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FLT3 N676K drives acute myeloid leukemia in a xenograft model of KMT2A-MLLT3 leukemogenesis. Leukemia 2019; 33:2310-2314. [PMID: 30953031 PMCID: PMC6756218 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-019-0465-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Johanna I, Straetemans T, Heijhuurs S, Aarts-Riemens T, Norell H, Bongiovanni L, de Bruin A, Sebestyen Z, Kuball J. Evaluating in vivo efficacy - toxicity profile of TEG001 in humanized mice xenografts against primary human AML disease and healthy hematopoietic cells. J Immunother Cancer 2019; 7:69. [PMID: 30871629 PMCID: PMC6419469 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-019-0558-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND γ9δ2T cells, which express Vγ9 and Vδ2 chains of the T cell receptor (TCR), mediate cancer immune surveillance by sensing early metabolic changes in malignant leukemic blast and not their healthy hematopoietic stem counterparts via the γ9δ2TCR targeting joined conformational and spatial changes of CD277 at the cell membrane (CD277J). This concept led to the development of next generation CAR-T cells, so-called TEGs: αβT cells Engineered to express a defined γδTCR. The high affinity γ9δ2TCR clone 5 has recently been selected within the TEG format as a clinical candidate (TEG001). However, exploring safety and efficacy against a target, which reflects an early metabolic change in tumor cells, remains challenging given the lack of appropriate tools. Therefore, we tested whether TEG001 is able to eliminate established leukemia in a primary disease model, without harming other parts of the healthy hematopoiesis in vivo. METHODS Separate sets of NSG mice were respectively injected with primary human acute myeloid leukemia (AML) blasts and cord blood-derived human progenitor cells from healthy donors. These mice were then treated with TEG001 and mock cells. Tumor burden and human cells engraftment were measured in peripheral blood and followed up over time by quantifying for absolute cell number by flow cytometry. Statistical analysis was performed using non-parametric 2-tailed Mann-Whitney t-test. RESULTS We successfully engrafted primary AML blasts and healthy hematopoietic cells after 6-8 weeks. Here we report that metabolic cancer targeting through TEG001 eradicated established primary leukemic blasts in vivo, while healthy hematopoietic compartments derived from human cord-blood remained unharmed in spite of TEGs persistence up to 50 days after infusion. No additional signs of off-target toxicity were observed in any other tissues. CONCLUSION Within the limitations of humanized PD-X models, targeting CD277J by TEG001 is safe and efficient. Therefore, we have initiated clinical testing of TEG001 in a phase I first-in-human clinical trial (NTR6541; date of registration 25 July 2017).
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Affiliation(s)
- Inez Johanna
- Department of Hematology and Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Trudy Straetemans
- Department of Hematology and Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sabine Heijhuurs
- Department of Hematology and Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tineke Aarts-Riemens
- Department of Hematology and Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Håkan Norell
- Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Laura Bongiovanni
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Dutch Molecular Pathology Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alain de Bruin
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Dutch Molecular Pathology Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Zsolt Sebestyen
- Department of Hematology and Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jürgen Kuball
- Department of Hematology and Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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53
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MLL leukemia induction by t(9;11) chromosomal translocation in human hematopoietic stem cells using genome editing. Blood Adv 2019; 2:832-845. [PMID: 29650777 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2017013748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome editing provides a potential approach to model de novo leukemogenesis in primary human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) through induction of chromosomal translocations by targeted DNA double-strand breaks. However, very low efficiency of translocations and lack of markers for translocated cells serve as barriers to their characterization and model development. Here, we used transcription activator-like effector nucleases to generate t(9;11) chromosomal translocations encoding MLL-AF9 and reciprocal AF9-MLL fusion products in CD34+ human cord blood cells. Selected cytokine combinations enabled monoclonal outgrowth and immortalization of initially rare translocated cells, which were distinguished by elevated MLL target gene expression, high surface CD9 expression, and increased colony-forming ability. Subsequent transplantation into immune-compromised mice induced myeloid leukemias within 48 weeks, whose pathologic and molecular features extensively overlap with de novo patient MLL-rearranged leukemias. No secondary pathogenic mutations were revealed by targeted exome sequencing and whole genome RNA-sequencing analyses, suggesting the genetic sufficiency of t(9;11) translocation for leukemia development from human HSPCs. Thus, genome editing enables modeling of human acute MLL-rearranged leukemia in vivo, reflecting the genetic simplicity of this disease, and provides an experimental platform for biological and disease-modeling applications.
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54
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Rowe RG, Lummertz da Rocha E, Sousa P, Missios P, Morse M, Marion W, Yermalovich A, Barragan J, Mathieu R, Jha DK, Fleming MD, North TE, Daley GQ. The developmental stage of the hematopoietic niche regulates lineage in MLL-rearranged leukemia. J Exp Med 2019; 216:527-538. [PMID: 30728174 PMCID: PMC6400531 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20181765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukemia phenotypes vary with age of onset. Delineating mechanisms of age specificity in leukemia could improve disease models and uncover new therapeutic approaches. Here, we used heterochronic transplantation of leukemia driven by MLL/KMT2A translocations to investigate the contribution of the age of the hematopoietic microenvironment to age-specific leukemia phenotypes. When driven by MLL-AF9, leukemia cells in the adult microenvironment sustained a myeloid phenotype, whereas the neonatal microenvironment supported genesis of mixed early B cell/myeloid leukemia. In MLL-ENL leukemia, the neonatal microenvironment potentiated B-lymphoid differentiation compared with the adult. Ccl5 elaborated from adult marrow stroma inhibited B-lymphoid differentiation of leukemia cells, illuminating a mechanism of age-specific lineage commitment. Our study illustrates the contribution of the developmental stage of the hematopoietic microenvironment in defining the age specificity of leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Grant Rowe
- Stem Cell Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA.,Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Dana Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - Patricia Sousa
- Stem Cell Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Pavlos Missios
- Stem Cell Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Michael Morse
- Stem Cell Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - William Marion
- Stem Cell Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | | | | | - Ronald Mathieu
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | | | - Mark D Fleming
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Trista E North
- Stem Cell Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - George Q Daley
- Stem Cell Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA .,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA
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55
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The Impact of the Cellular Origin in Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Learning From Mouse Models. Hemasphere 2019; 3:e152. [PMID: 31723801 PMCID: PMC6745939 DOI: 10.1097/hs9.0000000000000152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a genetically heterogeneous disease driven by a limited number of cooperating mutations. There is a long-standing debate as to whether AML driver mutations occur in hematopoietic stem or in more committed progenitor cells. Here, we review how different mouse models, despite their inherent limitations, have functionally demonstrated that cellular origin plays a critical role in the biology of the disease, influencing clinical outcome. AML driven by potent oncogenes such as mixed lineage leukemia fusions often seem to emerge from committed myeloid progenitors whereas AML without any major cytogenetic abnormalities seem to develop from a combination of preleukemic initiating events arising in the hematopoietic stem cell pool. More refined mouse models may serve as experimental platforms to identify and validate novel targeted therapeutic strategies.
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56
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The Role of Tumor Microenvironment and Impact of Cancer Stem Cells on Breast Cancer Progression and Growth. SERBIAN JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/sjecr-2018-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Breast cancer is not only a mass of genetically abnormal tissue in the breast. This is a well-organized system of a complex heterogeneous tissue. Cancer cells produce regulatory signals that stimulate stromal cells to proliferate and migrate; then, stromal elements respond to these signals by releasing components necessary for tumor development that provide structural support, vasculature, and extracellular matrices. Developing tumors can mobilize a variety of cell types from both local and distant niches via secret chemical factors derived from cancer cells themselves or neighboring cells disrupted by growing neoplasm, such as fibroblasts, immune inflammatory cells, and endothelial cells. CSCs are a group of very few cells that are tumorigenic (able to form tumors) and are defined as those cells within a tumor that can self-renew and lead to tumorigenesis. BCSCs represent a small population of cells that have stem cell characteristics and are related to breast cancer. There are different theories about the origin of BCSCs. BCSCs are responsible for breast carcinoma metastasis. Usually, there is a metastatic spread to the bones, and rarely to the lungs and liver. A phenomenon that allows BCSCs to make the transition from epithelial to mesenchymal expression and thus avoid the effect of cytotoxic agents is the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). During this process, cells change their molecular characteristics in terms of loss of epithelial characteristics taking the mesenchymal phenotype. This process plays a key role in the progression, invasion, and metastasis of breast tumors.
