1
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Tian Y, Florenciano I, Xia H, Li Q, Baysal HE, Zhu D, Ramunni E, Meyers S, Yu TY, Baert K, Hauffman T, Nider S, Göksel B, Molina-Lopez F. Facile Fabrication of Flexible and High-Performing Thermoelectrics by Direct Laser Printing on Plastic Foil. Adv Mater 2024; 36:e2307945. [PMID: 38100238 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202307945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The emerging fields of wearables and the Internet of Things introduce the need for electronics and power sources with unconventional form factors: large area, customizable shape, and flexibility. Thermoelectric (TE) generators can power those systems by converting abundant waste heat into electricity, whereas the versatility of additive manufacturing suits heterogeneous form factors. Here, additive manufacturing of high-performing flexible TEs is proposed. Maskless and large-area patterning of Bi2Te3-based films is performed by laser powder bed fusion directly on plastic foil. Mechanical interlocking allows simultaneous patterning, sintering, and attachment of the films to the substrate without using organic binders that jeopardize the final performance. Material waste could be minimized by recycling the unexposed powder. The particular microstructure of the laser-printed material renders the-otherwise brittle-Bi2Te3 films highly flexible despite their high thickness. The films survive 500 extreme-bending cycles to a 0.76 mm radius. Power factors above 1500 µW m-1K-2 and a record-low sheet resistance for flexible TEs of 0.4 Ω sq-1 are achieved, leading to unprecedented potential for power generation. This versatile fabrication route enables innovative implementations, such as cuttable arrays adapting to specific applications in self-powered sensing, and energy harvesting from unusual scenarios like human skin and curved hot surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Tian
- KU Leuven, Department of Materials Engineering, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44 - bus 2450, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Isidro Florenciano
- KU Leuven, Department of Materials Engineering, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44 - bus 2450, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Heyi Xia
- KU Leuven, Department of Materials Engineering, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44 - bus 2450, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Qiyuan Li
- KU Leuven, Department of Materials Engineering, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44 - bus 2450, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Hasan Emre Baysal
- KU Leuven, Department of Materials Engineering, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44 - bus 2450, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Daiman Zhu
- KU Leuven, Department of Materials Engineering, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44 - bus 2450, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Eduardo Ramunni
- KU Leuven, Department of Materials Engineering, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44 - bus 2450, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Sebastian Meyers
- KU Leuven, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Celestijnenlaan 300 - bus 2420, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Tzu-Yi Yu
- KU Leuven, Department of Materials Engineering, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44 - bus 2450, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Kitty Baert
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Materials and Chemistry, Research Group Sustainable Materials Engineering (SUME), Lab Electrochemical and Surface Engineering (SURF), Pleinlaan 2, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
| | - Tom Hauffman
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Materials and Chemistry, Research Group Sustainable Materials Engineering (SUME), Lab Electrochemical and Surface Engineering (SURF), Pleinlaan 2, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
| | - Souhaila Nider
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemical Engineering, Celestijnenlaan 200J - bus 2424, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Berfu Göksel
- KU Leuven, Department of Materials Engineering, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44 - bus 2450, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Francisco Molina-Lopez
- KU Leuven, Department of Materials Engineering, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44 - bus 2450, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
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2
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Su Y, Vekeman J, Brigiano FS, Hessou EP, Zhao Y, Sorgeloos D, Raes M, Hauffman T, Li K, Tielens F. A molecular understanding of citrate adsorption on calcium oxalate polyhydrates. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:12148-12156. [PMID: 37070707 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04451j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Calcium oxalate precipitation is a common pathological calcification in the human body, whereby crystallite morphology is influenced by the chelating properties of biological ions such as citrate. It has been suggested that citrate could steer oxalate formation towards its dihydrated form and away from the monohydrated form, which was identified as a major cause for disease. To assess the influence of the citrate ion on the resulting calcium oxalate, surface energies were calculated at the dispersion-corrected density functional level of theory for both monohydrated and dihydrated calcium oxalate. Different adsorption geometries were considered by varying the attacking angle of citrate as well as by considering the citrate ion on top of an adsorbed water layer or penetrating the water layer. The obtained results were compared to ab initio molecular dynamics simulations and experimental scanning electron microscope images. A strong preference for citrate adsorption on calcium oxalate dihydrate was observed, suggesting medical applications for the treatment of such pathological calcifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Su
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Materials Modelling Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium.
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Fiber Reinforced Light Composite Materials, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Jelle Vekeman
- Center for Molecular Modeling (CMM), Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 46, 9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Flavio Siro Brigiano
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Materials Modelling Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium.
| | - Etienne Paul Hessou
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Materials Modelling Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium.
| | - Yuheng Zhao
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Materials Modelling Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium.
| | - Diane Sorgeloos
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Materials Modelling Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium.
| | - Marc Raes
- Research Group Electrochemical and Surface Engineering (SURF), Department Materials and Chemistry (MACH), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Tom Hauffman
- Research Group Electrochemical and Surface Engineering (SURF), Department Materials and Chemistry (MACH), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Kehzi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Fiber Reinforced Light Composite Materials, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Frederik Tielens
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Materials Modelling Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium.
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3
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Gys N, Pawlak B, Marcoen K, Reekmans G, Velasco LF, An R, Wyns K, Baert K, Zhang K, Lufungula LL, Piras A, Siemons L, Michielsen B, Van Doorslaer S, Blockhuys F, Hauffman T, Adriaensens P, Mullens S, Meynen V. Self-Induced and Progressive Photo-Oxidation of Organophosphonic Acid Grafted Titanium Dioxide. Chempluschem 2023; 88:e202200441. [PMID: 36802130 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202200441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
While synthesis-properties-performance correlations are being studied for organophosphonic acid grafted TiO2 , their stability and the impact of the exposure conditions on possible changes in the interfacial surface chemistry remain unexplored. Here, the impact of different ageing conditions on the evolution of the surface properties of propyl- and 3-aminopropylphosphonic acid grafted mesoporous TiO2 over a period of 2 years is reported, using solid-state 31 P and 13 C NMR, ToF-SIMS and EPR as main techniques. In humid conditions under ambient light exposure, PA grafted TiO2 surfaces initiate and facilitate photo-induced oxidative reactions, resulting in the formation of phosphate species and degradation of the grafted organic group with a loss of carbon content ranging from 40 to 60 wt %. By revealing its mechanism, solutions were provided to prevent degradation. This work provides valuable insights for the broad community in choosing optimal exposure/storage conditions that extend the lifetime and improve the materials' performance, positively impacting sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Gys
- Sustainable Materials, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO NV), Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium.,Laboratory of Adsorption and Catalysis (LADCA), Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium.,Present address: Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy (cMACS), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium.,Research Group Electrochemical and Surface Engineering (SURF), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan, Leuven, 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bram Pawlak
