solar Fuels, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, Berlin 14109, Germany.,Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 124, Berlin 10623, Germany
| | - David E Starr
- Institute for Solar Fuels, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, Berlin 14109, Germany
| | - Giulia Galli
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60615, United States.,Materials Science Division and Center for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
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11
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Dupuy R, Filser J, Richter C, Seidel R, Trinter F, Buttersack T, Nicolas C, Bozek J, Hergenhahn U, Oberhofer H, Winter B, Reuter K, Bluhm H. Photoelectron angular distributions as sensitive probes of surfactant layer structure at the liquid-vapor interface. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:4796-4808. [PMID: 35156668 PMCID: PMC8865751 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05621b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The characterization of liquid-vapor interfaces at the molecular level is an important underpinning for a basic understanding of fundamental heterogeneous processes in many areas, such as atmospheric science. Here we use X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to study the adsorption of a model surfactant, octanoic acid, at the water-gas interface. In particular, we examine the information contained in photoelectron angular distributions and show that information about the relative depth of molecules and functional groups within molecules can be obtained from these measurements. Focusing on the relative location of carboxylate (COO-) and carboxylic acid (COOH) groups at different solution pH, the former is found to be immersed deeper into the liquid-vapor interface, which is confirmed by classical molecular dynamics simulations. These results help establish photoelectron angular distributions as a sensitive tool for the characterization of molecules at the liquid-vapor interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Dupuy
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Jakob Filser
- Chair for Theoretical Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Clemens Richter
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Robert Seidel
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian Trinter
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Tillmann Buttersack
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Christophe Nicolas
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin - BP 48, 91192, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - John Bozek
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin - BP 48, 91192, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Uwe Hergenhahn
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Harald Oberhofer
- Chair for Theoretical Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
- Chair for Theoretical Physics VII and Bavarian Center for Battery Technology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Bernd Winter
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Karsten Reuter
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Hendrik Bluhm
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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12
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Cerfontaine P, Hangleiter T, Bluhm H. Filter Functions for Quantum Processes under Correlated Noise. Phys Rev Lett 2021; 127:170403. [PMID: 34739277 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.170403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Many qubit implementations are afflicted by correlated noise not captured by standard theoretical tools that are based on Markov approximations. While independent gate operations are a key concept for quantum computing, it is actually not possible to fully describe noisy gates locally in time if noise is correlated on times longer than their duration. To address this issue, we develop a method based on the filter function formalism to perturbatively compute quantum processes in the presence of correlated classical noise. We derive a composition rule for the filter function of a sequence of gates in terms of those of the individual gates. The joint filter function allows us to efficiently compute the quantum process of the whole sequence. Moreover, we show that correlation terms arise which capture the effects of the concatenation and, thus, yield insight into the effect of noise correlations on gate sequences. Our generalization of the filter function formalism enables both qualitative and quantitative studies of algorithms and state-of-the-art tools widely used for the experimental verification of gate fidelities like randomized benchmarking, even in the presence of noise correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Cerfontaine
- JARA-FIT Institute for Quantum Information, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH and RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Tobias Hangleiter
- JARA-FIT Institute for Quantum Information, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH and RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Hendrik Bluhm
- JARA-FIT Institute for Quantum Information, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH and RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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13
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Laucht A, Hohls F, Ubbelohde N, Fernando Gonzalez-Zalba M, Reilly DJ, Stobbe S, Schröder T, Scarlino P, Koski JV, Dzurak A, Yang CH, Yoneda J, Kuemmeth F, Bluhm H, Pla J, Hill C, Salfi J, Oiwa A, Muhonen JT, Verhagen E, LaHaye MD, Kim HH, Tsen AW, Culcer D, Geresdi A, Mol JA, Mohan V, Jain PK, Baugh J. Roadmap on quantum nanotechnologies. Nanotechnology 2021; 32:162003. [PMID: 33543734 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abb333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Quantum phenomena are typically observable at length and time scales smaller than those of our everyday experience, often involving individual particles or excitations. The past few decades have seen a revolution in the ability to structure matter at the nanoscale, and experiments at the single particle level have become commonplace. This has opened wide new avenues for exploring and harnessing quantum mechanical effects in condensed matter. These quantum phenomena, in turn, have the potential to revolutionize the way we communicate, compute and probe the nanoscale world. Here, we review developments in key areas of quantum research in light of the nanotechnologies that enable them, with a view to what the future holds. Materials and devices with nanoscale features are used for quantum metrology and sensing, as building blocks for quantum computing, and as sources and detectors for quantum communication. They enable explorations of quantum behaviour and unconventional states in nano- and opto-mechanical systems, low-dimensional systems, molecular devices, nano-plasmonics, quantum electrodynamics, scanning tunnelling microscopy, and more. This rapidly expanding intersection of nanotechnology and quantum science/technology is mutually beneficial to both fields, laying claim to some of the most exciting scientific leaps of the last decade, with more on the horizon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Laucht
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, UNSW Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- Author to whom any correspondence should be addressed
| | - Frank Hohls
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, 38116, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Niels Ubbelohde
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, 38116, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - M Fernando Gonzalez-Zalba
- Quantum Motion Technologies, Nexus, Discovery Way, Leeds, LS2 3AA, United Kingdom
- Present address: Quantum Motion Technologies, Windsor House, Cornwall Road, Harrogate HG1 2PW, United Kingdom
| | - David J Reilly
- School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Microsoft Corporation, Station Q Sydney, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Søren Stobbe
- Department of Photonics Engineering, DTU Fotonik, Technical University of Denmark, Building 343, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Tim Schröder
- Department of Physics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489, Berlin, Germany
- Ferdinand-Braun-Institut, Leibniz-Institut für Höchstfrequenztechnik, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Jonne V Koski
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andrew Dzurak
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, UNSW Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Chih-Hwan Yang
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, UNSW Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Jun Yoneda
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, UNSW Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Ferdinand Kuemmeth
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hendrik Bluhm
- JARA-FIT Institute for Quantum Information, RWTH Aachen University and Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jarryd Pla
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, UNSW Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Charles Hill
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Joe Salfi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Akira Oiwa
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
- Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Biology, Institute for open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiative, Osaka University, 560-8531, Osaka, Japan
- Center for Spintronics Research Network (CSRN), Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Juha T Muhonen
- Department of Physics and Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, FI-40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Ewold Verhagen
- Center for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M D LaHaye
- Department of Physics, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244-1130, United States of America
- Present Address: United States Air Force Research Laboratory, Rome, NY 13441, United States of America
| | - Hyun Ho Kim
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
- School of Materials Science and Engineering & Department of Energy Engineering Convergence, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39177, Korea
| | - Adam W Tsen
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Dimitrie Culcer
- School of Physics, The University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies, UNSW Node, The University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Attila Geresdi
- QuTech and Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jan A Mol
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Queen Mary University of London, E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Varun Mohan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America
| | - Prashant K Jain
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Baugh
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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14