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Mercher T, Schwaller J. Pediatric Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML): From Genes to Models Toward Targeted Therapeutic Intervention. Front Pediatr 2019; 7:401. [PMID: 31681706 PMCID: PMC6803505 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2019.00401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This review aims to provide an overview of the current knowledge of the genetic lesions driving pediatric acute myeloid leukemia (AML), emerging biological concepts, and strategies for therapeutic intervention. Hereby, we focus on lesions that preferentially or exclusively occur in pediatric patients and molecular markers of aggressive disease with often poor outcome including fusion oncogenes that involve epigenetic regulators like KMT2A, NUP98, or CBFA2T3, respectively. Functional studies were able to demonstrate cooperation with signaling mutations leading to constitutive activation of FLT3 or the RAS signal transduction pathways. We discuss the issues faced to faithfully model pediatric acute leukemia in mice. Emerging experimental evidence suggests that the disease phenotype is dependent on the appropriate expression and activity of the driver fusion oncogenes during a particular window of opportunity during fetal development. We also highlight biochemical studies that deciphered some molecular mechanisms of malignant transformation by KMT2A, NUP98, and CBFA2T3 fusions, which, in some instances, allowed the development of small molecules with potent anti-leukemic activities in preclinical models (e.g., inhibitors of the KMT2A-MENIN interaction). Finally, we discuss other potential therapeutic strategies that not only target driver fusion-controlled signals but also interfere with the transformed cell state either by exploiting the primed apoptosis or vulnerable metabolic states or by increasing tumor cell recognition and elimination by the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Mercher
- INSERM U1170, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Gustave Roussy Institute, Université Paris Diderot, Université Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France
| | - Juerg Schwaller
- Department of Biomedicine, University Children's Hospital Beider Basel (UKBB), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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58
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Jin CH, Xia J, Rafiq S, Huang X, Hu Z, Zhou X, Brentjens RJ, Yang YG. Modeling anti-CD19 CAR T cell therapy in humanized mice with human immunity and autologous leukemia. EBioMedicine 2018; 39:173-181. [PMID: 30579863 PMCID: PMC6354733 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adoptive immunotherapy using T cells expressing chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) targeting CD19 has produced remarkable clinical outcomes. However, much of the mechanisms of action, such as the development of memory responses and sources of immune cytokines, remain elusive largely due to the challenge of characterizing human CAR T cell function in vivo. The lack of a suitable in vivo model also hinders the development of new CAR T cell therapies. Methods We established a humanized mouse (hu-mouse) model with a functional human immune system and genetically-matched (autologous) primary acute B-lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) that permits modeling of CD19-targeted CAR T cell therapy in immunocompetent hosts without allogeneic or xenogeneic immune responses. Findings Anti-CD19 CAR T cells were detected in blood of leukemic hu-mice with kinetics and levels similar to those seen in patients receiving CAR T cell therapy. The levels of CAR T cells were correlated inversely with the burden of leukemia cells and positively with the survival times in anti-CD19 CAR T cell-treated leukemic hu-mice. Infusion of anti-CD19 CAR T cells also resulted in rapid production of T cell- and monocyte/macrophage-derived cytokines and an increase in frequency of regulatory T cells as reported in clinical studies. Interpretation These results provide a proof-of-principle that this novel preclinical model has the potential to be used to model human CAR T cell therapy and facilitate the design of new CARs with improved antitumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hui Jin
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China; International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China; Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jinxing Xia
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sarwish Rafiq
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Xin Huang
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Zheng Hu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China; International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xianzheng Zhou
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Renier J Brentjens
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Yong-Guang Yang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China; International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China; Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, United States.
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59
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Pombo-de-Oliveira MS. Maternal hormonal contraception and childhood leukaemia. Lancet Oncol 2018; 19:1261-1262. [PMID: 30197171 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(18)30509-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria S Pombo-de-Oliveira
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Research Program, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro 20231050, Brazil.
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60
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Minzel W, Venkatachalam A, Fink A, Hung E, Brachya G, Burstain I, Shaham M, Rivlin A, Omer I, Zinger A, Elias S, Winter E, Erdman PE, Sullivan RW, Fung L, Mercurio F, Li D, Vacca J, Kaushansky N, Shlush L, Oren M, Levine R, Pikarsky E, Snir-Alkalay I, Ben-Neriah Y. Small Molecules Co-targeting CKIα and the Transcriptional Kinases CDK7/9 Control AML in Preclinical Models. Cell 2018; 175:171-185.e25. [PMID: 30146162 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
CKIα ablation induces p53 activation, and CKIα degradation underlies the therapeutic effect of lenalidomide in a pre-leukemia syndrome. Here we describe the development of CKIα inhibitors, which co-target the transcriptional kinases CDK7 and CDK9, thereby augmenting CKIα-induced p53 activation and its anti-leukemic activity. Oncogene-driving super-enhancers (SEs) are highly sensitive to CDK7/9 inhibition. We identified multiple newly gained SEs in primary mouse acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells and demonstrate that the inhibitors abolish many SEs and preferentially suppress the transcription elongation of SE-driven oncogenes. We show that blocking CKIα together with CDK7 and/or CDK9 synergistically stabilize p53, deprive leukemia cells of survival and proliferation-maintaining SE-driven oncogenes, and induce apoptosis. Leukemia progenitors are selectively eliminated by the inhibitors, explaining their therapeutic efficacy with preserved hematopoiesis and leukemia cure potential; they eradicate leukemia in MLL-AF9 and Tet2-/-;Flt3ITD AML mouse models and in several patient-derived AML xenograft models, supporting their potential efficacy in curing human leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleed Minzel
- The Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Avanthika Venkatachalam
- The Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Avner Fink
- The Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eric Hung
- The Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Guy Brachya
- The Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ido Burstain
- The Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Maya Shaham
- The Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Amitai Rivlin
- The Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Itay Omer
- The Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Adar Zinger
- The Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shlomo Elias
- The Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel; Department of Hematology, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eitan Winter
- Bioinformatics Unit of the I-CORE Computation Center, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nathali Kaushansky
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Liran Shlush
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Moshe Oren
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ross Levine
- Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eli Pikarsky
- The Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel; Department of Pathology, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Irit Snir-Alkalay
- The Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yinon Ben-Neriah
- The Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel.
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61
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Mesuraca M, Amodio N, Chiarella E, Scicchitano S, Aloisio A, Codispoti B, Lucchino V, Montalcini Y, Bond HM, Morrone G. Turning Stem Cells Bad: Generation of Clinically Relevant Models of Human Acute Myeloid Leukemia through Gene Delivery- or Genome Editing-Based Approaches. Molecules 2018; 23:E2060. [PMID: 30126100 PMCID: PMC6222541 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23082060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML), the most common acute leukemia in the adult, is believed to arise as a consequence of multiple molecular events that confer on primitive hematopoietic progenitors unlimited self-renewal potential and cause defective differentiation. A number of genetic aberrations, among which a variety of gene fusions, have been implicated in the development of a transformed phenotype through the generation of dysfunctional molecules that disrupt key regulatory mechanisms controlling survival, proliferation, and differentiation in normal stem and progenitor cells. Such genetic aberrations can be recreated experimentally to a large extent, to render normal hematopoietic stem cells "bad", analogous to the leukemic stem cells. Here, we wish to provide a brief outline of the complementary experimental approaches, largely based on gene delivery and more recently on gene editing, employed over the last two decades to gain insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying AML development and progression and on the prospects that their applications offer for the discovery and validation of innovative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Mesuraca
- Laboratory of Molecular Haematopoiesis and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Nicola Amodio
- Laboratory of Medical Oncology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Emanuela Chiarella
- Laboratory of Molecular Haematopoiesis and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Stefania Scicchitano
- Laboratory of Molecular Haematopoiesis and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Annamaria Aloisio
- Laboratory of Molecular Haematopoiesis and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Bruna Codispoti
- Tecnologica Research Institute-Marrelli Hospital, 88900 Crotone, Italy.