- Analytical and Circular Chemistry (ACC), Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Agoralaan 1, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Kristof Marcoen
- Research Group Electrochemical and Surface Engineering (SURF), Department Materials and Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gunter Reekmans
- Analytical and Circular Chemistry (ACC), Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Agoralaan 1, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Leticia F Velasco
- Department of Chemistry, Royal Military Academy, Renaissancelaan 30, 1000, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rui An
- Laboratory of Adsorption and Catalysis (LADCA), Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Kenny Wyns
- Sustainable Materials, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO NV), Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium
| | - Kitty Baert
- Research Group Electrochemical and Surface Engineering (SURF), Department Materials and Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kaimin Zhang
- Laboratory of Adsorption and Catalysis (LADCA), Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Léon Luntadila Lufungula
- Structural Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Alessandra Piras
- Laboratory of Applied Materials Chemistry, Unit of Nanomaterials Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Namur University, Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000, Namur, Belgium.,Design and Synthesis of Inorganic Nanomaterials (DESINe), Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), Hasselt University, Agoralaan 1, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Laurens Siemons
- Structural Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium.,Present address: Institute for Applied Chromatography (IAC), SGS Belgium NV, Polderdijkweg 16, 2030, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bart Michielsen
- Sustainable Materials, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO NV), Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium
| | - Sabine Van Doorslaer
- Laboratory of Biophysics and BioMedical Physics (BIMEF), Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Frank Blockhuys
- Structural Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tom Hauffman
- Research Group Electrochemical and Surface Engineering (SURF), Department Materials and Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Peter Adriaensens
- Analytical and Circular Chemistry (ACC), Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Agoralaan 1, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Steven Mullens
- Sustainable Materials, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO NV), Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium
| | - Vera Meynen
- Sustainable Materials, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO NV), Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium.,Laboratory of Adsorption and Catalysis (LADCA), Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
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4
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Moussadik A, Lazar NE, Mazkad D, Siro Brigiano F, Baert K, Hauffman T, Benzaouak A, Abrouki Y, Kacimi M, Tielens F, Halim M, El Hamidi A. Investigation of electronic and photocatalytic properties of AgTi2(PO4)3 NASICON-type phosphate: Combining experimental data and DFT calculations. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.114289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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5
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Marcoen K, Gauvin M, De Cleene A, Obitsø Nielsen J, Baert K, Terryn H, De Strycker J, Hauffman T, Pantleon K. Identification of carbon‐containing phases in electrodeposited hard Fe‐C coatings with intentionally co‐deposited carbon. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.7196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristof Marcoen
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Research Group of Electrochemical and Surface Engineering (SURF), Department Materials and Chemistry (MACH) Pleinlaan 2 1050 Brussels Belgium
- OCAS NV, President John F. Kennedylaan 3 9060 Zelzate Belgium
| | - Mélanie Gauvin
- OCAS NV, President John F. Kennedylaan 3 9060 Zelzate Belgium
| | | | - Jacob Obitsø Nielsen
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering Produktionstorvet 2800 Kongens Lyngby Denmark
- Fiberline Composites Denmark
| | - Kitty Baert
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Research Group of Electrochemical and Surface Engineering (SURF), Department Materials and Chemistry (MACH) Pleinlaan 2 1050 Brussels Belgium
| | - Herman Terryn
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Research Group of Electrochemical and Surface Engineering (SURF), Department Materials and Chemistry (MACH) Pleinlaan 2 1050 Brussels Belgium
- Delft University of Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering Mekelweg 2 2628 CD Delft The Netherlands
| | | | - Tom Hauffman
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Research Group of Electrochemical and Surface Engineering (SURF), Department Materials and Chemistry (MACH) Pleinlaan 2 1050 Brussels Belgium
| | - Karen Pantleon
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering Produktionstorvet 2800 Kongens Lyngby Denmark
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6
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Gys N, An R, Pawlak B, Vogelsang D, Wyns K, Baert K, Vansant A, Blockhuys F, Adriaensens P, Hauffman T, Michielsen B, Mullens S, Meynen V. Amino-Alkylphosphonate-Grafted TiO 2: How the Alkyl Chain Length Impacts the Surface Properties and the Adsorption Efficiency for Pd. ACS Omega 2022; 7:45409-45421. [PMID: 36530305 PMCID: PMC9753204 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Amino-alkylphosphonic acid-grafted TiO2 materials are of increasing interest in a variety of applications such as metal sorption, heterogeneous catalysis, CO2 capture, and enzyme immobilization. To date, systematic insights into the synthesis-properties-performance correlation are missing for such materials, albeit giving important know-how towards their applicability and limitations. In this work, the impact of the chain length and modification conditions (concentration and temperature) of amino-alkylphosphonic acid-grafted TiO2 on the surface properties and adsorption performance of palladium is studied. Via grafting with aminomethyl-, 3-aminopropyl-, and 6-aminohexylphosphonic acid, combined with the spectroscopic techniques (DRIFT, 31P NMR, XPS) and zeta potential measurements, differences in surface properties between the C1, C3, and C6 chains are revealed. The modification degree decreases with increasing chain length under the same synthesis conditions, indicative of folded grafted groups that sterically shield an increasing area of binding sites with increasing chain length. Next, all techniques confirm the different surface interactions of a C1 chain compared to a C3 or C6 chain. This is in line with palladium adsorption experiments, where only for a C1 chain, the adsorption efficiency is affected by the precursor concentration used for modification. The absence of a straightforward correlation between the number of free NH2 groups and the adsorption capacity for the different chain lengths indicates that other chain-length-specific surface interactions are controlling the adsorption performance. The increasing pH stability in the order of C1 < C3 < C6 can possibly be associated to a higher fraction of inaccessible hydrophilic sites due to the presence of folded structures. Lastly, the comparison of adsorption performance and pH stability with 3-aminopropyl(triethoxysilane)-grafted TiO2 reveals the applicability of both grafting methods depending on the envisaged pH during sorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Gys
- Sustainable
Materials, Flemish Institute for Technological
Research (VITO NV), Boeretang
200, 2400Mol, Belgium
- Laboratory
of Adsorption and Catalysis (LADCA), Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Rui An
- Laboratory
of Adsorption and Catalysis (LADCA), Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Bram Pawlak
- Analytical
and Circular Chemistry (ACC), Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Agoralaan 1, 3590Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - David Vogelsang
- Sustainable
Materials, Flemish Institute for Technological
Research (VITO NV), Boeretang
200, 2400Mol, Belgium
| | - Kenny Wyns
- Sustainable
Materials, Flemish Institute for Technological
Research (VITO NV), Boeretang
200, 2400Mol, Belgium
| | - Kitty Baert
- Research
Group Electrochemical and Surface Engineering (SURF), Department Materials
and Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alexander Vansant
- Sustainable
Materials, Flemish Institute for Technological
Research (VITO NV), Boeretang
200, 2400Mol, Belgium
| | - Frank Blockhuys
- Structural
Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Peter Adriaensens
- Analytical
and Circular Chemistry (ACC), Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Agoralaan 1, 3590Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Tom Hauffman
- Research
Group Electrochemical and Surface Engineering (SURF), Department Materials
and Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bart Michielsen
- Sustainable
Materials, Flemish Institute for Technological
Research (VITO NV), Boeretang
200, 2400Mol, Belgium
| | - Steven Mullens
- Sustainable
Materials, Flemish Institute for Technological
Research (VITO NV), Boeretang
200, 2400Mol, Belgium
| | - Vera Meynen
- Sustainable
Materials, Flemish Institute for Technological
Research (VITO NV), Boeretang
200, 2400Mol, Belgium
- Laboratory
of Adsorption and Catalysis (LADCA), Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610Wilrijk, Belgium
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7