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Kersell H, Chen P, Martins H, Lu Q, Brausse F, Liu BH, Blum M, Roy S, Rude B, Kilcoyne A, Bluhm H, Nemšák S. Simultaneous ambient pressure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and grazing incidence x-ray scattering in gas environments. Rev Sci Instrum 2021; 92:044102. [PMID: 34243438 DOI: 10.1063/5.0044162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We have developed an experimental system to simultaneously measure surface structure, morphology, composition, chemical state, and chemical activity for samples in gas phase environments. This is accomplished by simultaneously measuring x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and grazing incidence x-ray scattering in gas pressures as high as the multi-Torr regime while also recording mass spectrometry. Scattering patterns reflect near-surface sample structures from the nano-scale to the meso-scale, and the grazing incidence geometry provides tunable depth sensitivity of structural measurements. Scattered x rays are detected across a broad range of angles using a newly designed pivoting-UHV-manipulator for detector positioning. At the same time, XPS and mass spectrometry can be measured, all from the same sample spot and under ambient conditions. To demonstrate the capabilities of this system, we measured the chemical state, composition, and structure of Ag-behenate on a Si(001) wafer in vacuum and in O2 atmosphere at various temperatures. These simultaneous structural, chemical, and gas phase product probes enable detailed insights into the interplay between the structure and chemical state for samples in gas phase environments. The compact size of our pivoting-UHV-manipulator makes it possible to retrofit this technique into existing spectroscopic instruments installed at synchrotron beamlines. Because many synchrotron facilities are planning or undergoing upgrades to diffraction limited storage rings with transversely coherent beams, a newly emerging set of coherent x-ray scattering experiments can greatly benefit from the concepts we present here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heath Kersell
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Pengyuan Chen
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Henrique Martins
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Qiyang Lu
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Felix Brausse
- Chemical Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Bo-Hong Liu
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Monika Blum
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Sujoy Roy
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Bruce Rude
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Arthur Kilcoyne
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Hendrik Bluhm
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Slavomír Nemšák
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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15
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Dupuy R, Richter C, Winter B, Meijer G, Schlögl R, Bluhm H. Core level photoelectron spectroscopy of heterogeneous reactions at liquid-vapor interfaces: Current status, challenges, and prospects. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:060901. [PMID: 33588531 DOI: 10.1063/5.0036178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid-vapor interfaces, particularly those between aqueous solutions and air, drive numerous important chemical and physical processes in the atmosphere and in the environment. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is an excellent method for the investigation of these interfaces due to its surface sensitivity, elemental and chemical specificity, and the possibility to obtain information on the depth distribution of solute and solvent species in the interfacial region. In this Perspective, we review the progress that was made in this field over the past decades and discuss the challenges that need to be overcome for investigations of heterogeneous reactions at liquid-vapor interfaces under close-to-realistic environmental conditions. We close with an outlook on where some of the most exciting and promising developments might lie in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Dupuy
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Clemens Richter
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Winter
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerard Meijer
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Schlögl
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hendrik Bluhm
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
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16
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Rose MA, Šmíd B, Vorokhta M, Slipukhina I, Andrä M, Bluhm H, Duchoň T, Ležaić M, Chambers SA, Dittmann R, Mueller DN, Gunkel F. Identifying Ionic and Electronic Charge Transfer at Oxide Heterointerfaces. Adv Mater 2021; 33:e2004132. [PMID: 33263190 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202004132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The ability to tailor oxide heterointerfaces has led to novel properties in low-dimensional oxide systems. A fundamental understanding of these properties is based on the concept of electronic charge transfer. However, the electronic properties of oxide heterointerfaces crucially depend on their ionic constitution and defect structure: ionic charges contribute to charge transfer and screening at oxide interfaces, triggering a thermodynamic balance of ionic and electronic structures. Quantitative understanding of the electronic and ionic roles regarding charge-transfer phenomena poses a central challenge. Here, the electronic and ionic structure is simultaneously investigated at the prototypical charge-transfer heterointerface, LaAlO3 /SrTiO3 . Applying in situ photoemission spectroscopy under oxygen ambient, ionic and electronic charge transfer is deconvoluted in response to the oxygen atmosphere at elevated temperatures. In this way, both the rich and variable chemistry of complex oxides and the associated electronic properties are equally embraced. The interfacial electron gas is depleted through an ionic rearrangement in the strontium cation sublattice when oxygen is applied, resulting in an inverse and reversible balance between cation vacancies and electrons, while the mobility of ionic species is found to be considerably enhanced as compared to the bulk. Triggered by these ionic phenomena, the electronic transport and magnetic signature of the heterointerface are significantly altered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-André Rose
- Institute for Electronic Materials (IWE 2), and Juelich-Aachen Research Alliance for Fundamentals on Future Information Technology (JARA-FIT), RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Peter Grünberg Institute 7, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, and JARA-FIT, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Břetislav Šmíd
- Department of Surface and Plasma Science, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Prague, 180 00, Czech Republic
| | - Mykhailo Vorokhta
- Department of Surface and Plasma Science, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Prague, 180 00, Czech Republic
| | - Ivetta Slipukhina
- Peter Grünberg Institute 1 and Institute for Advanced Simulation, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH and JARA-FIT, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Michael Andrä
- Peter Grünberg Institute 7, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, and JARA-FIT, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Hendrik Bluhm
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab., Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tomáš Duchoň
- Peter Grünberg Institute 6, and JARA-FIT, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Marjana Ležaić
- Peter Grünberg Institute 1 and Institute for Advanced Simulation, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH and JARA-FIT, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Scott A Chambers
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Regina Dittmann
- Peter Grünberg Institute 7, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, and JARA-FIT, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - David N Mueller
- Peter Grünberg Institute 7, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, and JARA-FIT, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Peter Grünberg Institute 6, and JARA-FIT, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Felix Gunkel
- Institute for Electronic Materials (IWE 2), and Juelich-Aachen Research Alliance for Fundamentals on Future Information Technology (JARA-FIT), RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Peter Grünberg Institute 7, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, and JARA-FIT, 52425, Jülich, Germany
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17
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Kuemmerle T, Bluhm H, Ghoddousi A, Arakelyan M, Askerov E, Bleyhl B, Ghasabian M, Gavashelishvili A, Heidelberg A, Malkhasyan A, Manvelyan K, Soofi M, Yarovenko Y, Weinberg P, Zazanashvili N. Identifying priority areas for restoring mountain ungulates in the Caucasus ecoregion. Conservat Sci and Prac 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Kuemmerle
- Geography Department Humboldt‐University Berlin Berlin Germany
- Integrative Research Institute on Transformations of Human‐Environment Systems (IRI THESys) Humboldt‐University Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Hendrik Bluhm
- Geography Department Humboldt‐University Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Arash Ghoddousi
- Geography Department Humboldt‐University Berlin Berlin Germany
| | | | - Elshad Askerov
- WWF‐Azerbaijan Baku Azerbaijan
- Institute of Zoology, Azerbaijan Academy of Sciences Baku Azerbaijan
| | - Benjamin Bleyhl
- Geography Department Humboldt‐University Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Mamikon Ghasabian
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia Yerevan Armenia
| | | | | | | | | | - Mahmood Soofi
- School of Biological Sciences University of Aberdeen Tillydrone Avenue, Zoology Building, Aberdeen UK
- Workgroup on Endangered Species, J. F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology University of Goettingen Bürgerstr Göttingen Germany
| | - Yuriy Yarovenko
- Daghestan Federal Research Centre Russian Academy of Sciences Makhachkala Russia
| | | | - Nugzar Zazanashvili
- WWF‐Caucasus Tbilisi Georgia
- Institute of Ecology, Ilia State University Tbilisi Georgia
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18
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Cerfontaine P, Botzem T, Ritzmann J, Humpohl SS, Ludwig A, Schuh D, Bougeard D, Wieck AD, Bluhm H. Closed-loop control of a GaAs-based singlet-triplet spin qubit with 99.5% gate fidelity and low leakage. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4144. [PMID: 32811818 PMCID: PMC7434764 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17865-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Semiconductor spin qubits have recently seen major advances in coherence time and control fidelities, leading to a single-qubit performance that is on par with other leading qubit platforms. Most of this progress is based on microwave control of single spins in devices made of isotopically purified silicon. For controlling spins, the exchange interaction is an additional key ingredient which poses new challenges for high-fidelity control. Here, we demonstrate exchange-based single-qubit gates of two-electron spin qubits in GaAs double quantum dots. Using careful pulse optimization and closed-loop tuning, we achieve a randomized benchmarking fidelity of (99.50±0.04)% and a leakage rate of 0.13% out of the computational subspace. These results open new perspectives for microwave-free control of singlet-triplet qubits in GaAs and other materials. The exchange interaction between spins poses considerable challenges for high-fidelity control of semiconductor spin qubits. Here, the authors use pulse optimization and closed-loop control to achieve a gate fidelity of 99.5% for exchange-based single-qubit gates of two-electron spin qubits in GaAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Cerfontaine