| | - Valeria Lucchino
- Laboratory of Molecular Haematopoiesis and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53127 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Ylenia Montalcini
- Laboratory of Molecular Haematopoiesis and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Heather M Bond
- Laboratory of Molecular Haematopoiesis and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Morrone
- Laboratory of Molecular Haematopoiesis and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
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Heuser M, Yun H, Thol F. Epigenetics in myelodysplastic syndromes. Semin Cancer Biol 2018; 51:170-179. [PMID: 28778402 PMCID: PMC7116652 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic regulators are the largest group of genes mutated in MDS patients. Most mutated genes belong to one of three groups of genes with normal functions in DNA methylation, in H3K27 methylation/acetylation or in H3K4 methylation. Mutations in the majority of epigenetic regulators disrupt their normal function and induce a loss-of-function phenotype. The transcriptional consequences are often failure to repress differentiation programs and upregulation of self-renewal pathways. However, the mechanisms how different epigenetic regulators result in similar transcriptional consequences are not well understood. Hypomethylating agents are active in higher risk MDS patients, but their efficacy does not correlate with mutations in epigenetic regulators and the median duration of hematologic response is limited to 10-13 months. Inhibitors of histone deacetylases (HDAC) yielded disappointing results so far, questioning this approach in MDS patients. We review the clinical relevance of epigenetic mutations in MDS, discuss their functional consequences and highlight the role of epigenetic therapies in this difficult to treat disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Heuser
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Haiyang Yun
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK; Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council, Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Felicitas Thol
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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63
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Jin C, Li Y, Xia J, Li Y, Chen M, Hu Z, Mapara MY, Li W, Yang Y. CXCR4 blockade improves leukemia eradication by allogeneic lymphocyte infusion. Am J Hematol 2018; 93:786-793. [PMID: 29603337 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.25099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Persistent low levels of disease in bone marrow, an immunoprivileged tissue, are responsible for relapse following allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Using mouse models carrying primary human acute lymphoblast leukemia derived from MLL-AF9-overexpressing human hematopoietic stem cells, we demonstrate that allogeneic lymphocyte infusion (ALI)-mediated graft-vs.-leukemia effects selectively spare leukemia cells in the bone marrow. The resistance of leukemia cells to ALI within bone marrow is due to the immunosuppressive status of the tissue, as ALI achieved a significantly increased complete remission rate when leukemia cells were dislodged from bone marrow by treatment with a CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100. Adoptive transfer experiments confirmed that the frequency of leukemia-initiating cells in bone marrow was significantly decreased in the recipients treated with ALI plus AMD3100 compared to those receiving ALI only. These findings indicate that the immunoprivileged nature of bone marrow is largely responsible for relapse after immunotherapies, and that treatment with AMD3100 may offer a clinically-practical approach to improving the outcome of adoptive allogeneic cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun‐Hui Jin
- The First Hospital, Institute of Immunology and International Center of Future Science of Jilin UniversityChangchun China
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of MedicineColumbia University College of Physicians and SurgeonsNew York
| | - Yang Li
- The First Hospital, Institute of Immunology and International Center of Future Science of Jilin UniversityChangchun China
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of MedicineColumbia University College of Physicians and SurgeonsNew York
| | - Jinxing Xia
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of MedicineColumbia University College of Physicians and SurgeonsNew York
| | - Yuying Li
- The First Hospital, Institute of Immunology and International Center of Future Science of Jilin UniversityChangchun China
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of MedicineColumbia University College of Physicians and SurgeonsNew York
| | - Mo Chen
- The First Hospital, Institute of Immunology and International Center of Future Science of Jilin UniversityChangchun China
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of MedicineColumbia University College of Physicians and SurgeonsNew York
| | - Zheng Hu
- The First Hospital, Institute of Immunology and International Center of Future Science of Jilin UniversityChangchun China
| | - Markus Y. Mapara
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of MedicineColumbia University College of Physicians and SurgeonsNew York
| | - Wei Li
- The First Hospital, Institute of Immunology and International Center of Future Science of Jilin UniversityChangchun China
| | - Yong‐Guang Yang
- The First Hospital, Institute of Immunology and International Center of Future Science of Jilin UniversityChangchun China
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of MedicineColumbia University College of Physicians and SurgeonsNew York
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Plesa A, Dumontet C, Mattei E, Tagoug I, Hayette S, Sujobert P, Tigaud I, Pages MP, Chelghoum Y, Baracco F, Labussierre H, Ducastelle S, Paubelle E, Nicolini FE, Elhamri M, Campos L, Plesa C, Morisset S, Salles G, Bertrand Y, Michallet M, Thomas X. High frequency of CD34+CD38-/low immature leukemia cells is correlated with unfavorable prognosis in acute myeloid leukemia. World J Stem Cells 2017; 9:227-234. [PMID: 29321824 PMCID: PMC5746643 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v9.i12.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the importance of the CD34+CD38- cell population when compared to the CD34+CD38+/low and CD34+CD38+/high leukemic cell sub-populations and to determine its correlations with leukemia characteristics and known prognostic factors, as well as with response to therapy and survival.
METHODS Two hundred bone marrow samples were obtained at diagnosis from 200 consecutive patients with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia (AML) were studied between September 2008 and December 2010 at our Institution (Hematology Department, Lyon, France). The CD34/CD38 cell profile was analyzed by multiparameter flowcytometry approach using 8C panels and FACS CANTO and Diva software (BD Bioscience).
RESULTS We analyzed CD34 and CD38 expression in bone marrow samples of 200 AML patients at diagnosis, and investigated the prognostic value of the most immature CD34+CD38- population. Using a cut-off value of 1% of CD34+CD38- from total “bulk leukemic cells” we found that a high (> 1%) level of CD34+CD38- blasts at diagnosis was correlated with advanced age, adverse cytogenetics as well as with a lower rate of complete response after induction and shorter disease-free survival. In a multivariate analysis considering age, leukocytosis, the % of CD34+ blasts cells and the standardized cytogenetic and molecular risk subgroups, a percentage of CD34+CD38- leukemic cells > 1% was an independent predictor of DFS [HR = 2.8 (1.02-7.73), P = 0.04] and OS [HR = 2.65 (1.09-6.43), P = 0.03].