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Gys N, Pawlak B, Lufungula LL, Marcoen K, Wyns K, Baert K, Atia TA, Spooren J, Adriaensens P, Blockhuys F, Hauffman T, Meynen V, Mullens S, Michielsen B. Selective Pd recovery from acidic leachates by 3-mercaptopropylphosphonic acid grafted TiO 2: does surface coverage correlate to performance? RSC Adv 2022; 12:36046-36062. [PMID: 36545072 PMCID: PMC9756939 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07214a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Modification of metal oxides with organophosphonic acids (PAs) provides the ability to control and tailor the surface properties. The metal oxide phosphonic acid bond (M-O-P) is known to be stable under harsh conditions, making PAs a promising candidate for the recovery of metals from complex acidic leachates. The thiol functional group is an excellent regenerable scavenging group for these applications. However, the research on organophosphonic acid grafting with thiol groups is very limited. In this study, four different metal sorbent materials were designed with different thiol surface coverages. An aqueous-based grafting of 3-mercaptopropylphosphonic acid (3MPPA) on mesoporous TiO2 was employed. Surface grafted thiol groups could be obtained in the range from 0.9 to 1.9 groups per nm2. The different obtained surface properties were studied and correlated to the Pd adsorption performance. High Pd/S adsorption efficiencies were achieved, indicating the presence of readily available sorption sites. A large difference in their selectivity towards Pd removal from a spend automotive catalyst leachate was observed due to the co-adsorption of Fe on the titania support. The highest surface coverage showed the highest selectivity (K d: 530 mL g-1) and adsorption capacity (Q max: 0.32 mmol g-1) towards Pd, while strongly reducing the co-adsorption of Fe on remaining TiO2 sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Gys
- Sustainable Materials, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO NV)Boeretang 200Mol 2400Belgium,Laboratory of Adsorption and Catalysis (LADCA), Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1Wilrijk 2610Belgium
| | - Bram Pawlak
- Analytical and Circular Chemistry (ACC), Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt UniversityAgoralaan 1Diepenbeek 3590Belgium
| | - Léon Luntadila Lufungula
- Structural Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of AntwerpGroenenborgerlaan 171Antwerp 2020Belgium
| | - Kristof Marcoen
- Research Group Electrochemical and Surface Engineering (SURF), Department Materials and Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit BrusselPleinlaan 2Brussels 1050Belgium
| | - Kenny Wyns
- Sustainable Materials, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO NV)Boeretang 200Mol 2400Belgium
| | - Kitty Baert
- Research Group Electrochemical and Surface Engineering (SURF), Department Materials and Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit BrusselPleinlaan 2Brussels 1050Belgium
| | - Thomas Abo Atia
- Sustainable Materials, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO NV)Boeretang 200Mol 2400Belgium,Department of Chemistry, KU LeuvenCelestijnenlaan 200FLeuven 3000Belgium
| | - Jeroen Spooren
- Sustainable Materials, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO NV)Boeretang 200Mol 2400Belgium
| | - Peter Adriaensens
- Analytical and Circular Chemistry (ACC), Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt UniversityAgoralaan 1Diepenbeek 3590Belgium
| | - Frank Blockhuys
- Structural Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of AntwerpGroenenborgerlaan 171Antwerp 2020Belgium
| | - Tom Hauffman
- Research Group Electrochemical and Surface Engineering (SURF), Department Materials and Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit BrusselPleinlaan 2Brussels 1050Belgium
| | - Vera Meynen
- Sustainable Materials, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO NV)Boeretang 200Mol 2400Belgium,Laboratory of Adsorption and Catalysis (LADCA), Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1Wilrijk 2610Belgium
| | - Steven Mullens
- Sustainable Materials, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO NV)Boeretang 200Mol 2400Belgium
| | - Bart Michielsen
- Sustainable Materials, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO NV)Boeretang 200Mol 2400Belgium
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8
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Obst M, Tietze ML, Matavž A, Rodriguez-Hermida S, Marcoen K, Hauffman T, Ameloot R. Vapor-Phase Loading of an Ionic Liquid into a Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:17137-17143. [PMID: 36260857 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Composites formed by a metal-organic framework (MOF) and an ionic liquid (IL) are potentially interesting materials for applications ranging from gas separation to electrochemical devices. Consequently, there is a need for robust and low-cost preparation procedures that are compatible with the desired applications. We herein report a solvent-free, one-step, and vapor-based ship-in-bottle synthesis of the IL@MOF composite 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide@ZIF-8 in powder and thin film forms. In this approach, volatile IL precursors evaporate and subsequently adsorb and react within the MOF cages to form the IL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Obst
- Center for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis, and Spectroscopy (cMACS), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001Leuven, Belgium
| | - Max L Tietze
- Center for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis, and Spectroscopy (cMACS), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001Leuven, Belgium
| | - Aleksander Matavž
- Center for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis, and Spectroscopy (cMACS), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sabina Rodriguez-Hermida
- Center for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis, and Spectroscopy (cMACS), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kristof Marcoen
- Research Group of Electrochemical and Surface Engineering (SURF), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tom Hauffman
- Research Group of Electrochemical and Surface Engineering (SURF), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rob Ameloot
- Center for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis, and Spectroscopy (cMACS), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001Leuven, Belgium
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9
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Demaude A, Baert K, Petitjean D, Zveny J, Goormaghtigh E, Hauffman T, Gordon MJ, Reniers F. Simple and Scalable Chemical Surface Patterning via Direct Deposition from Immobilized Plasma Filaments in a Dielectric Barrier Discharge. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2022; 9:e2200237. [PMID: 35343108 PMCID: PMC9130873 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202200237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this work, immobilization of the often unwanted filaments in dielectric barrier discharges (DBD) is achieved and used for one-step deposition of patterned coatings. By texturing one of the dielectric surfaces, a discharge containing stationary plasma filaments is ignited in a mix of argon and propargyl methacrylate (PMA) in a reactor operating at atmospheric pressure. From PMA, hydrophobic and hydrophilic chemical and topographical contrasts at sub-millimeter scale are obtained on silicon and glass substrates. Chemical and physical characterizations of the samples are performed by micrometer-scale X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and infrared imaging and by water contact angle and profilometry, respectively. From the latter and additional information from high-speed imaging of the plasma phase and electrical measurements, it is suggested that filaments, denser in energetic species, lead to higher deposition rate with higher fragmentation of the precursor, while surface discharges igniting outwards the filaments are leading to smoother and slower deposition. This work opens a new route for a one-step large-area chemical and morphological patterning of surfaces at sub-millimeter scales. Moreover, the possibility to separately deposit coatings from filaments and the surrounding plasma phase can be helpful to better understand the processes occurring during plasma polymerization in filamentary DBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annaëlle Demaude
- Faculty of SciencesChemistry of SurfacesInterfaces and Nanomaterials (ChemSIN)Université libre de BruxellesAvenue F.D. Roosevelt 50, CP 255BrusselsB‐1050Belgium
| | - Kitty Baert
- Faculty of EngineeringDepartment of Materials and ChemistryElectrochemical and Surface Engineering Research Group (SURF)Vrije Universiteit BrusselPleinlaan 2BrusselsB‐1050Belgium
| | - David Petitjean
- Faculty of SciencesChemistry of SurfacesInterfaces and Nanomaterials (ChemSIN)Université libre de BruxellesAvenue F.D. Roosevelt 50, CP 255BrusselsB‐1050Belgium
| | - Juliette Zveny
- Faculty of SciencesChemistry of SurfacesInterfaces and Nanomaterials (ChemSIN)Université libre de BruxellesAvenue F.D. Roosevelt 50, CP 255BrusselsB‐1050Belgium
| | - Erik Goormaghtigh
- Structure and Function of Biological MembranesCenter for Structural Biology and BioinformaticsUniversité libre de BruxellesAvenue F.D. Roosevelt 50, CP 206/2BrusselsB‐1050Belgium
| | - Tom Hauffman
- Faculty of EngineeringDepartment of Materials and ChemistryElectrochemical and Surface Engineering Research Group (SURF)Vrije Universiteit BrusselPleinlaan 2BrusselsB‐1050Belgium
| | - Michael J. Gordon
- Department of Chemical EngineeringEng II #3351University of California – Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraCA93106‐5080USA
| | - François Reniers
- Faculty of SciencesChemistry of SurfacesInterfaces and Nanomaterials (ChemSIN)Université libre de BruxellesAvenue F.D. Roosevelt 50, CP 255BrusselsB‐1050Belgium
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10