- JARA-FIT Institute for Quantum Information, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH and RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Tim Botzem
- JARA-FIT Institute for Quantum Information, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH and RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Julian Ritzmann
- Lehrstuhl für Angewandte Festkörperphysik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Simon Sebastian Humpohl
- JARA-FIT Institute for Quantum Information, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH and RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Arne Ludwig
- Lehrstuhl für Angewandte Festkörperphysik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Dieter Schuh
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Universität Regensburg, D-93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Dominique Bougeard
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Universität Regensburg, D-93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Andreas D Wieck
- Lehrstuhl für Angewandte Festkörperphysik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Hendrik Bluhm
- JARA-FIT Institute for Quantum Information, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH and RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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19
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Bethke P, McNeil RPG, Ritzmann J, Botzem T, Ludwig A, Wieck AD, Bluhm H. Measurement of Backaction from Electron Spins in a Gate-Defined GaAs Double Quantum dot Coupled to a Mesoscopic Nuclear Spin Bath. Phys Rev Lett 2020; 125:047701. [PMID: 32794820 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.047701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Decoherence of a quantum system arising from its interaction with an environment is a key concept for understanding the transition between the quantum and classical world as well as performance limitations in quantum technology applications. The effects of large, weakly coupled environments are often described as a classical, fluctuating field whose dynamics is unaffected by the qubit, whereas a fully quantum description still implies some backaction from the qubit on the environment. Here we show direct experimental evidence for such a backaction for an electron-spin qubit in a GaAs quantum dot coupled to a mesoscopic environment of order 10^{6} nuclear spins. By means of a correlation measurement technique, we detect the backaction of a single qubit-environment interaction whose duration is comparable to the qubit's coherence time, even in such a large system. We repeatedly let the qubit interact with the spin bath and measure its state. Between such cycles, the qubit is reinitialized to different states. The correlations of the measurement outcomes are strongly affected by the intermediate qubit state, which reveals the action of a single electron spin on the nuclear spins.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bethke
- JARA-FIT Institute for Quantum Information, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH and RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - R P G McNeil
- JARA-FIT Institute for Quantum Information, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH and RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - J Ritzmann
- Lehrstuhl für Angewandte Festkörperphysik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum
| | - T Botzem
- JARA-FIT Institute for Quantum Information, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH and RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - A Ludwig
- Lehrstuhl für Angewandte Festkörperphysik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum
| | - A D Wieck
- Lehrstuhl für Angewandte Festkörperphysik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum
| | - H Bluhm
- JARA-FIT Institute for Quantum Information, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH and RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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20
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Gericke SM, Mulhearn WD, Goodacre DE, Raso J, Miller DJ, Carver L, Nemšák S, Karslıoğlu O, Trotochaud L, Bluhm H, Stafford CM, Buechner C. Water-polyamide chemical interplay in desalination membranes explored by ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:15658-15663. [PMID: 32618298 PMCID: PMC7671007 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp01842b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Reverse osmosis using aromatic polyamide membranes is currently the most important technology for seawater desalination. The performance of reverse osmosis membranes is highly dependent on the interplay of their surface chemical groups with water and water contaminants. In order to better understand the underlying mechanisms of these membranes, we study ultrathin polyamide films that chemically resemble reverse osmosis membranes, using ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. This technique can identify the functional groups at the membrane-water interface and allows monitoring of small shifts in the electron binding energy that indicate interaction with water. We observe deprotonation of free acid groups and formation of a 'water complex' with nitrogen groups in the polymer upon exposure of the membrane to water vapour. The chemical changes are reversed when water is removed from the membrane. While the correlation between functional groups and water uptake is an established one, this experiment serves to understand the nature of their chemical interaction, and opens up possibilities for tailoring future materials to specific requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina M Gericke
- Chemical Sciences Division and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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21
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Goodacre D, Blum M, Buechner C, Hoek H, Gericke SM, Jovic V, Franklin JB, Kittiwatanakul S, Söhnel T, Bluhm H, Smith KE. Water adsorption on vanadium oxide thin films in ambient relative humidity. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:044715. [PMID: 32007066 DOI: 10.1063/1.5138959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, ambient pressure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (APXPS) is used to study the initial stages of water adsorption on vanadium oxide surfaces. V 2p, O 1s, C 1s, and valence band XPS spectra were collected as a function of relative humidity in a series of isotherm and isobar experiments. Experiments were carried out on two VO2 thin films on TiO2 (100) substrates, prepared with different surface cleaning procedures. Hydroxyl and molecular water surface species were identified, with up to 0.5 ML hydroxide present at the minimum relative humidity, and a consistent molecular water adsorption onset occurring around 0.01% relative humidity. The work function was found to increase with increasing relative humidity, suggesting that surface water and hydroxyl species are oriented with the hydrogen atoms directed away from the surface. Changes in the valence band were also observed as a function of relative humidity. The results were similar to those observed in APXPS experiments on other transition metal oxide surfaces, suggesting that H2O-OH and H2O-H2O surface complex formation plays an important role in the oxide wetting process and water dissociation. Compared to polycrystalline vanadium metal, these vanadium oxide films generate less hydroxide and appear to be more favorable for molecular water adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Goodacre
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Monika Blum
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Christin Buechner
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Harmen Hoek
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Sabrina M Gericke
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Vedran Jovic
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Joseph B Franklin
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Salinporn Kittiwatanakul
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
| | - Tilo Söhnel
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Hendrik Bluhm
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Berlin, Germany
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22
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Chen D, Guan Z, Zhang D, Trotochaud L, Crumlin E, Nemsak S, Bluhm H, Tuller HL, Chueh WC. Constructing a pathway for mixed ion and electron transfer reactions for O2 incorporation in Pr0.1Ce0.9O2−x. Nat Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-019-0401-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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23
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Buechner C, Gericke SM, Trotochaud L, Karslıoǧlu O, Raso J, Bluhm H. Quantitative Characterization of a Desalination Membrane Model System by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. Langmuir 2019; 35:11315-11321. [PMID: 31398039 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b01838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic polyamide films form the active layer in reverse osmosis desalination membranes. Despite widespread use of this technology, it suffers from low rejection rates for certain water contaminants and from membrane fouling. Through a better understanding of the fundamental surface chemical processes during reverse osmosis desalination, advances in membrane and material design are expected. The recent invention of a molecular layer-by-layer (mLbL) preparation technique [ Johnson , P. M. ; Molecular Layer-by-Layer Deposition of Highly Crosslinked Polyamide Films . J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2012 , 50 ( 3 ), 168 - 173 ] yields films that are sufficiently smooth to warrant investigation with high-resolution microscopy and spectroscopy methods. We present high-resolution, quantitative X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) data on the surface chemistry of ultrathin polyamide films that can serve as a model system for desalination membranes. We show that a quantitative analysis of the XPS spectra gives information about the functional groups of the film as well as other compounds present due to the synthesis under ambient conditions. Unpolymerized functional groups are identified and aid in understanding the degree of cross-linking. Investigation of polymers with synchrotron-based XPS requires taking beam-induced changes into account. We quantify X-ray beam damage and show that beam damage to the polyamide is limited, allowing long-term investigation of thin polyamide films. Characterizing mLbL-grown films via high-resolution XPS is the basis for a better understanding of the chemical interplay of polyamide surface functional groups with the major components of desalination systems.