CONCLUSION Taken together, these results show that a CD34/CD38 “backbone” for leukemic cell analysis by multicolour flowcytometry at diagnosis provides useful prognostic information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Plesa
- Laboratory of Hematology, Lyon-Sud Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre - Bénite Cedex 69495, France
- CRCL, INSERM 1052/CNRS 5286, Lyon FR-69008, France
| | - Charles Dumontet
- Laboratory of Hematology, Lyon-Sud Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre - Bénite Cedex 69495, France
- CRCL, INSERM 1052/CNRS 5286, Lyon FR-69008, France
| | - Eve Mattei
- Laboratory of Hematology, Lyon-Sud Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre - Bénite Cedex 69495, France
| | - Ines Tagoug
- CRCL, INSERM 1052/CNRS 5286, Lyon FR-69008, France
| | - Sandrine Hayette
- Laboratory of Hematology, Lyon-Sud Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre - Bénite Cedex 69495, France
| | - Pierre Sujobert
- Laboratory of Hematology, Lyon-Sud Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre - Bénite Cedex 69495, France
| | - Isabelle Tigaud
- Laboratory of Hematology, Lyon-Sud Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre - Bénite Cedex 69495, France
| | - Marie Pierre Pages
- Laboratory of Hematology, Lyon-Sud Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre - Bénite Cedex 69495, France
| | - Youcef Chelghoum
- Department of Hematology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre - Bénite Cedex 69495, France
| | - Fiorenza Baracco
- Department of Hematology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre - Bénite Cedex 69495, France
| | - Helene Labussierre
- Department of Hematology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre - Bénite Cedex 69495, France
| | - Sophie Ducastelle
- Department of Hematology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre - Bénite Cedex 69495, France
| | - Etienne Paubelle
- Department of Hematology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre - Bénite Cedex 69495, France
| | | | - Mohamed Elhamri
- Department of Hematology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre - Bénite Cedex 69495, France
| | - Lydia Campos
- Laboratory of Hematology, Nord Hospital, Saint Etienne 42055, France
| | - Claudiu Plesa
- Department of Hematology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre - Bénite Cedex 69495, France
| | - Stéphane Morisset
- Statistical and Clinical Research, Lyon-Sud Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre - Bénite Cedex 69495, France
| | - Gilles Salles
- Department of Hematology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre - Bénite Cedex 69495, France
| | - Yves Bertrand
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and BMT, IHOP Lyon, Lyon 69001, France
| | - Mauricette Michallet
- Department of Hematology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre - Bénite Cedex 69495, France
| | - Xavier Thomas
- Department of Hematology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre - Bénite Cedex 69495, France
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66
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Loureiro R, Mesquita KA, Magalhães-Novais S, Oliveira PJ, Vega-Naredo I. Mitochondrial biology in cancer stem cells. Semin Cancer Biol 2017; 47:18-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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67
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Farahmand L, Darvishi B, Salehi M, Samadi Kouchaksaraei S, Majidzadeh-A K. Functionalised nanomaterials for eradication of CSCs, a promising approach for overcoming tumour heterogeneity. J Drug Target 2017; 26:649-657. [DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2017.1405426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leila Farahmand
- Recombinant Proteins Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behrad Darvishi
- Recombinant Proteins Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Malihe Salehi
- Recombinant Proteins Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Keivan Majidzadeh-A
- Recombinant Proteins Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
- Tasnim Biotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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68
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Hu T, Murdaugh R, Nakada D. Transcriptional and Microenvironmental Regulation of Lineage Ambiguity in Leukemia. Front Oncol 2017; 7:268. [PMID: 29164065 PMCID: PMC5681738 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukemia is characterized by the uncontrolled production of leukemic cells and impaired normal hematopoiesis. Although the combination of chemotherapies and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has significantly improved the outcome of leukemia patients, a proportion of patients still suffer from relapse after treatment. Upon relapse, a phenomenon termed “lineage switch” is observed in a subset of leukemia patients, in which conversion of lymphoblastic leukemia to myeloid leukemia or vice versa is observed. A rare entity of leukemia called mixed-phenotype acute leukemia exhibits co-expression of markers representing two or three lineages. These two phenotypes regarding the lineage ambiguity suggest that the fate of some leukemia retain or acquire a certain degree of plasticity. Studies using animal models provide insight into how lineage specifying transcription factors can enforce or convert a fate in hematopoietic cells. Modeling lineage conversion in normal hematopoietic progenitor cells may improve our current understanding of how lineage switch occurs in leukemia. In this review, we will summarize the role of transcription factors and microenvironmental signals that confer fate plasticity to normal hematopoietic progenitor cells, and their potential to regulate lineage switching in leukemias. Future efforts to uncover the mechanisms contributing to lineage conversion in both normal hematopoiesis and leukemia may pave the way to improve current therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyuan Hu
- Department of Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Rebecca Murdaugh
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Daisuke Nakada
- Department of Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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69
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Lee JH, Salci KR, Reid JC, Orlando L, Tanasijevic B, Shapovalova Z, Bhatia M. Brief Report: Human Acute Myeloid Leukemia Reprogramming to Pluripotency Is a Rare Event and Selects for Patient Hematopoietic Cells Devoid of Leukemic Mutations. Stem Cells 2017; 35:2095-2102. [PMID: 28758276 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cell reprogramming has provided critical insights into disease processes by modeling the genetics and related clinical pathophysiology. Human cancer represents highly diverse genetics, as well as inter- and intra-patient heterogeneity, where cellular model systems capable of capturing this disease complexity would be invaluable. Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) represents one of most heterogeneous cancers and has been divided into genetic subtypes correlated with unique risk stratification over the decades. Here, we report our efforts to induce pluripotency from the heterogeneous population of human patients that represents this disease in the clinic. Using robust optimized reprogramming methods, we demonstrate that reprogramming of AML cells harboring leukemic genomic aberrations is a rare event with the exception of those with de novo mixed-lineage leukemia (MLL) mutations that can be reprogrammed and model drug responses in vitro. Our findings indicate that unlike hematopoietic cells devoid of genomic aberrations, AML cells harboring driver mutations are refractory to reprogramming. Expression of MLL fusion proteins in AML cells did not contribute to induced reprogramming success, which continued to select for patient derived cells devoid of AML patient-specific aberrations. Our study reveals that unanticipated blockades to achieving pluripotency reside within the majority of transformed AML patient cells. Stem Cells 2017;35:2095-2102.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Hee Lee
- Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute
| | - Kyle R Salci
- Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute.,Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer C Reid
- Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute.,Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Luca Orlando
- Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute
| | - Borko Tanasijevic
- Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute
| | - Zoya Shapovalova
- Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute
| | - Mickie Bhatia
- Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute.,Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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70
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Janganati V, Ponder J, Thakkar S, Jordan CT, Crooks PA. Succinamide derivatives of melampomagnolide B and their anti-cancer activities. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:3694-3705. [PMID: 28545815 PMCID: PMC5531864 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of succinamide derivatives of melampomagnolide B have been synthesized by coupling MMB monosuccinate (2) with various heterocyclic amines to afford compounds 3a-3l. MMB monosuccinate was also reacted with terminal diaminoalkanes to afford dimeric succinamido analogs of MMB (4a-4h). These succinamide analogs of MMB were evaluated for their anti-cancer activity against a panel of sixty human cancer cell lines. Analogs 3d-3i and dimers 4f-4g exhibited promising anti-cancer activity with GI50 values ranging from 0.28 to 33.5µM against most of the cell lines in the panel. The dimeric analogs 4f and 4g were identified as lead compounds with GI50 values in the nanomolar range (GI50=280-980nM) against several cell lines in the panel; i.e. leukemia cell lines CCRF-CEM, HL-60(TB), K-562, MOLT-4, RPMI-8226 and SR; and solid tumor cell lines NCI-H522 (non-small cell lung cancer), SW-620 and HCT-116 (colon cancer), LOX IMVI (melanoma), RXF 393 (renal cancer), and MCF7, BT-549 and MDA-MB-468 (breast cancer). Succinamide analogs 3a, 3c-3l and 4b-4h were also evaluated for their apoptotic activity against M9-ENL1 acute myelogenous leukemia cells; compounds 3h-3j and 4g were equipotent with parthenolide, exhibiting LC50 values in the range 4.1-8.1μM. Molecular docking studies indicate that these molecules interact covalently with the highly conserved Cys-46 residue of the N-terminal lobe (1-109) of human IKKβ to inhibit the NFκB transcription factor complex, resulting in down-regulation of anti-apoptotic genes under NFκB control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venumadhav Janganati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Jessica Ponder
- Department of Toxicology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Shraddha Thakkar
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Craig T Jordan
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Peter A Crooks
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
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71
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Basilico S, Göttgens B. Dysregulation of haematopoietic stem cell regulatory programs in acute myeloid leukaemia. J Mol Med (Berl) 2017; 95:719-727. [PMID: 28429049 PMCID: PMC5487585 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-017-1535-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Haematopoietic stem cells (HSC) are situated at the apex of the haematopoietic differentiation hierarchy, ensuring the life-long supply of mature haematopoietic cells and forming a reservoir to replenish the haematopoietic system in case of emergency such as acute blood loss. To maintain a balanced production of all mature lineages and at the same time secure a stem cell reservoir, intricate regulatory programs have evolved to control multi-lineage differentiation and self-renewal in haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). Leukaemogenic mutations commonly disrupt these regulatory programs causing a block in differentiation with simultaneous enhancement of proliferation. Here, we briefly summarize key aspects of HSPC regulatory programs, and then focus on their disruption by leukaemogenic fusion genes containing the mixed lineage leukaemia (MLL) gene. Using MLL as an example, we explore important questions of wider significance that are still under debate, including the importance of cell of origin, to what extent leukaemia oncogenes impose specific regulatory programs and the relevance of leukaemia stem cells for disease development and prognosis. Finally, we suggest that disruption of stem cell regulatory programs is likely to play an important role in many other pathologies including ageing-associated regenerative failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Basilico
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome Trust and MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Berthold Göttgens
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome Trust and MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK.