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Obst M, Arnauts G, Cruz AJ, Calderon Gonzalez M, Marcoen K, Hauffman T, Ameloot R. Frontispiece: Chemical Vapor Deposition of Ionic Liquids for the Fabrication of Ionogel Films and Patterns. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202184961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Obst
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis, and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Giel Arnauts
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis, and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Alexander John Cruz
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis, and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
- Research Group of Electrochemical and Surface Engineering Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels Belgium
| | - Maider Calderon Gonzalez
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis, and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Kristof Marcoen
- Research Group of Electrochemical and Surface Engineering Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels Belgium
| | - Tom Hauffman
- Research Group of Electrochemical and Surface Engineering Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels Belgium
| | - Rob Ameloot
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis, and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
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11
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Choukroun D, Pacquets L, Li C, Hoekx S, Arnouts S, Baert K, Hauffman T, Bals S, Breugelmans T. Mapping Composition-Selectivity Relationships of Supported Sub-10 nm Cu-Ag Nanocrystals for High-Rate CO 2 Electroreduction. ACS Nano 2021; 15:14858-14872. [PMID: 34428372 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c04943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Colloidal Cu-Ag nanocrystals measuring less than 10 nm across are promising candidates for integration in hybrid CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) interfaces, especially in the context of tandem catalysis and selective multicarbon (C2-C3) product formation. In this work, we vary the synthetic-ligand/copper molar ratio from 0.1 to 1.0 and the silver/copper atomic ratio from 0 to 0.7 and study the variations in the nanocrystals' size distribution, morphology and reactivity at rates of ≥100 mA cm-2 in a gas-fed recycle electrolyzer operating under neutral to mildly basic conditions (0.1-1.0 M KHCO3). High-resolution electron microscopy and spectroscopy are used in order to characterize the morphology of sub-10 nm Cu-Ag nanodimers and core-shells and to elucidate trends in Ag coverage and surface composition. It is shown that Cu-Ag nanocrystals can be densely dispersed onto a carbon black support without the need for immediate ligand removal or binder addition, which considerably facilitates their application. Although CO2RR product distribution remains an intricate function of time, (kinetic) overpotential and processing conditions, we nevertheless conclude that the ratio of oxygenates to hydrocarbons (which depends primarily on the initial dispersion of the nanocrystals and their composition) rises 3-fold at moderate Ag atom % relative to Cu NCs-based electrodes. Finally, the merits of this particular Cu-Ag/C system and the recycling reactor employed are utilized to obtain maximum C2-C3 partial current densities of 92-140 mA cm-2 at -1.15 VRHE and liquid product concentrations in excess of 0.05 wt % in 1 M KHCO3 after short electrolysis periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Choukroun
- Applied Electrochemistry and Catalysis (ELCAT), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Lien Pacquets
- Applied Electrochemistry and Catalysis (ELCAT), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
- Electron Microscopy for Materials Research (EMAT), University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Chen Li
- Electron Microscopy for Materials Research (EMAT), University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Saskia Hoekx
- Applied Electrochemistry and Catalysis (ELCAT), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
- Electron Microscopy for Materials Research (EMAT), University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sven Arnouts
- Applied Electrochemistry and Catalysis (ELCAT), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
- Electron Microscopy for Materials Research (EMAT), University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kitty Baert
- Electrochemical and Surface Engineering (SURF), Materials and Chemistry (MACH), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tom Hauffman
- Electrochemical and Surface Engineering (SURF), Materials and Chemistry (MACH), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sara Bals
- Electron Microscopy for Materials Research (EMAT), University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tom Breugelmans
- Applied Electrochemistry and Catalysis (ELCAT), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
- Separation & Conversion Technologies, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), 2400 Mol, Belgium
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12
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Obst M, Arnauts G, Cruz AJ, Calderon Gonzalez M, Marcoen K, Hauffman T, Ameloot R. Chemical Vapor Deposition of Ionic Liquids for the Fabrication of Ionogel Films and Patterns. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:25668-25673. [PMID: 34478224 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202110022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Film deposition and high-resolution patterning of ionic liquids (ILs) remain a challenge, despite a broad range of applications that would benefit from this type of processing. Here, we demonstrate for the first time the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of ILs. The IL-CVD method is based on the formation of a non-volatile IL through the reaction of two vaporized precursors. Ionogel micropatterns can be easily obtained via the combination of IL-CVD and standard photolithography, and the resulting microdrop arrays can be used as microreactors. The IL-CVD approach will facilitate leveraging the properties of ILs in a range of applications and microfabricated devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Obst
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis, and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Giel Arnauts
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis, and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alexander John Cruz
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis, and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Research Group of Electrochemical and Surface Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Maider Calderon Gonzalez
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis, and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kristof Marcoen
- Research Group of Electrochemical and Surface Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tom Hauffman
- Research Group of Electrochemical and Surface Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rob Ameloot
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis, and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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13
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Cruz AJ, Arnauts G, Obst M, Kravchenko DE, Vereecken PM, De Feyter S, Stassen I, Hauffman T, Ameloot R. Effect of different oxide and hybrid precursors on MOF-CVD of ZIF-8 films. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:6784-6788. [PMID: 33969844 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt00927c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chemical vapor deposition of metal-organic frameworks (MOF-CVD) will facilitate the integration of porous and crystalline coatings in electronic devices. In the two-step MOF-CVD process, a precursor layer is first deposited and subsequently converted to a MOF through exposure to linker vapor. We herein report the impact of different metal oxide and metalcone layers as precursors for zeolitic imidazolate framework ZIF-8 films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander John Cruz
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis, and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions (cMACS), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium. and Research Group of Electrochemical and Surface Engineering (SURF), Department of Materials and Chemistry (MACH), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Brussels, 1050, Belgium and imec, Kapeldreef 75, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Giel Arnauts
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis, and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions (cMACS), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium.
| | - Martin Obst
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis, and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions (cMACS), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium.
| | - Dmitry E Kravchenko
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis, and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions (cMACS), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium.
| | - Philippe M Vereecken
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis, and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions (cMACS), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium. and imec, Kapeldreef 75, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Ivo Stassen
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis, and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions (cMACS), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium.
| | - Tom Hauffman
- Research Group of Electrochemical and Surface Engineering (SURF), Department of Materials and Chemistry (MACH), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
| | - Rob Ameloot
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis, and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions (cMACS), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium.