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24
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Head A, Gattinoni C, Trotochaud L, Yu Y, Karslıoğlu O, Pletincx S, Eichhorn B, Bluhm H. Water (Non-)Interaction with MoO 3. J Phys Chem C Nanomater Interfaces 2019; 123:16836-16842. [PMID: 32952766 PMCID: PMC7493422 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.9b03822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Molybdenum(VI) oxide (MoO3) is used in a number of technical processes such as gas filtration and heterogeneous catalysis. In these applications, the adsorption and dissociation of water on the surface can influence the chemistry of MoO3 and thus the course of heterogeneous reactions. We use ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to study the interaction of water with a stoichiometric MoO3 surface and a MoO3 surface that features oxygen defects and hydroxyl groups. The experimental results are supported by density functional theory calculations. We show that on a stoichiometric MoO3(010) surface, where Mo sites are unavailable, water adsorption is strongly disfavored. However, the introduction of surface species, which can interact with the lone pairs on the water O atom, e.g., Mo5+ atoms or surface OH groups, promotes water adsorption. Dissociation of water is favored at unsaturated Mo sites, i.e., at oxygen vacancies, while water adsorbs molecularly at hydroxyl sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley
R. Head
- Center
for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven
National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Chiara Gattinoni
- Materials
Theory, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 27, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Lena Trotochaud
- Chemical Sciences Division and Advanced Light
Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yi Yu
- Chemical Sciences Division and Advanced Light
Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Osman Karslıoğlu
- Chemical Sciences Division and Advanced Light
Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Sven Pletincx
- Chemical Sciences Division and Advanced Light
Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Materials and Chemistry, Research Group Electrochemical and Surface
Engineering (SURF), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bryan Eichhorn
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Hendrik Bluhm
- Chemical Sciences Division and Advanced Light
Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz Haber Institute
of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
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25
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Mahl J, Neppl S, Roth F, Borgwardt M, Saladrigas C, Toulson B, Cooper J, Rahman T, Bluhm H, Guo J, Yang W, Huse N, Eberhardt W, Gessner O. Decomposing electronic and lattice contributions in optical pump - X-ray probe transient inner-shell absorption spectroscopy of CuO. Faraday Discuss 2019; 216:414-433. [PMID: 31020294 DOI: 10.1039/c8fd00236c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Electronic and lattice contributions to picosecond time-resolved X-ray absorption spectra (trXAS) of CuO at the oxygen K-edge are analyzed by comparing trXAS spectra, recorded using excitation wavelengths of 355 nm and 532 nm, to steady-state, temperature-dependent XAS measurements. The trXAS spectra at pump-probe time-delays ≥150 ps are dominated by lattice heating effects. Insight into the temporal evolution of lattice temperature profiles on timescales up to 100s of nanoseconds after laser excitation are reported, on an absolute temperature scale, with a temporal sensitivity and a spatial selectivity on the order of 10s of picoseconds and 10s of nanometers, respectively, effectively establishing an "ultrafast thermometer". In particular, for the 532 nm experiment at ∼5 mJ cm-2 fluence, both the initial sample temperature and its dynamic evolution are well captured by a one-dimensional thermal energy deposition and diffusion model. The thermal conductivity k = (1.3 ± 0.4) W m-1 K-1 derived from this model is in good agreement with the literature value for CuO powder, kpowder = 1.013 W m-1 K-1. For 355 nm excitation, a quantitative analysis of the experiments is hampered by the large temperature gradients within the probed sample volume owing to the small UV penetration depth. The impact of the findings on mitigating or utilizing photoinduced lattice temperature changes in future X-ray free electron laser (XFEL) experiments is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Mahl
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA. and Physics Department Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Neppl
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA.
| | - Friedrich Roth
- Institute for Experimental Physics, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science DESY, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mario Borgwardt
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA.
| | - Catherine Saladrigas
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA. and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Benjamin Toulson
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA.
| | - Jason Cooper
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Tahiyat Rahman
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA.
| | - Hendrik Bluhm
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA. and Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Jinghua Guo
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Wanli Yang
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Nils Huse
- Physics Department Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science DESY, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Eberhardt
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science DESY, Hamburg, Germany and Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Oliver Gessner
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA.