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72
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Reimer J, Knöß S, Labuhn M, Charpentier EM, Göhring G, Schlegelberger B, Klusmann JH, Heckl D. CRISPR-Cas9-induced t(11;19)/MLL-ENL translocations initiate leukemia in human hematopoietic progenitor cells in vivo. Haematologica 2017; 102:1558-1566. [PMID: 28572162 PMCID: PMC5685230 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2017.164046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal translocations that generate oncogenic fusion proteins are causative for most pediatric leukemias and frequently affect the MLL/KMT2A gene. In vivo modeling of bona fide chromosomal translocations in human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells is challenging but essential to determine their actual leukemogenic potential. We therefore developed an advanced lentiviral CRISPR-Cas9 vector that efficiently transduced human CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells and induced the t(11;19)/MLL-ENL translocation. Leveraging this system, we could demonstrate that hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells harboring the translocation showed only a transient clonal growth advantage in vitro In contrast, t(11;19)/MLL-ENL-harboring CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells not only showed long-term engraftment in primary immunodeficient recipients, but t(11;19)/MLL-ENL also served as a first hit to initiate a monocytic leukemia-like disease. Interestingly, secondary recipients developed acute lymphoblastic leukemia with incomplete penetrance. These findings indicate that environmental cues not only contribute to the disease phenotype, but also to t(11;19)/MLL-ENL-mediated oncogenic transformation itself. Thus, by investigating the true chromosomal t(11;19) rearrangement in its natural genomic context, our study emphasizes the importance of environmental cues for the pathogenesis of pediatric leukemias, opening an avenue for novel treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Reimer
- Pediatric Hematology & Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Germany
| | - Sabine Knöß
- Pediatric Hematology & Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Germany
| | - Maurice Labuhn
- Pediatric Hematology & Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Germany
| | - Emmanuelle M Charpentier
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany.,The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Umeå University, Sweden
| | | | | | - Jan-Henning Klusmann
- Pediatric Hematology & Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Germany Klusmann.Jan-Henning@mh-hannover
| | - Dirk Heckl
- Pediatric Hematology & Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Germany Klusmann.Jan-Henning@mh-hannover
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73
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Balani S, Nguyen LV, Eaves CJ. Modeling the process of human tumorigenesis. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15422. [PMID: 28541307 PMCID: PMC5458507 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Modelling the genesis of human cancers is at a scientific turning point. Starting from primary sources of normal human cells, it is now possible to reproducibly generate several types of malignant cell populations. Powerful methods for clonally tracking and manipulating their appearance and progression in serially transplanted immunodeficient mice are also in place. These developments circumvent historic drawbacks inherent in analyses of cancers produced in model organisms, established human malignant cell lines, or highly heterogeneous patient samples. In this review, we survey the advantages, contributions and limitations of current de novo human tumorigenesis strategies and note several exciting prospects on the horizon. A better understanding of the earliest stages of human cancer formation can enable future improvements in early detection, diagnosis and treatment. In this review, the authors summarize the methods enabling de novo tumorigenesis protocols to be applied to human cells and the insights derived from them to date, as well as the exciting and relevant technical developments anticipated to extend even further the utility of these strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Balani
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Long V. Nguyen
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Connie J. Eaves
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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74
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Genetically engineered mesenchymal stromal cells produce IL-3 and TPO to further improve human scaffold-based xenograft models. Exp Hematol 2017; 51:36-46. [PMID: 28456746 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recently, NOD-SCID IL2Rγ-/- (NSG) mice were implanted with human mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in the presence of ceramic scaffolds or Matrigel to mimic the human bone marrow (BM) microenvironment. This approach allowed the engraftment of leukemic samples that failed to engraft in NSG mice without humanized niches and resulted in a better preservation of leukemic stem cell self-renewal properties. To further improve our humanized niche scaffold model, we genetically engineered human MSCs to secrete human interleukin-3 (IL-3) and thrombopoietin (TPO). In vitro, these IL-3- and TPO-producing MSCs were superior in expanding human cord blood (CB) CD34+ hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. MLL-AF9-transduced CB CD34+ cells could be transformed efficiently along myeloid or lymphoid lineages on IL-3- and TPO-producing MSCs. In vivo, these genetically engineered MSCs maintained their ability to differentiate into bone, adipocytes, and other stromal components. Upon transplantation of MLL-AF9-transduced CB CD34+ cells, acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) developed in engineered scaffolds, in which a significantly higher percentage of myeloid clones was observed in the mouse compartments compared with previous models. Engraftment of primary AML, B-cell ALL, and biphenotypic acute leukemia (BAL) patient samples was also evaluated, and all patient samples could engraft efficiently; the myeloid compartment of the BAL samples was better preserved in the human cytokine scaffold model. In conclusion, we show that we can genetically engineer the ectopic human BM microenvironment in a humanized scaffold xenograft model. This approach will be useful for functional study of the importance of niche factors in normal and malignant human hematopoiesis.
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75
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Liu Z, Li Z, Zhi X, Du Y, Lin Z, Wu J. Identification of De Novo DNMT3A Mutations That Cause West Syndrome by Using Whole-Exome Sequencing. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:2483-2493. [PMID: 28386848 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0483-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Epileptic encephalopathies (EEs) are a group of severe neurodevelopmental disorders with extreme genetic heterogeneity. Recent trio-based whole-exome sequencing (WES) studies have demonstrated that de novo mutations (DNMs) play prominent roles in severe EE. In this study, we searched for potential causal DNMs by using high-coverage WES of four unrelated Chinese parent-offspring trios affected by West syndrome. Through extensive bioinformatic analysis, we identified three novel DNMs in DNMT3A, CDKL5, and MAMDC2 in three trios and two compound heterozygous mutations in KMT2A in one trio. The DNMs in CDKL5 and DNMT3A were considered to be deleterious on the basis of the consensus of several genetic damage prediction tools. In addition, spatiotemporal expression patterns revealed a high level of DNMT3A expression during the early embryonic stage in nearly all brain regions. We also observed that certain high-confidence genes for epilepsy were shared among the co-expression and genetic interaction networks of DNMT3A, CDKL5, and KMT2A. Furthermore, all the candidate epilepsy genes in the co-expression network of DNMT3A were significantly enriched in the early developmental stages of the brain according to a rank-based enrichment test. In particular, we found that the DNMs of DNMT3A were shared among EE, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and intellectual disability (ID) and mainly occurred in the functional domain of DNMT3A. Together, our findings support an association between DNMT3A mutations and EE susceptibility and suggest a shared molecular pathophysiology among EE and other neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwei Liu
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Zhongshan Li
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Xiao Zhi
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.,School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Yaoqiang Du
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.,School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Zhongdong Lin
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Jinyu Wu
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
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76
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Lopez-Lastra S, Di Santo JP. Modeling Natural Killer Cell Targeted Immunotherapies. Front Immunol 2017; 8:370. [PMID: 28405194 PMCID: PMC5370275 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal models have extensively contributed to our understanding of human immunobiology and to uncover the underlying pathological mechanisms occurring in the development of diseases. However, mouse models do not reproduce the genetic and molecular complexity inherent in human disease conditions. Human immune system (HIS) mouse models that are susceptible to human pathogens and can recapitulate human hematopoiesis and tumor immunobiology provide one means to bridge the interspecies gap. Natural killer cells are the founding member of the innate lymphoid cell family. They exert a rapid and strong immune response against tumor and pathogen-infected cells. Their antitumor features have long been exploited for therapeutic purposes in the context of cancer. In this review, we detail the development of highly immunodeficient mouse strains and the models currently used in cancer research. We summarize the latest improvements in adoptive natural killer (NK) cell therapies and the development of novel NK cell sources. Finally, we discuss the advantages of HIS mice to study the interactions between human NK cells and human cancers and to develop new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Lopez-Lastra
- Innate Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Inserm U1223, Paris, France
- Université Paris-Sud (Paris-Saclay), Paris, France
| | - James P. Di Santo
- Innate Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Inserm U1223, Paris, France
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77
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Mouse models of MLL leukemia: recapitulating the human disease. Blood 2017; 129:2217-2223. [PMID: 28179274 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-10-691428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome translocations involving the mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) gene fuse it in frame with multiple partner genes creating novel fusion proteins (MLL-FPs) that cause aggressive acute leukemias in humans. Animal models of human disease are important for the exploration of underlying disease mechanisms as well as for testing novel therapeutic approaches. Patients carrying MLL-FPs have very few cooperating mutations, making MLL-FP driven leukemias ideal for animal modeling. The fact that the MLL-FP is the main driver mutation has allowed for a wide range of different experimental model systems designed to explore different aspects of MLL-FP leukemogenesis. In addition, MLL-FP driven acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in mice is often used as a general model for AML. This review provides an overview of different MLL-FP mouse model systems and discusses how well they have recapitulated aspects of the human disease as well as highlights the biological insights each model has provided into MLL-FP leukemogenesis. Many promising new drugs fail in the early stages of clinical trials. Lessons learned from past and present MLL-FP models may serve as a paradigm for designing more flexible and dynamic preclinical models for these as well as other acute leukemias.