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14
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Laureys D, Leroy F, Hauffman T, Raes M, Aerts M, Vandamme P, De Vuyst L. The Type and Concentration of Inoculum and Substrate as Well as the Presence of Oxygen Impact the Water Kefir Fermentation Process. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:628599. [PMID: 33643256 PMCID: PMC7904701 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.628599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Eleven series of water kefir fermentation processes differing in the presence of oxygen and the type and concentration of inoculum and substrate, were followed as a function of time to quantify the impact of these parameters on the kinetics of this process via a modeling approach. Increasing concentrations of the water kefir grain inoculum increased the water kefir fermentation rate, so that the metabolic activity during water kefir fermentation was mainly associated with the grains. Water kefir liquor could also be used as an alternative means of inoculation, but the resulting fermentation process progressed slower than the one inoculated with water kefir grains, and the production of water kefir grain mass was absent. Substitution of sucrose with glucose and/or fructose reduced the water kefir grain growth, whereby glucose was fermented faster than fructose. Lacticaseibacillus paracasei (formerly known as Lactobacillus paracasei), Lentilactobacillus hilgardii (formerly known as Lactobacillus hilgardii), Liquorilactobacillus nagelii (formerly known as Lactobacillus nagelii), Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Dekkera bruxellensis were the main microorganisms present. Acetic acid bacteria were present in low abundances under anaerobic conditions and only proliferated under aerobic conditions. Visualization of the water kefir grains through scanning electron microscopy revealed that the majority of the microorganisms was attached onto their surface. Lactic acid bacteria and yeasts were predominantly associated with the grains, whereas acetic acid bacteria were predominantly associated with the liquor.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Laureys
- Research Group of Industrial Microbiology and Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Leroy
- Research Group of Industrial Microbiology and Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tom Hauffman
- Research Group of Electrochemical and Surface Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marc Raes
- Research Group of Electrochemical and Surface Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Maarten Aerts
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Vandamme
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Luc De Vuyst
- Research Group of Industrial Microbiology and Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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15
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Tu M, Xia B, Kravchenko DE, Tietze ML, Cruz AJ, Stassen I, Hauffman T, Teyssandier J, De Feyter S, Wang Z, Fischer RA, Marmiroli B, Amenitsch H, Torvisco A, Velásquez-Hernández MDJ, Falcaro P, Ameloot R. Direct X-ray and electron-beam lithography of halogenated zeolitic imidazolate frameworks. Nat Mater 2021; 20:93-99. [PMID: 33106648 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-020-00827-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) offer disruptive potential in micro- and optoelectronics because of the unique properties of these microporous materials. Nanoscale patterning is a fundamental step in the implementation of MOFs in miniaturized solid-state devices. Conventional MOF patterning methods suffer from low resolution and poorly defined pattern edges. Here, we demonstrate the resist-free, direct X-ray and electron-beam lithography of MOFs. This process avoids etching damage and contamination and leaves the porosity and crystallinity of the patterned MOFs intact. The resulting high-quality patterns have excellent sub-50-nm resolution, and approach the mesopore regime. The compatibility of X-ray and electron-beam lithography with existing micro- and nanofabrication processes will facilitate the integration of MOFs in miniaturized devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Tu
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis, and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions (cMACS), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Benzheng Xia
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis, and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions (cMACS), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dmitry E Kravchenko
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis, and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions (cMACS), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Max Lutz Tietze
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis, and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions (cMACS), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alexander John Cruz
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis, and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions (cMACS), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Research Group of Electrochemical and Surface Engineering, Department of Materials and Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ivo Stassen
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis, and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions (cMACS), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tom Hauffman
- Research Group of Electrochemical and Surface Engineering, Department of Materials and Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joan Teyssandier
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Zheng Wang
- Catalysis Research Centre, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Roland A Fischer
- Catalysis Research Centre, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Benedetta Marmiroli
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Heinz Amenitsch
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Ana Torvisco
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Paolo Falcaro
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
- School of Physical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Rob Ameloot
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis, and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions (cMACS), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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16
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Marcoen K, Gauvin M, De Strycker J, Terryn H, Hauffman T. Molecular Characterization of Multiple Bonding Interactions at the Steel Oxide-Aminopropyl triethoxysilane Interface by ToF-SIMS. ACS Omega 2020; 5:692-700. [PMID: 31956819 PMCID: PMC6964312 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Organofunctional silanes are applied as coupling agents between organic coatings and low carbon steel substrates to promote adhesion. Although the metal oxide-silane interface plays an important role in the performance of the entire overlying coating system, it remains challenging to obtain a clear understanding of the interfacial molecular bonding mechanism and its influence on adhesion. In this work, time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry is used to study interfacial interactions between aminopropyl triethoxysilane (APS) and low carbon steel. APS is shown to bond to the steel substrate through silanol steel and amine-steel interactions, and coatings are cured at varying temperatures to evaluate the influence of curing on these different types of bonding interactions. Unambiguous evidence for hydrogen bond interactions between APS silanol groups and steel surface hydroxyl groups is provided for the first time in this work through deuteration of the steel substrate and allows to tackle long-lasting doubts about the most wide-spread bonding theory that has been postulated for silane adsorption on metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristof Marcoen
- Research
Group of Electrochemical and Surface Engineering (SURF), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mélanie Gauvin
- OCAS
NV, President John F. Kennedylaan 3, 9060 Zelzate, Belgium
| | | | - Herman Terryn
- Research
Group of Electrochemical and Surface Engineering (SURF), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Delft
University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Hauffman
- Research
Group of Electrochemical and Surface Engineering (SURF), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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17
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Gamarra JD, Marcoen K, Hubin A, Hauffman T. Effect of excess hydrogen bond donors on the electrode-electrolyte interface between choline chloride-ethylene glycol based solvents and copper. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2019.113732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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18
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Trentin A, Harb SV, Uvida MC, Pulcinelli SH, Santilli CV, Marcoen K, Pletincx S, Terryn H, Hauffman T, Hammer P. Dual Role of Lithium on the Structure and Self-Healing Ability of PMMA-Silica Coatings on AA7075 Alloy. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:40629-40641. [PMID: 31589404 DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci.2021.109581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In this work, structural and active corrosion inhibition effects induced by lithium ion addition in organic-inorganic coatings based on poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)-silica sol-gel coatings have been investigated. The addition of increasing amounts of lithium carbonate (0, 500, 1000, and 2000 ppm), yielded homogeneous hybrid coatings with increased connectivity of nanometric silica cross-link nodes, covalently linked to the PMMA matrix, and improved adhesion to the aluminum substrate (AA7075). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), performed in 3.5% NaCl aqueous solution, showed that the improved structural properties of coatings with higher lithium loadings result in an increased corrosion resistance, with an impedance modulus up to 50 GΩ cm2, and revealed that the lithium induced self-healing ability significantly improves their durability. Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) suggest that the regeneration process occurs by means of lithium ions leaching from the adjacent coating toward the corrosion spot, which is restored by a protective layer of precipitated Li rich aluminum hydroxide species. An analogue mechanism has been proposed for artificially scratched coatings presenting an increase of the impedance modulus after salt spray test compared to the lithium free coating. These results evidence the active role of lithium ions in improving the passive barrier of the PMMA-silica coating and in providing through the self-restoring ability a significantly extended service life of AA7075 alloy exposed to saline environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andressa Trentin
- São Paulo State University (UNESP) , Institute of Chemistry , 14800-060 Araraquara , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Samarah V Harb
- São Paulo State University (UNESP) , Institute of Chemistry , 14800-060 Araraquara , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Mayara C Uvida