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26
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Macchi L, Baumann M, Bluhm H, Baker M, Levers C, Grau HR, Kuemmerle T. Thresholds in forest bird communities along woody vegetation gradients in the South American Dry Chaco. J Appl Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Macchi
- Geography DepartmentHumboldt‐University Berlin Berlin Germany
- Instituto de Ecología Regional (IER)CONICET ‐ Universidad Nacional de Tucumán Tucumán Argentina
| | | | - Hendrik Bluhm
- Geography DepartmentHumboldt‐University Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Matthew Baker
- Department of Geography and Environmental SystemsUniversity of Maryland Baltimore County Maryland
| | | | - Héctor Ricardo Grau
- Instituto de Ecología Regional (IER)CONICET ‐ Universidad Nacional de Tucumán Tucumán Argentina
| | - Tobias Kuemmerle
- Geography DepartmentHumboldt‐University Berlin Berlin Germany
- Integrative Research Institute on Transformations of Human‐Environment Systems (IRI THESys) Berlin Germany
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27
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White JL, Rowberg AJE, Wan LF, Kang S, Ogitsu T, Kolasinski RD, Whaley JA, Baker AA, Lee JRI, Liu YS, Trotochaud L, Guo J, Stavila V, Prendergast D, Bluhm H, Allendorf MD, Wood BC, El Gabaly F. Identifying the Role of Dynamic Surface Hydroxides in the Dehydrogenation of Ti-Doped NaAlH 4. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:4930-4941. [PMID: 30630309 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b17650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state metal hydrides are prime candidates to replace compressed hydrogen for fuel cell vehicles due to their high volumetric capacities. Sodium aluminum hydride has long been studied as an archetype for higher-capacity metal hydrides, with improved reversibility demonstrated through the addition of titanium catalysts; however, atomistic mechanisms for surface processes, including hydrogen desorption, are still uncertain. Here, operando and ex situ measurements from a suite of diagnostic tools probing multiple length scales are combined with ab initio simulations to provide a detailed and unbiased view of the evolution of the surface chemistry during hydrogen release. In contrast to some previously proposed mechanisms, the titanium dopant does not directly facilitate desorption at the surface. Instead, oxidized surface species, even on well-protected NaAlH4 samples, evolve during dehydrogenation to form surface hydroxides with differing levels of hydrogen saturation. Additionally, the presence of these oxidized species leads to considerably lower computed barriers for H2 formation compared to pristine hydride surfaces, suggesting that oxygen may actively participate in hydrogen release, rather than merely inhibiting diffusion as is commonly presumed. These results demonstrate how close experiment-theory feedback can elucidate mechanistic understanding of complex metal hydride chemistry and potentially impactful roles of unavoidable surface impurities.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L White
- Sandia National Laboratories , Livermore , California 94550 , United States
| | - Andrew J E Rowberg
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , Livermore , California 94550 , United States
- University of California Santa Barbara , Santa Barbara , California 93106 , United States
| | - Liwen F Wan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , Livermore , California 94550 , United States
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - ShinYoung Kang
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , Livermore , California 94550 , United States
| | - Tadashi Ogitsu
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , Livermore , California 94550 , United States
| | | | - Josh A Whaley
- Sandia National Laboratories , Livermore , California 94550 , United States
| | - Alexander A Baker
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , Livermore , California 94550 , United States
| | - Jonathan R I Lee
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , Livermore , California 94550 , United States
| | - Yi-Sheng Liu
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Lena Trotochaud
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Jinghua Guo
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Vitalie Stavila
- Sandia National Laboratories , Livermore , California 94550 , United States
| | - David Prendergast
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Hendrik Bluhm
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Mark D Allendorf
- Sandia National Laboratories , Livermore , California 94550 , United States
| | - Brandon C Wood
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , Livermore , California 94550 , United States
| | - Farid El Gabaly
- Sandia National Laboratories , Livermore , California 94550 , United States
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28
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Mahl J, Neppl S, Roth F, Shavorskiy A, Huse N, Bluhm H, Eberhardt W, Gessner O. Real-time probing of charge-transfer induced interfacial fields in a dye-semiconductor system using time-resolved XPS. EPJ Web Conf 2019. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201920505021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Photo-induced charge carrier dynamics and transient interfacial fields at the interface between N3 polypyridine complexes and films of nanocrystalline ZnO are probed by picosecond time-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
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29
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Mahl J, Neppl S, Roth F, Saladrigas C, Bluhm H, Guo J, Yang W, Nils H, Eberhardt W, Gessner O. Decomposing electronic and lattice contributions in optical pump-X-ray probe transient inner-shell absorption spectroscopy of CuO. EPJ Web Conf 2019. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201920504015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Electronic and lattice contributions to transient X-ray absorption spectra of CuO are analyzed using picosecond time-resolved and temperature-dependent measurements. Super-bandgap excitation with 355 nm and 532 nm laser pulses leads to significantly different trends.
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30
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Kyhl L, Balog R, Cassidy A, Jørgensen J, Grubisic-Čabo A, Trotochaud L, Bluhm H, Hornekær L. Enhancing Graphene Protective Coatings by Hydrogen-Induced Chemical Bond Formation. ACS Appl Nano Mater 2018; 1:4509-4515. [PMID: 32596648 PMCID: PMC7311049 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.8b00610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Increased interactions at the graphene-metal interface are here demonstrated to yield an effective prevention of intercalation of foreign species below the graphene cover. Hereby, an engineering pathway for increasing the usability of graphene as a metal coating is demonstrated. Graphene on Ir(111) (Gr/Ir(111)) is used as a model system, as it has previously been well-established that an increased interaction and formation of chemical bonds at the graphene-Ir interface can be induced by hydrogen functionalization of the graphene from its top side. With X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, it is shown that hydrogen-induced increased interactions at the Gr/Ir(111) interface effectively prevents intercalation of CO in the millibar range. The scheme leads to protection against at least 10 times higher pressure and 70 times higher fluences of CO, compared to the protection offered by pristine Gr/Ir(111).
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Kyhl
- iNANO and Department of
Physics and Astronomy, University
of Aarhus, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Richard Balog
- iNANO and Department of
Physics and Astronomy, University
of Aarhus, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Andrew Cassidy
- iNANO and Department of
Physics and Astronomy, University
of Aarhus, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jakob Jørgensen
- iNANO and Department of
Physics and Astronomy, University
of Aarhus, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Antonija Grubisic-Čabo
- iNANO and Department of
Physics and Astronomy, University
of Aarhus, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Lena Trotochaud
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Lab, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Hendrik Bluhm
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Lab, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Liv Hornekær
- iNANO and Department of
Physics and Astronomy, University
of Aarhus, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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31
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Bleyhl B, Arakelyan M, Askerov E, Bluhm H, Gavashelishvili A, Ghasabian M, Ghoddousi A, Heidelberg A, Khorozyan I, Malkhasyan A, Manvelyan K, Masoud M, Moqanaki EM, Radeloff VC, Soofi M, Weinberg P, Zazanashvili N, Kuemmerle T. Assessing niche overlap between domestic and threatened wild sheep to identify conservation priority areas. DIVERS DISTRIB 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Bleyhl
- Geography Department; Humboldt-University Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - Marine Arakelyan
- Department of Zoology; Yerevan State University; Yerevan Armenia
| | - Elshad Askerov
- WWF-Azerbaijan; Baku Azerbaijan
- Institute of Zoology of Azerbaijan Academy of Sciences; Baku Azerbaijan
| | - Hendrik Bluhm
- Geography Department; Humboldt-University Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | | | - Mamikon Ghasabian
- Scientific Center of Zoology and Hydroecology, NAS RA; Yerevan Armenia
| | - Arash Ghoddousi
- Geography Department; Humboldt-University Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | | | - Igor Khorozyan
- Workgroup on Endangered Species; J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology; University of Göttingen; Göttingen Germany