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78
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S100A9 induces differentiation of acute myeloid leukemia cells through TLR4. Blood 2017; 129:1980-1990. [PMID: 28137827 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-09-738005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
S100A8 and S100A9 are calcium-binding proteins predominantly expressed by neutrophils and monocytes and play key roles in both normal and pathological inflammation. Recently, both proteins were found to promote tumor progression through the establishment of premetastatic niches and inhibit antitumor immune responses. Although S100A8 and S100A9 have been studied in solid cancers, their functions in hematological malignancies remain poorly understood. However, S100A8 and S100A9 are highly expressed in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and S100A8 expression has been linked to poor prognosis in AML. We identified a small subpopulation of cells expressing S100A8 and S100A9 in AML mouse models and primary human AML samples. In vitro and in vivo analyses revealed that S100A9 induces AML cell differentiation, whereas S100A8 prevents differentiation induced by S100A9 activity and maintains AML immature phenotype. Treatment with recombinant S100A9 proteins increased AML cell maturation, induced growth arrest, and prolonged survival in an AML mouse model. Interestingly, anti-S100A8 antibody treatment had effects similar to those of S100A9 therapy in vivo, suggesting that high ratios of S100A9 over S100A8 are required to induce differentiation. Our in vitro studies on the mechanisms/pathways involved in leukemic cell differentiation revealed that binding of S100A9 to Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) promotes activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2, and Jun N-terminal kinase signaling pathways, leading to myelomonocytic and monocytic AML cell differentiation. These findings indicate that S100A8 and S100A9 are regulators of myeloid differentiation in leukemia and have therapeutic potential in myelomonocytic and monocytic AMLs.
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79
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Identification of a melampomagnolide B analog as a potential lead molecule for treatment of acute myelogenous leukemia. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 25:1235-1241. [PMID: 28049618 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A series of carbamate derivatives of the antileukemic sesquiterpene melampomagnolide B (MMB) has been synthesized utilizing a 1,2,4-triazole carbamate conjugate of MMB as an intermediate synthon. Five imidazole- and benzimidazole-carbamate analogs of MMB (8a-8e) were prepared and evaluated for anti-leukemic activity against cultured M9 ENL1 AML cells. All the analogs exhibited improved anti-leukemic activity (EC50=0.90-3.93μM) when compared to parthenolide and the parent sesquiterpene, MMB (EC50=7.0μM and 15.5μM, respectively). The imidazole carbamate analog, 8a (EC50=0.9μM), was 16 times more potent than MMB. The comparative bioavailabilities of 8a and MMB were determined in BALB/c mice following oral dosing of these compounds. It has been demonstrated that the absolute plasma bioavailabilities of MMB and 8a were 6.7±0.8%, and 45.5±2%, respectively. These results indicate that, compared to MMB, the PK parameters for 8a display significantly improved bioavailability and exposure after oral administration. Analog 8a is considered to be a potential clinical candidate for treatment of acute myelogenous leukemia.
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80
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Abstract
Therapy-related myeloid neoplasms (t-MN) combine t-MDS and therapy related acute myeloid leukemia (t-AML) patients in one entity because of their similar pathogenesis, rapid progression from t-MDS to t-AML, and their equally poor prognosis. Treatment with epipodophyllotoxins like etoposide has been associated with a short interval between treatment and development of t-AML, with fusion oncogenes like KMT2A/MLL-MLLT3 and a better prognosis. In contrast, treatment with alkylating agents has been associated with a longer latency, an initial MDS phase, adverse cytogenetics, and a poor prognosis. The pathogenesis of t-MN can be explained by direct induction of an oncogene through chromosomal translocations, induction of genetic instability, or selection of a preexisting treatment-resistant hematopoietic stem cell clone. Recent evidence has highlighted the importance of the last mechanism and explains the high frequency of TP53 mutations in patients with t-MN. After previous cytotoxic therapy, patients present with specific vulnerabilities, especially evident from the high nonrelapse mortality in patients with t-MN after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Here, the prognostic impact of currently known risk factors and the therapeutic options in different patient subgroups will be discussed.
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81
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Heuser M. Therapy-related myeloid neoplasms: does knowing the origin help to guide treatment? HEMATOLOGY. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEMATOLOGY. EDUCATION PROGRAM 2016; 2016:24-32. [PMID: 27913458 PMCID: PMC6142514 DOI: 10.1182/asheducation-2016.1.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Therapy-related myeloid neoplasms (t-MN) combine t-MDS and therapy related acute myeloid leukemia (t-AML) patients in one entity because of their similar pathogenesis, rapid progression from t-MDS to t-AML, and their equally poor prognosis. Treatment with epipodophyllotoxins like etoposide has been associated with a short interval between treatment and development of t-AML, with fusion oncogenes like KMT2A/MLL-MLLT3 and a better prognosis. In contrast, treatment with alkylating agents has been associated with a longer latency, an initial MDS phase, adverse cytogenetics, and a poor prognosis. The pathogenesis of t-MN can be explained by direct induction of an oncogene through chromosomal translocations, induction of genetic instability, or selection of a preexisting treatment-resistant hematopoietic stem cell clone. Recent evidence has highlighted the importance of the last mechanism and explains the high frequency of TP53 mutations in patients with t-MN. After previous cytotoxic therapy, patients present with specific vulnerabilities, especially evident from the high nonrelapse mortality in patients with t-MN after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Here, the prognostic impact of currently known risk factors and the therapeutic options in different patient subgroups will be discussed.