- São Paulo State University (UNESP) , Institute of Chemistry , 14800-060 Araraquara , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Sandra H Pulcinelli
- São Paulo State University (UNESP) , Institute of Chemistry , 14800-060 Araraquara , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Celso V Santilli
- São Paulo State University (UNESP) , Institute of Chemistry , 14800-060 Araraquara , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Kristof Marcoen
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Department of Materials and Chemistry, Research Group of Electrochemical and Surface Engineering , Pleinlaan 2 , 1050 Brussels , Belgium
| | - Sven Pletincx
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Department of Materials and Chemistry, Research Group of Electrochemical and Surface Engineering , Pleinlaan 2 , 1050 Brussels , Belgium
| | - Herman Terryn
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Department of Materials and Chemistry, Research Group of Electrochemical and Surface Engineering , Pleinlaan 2 , 1050 Brussels , Belgium
| | - Tom Hauffman
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Department of Materials and Chemistry, Research Group of Electrochemical and Surface Engineering , Pleinlaan 2 , 1050 Brussels , Belgium
| | - Peter Hammer
- São Paulo State University (UNESP) , Institute of Chemistry , 14800-060 Araraquara , São Paulo , Brazil
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19
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Trentin A, Harb SV, Uvida MC, Pulcinelli SH, Santilli CV, Marcoen K, Pletincx S, Terryn H, Hauffman T, Hammer P. Dual Role of Lithium on the Structure and Self-Healing Ability of PMMA-Silica Coatings on AA7075 Alloy. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:40629-40641. [PMID: 31589404 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b13839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this work, structural and active corrosion inhibition effects induced by lithium ion addition in organic-inorganic coatings based on poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)-silica sol-gel coatings have been investigated. The addition of increasing amounts of lithium carbonate (0, 500, 1000, and 2000 ppm), yielded homogeneous hybrid coatings with increased connectivity of nanometric silica cross-link nodes, covalently linked to the PMMA matrix, and improved adhesion to the aluminum substrate (AA7075). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), performed in 3.5% NaCl aqueous solution, showed that the improved structural properties of coatings with higher lithium loadings result in an increased corrosion resistance, with an impedance modulus up to 50 GΩ cm2, and revealed that the lithium induced self-healing ability significantly improves their durability. Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) suggest that the regeneration process occurs by means of lithium ions leaching from the adjacent coating toward the corrosion spot, which is restored by a protective layer of precipitated Li rich aluminum hydroxide species. An analogue mechanism has been proposed for artificially scratched coatings presenting an increase of the impedance modulus after salt spray test compared to the lithium free coating. These results evidence the active role of lithium ions in improving the passive barrier of the PMMA-silica coating and in providing through the self-restoring ability a significantly extended service life of AA7075 alloy exposed to saline environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andressa Trentin
- São Paulo State University (UNESP) , Institute of Chemistry , 14800-060 Araraquara , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Samarah V Harb
- São Paulo State University (UNESP) , Institute of Chemistry , 14800-060 Araraquara , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Mayara C Uvida
- São Paulo State University (UNESP) , Institute of Chemistry , 14800-060 Araraquara , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Sandra H Pulcinelli
- São Paulo State University (UNESP) , Institute of Chemistry , 14800-060 Araraquara , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Celso V Santilli
- São Paulo State University (UNESP) , Institute of Chemistry , 14800-060 Araraquara , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Kristof Marcoen
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Department of Materials and Chemistry, Research Group of Electrochemical and Surface Engineering , Pleinlaan 2 , 1050 Brussels , Belgium
| | - Sven Pletincx
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Department of Materials and Chemistry, Research Group of Electrochemical and Surface Engineering , Pleinlaan 2 , 1050 Brussels , Belgium
| | - Herman Terryn
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Department of Materials and Chemistry, Research Group of Electrochemical and Surface Engineering , Pleinlaan 2 , 1050 Brussels , Belgium
| | - Tom Hauffman
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Department of Materials and Chemistry, Research Group of Electrochemical and Surface Engineering , Pleinlaan 2 , 1050 Brussels , Belgium
| | - Peter Hammer
- São Paulo State University (UNESP) , Institute of Chemistry , 14800-060 Araraquara , São Paulo , Brazil
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Pletincx S, Mol JM, Terryn H, Hubin A, Hauffman T. An in situ spectro-electrochemical monitoring of aqueous effects on polymer/metal oxide interfaces. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2019.113311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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21
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Gamarra JD, Marcoen K, Hubin A, Hauffman T. Electrode-electrolyte interactions in choline chloride ethylene glycol based solvents and their effect on the electrodeposition of iron. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.04.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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22
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Stassin T, Rodríguez-Hermida S, Schrode B, Cruz AJ, Carraro F, Kravchenko D, Creemers V, Stassen I, Hauffman T, De Vos D, Falcaro P, Resel R, Ameloot R. Vapour-phase deposition of oriented copper dicarboxylate metal–organic framework thin films. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:10056-10059. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc05161a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Vapour-phase deposition of copper dicarboxylate metal–organic framework thin films with an out-of-plane orientation and accessible porosity.
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23
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Trotochaud L, Head AR, Pletincx S, Karslıoǧlu O, Yu Y, Waldner A, Kyhl L, Hauffman T, Terryn H, Eichhorn B, Bluhm H. Water Adsorption and Dissociation on Polycrystalline Copper Oxides: Effects of Environmental Contamination and Experimental Protocol. J Phys Chem B 2017; 122:1000-1008. [PMID: 29215283 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b10732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We use ambient-pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (APXPS) to study chemical changes, including hydroxylation and water adsorption, at copper oxide surfaces from ultrahigh vacuum to ambient relative humidities of ∼5%. Polycrystalline CuO and Cu2O surfaces were prepared by selective oxidation of metallic copper foils. For both oxides, hydroxylation occurs readily, even at high-vacuum conditions. Hydroxylation on both oxides plateaus near ∼0.01% relative humidity (RH) at a coverage of ∼1 monolayer. In contrast to previous studies, neither oxide shows significant accumulation of molecular water; rather, both surfaces show a high affinity for adventitious carbon contaminants. Results of isobaric and isothermic experiments are compared, and the strengths and potential drawbacks of each method are discussed. We also provide critical evaluations of the effects of the hot filament of the ion pressure gauge on the reactivity of gas-phase species, the peak fitting procedure on the quantitative analysis of spectra, and rigorous accounting of carbon contamination on data analysis and interpretation. This work underscores the importance of considering experimental design and data analysis protocols during APXPS experiments with water vapor in order to minimize misinterpretations arising from these factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Trotochaud
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ashley R Head
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Sven Pletincx
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,SURF Research Group, Department of Materials and Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Osman Karslıoǧlu
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yi Yu
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Astrid Waldner
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute , 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Line Kyhl
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Department of Physics and Astronomy and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University , Aarhus C DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Tom Hauffman
- SURF Research Group, Department of Materials and Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Herman Terryn
- SURF Research Group, Department of Materials and Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bryan Eichhorn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Hendrik Bluhm
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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Pletincx S, Marcoen K, Trotochaud L, Fockaert LL, Mol JMC, Head AR, Karslioğlu O, Bluhm H, Terryn H, Hauffman T. Unravelling the Chemical Influence of Water on the PMMA/Aluminum Oxide Hybrid Interface In Situ. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13341. [PMID: 29042657 PMCID: PMC5645382 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13549-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the stability of chemical interactions at the polymer/metal oxide interface under humid conditions is vital to understand the long-term durability of hybrid systems. Therefore, the interface of ultrathin PMMA films on native aluminum oxide, deposited by reactive adsorption, was studied. The characterization of the interface of the coated substrates was performed using ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (APXPS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in the Kretschmann geometry (ATR-FTIR Kretschmann) and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). The formation of hydrogen bonds and carboxylate ionic bonds at the interface are observed. The formed ionic bond is stable up to 5 Torr water vapour pressure as shown by APXPS. However, when the coated samples are exposed to an excess of aqueous electrolyte, an increase in the amount of carboxylate bonds at the interface, as a result of hydrolysis of the methoxy group, is observed by ATR-FTIR Kretschmann. These observations, supported by ToF-SIMS spectra, lead to the proposal of an adsorption mechanism of PMMA on aluminum oxide, which shows the formation of methanol at the interface and the effect of water molecules on the different interfacial interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Pletincx
- Department of Electrochemical and Surface Engineering (SURF), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium. .,Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States of America.