| | | | | | - Mohammadreza Masoud
- Iranian Department of Environment; East Azerbaijan Provincial Office; Tabriz Iran
| | | | - Volker C. Radeloff
- SILVIS Lab; Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison Wisconsin U.S.A
| | - Mahmood Soofi
- Workgroup on Endangered Species; J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology; University of Göttingen; Göttingen Germany
| | - Paul Weinberg
- North Ossetian Nature Reserve; Alagir, RSO-Alania Russia
| | - Nugzar Zazanashvili
- WWF Caucasus Programme Office; Tbilisi Georgia
- Institute of Ecology; Ilia State University; Tbilisi Georgia
| | - Tobias Kuemmerle
- Geography Department; Humboldt-University Berlin; Berlin Germany
- Integrative Research Institute on Transformations of Human-Environment Systems (IRI THESys); Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Berlin Germany
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32
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Yim CM, Chen J, Zhang Y, Shaw BJ, Pang CL, Grinter DC, Bluhm H, Salmeron M, Muryn CA, Michaelides A, Thornton G. Visualization of Water-Induced Surface Segregation of Polarons on Rutile TiO 2(110). J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:4865-4871. [PMID: 30081626 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b01904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Water-oxide surfaces are ubiquitous in nature and of widespread importance to phenomena like corrosion as well as contemporary industrial challenges such as energy production through water splitting. So far, a reasonably robust understanding of the structure of such interfaces under certain conditions has been obtained. Considerably less is known about how overlayer water modifies the inherent reactivity of oxide surfaces. Here we address this issue experimentally for rutile TiO2(110) using scanning tunneling microscopy and photoemission, with complementary density functional theory calculations. Through detailed studies of adsorbed water nanoclusters and continuous water overlayers, we determine that excess electrons in TiO2 are attracted to the top surface layer by water molecules. Measurements on methanol show similar behavior. Our results suggest that adsorbate-induced surface segregation of polarons could be a general phenomenon for technologically relevant oxide materials, with consequences for surface chemistry and the associated catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi M Yim
- Department of Chemistry and London Centre for Nanotechnology , University College London , 20 Gordon Street , London WC1H 0AJ , United Kingdom
| | - Ji Chen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, London Centre for Nanotechnology and Thomas Young Centre , University College London , London WC1E 6BT , United Kingdom
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and London Centre for Nanotechnology , University College London , 20 Gordon Street , London WC1H 0AJ , United Kingdom
| | - Bobbie-Jean Shaw
- Department of Chemistry and London Centre for Nanotechnology , University College London , 20 Gordon Street , London WC1H 0AJ , United Kingdom
| | - Chi L Pang
- Department of Chemistry and London Centre for Nanotechnology , University College London , 20 Gordon Street , London WC1H 0AJ , United Kingdom
| | - David C Grinter
- Department of Chemistry and London Centre for Nanotechnology , University College London , 20 Gordon Street , London WC1H 0AJ , United Kingdom
| | - Hendrik Bluhm
- Chemical Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Advanced Light Source , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Miquel Salmeron
- Materials Science Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Christopher A Muryn
- School of Chemistry , The University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL , United Kingdom
| | - Angelos Michaelides
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, London Centre for Nanotechnology and Thomas Young Centre , University College London , London WC1E 6BT , United Kingdom
| | - Geoff Thornton
- Department of Chemistry and London Centre for Nanotechnology , University College London , 20 Gordon Street , London WC1H 0AJ , United Kingdom
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33
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Eren B, Torres D, Karslıoğlu O, Liu Z, Wu CH, Stacchiola D, Bluhm H, Somorjai GA, Salmeron M. Structure of Copper–Cobalt Surface Alloys in Equilibrium with Carbon Monoxide Gas. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:6575-6581. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b13621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Torres
- Department of Science, BMCC-The City University of New York, New York, New York 10007, United States
| | | | - Zongyuan Liu
- Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | | | - Dario Stacchiola
- Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Hendrik Bluhm
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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34
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Head AR, Tsyshevsky R, Trotochaud L, Yu Y, Karslıoǧlu O, Eichhorn B, Kuklja MM, Bluhm H. Dimethyl methylphosphonate adsorption and decomposition on MoO 2 as studied by ambient pressure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and DFT calculations. J Phys Condens Matter 2018; 30:134005. [PMID: 29469812 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aab192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphonates range in their toxicity and are used as pesticides, herbicides, and chemical warfare agents (CWAs). Few laboratories are equipped to handle the most toxic molecules, thus simulants such as dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP), are used as a first step in studying adsorption and reactivity on materials. Benchmarked by combined experimental and theoretical studies of simulants, calculations offer an opportunity to understand how molecular interactions with a surface changes upon using a CWA. However, most calculations of DMMP and CWAs on surfaces are limited to adsorption studies on clusters of atoms, which may differ markedly from the behavior on bulk solid-state materials with extended surfaces. We have benchmarked our solid-state periodic calculations of DMMP adsorption and reactivity on MoO2 with ambient pressure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies (APXPS). DMMP is found to interact strongly with a MoO2 film, a model system for the MoO x component in the ASZM-TEDA© gas filtration material. Density functional theory modeling of several adsorption and decomposition mechanisms assist the assignment of APXPS peaks. Our results show that some of the adsorbed DMMP decomposes, with all the products remaining on the surface. The rigorous calculations benchmarked with experiments pave a path to reliable and predictive theoretical studies of CWA interactions with surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley R Head
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States of America
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35
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars R. Schreiber
- Jülich Aachen Research Alliance (JARA), Institute for Quantum Information, RWTH Aachen and Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany
| | - Hendrik Bluhm
- Jülich Aachen Research Alliance (JARA), Institute for Quantum Information, RWTH Aachen and Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany
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36
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Kyhl L, Bisson R, Balog R, Groves MN, Kolsbjerg EL, Cassidy AM, Jørgensen JH, Halkjær S, Miwa JA, Grubišić Čabo A, Angot T, Hofmann P, Arman MA, Urpelainen S, Lacovig P, Bignardi L, Bluhm H, Knudsen J, Hammer B, Hornekaer L. Exciting H 2 Molecules for Graphene Functionalization. ACS Nano 2018; 12:513-520. [PMID: 29253339 PMCID: PMC7311079 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b07079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen functionalization of graphene by exposure to vibrationally excited H2 molecules is investigated by combined scanning tunneling microscopy, high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements, and density functional theory calculations. The measurements reveal that vibrationally excited H2 molecules dissociatively adsorb on graphene on Ir(111) resulting in nanopatterned hydrogen functionalization structures. Calculations demonstrate that the presence of the Ir surface below the graphene lowers the H2 dissociative adsorption barrier and allows for the adsorption reaction at energies well below the dissociation threshold of the H-H bond. The first reacting H2 molecule must contain considerable vibrational energy to overcome the dissociative adsorption barrier. However, this initial adsorption further activates the surface resulting in reduced barriers for dissociative adsorption of subsequent H2 molecules. This enables functionalization by H2 molecules with lower vibrational energy, yielding an avalanche effect for the hydrogenation reaction. These results provide an example of a catalytically active graphene-coated surface and additionally set the stage for a re-interpretation of previous experimental work involving elevated H2 background gas pressures in the presence of hot filaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Kyhl
- iNANO, Aarhus University , DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Régis Bisson
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, PIIM , 13007 Marseille, France
| | - Richard Balog
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University , DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Michael N Groves
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University , DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Susanne Halkjær
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University , DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jill A Miwa