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MESH Headings
- Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating/adverse effects
- Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating/therapeutic use
- Disease-Free Survival
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase/genetics
- Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase/metabolism
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/mortality
- Myeloid-Lymphoid Leukemia Protein/genetics
- Myeloid-Lymphoid Leukemia Protein/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Second Primary/chemically induced
- Neoplasms, Second Primary/genetics
- Neoplasms, Second Primary/metabolism
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/metabolism
- Survival Rate
- Translocation, Genetic/drug effects
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/genetics
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/metabolism
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82
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Lin S, Luo RT, Ptasinska A, Kerry J, Assi SA, Wunderlich M, Imamura T, Kaberlein JJ, Rayes A, Althoff MJ, Anastasi J, O'Brien MM, Meetei AR, Milne TA, Bonifer C, Mulloy JC, Thirman MJ. Instructive Role of MLL-Fusion Proteins Revealed by a Model of t(4;11) Pro-B Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Cancer Cell 2016; 30:737-749. [PMID: 27846391 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The t(4;11)(q21;q23) fuses mixed-lineage leukemia (MLL) to AF4, the most common MLL-fusion partner. Here we show that MLL fused to murine Af4, highly conserved with human AF4, produces high-titer retrovirus permitting efficient transduction of human CD34+ cells, thereby generating a model of t(4;11) pro-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) that fully recapitulates the immunophenotypic and molecular aspects of the disease. MLL-Af4 induces a B ALL distinct from MLL-AF9 through differential genomic target binding of the fusion proteins leading to specific gene expression patterns. MLL-Af4 cells can assume a myeloid state under environmental pressure but retain lymphoid-lineage potential. Such incongruity was also observed in t(4;11) patients in whom leukemia evaded CD19-directed therapy by undergoing myeloid-lineage switch. Our model provides a valuable tool to unravel the pathogenesis of MLL-AF4 leukemogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Lin
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Roger T Luo
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Anetta Ptasinska
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Jon Kerry
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre Programme, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Salam A Assi
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Mark Wunderlich
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Toshihiko Imamura
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Joseph J Kaberlein
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Ahmad Rayes
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Mark J Althoff
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - John Anastasi
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Maureen M O'Brien
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Amom Ruhikanta Meetei
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Thomas A Milne
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre Programme, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Constanze Bonifer
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - James C Mulloy
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
| | - Michael J Thirman
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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83
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Barabé F, Gil L, Celton M, Bergeron A, Lamontagne V, Roques É, Lagacé K, Forest A, Johnson R, Pécheux L, Simard J, Pelloux J, Bellemare-Pelletier A, Gagnon E, Hébert J, Cellot S, Wilhelm BT. Modeling human MLL-AF9 translocated acute myeloid leukemia from single donors reveals RET as a potential therapeutic target. Leukemia 2016; 31:1166-1176. [DOI: 10.1038/leu.2016.302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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84
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Establishing human leukemia xenograft mouse models by implanting human bone marrow-like scaffold-based niches. Blood 2016; 128:2949-2959. [PMID: 27733356 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-05-719021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To begin to understand the mechanisms that regulate self-renewal, differentiation, and transformation of human hematopoietic stem cells or to evaluate the efficacy of novel treatment modalities, stem cells need to be studied in their own species-specific microenvironment. By implanting ceramic scaffolds coated with human mesenchymal stromal cells into immune-deficient mice, we were able to mimic the human bone marrow niche. Thus, we have established a human leukemia xenograft mouse model in which a large cohort of patient samples successfully engrafted, which covered all of the important genetic and risk subgroups. We found that by providing a humanized environment, stem cell self-renewal properties were better maintained as determined by serial transplantation assays and genome-wide transcriptome studies, and less clonal drift was observed as determined by exome sequencing. The human leukemia xenograft mouse models that we have established here will serve as an excellent resource for future studies aimed at exploring novel therapeutic approaches.
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85
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Torres CM, Biran A, Burney MJ, Patel H, Henser-Brownhill T, Cohen AHS, Li Y, Ben-Hamo R, Nye E, Spencer-Dene B, Chakravarty P, Efroni S, Matthews N, Misteli T, Meshorer E, Scaffidi P. The linker histone H1.0 generates epigenetic and functional intratumor heterogeneity. Science 2016; 353:aaf1644. [PMID: 27708074 PMCID: PMC5131846 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf1644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Tumors comprise functionally diverse subpopulations of cells with distinct proliferative potential. Here, we show that dynamic epigenetic states defined by the linker histone H1.0 determine which cells within a tumor can sustain the long-term cancer growth. Numerous cancer types exhibit high inter- and intratumor heterogeneity of H1.0, with H1.0 levels correlating with tumor differentiation status, patient survival, and, at the single-cell level, cancer stem cell markers. Silencing of H1.0 promotes maintenance of self-renewing cells by inducing derepression of megabase-sized gene domains harboring downstream effectors of oncogenic pathways. Self-renewing epigenetic states are not stable, and reexpression of H1.0 in subsets of tumor cells establishes transcriptional programs that restrict cancer cells' long-term proliferative potential and drive their differentiation. Our results uncover epigenetic determinants of tumor-maintaining cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Morales Torres
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Alva Biran
- Department of Genetics, The Institute of Life Sciences, and The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences (ELSC), The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Matthew J. Burney
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Harshil Patel
- Bioinformatics, The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Tristan Henser-Brownhill
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Ayelet-Hashahar Shapira Cohen
- Department of Genetics, The Institute of Life Sciences, and The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences (ELSC), The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Yilong Li
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB101SA, UK
| | - Rotem Ben-Hamo
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Science, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 52900, Israel
| | - Emma Nye
- Experimental Histopathology, The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Bradley Spencer-Dene
- Experimental Histopathology, The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Probir Chakravarty
- Bioinformatics, The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Sol Efroni
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Science, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 52900, Israel
| | - Nik Matthews
- Advanced sequencing, The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Tom Misteli
- National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Eran Meshorer
- Department of Genetics, The Institute of Life Sciences, and The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences (ELSC), The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Paola Scaffidi
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, London WC2A 3LY, UK
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK
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86
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Liao Y, Niu X, Chen B, Edwards H, Xu L, Xie C, Lin H, Polin L, Taub JW, Ge Y, Qin Z. Synthesis and Antileukemic Activities of Piperlongumine and HDAC Inhibitor Hybrids against Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells. J Med Chem 2016; 59:7974-90. [PMID: 27505848 PMCID: PMC6878111 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Synergistic-to-additive antileukemic interactions of piperlongumine (PL) and HDAC inhibitor (HDACi) SAHA (Vorinostat) provide a compelling rationale to construct PL-HDACi hybrids, such as 1-58, which recapitulated the synergism between the parental compounds in high-risk and chemoresistant AML cells. Both PL and HDACi components, either in combination or in hybrid molecules, are essential for inducing significant DNA damage and apoptosis. Introducing C2-chloro substituent to 1-58 yielded 3-35 with increased cytotoxicity but decreased selectivity in noncancerous MCF-10A cells; eliminating C7-C8 olefin of PL obtained 3-31/3-98 scaffolds which were still more active than PL or SAHA in AML and were well-tolerated by MCF-10A cells. The HDACi function was crucial for modulating expression of DNA repair and apoptosis-related proteins. Collectively, PL and SAHA hybrids are potent, multifunctional anti-AML agents, acting in part, by interfering cellular GSH defense, suppressing expression of DNA repair and pro-survival proteins, and inducing expression of pro-apoptotic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Xiaojia Niu
- Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P.R. China
| | - Bailing Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Holly Edwards
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Liping Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Chengzhi Xie
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Hai Lin
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Lisa Polin
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Jeffrey W. Taub
- Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Children’s Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Yubin Ge
- Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Zhihui Qin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
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87
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Atg5-dependent autophagy contributes to the development of acute myeloid leukemia in an MLL-AF9-driven mouse model. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2361. [PMID: 27607576 PMCID: PMC5059867 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a hierarchical hematopoietic malignancy originating from leukemic stem cells (LSCs). Autophagy is a lysosomal degradation pathway that is hypothesized to be important for the maintenance of AML as well as contribute to chemotherapy response. Here we employ a mouse model of AML expressing the fusion oncogene MLL-AF9 and explore the effects of Atg5 deletion, a key autophagy protein, on the malignant transformation and progression of AML. Consistent with a transient decrease in colony-forming potential in vitro, the in vivo deletion of Atg5 in MLL-AF9-transduced bone marrow cells during primary transplantation prolonged the survival of recipient mice, suggesting that autophagy has a role in MLL-AF9-driven leukemia initiation. In contrast, deletion of Atg5 in malignant AML cells during secondary transplantation did not influence the survival or chemotherapeutic response of leukemic mice. Interestingly, autophagy was found to be involved in the survival of differentiated myeloid cells originating from MLL-AF9-driven LSCs. Taken together, our data suggest that Atg5-dependent autophagy may contribute to the development but not chemotherapy sensitivity of murine AML induced by MLL-AF9.