| | - Kristof Marcoen
- Department of Electrochemical and Surface Engineering (SURF), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lena Trotochaud
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States of America
| | - Laura-Lynn Fockaert
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes M C Mol
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Ashley R Head
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States of America
| | - Osman Karslioğlu
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States of America
| | - Hendrik Bluhm
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States of America
| | - Herman Terryn
- Department of Electrochemical and Surface Engineering (SURF), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tom Hauffman
- Department of Electrochemical and Surface Engineering (SURF), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
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Pletincx S, Trotochaud L, Fockaert LL, Mol JMC, Head AR, Karslıoğlu O, Bluhm H, Terryn H, Hauffman T. In Situ Characterization of the Initial Effect of Water on Molecular Interactions at the Interface of Organic/Inorganic Hybrid Systems. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45123. [PMID: 28327587 PMCID: PMC5361173 DOI: 10.1038/srep45123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Probing initial interactions at the interface of hybrid systems under humid conditions has the potential to reveal the local chemical environment at solid/solid interfaces under real-world, technologically relevant conditions. Here, we show that ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (APXPS) with a conventional X-ray source can be used to study the effects of water exposure on the interaction of a nanometer-thin polyacrylic acid (PAA) layer with a native aluminum oxide surface. The formation of a carboxylate ionic bond at the interface is characterized both with APXPS and in situ attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in the Kretschmann geometry (ATR-FTIR Kretschmann). When water is dosed in the APXPS chamber up to 5 Torr (~28% relative humidity), an increase in the amount of ionic bonds at the interface is observed. To confirm our APXPS interpretation, complementary ATR-FTIR Kretschmann experiments on a similar model system, which is exposed to an aqueous electrolyte, are conducted. These spectra demonstrate that water leads to an increased wet adhesion through increased ionic bond formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Pletincx
- Department of Materials and Chemistry, Research Group Electrochemical and Surface Engineering (SURF), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States of America
| | - Lena Trotochaud
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States of America
| | - Laura-Lynn Fockaert
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes M. C. Mol
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Ashley R. Head
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States of America
| | - Osman Karslıoğlu
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States of America
| | - Hendrik Bluhm
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States of America
| | - Herman Terryn
- Department of Materials and Chemistry, Research Group Electrochemical and Surface Engineering (SURF), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tom Hauffman
- Department of Materials and Chemistry, Research Group Electrochemical and Surface Engineering (SURF), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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26
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Wouters S, Hauffman T, Mittelmeijer-Hazeleger MC, Rothenberg G, Desmet G, Baron GV, Eeltink S. Comprehensive study of the macropore and mesopore size distributions in polymer monoliths using complementary physical characterization techniques and liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201670231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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27
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Heidari H, Rivero G, Idrissi H, Ramachandran D, Cakir S, Egoavil R, Kurttepeli M, Crabbé AC, Hauffman T, Terryn H, Du Prez F, Schryvers D. Melamine-Formaldehyde Microcapsules: Micro- and Nanostructural Characterization with Electron Microscopy. Microsc Microanal 2016; 22:1222-1232. [PMID: 27998368 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927616012484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A systematic study has been carried out to compare the surface morphology, shell thickness, mechanical properties, and binding behavior of melamine-formaldehyde microcapsules of 5-30 μm diameter size with various amounts of core content by using scanning and transmission electron microscopy including electron tomography, in situ nanomechanical tensile testing, and electron energy-loss spectroscopy. It is found that porosities are present on the outside surface of the capsule shell, but not on the inner surface of the shell. Nanomechanical tensile tests on the capsule shells reveal that Young's modulus of the shell material is higher than that of bulk melamine-formaldehyde and that the shells exhibit a larger fracture strain compared with the bulk. Core-loss elemental analysis of microcapsules embedded in epoxy indicates that during the curing process, the microcapsule-matrix interface remains uniform and the epoxy matrix penetrates into the surface micro-porosities of the capsule shells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Heidari
- 1Electron Microscopy for Materials Science (EMAT),University of Antwerp,Groenenborgerlaan 171,2020 Antwerp,Belgium
| | - Guadalupe Rivero
- 2Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry,Polymer Chemistry Research Group,Ghent University,Krijgslaan 281 S4,9000 Ghent,Belgium
| | - Hosni Idrissi
- 1Electron Microscopy for Materials Science (EMAT),University of Antwerp,Groenenborgerlaan 171,2020 Antwerp,Belgium
| | - Dhanya Ramachandran
- 1Electron Microscopy for Materials Science (EMAT),University of Antwerp,Groenenborgerlaan 171,2020 Antwerp,Belgium
| | - Seda Cakir
- 2Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry,Polymer Chemistry Research Group,Ghent University,Krijgslaan 281 S4,9000 Ghent,Belgium
| | - Ricardo Egoavil
- 1Electron Microscopy for Materials Science (EMAT),University of Antwerp,Groenenborgerlaan 171,2020 Antwerp,Belgium
| | - Mert Kurttepeli
- 1Electron Microscopy for Materials Science (EMAT),University of Antwerp,Groenenborgerlaan 171,2020 Antwerp,Belgium
| | - Amandine C Crabbé
- 5Research Group Electrochemical and Surface Engineering (SURF),Department of Materials and Chemistry,Vrije Universiteit Brussel,Pleinlaan 2,1050 Brussels,Belgium
| | - Tom Hauffman
- 5Research Group Electrochemical and Surface Engineering (SURF),Department of Materials and Chemistry,Vrije Universiteit Brussel,Pleinlaan 2,1050 Brussels,Belgium
| | - Herman Terryn
- 5Research Group Electrochemical and Surface Engineering (SURF),Department of Materials and Chemistry,Vrije Universiteit Brussel,Pleinlaan 2,1050 Brussels,Belgium
| | - Filip Du Prez
- 2Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry,Polymer Chemistry Research Group,Ghent University,Krijgslaan 281 S4,9000 Ghent,Belgium
| | - Dominique Schryvers
- 1Electron Microscopy for Materials Science (EMAT),University of Antwerp,Groenenborgerlaan 171,2020 Antwerp,Belgium
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Wouters S, Hauffman T, Mittelmeijer-Hazeleger MC, Rothenberg G, Desmet G, Baron GV, Eeltink S. Comprehensive study of the macropore and mesopore size distributions in polymer monoliths using complementary physical characterization techniques and liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:4492-4501. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sam Wouters
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel; Department of Chemical Engineering; Brussels Belgium
| | - Tom Hauffman
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Materials and Chemistry; Research group of Electrochemical and Surface Engineering; Brussels Belgium
| | | | - Gadi Rothenberg
- University of Amsterdam; Van ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Gert Desmet
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel; Department of Chemical Engineering; Brussels Belgium
| | - Gino V. Baron
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel; Department of Chemical Engineering; Brussels Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Eeltink
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel; Department of Chemical Engineering; Brussels Belgium
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29