- iNANO, Aarhus University , DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University , DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | - Thierry Angot
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, PIIM , 13007 Marseille, France
| | - Philip Hofmann
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University , DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | | | - Paolo Lacovig
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A. , S. S. 14 km 163.5, 34012 Trieste, Italy
| | - Luca Bignardi
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A. , S. S. 14 km 163.5, 34012 Trieste, Italy
| | - Hendrik Bluhm
- Chemical Sciences Division and Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jan Knudsen
- The MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University , 221 00 Lund, Sweden
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University , 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Bjørk Hammer
- iNANO, Aarhus University , DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University , DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Liv Hornekaer
- iNANO, Aarhus University , DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University , DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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37
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Cassidy A, Pedersen S, Bluhm H, Calisti V, Angot T, Salomon E, Bisson R, Hornekær L. Patterned formation of enolate functional groups on the graphene basal plane. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:28370-28374. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp05730c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
O atoms selectivley bind at one type of site on the graphene basal plane, creating a long-range patterned distribution of graphene oxide nano-islands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Cassidy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy
- Aarhus University
- Denmark
| | - Stine Pedersen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy
- Aarhus University
- Denmark
| | - Hendrik Bluhm
- Chemical Sciences Division
- Lawrence Berkeley National Lab
- Berkeley
- USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Liv Hornekær
- Department of Physics and Astronomy
- Aarhus University
- Denmark
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38
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Trotochaud L, Head AR, Pletincx S, Karslıoǧlu O, Yu Y, Waldner A, Kyhl L, Hauffman T, Terryn H, Eichhorn B, Bluhm H. Water Adsorption and Dissociation on Polycrystalline Copper Oxides: Effects of Environmental Contamination and Experimental Protocol. J Phys Chem B 2017; 122:1000-1008. [PMID: 29215283 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b10732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We use ambient-pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (APXPS) to study chemical changes, including hydroxylation and water adsorption, at copper oxide surfaces from ultrahigh vacuum to ambient relative humidities of ∼5%. Polycrystalline CuO and Cu2O surfaces were prepared by selective oxidation of metallic copper foils. For both oxides, hydroxylation occurs readily, even at high-vacuum conditions. Hydroxylation on both oxides plateaus near ∼0.01% relative humidity (RH) at a coverage of ∼1 monolayer. In contrast to previous studies, neither oxide shows significant accumulation of molecular water; rather, both surfaces show a high affinity for adventitious carbon contaminants. Results of isobaric and isothermic experiments are compared, and the strengths and potential drawbacks of each method are discussed. We also provide critical evaluations of the effects of the hot filament of the ion pressure gauge on the reactivity of gas-phase species, the peak fitting procedure on the quantitative analysis of spectra, and rigorous accounting of carbon contamination on data analysis and interpretation. This work underscores the importance of considering experimental design and data analysis protocols during APXPS experiments with water vapor in order to minimize misinterpretations arising from these factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Trotochaud
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ashley R Head
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Sven Pletincx
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,SURF Research Group, Department of Materials and Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Osman Karslıoǧlu
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yi Yu
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Astrid Waldner
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute , 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Line Kyhl
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Department of Physics and Astronomy and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University , Aarhus C DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Tom Hauffman
- SURF Research Group, Department of Materials and Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Herman Terryn
- SURF Research Group, Department of Materials and Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bryan Eichhorn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Hendrik Bluhm
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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39
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Shavorskiy A, Ye X, Karslıoğlu O, Poletayev AD, Hartl M, Zegkinoglou I, Trotochaud L, Nemšák S, Schneider CM, Crumlin EJ, Axnanda S, Liu Z, Ross PN, Chueh W, Bluhm H. Direct Mapping of Band Positions in Doped and Undoped Hematite during Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:5579-5586. [PMID: 29083905 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b02548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Photoelectrochemical water splitting is a promising pathway for the direct conversion of renewable solar energy to easy to store and use chemical energy. The performance of a photoelectrochemical device is determined in large part by the heterogeneous interface between the photoanode and the electrolyte, which we here characterize directly under operating conditions using interface-specific probes. Utilizing X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy as a noncontact probe of local electrical potentials, we demonstrate direct measurements of the band alignment at the semiconductor/electrolyte interface of an operating hematite/KOH photoelectrochemical cell as a function of solar illumination, applied potential, and doping. We provide evidence for the absence of in-gap states in this system, which is contrary to previous measurements using indirect methods, and give a comprehensive description of shifts in the band positions and limiting processes during the photoelectrochemical reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Shavorskiy
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Xiaofei Ye
- Material Science and Engineering Division, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Osman Karslıoğlu
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Andrey D Poletayev
- Material Science and Engineering Division, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Matthias Hartl
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ioannis Zegkinoglou
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Lena Trotochaud
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Slavomir Nemšák
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Claus M Schneider
- Peter-Grünberg-Institut-6, Forschungszentrum Jülich , 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Ethan J Crumlin
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Stephanus Axnanda
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Zhi Liu
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Philip N Ross
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - William Chueh
- Material Science and Engineering Division, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Hendrik Bluhm
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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40
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Pletincx S, Marcoen K, Trotochaud L, Fockaert LL, Mol JMC, Head AR, Karslioğlu O, Bluhm H, Terryn H, Hauffman T. Unravelling the Chemical Influence of Water on the PMMA/Aluminum Oxide Hybrid Interface In Situ. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13341. [PMID: 29042657 PMCID: PMC5645382 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13549-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the stability of chemical interactions at the polymer/metal oxide interface under humid conditions is vital to understand the long-term durability of hybrid systems. Therefore, the interface of ultrathin PMMA films on native aluminum oxide, deposited by reactive adsorption, was studied. The characterization of the interface of the coated substrates was performed using ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (APXPS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in the Kretschmann geometry (ATR-FTIR Kretschmann) and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). The formation of hydrogen bonds and carboxylate ionic bonds at the interface are observed. The formed ionic bond is stable up to 5 Torr water vapour pressure as shown by APXPS. However, when the coated samples are exposed to an excess of aqueous electrolyte, an increase in the amount of carboxylate bonds at the interface, as a result of hydrolysis of the methoxy group, is observed by ATR-FTIR Kretschmann. These observations, supported by ToF-SIMS spectra, lead to the proposal of an adsorption mechanism of PMMA on aluminum oxide, which shows the formation of methanol at the interface and the effect of water molecules on the different interfacial interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Pletincx
- Department of Electrochemical and Surface Engineering (SURF), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium. .,Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States of America.
| | - Kristof Marcoen
- Department of Electrochemical and Surface Engineering (SURF), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lena Trotochaud
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States of America
| | - Laura-Lynn Fockaert
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes M C Mol
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Ashley R Head
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States of America
| | - Osman Karslioğlu
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States of America
| | - Hendrik Bluhm
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States of America
| | - Herman Terryn
- Department of Electrochemical and Surface Engineering (SURF), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tom Hauffman
- Department of Electrochemical and Surface Engineering (SURF), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
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41
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Donne MD, Fischer U, Küchle M, Cave L, Kastenberg WE, Bottoni M, Dorr B, Homann C, Struwe D, Helm F, Henneges G, Broeders CHM, Donne MD, Broeders CHM, Donne MD, Hame W, Leinemann K, Meyder R, Schnauder H, Smidt D, Jacobs H, Royl P, Ganapol BD, Bell CR, Wilhelm D, Meyer L, Fischer EA, Maschek W, Wright SA, Schumacher G, Henkel PR, Bayer A, Chawla R, Seifritz W, Schulten R, Vollath D, Wedemeyer H, Elbel H, Günther E, Väth L, Fischer EA, Klumpp P, Heinzel V, Huber R, Schub I, Schumacher G, Carmona S, Yiftah S, Küsters H, Schmuck P, Wright SA, Fischer EA, Mast PK, Schumacher G, Clikeman FM, Mo SC, Ott KO, Harms GA, Chou HP, Johnson RH, Baumung K, Böhnel K, Bluhm H. Authors. NUCL TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/nt85-a33705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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42
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Baumung
- Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Postfach 3640 D-7500 Karlsruhe, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - K. Böhnel
- Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Postfach 3640 D-7500 Karlsruhe, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - H. Bluhm
- Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Postfach 3640 D-7500 Karlsruhe, Federal Republic of Germany
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43
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Bluhm H, Yen CS. Measurement of the Ratio of Fission to Capture Neutron Cross Sections in Uranium-235 in the 200-eV to 15-keV Energy Range. NUCL SCI ENG 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/nse76-a14484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Bluhm
- Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Institut für Neutronenphysik und Reaktortechnik 75 Karlsruhe, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - C. S. Yen
- Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Institut für Neutronenphysik und Reaktortechnik 75 Karlsruhe, Federal Republic of Germany
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44
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Pletincx S, Trotochaud L, Fockaert LL, Mol JMC, Head AR, Karslıoğlu O, Bluhm H, Terryn H, Hauffman T. In Situ Characterization of the Initial Effect of Water on Molecular Interactions at the Interface of Organic/Inorganic Hybrid Systems. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45123. [PMID: 28327587 PMCID: PMC5361173 DOI: 10.1038/srep45123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Probing initial interactions at the interface of hybrid systems under humid conditions has the potential to reveal the local chemical environment at solid/solid interfaces under real-world, technologically relevant conditions. Here, we show that ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (APXPS) with a conventional X-ray source can be used to study the effects of water exposure on the interaction of a nanometer-thin polyacrylic acid (PAA) layer with a native aluminum oxide surface. The formation of a carboxylate ionic bond at the interface is characterized both with APXPS and in situ attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in the Kretschmann geometry (ATR-FTIR Kretschmann). When water is dosed in the APXPS chamber up to 5 Torr (~28% relative humidity), an increase in the amount of ionic bonds at the interface is observed. To confirm our APXPS interpretation, complementary ATR-FTIR Kretschmann experiments on a similar model system, which is exposed to an aqueous electrolyte, are conducted. These spectra demonstrate that water leads to an increased wet adhesion through increased ionic bond formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Pletincx
- Department of Materials and Chemistry, Research Group Electrochemical and Surface Engineering (SURF), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States of America
| | - Lena Trotochaud
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States of America
| | - Laura-Lynn Fockaert
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes M. C. Mol
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Ashley R. Head
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States of America
| | - Osman Karslıoğlu
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States of America
| | - Hendrik Bluhm
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States of America
| | - Herman Terryn
- Department of Materials and Chemistry, Research Group Electrochemical and Surface Engineering (SURF), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tom Hauffman
- Department of Materials and Chemistry, Research Group Electrochemical and Surface Engineering (SURF), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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Lam RK, Smith JW, Rizzuto AM, Karslıoğlu O, Bluhm H, Saykally RJ. Reversed interfacial fractionation of carbonate and bicarbonate evidenced by X-ray photoemission spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2017. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4977046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Royce K. Lam
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Jacob W. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Anthony M. Rizzuto
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Osman Karslıoğlu
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Hendrik Bluhm
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Richard J. Saykally
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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Trotochaud L, Head AR, Karslıoğlu O, Kyhl L, Bluhm H. Ambient pressure photoelectron spectroscopy: Practical considerations and experimental frontiers. J Phys Condens Matter 2017; 29:053002. [PMID: 27911885 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/29/5/053002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Over the past several decades, ambient pressure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (APXPS) has emerged as a powerful technique for in situ and operando investigations of chemical reactions under relevant ambient atmospheres far from ultra-high vacuum conditions. This review focuses on exemplary cases of APXPS experiments, giving special consideration to experimental techniques, challenges, and limitations specific to distinct condensed matter interfaces. We discuss APXPS experiments on solid/vapor interfaces, including the special case of 2D films of graphene and hexagonal boron nitride on metal substrates with intercalated gas molecules, liquid/vapor interfaces, and liquid/solid interfaces, which are a relatively new class of interfaces being probed by APXPS. We also provide a critical evaluation of the persistent limitations and challenges of APXPS, as well as the current experimental frontiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Trotochaud
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Wu CH, Eren B, Bluhm H, Salmeron MB. Ambient-Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Study of Cobalt Foil Model Catalyst under CO, H2, and Their Mixtures. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b02835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Hao Wu
- Department of Chemistry and ∥Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division and §Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Baran Eren
- Department of Chemistry and ∥Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division and §Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Hendrik Bluhm
- Department of Chemistry and ∥Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division and §Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Miquel B. Salmeron
- Department of Chemistry and ∥Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division and §Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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Heine C, Lechner BAJ, Bluhm H, Salmeron M. Recycling of CO 2: Probing the Chemical State of the Ni(111) Surface during the Methanation Reaction with Ambient-Pressure X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:13246-13252. [PMID: 27599672 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b06939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Using ambient-pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (AP-XPS), we studied the adsorption and reactions of CO2 and CO2 + H2 on the Ni(111) surface to identify the surface chemical state and the nature of the adsorbed species during the methanation reaction. In 200 mTorr CO2, we found that NiO is formed from CO2 dissociation into CO and atomic oxygen. Additionally, carbonate (CO32-) is present on the surface from further reaction of CO2 with NiO. The addition of H2 into the reaction environment leads to reduction of NiO and the disappearance of CO32-. At temperatures >160 °C, CO adsorbed on hollow sites, and atomic carbon and OH species are present on the surface. We conclude that the methanation reaction proceeds via dissociation of CO2, followed by reduction of CO to atomic carbon and its hydrogenation to methane.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Miquel Salmeron
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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Björneholm O, Hansen MH, Hodgson A, Liu LM, Limmer DT, Michaelides A, Pedevilla P, Rossmeisl J, Shen H, Tocci G, Tyrode E, Walz MM, Werner J, Bluhm H. Water at Interfaces. Chem Rev 2016; 116:7698-726. [PMID: 27232062 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The interfaces of neat water and aqueous solutions play a prominent role in many technological processes and in the environment. Examples of aqueous interfaces are ultrathin water films that cover most hydrophilic surfaces under ambient relative humidities, the liquid/solid interface which drives many electrochemical reactions, and the liquid/vapor interface, which governs the uptake and release of trace gases by the oceans and cloud droplets. In this article we review some of the recent experimental and theoretical advances in our knowledge of the properties of aqueous interfaces and discuss open questions and gaps in our understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olle Björneholm
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University , Box 516, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Martin H Hansen
- Technical University of Denmark , 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.,Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andrew Hodgson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Li-Min Liu
- Thomas Young Centre, London Centre for Nanotechnology, Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Department of Chemistry, University College London , London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.,Beijing Computational Science Research Center , Beijing, 100193, China
| | - David T Limmer
- Princeton Center for Theoretical Science, Princeton University , Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Angelos Michaelides
- Thomas Young Centre, London Centre for Nanotechnology, Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Department of Chemistry, University College London , London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Philipp Pedevilla
- Thomas Young Centre, London Centre for Nanotechnology, Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Department of Chemistry, University College London , London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Rossmeisl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Huaze Shen
- International Center for Quantum Materials and School of Physics, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Gabriele Tocci
- Thomas Young Centre, London Centre for Nanotechnology, Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Department of Chemistry, University College London , London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.,Laboratory for fundamental BioPhotonics, Laboratory of Computational Science and Modeling, Institutes of Bioengineering and Materials Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, and Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Eric Tyrode
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology , 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marie-Madeleine Walz
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University , Box 516, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Josephina Werner
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University , Box 516, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences , Box 7015, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hendrik Bluhm
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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