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Ramachandran D, Egoavil R, Crabbe A, Hauffman T, Abakumov A, Verbeeck J, Vandendael I, Terryn H, Schryvers D. TEM and AES investigations of the natural surface nano-oxide layer of an AISI 316L stainless steel microfibre. J Microsc 2016; 264:207-214. [PMID: 27313097 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Revised: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The chemical composition, nanostructure and electronic structure of nanosized oxide scales naturally formed on the surface of AISI 316L stainless steel microfibres used for strengthening of composite materials have been characterised using a combination of scanning and transmission electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray, electron energy loss and Auger spectroscopy. The analysis reveals the presence of three sublayers within the total surface oxide scale of 5.0-6.7 nm thick: an outer oxide layer rich in a mixture of FeO.Fe2 O3 , an intermediate layer rich in Cr2 O3 with a mixture of FeO.Fe2 O3 and an inner oxide layer rich in nickel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanya Ramachandran
- Electron Microscopy for Materials Science (EMAT), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ricardo Egoavil
- Electron Microscopy for Materials Science (EMAT), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Amandine Crabbe
- Department of Materials and Chemistry (MACH), Research group Electrochemical and Surface Engineering (SURF), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tom Hauffman
- Department of Materials and Chemistry (MACH), Research group Electrochemical and Surface Engineering (SURF), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Artem Abakumov
- Electron Microscopy for Materials Science (EMAT), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Johan Verbeeck
- Electron Microscopy for Materials Science (EMAT), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Vandendael
- Department of Materials and Chemistry (MACH), Research group Electrochemical and Surface Engineering (SURF), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Herman Terryn
- Department of Materials and Chemistry (MACH), Research group Electrochemical and Surface Engineering (SURF), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dominique Schryvers
- Electron Microscopy for Materials Science (EMAT), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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Abrahami S, Hauffman T, de Kok J, Terryn H, Mol J. The role of acid-base properties in the interactions across the oxide-primer interface in aerospace applications. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.5907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S.T. Abrahami
- Materials innovation institute (M2i); Elektronicaweg 25 2628 XG Delft The Netherlands
- Delft University of Technology; Mekelweg 2 2628 CD Delft The Netherlands
| | - T. Hauffman
- Research Group Electrochemical and Surface Engineering (SURF), Department of Materials and Chemistry; Vrije Universiteit Brussel; Pleinlaan 2 1050 Brussels Belgium
| | - J.M.M. de Kok
- Fokker Aerostructures BV; Industrieweg 4 3351 LB Papendrecht The Netherlands
| | - H. Terryn
- Delft University of Technology; Mekelweg 2 2628 CD Delft The Netherlands
| | - J.M.C. Mol
- Delft University of Technology; Mekelweg 2 2628 CD Delft The Netherlands
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31
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Fernández Macía L, Petrova M, Hauffman T, Muselle T, Doneux T, Hubin A. A study of the electron transfer inhibition on a charged self-assembled monolayer modified gold electrode by odd random phase multisine electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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32
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Hauffman T, Hubin A, Terryn H. Study of the self-assembling of n-octylphosphonic acid layers on aluminum oxide from ethanolic solutions. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.5150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tom Hauffman
- Department of Electrochemical and Surface Engineering; Vrije Universiteit Brussel; Pleinlaan 2; 1050; Brussels; Belgium
| | - Annick Hubin
- Department of Electrochemical and Surface Engineering; Vrije Universiteit Brussel; Pleinlaan 2; 1050; Brussels; Belgium
| | - Herman Terryn
- Department of Electrochemical and Surface Engineering; Vrije Universiteit Brussel; Pleinlaan 2; 1050; Brussels; Belgium
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33
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Hauffman T, Breugelmans T, van Ingelgem Y, Tourwé E, Terryn H, Hubin A. Measuring the adsorption of ethanol on aluminium oxides using odd random phase multisine electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Electrochem commun 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2012.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Hauffman T, Van Lokeren L, Willem R, Hubin A, Terryn H. In situ study of the deposition of (ultra)thin organic phosphonic acid layers on the oxide of aluminum. Langmuir 2012; 28:3167-3173. [PMID: 22242677 DOI: 10.1021/la203988m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The interest in self-assembling monolayer deposition on various oxide substrate surfaces is steeply increasing in the last decades. Although many studies are being performed, literature does not come with a general insight in the adsorption of these layers on oxide surfaces. Also for the deposition of phosphonic acids on aluminum oxides, there is no global consensus. In this paper, we present an original in situ analysis in order to eludicate the real layer formation mechanism. First of all, the state of the phosphonic acid molecules was determined using DOSY NMR, making sure that no structures other than free molecules were present at the concentration used. With in situ atomic force microscopy and in situ visual ellipsometry, multilayers of phosphonic acids, showing 3D island growth, were determined. It was shown that using the variation of the in situ obtained roughness and bearing ratio, together with the equivalent thickness modeled by ellipsometry, the growth of the layers occurs in situ in three different stages. They consist of increasing number of islands growth, followed by filling up the gaps between islands. At last, within the adsorption time frame measured, the islands grow further in dimensions but not in numbers. This closely corresponds with the behavior of the octylphosphonic acid films analyzed by ex situ techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Hauffman
- Department of Electrochemical and Surface Engineering (SURF), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
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Taheri P, Hauffman T, Mol J, Flores J, Hannour F, de Wit J, Terryn H. Electrochemical analysis of the adsorption and desorption behaviors of carboxylic acid and anhydride monomers onto zinc surfaces. Electrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Taheri P, Wielant J, Hauffman T, Flores J, Hannour F, de Wit J, Mol J, Terryn H. A comparison of the interfacial bonding properties of carboxylic acid functional groups on zinc and iron substrates. Electrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2010.10.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Vandendael I, Hauffman T, Van Ingelgem Y, Hubin A, Terryn H. Towards a reliable characterisation of oxide layers on pure aluminium using high energy resolution FE-AES. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.3365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Breugelmans T, Tourwé E, Van Ingelgem Y, Wielant J, Hauffman T, Hausbrand R, Pintelon R, Hubin A. Odd random phase multisine EIS as a detection method for the onset of corrosion of coated steel. Electrochem commun 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2009.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Hauffman T, Blajiev O, Snauwaert J, van Haesendonck C, Hubin A, Terryn H. Study of the self-assembling of n-octylphosphonic acid layers on aluminum oxide. Langmuir 2008; 24:13450-13456. [PMID: 18973311 DOI: 10.1021/la801978a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The deposition of n-octylphosphonic acid on aluminum oxide was studied. The substrate was pretreated in order to achieve a root-mean-square roughness of <1 nm, a hydroxyl fraction of 30%, and a thickness of approximately 170 nm. It was proven using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) that, rather than a monolayer, an organic multilayer was formed. The growth mechanism was identified as a Stranski-Krastanov one. It was also shown that the use of AFM, probing the surface topography, is essential for a reliable quantification and interpretation of data obtained with XPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Hauffman
- Department ofMetallurgy, Electrochemistry and Materials Science, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
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