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88
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Tyagi V, Alwaseem H, O'Dwyer KM, Ponder J, Li QY, Jordan CT, Fasan R. Chemoenzymatic synthesis and antileukemic activity of novel C9- and C14-functionalized parthenolide analogs. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:3876-3886. [PMID: 27396927 PMCID: PMC5083853 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Parthenolide is a naturally occurring terpene with promising anticancer properties, particularly in the context of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Optimization of this natural product has been challenged by limited opportunities for the late-stage functionalization of this molecule without affecting the pharmacologically important α-methylene-γ-lactone moiety. Here, we report the further development and application of a chemoenzymatic strategy to afford a series of new analogs of parthenolide functionalized at the aliphatic positions C9 and C14. Several of these compounds were determined to be able to kill leukemia cells and patient-derived primary AML specimens with improved activity compared to parthenolide, exhibiting LC50 values in the low micromolar range. These studies demonstrate that different O-H functionalization chemistries can be applied to elaborate the parthenolide scaffold and that modifications at the C9 or C14 position can effectively enhance the antileukemic properties of this natural product. The C9-functionalized analogs 22a and 25b were identified as the most interesting compounds in terms of antileukemic potency and selectivity toward AML versus healthy blood cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Tyagi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, United States
| | - Hanan Alwaseem
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, United States
| | - Kristen M O'Dwyer
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, United States
| | - Jessica Ponder
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, United States; Division of Toxicology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
| | - Qi Ying Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, United States
| | - Craig T Jordan
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
| | - Rudi Fasan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, United States.
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89
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Sato H, Wheat JC, Steidl U, Ito K. DNMT3A and TET2 in the Pre-Leukemic Phase of Hematopoietic Disorders. Front Oncol 2016; 6:187. [PMID: 27597933 PMCID: PMC4992944 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2016.00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, advances in next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology have provided the opportunity to detect putative genetic drivers of disease, particularly cancers, with very high sensitivity. This knowledge has substantially improved our understanding of tumor pathogenesis. In hematological malignancies such as acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndromes, pioneering work combining multi-parameter flow cytometry and targeted resequencing in leukemia have clearly shown that different classes of mutations appear to be acquired in particular sequences along the hematopoietic differentiation hierarchy. Moreover, as these mutations can be found in “normal” cells recovered during remission and can be detected at relapse, there is strong evidence for the existence of “pre-leukemic” stem cells (pre-LSC). These cells, while phenotypically normal by flow cytometry, morphology, and functional studies, are speculated to be molecularly poised to transform owing to a limited number of predisposing mutations. Identifying these “pre-leukemic” mutations and how they propagate a pre-malignant state has important implications for understanding the etiology of these disorders and for the development of novel therapeutics. NGS studies have found a substantial enrichment for mutations in epigenetic/chromatin remodeling regulators in pre-LSC, and elegant genetic models have confirmed that these mutations can predispose to a variety of hematological malignancies. In this review, we will discuss the current understanding of pre-leukemic biology in myeloid malignancies, and how mutations in two key epigenetic regulators, DNMT3A and TET2, may contribute to disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanae Sato
- Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Justin C Wheat
- Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Ulrich Steidl
- Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Keisuke Ito
- Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Einstein Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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90
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Supraphysiologic levels of the AML1-ETO isoform AE9a are essential for transformation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:9075-80. [PMID: 27457952 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1524225113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal translocation 8;21 is found in 40% of the FAB M2 subtype of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The resultant in-frame fusion protein AML1-ETO (AE) acts as an initiating oncogene for leukemia development. AE immortalizes human CD34(+) cord blood cells in long-term culture. We assessed the transforming properties of the alternatively spliced AE isoform AE9a (or alternative splicing at exon 9), which is fully transforming in a murine retroviral model, in human cord blood cells. Full activity was realized only upon increased fusion protein expression. This effect was recapitulated in the AE9a murine AML model. Cotransduction of AE and AE9a resulted in a strong selective pressure for AE-expressing cells. In the context of AE, AE9a did not show selection for increased expression, affirming observations of human t(8;21) patient samples where full-length AE is the dominant protein detected. Mechanistically, AE9a showed defective transcriptional regulation of AE target genes that was partially corrected at high expression. Together, these results bring an additional perspective to our understanding of AE function and highlight the contribution of oncogene expression level in t(8;21) experimental models.
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91
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Xia J, Hu Z, Yoshihara S, Li Y, Jin CH, Tan S, Li W, Chen Q, Sykes M, Yang YG. Modeling Human Leukemia Immunotherapy in Humanized Mice. EBioMedicine 2016; 10:101-8. [PMID: 27394641 PMCID: PMC5006579 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The currently available human tumor xenograft models permit modeling of human cancers in vivo, but in immunocompromised hosts. Here we report a humanized mouse (hu-mouse) model made by transplantation of human fetal thymic tissue plus hematopoietic stem cells transduced with a leukemia-associated fusion gene MLL-AF9. In addition to normal human lymphohematopoietic reconstitution as seen in non-leukemic hu-mice, these hu-mice showed spontaneous development of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL), which was transplantable to secondary recipients with an autologous human immune system. Using this model, we show that lymphopenia markedly improves the antitumor efficacy of recipient leukocyte infusion (RLI), a GVHD-free immunotherapy that induces antitumor responses in association with rejection of donor chimerism in mixed allogeneic chimeras. Our data demonstrate the potential of this leukemic hu-mouse model in modeling leukemia immunotherapy, and suggest that RLI may offer a safe treatment option for leukemia patients with severe lymphopenia. NSG mice grafted with thymus/oncogenic HSC develop human immune system and leukemia. Leukemia transfer to mice with autologous immunity suffices to model immunotherapy. Lymphopenia enhances RLI-mediated HVGR and anti-leukemia activity in mixed chimeras.
This study establishes a humanized mouse model with human immunity and autologous leukemia. Using this model, the authors demonstrate that lymphopenia promotes the rejection of donor hematopoietic chimerism and the associated anti-leukemia response by recipient leukocyte infusion in mixed allogeneic chimeras.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxing Xia
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, USA; Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zheng Hu
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, USA; The First Hospital and Institute of Immunology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Satoshi Yoshihara
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, USA
| | - Yuying Li
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, USA; The First Hospital and Institute of Immunology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chun-Hui Jin
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, USA; The First Hospital and Institute of Immunology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shulian Tan
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, USA; The First Hospital and Institute of Immunology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Li
- The First Hospital and Institute of Immunology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qingfeng Chen
- Humanized Mouse Unit, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, ASTAR, Singapore; Interdisciplinary Research Group in Infectious Diseases, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore
| | - Megan Sykes
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, USA
| | - Yong-Guang Yang
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, USA; The First Hospital and Institute of Immunology, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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92
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Sontakke P, Carretta M, Jaques J, Brouwers-Vos AZ, Lubbers-Aalders L, Yuan H, de Bruijn JD, Martens ACM, Vellenga E, Groen RWJ, Schuringa JJ. Modeling BCR-ABL and MLL-AF9 leukemia in a human bone marrow-like scaffold-based xenograft model. Leukemia 2016; 30:2064-2073. [PMID: 27125308 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2016.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Although NOD-SCID IL2Rγ-/- (NSG) xenograft mice are currently the most frequently used model to study human leukemia in vivo, the absence of a human niche severely hampers faithful recapitulation of the disease. We used NSG mice in which ceramic scaffolds seeded with human mesenchymal stromal cells were implanted to generate a human bone marrow (huBM-sc)-like niche. We observed that, in contrast to the murine bone marrow (mBM) niche, the expression of BCR-ABL or MLL-AF9 was sufficient to induce both primary acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). Stemness was preserved within the human niches as demonstrated by serial transplantation assays. Efficient engraftment of AML MLL-AF9 and blast-crisis chronic myeloid leukemia patient cells was also observed, whereby the immature blast-like phenotype was maintained in the huBM-sc niche but to a much lesser extent in mBM niches. We compared transcriptomes of leukemias derived from mBM niches versus leukemias from huBM-like scaffold-based niches, which revealed striking differences in the expression of genes associated with hypoxia, mitochondria and metabolism. Finally, we utilized the huBM-sc MLL-AF9 B-ALL model to evaluate the efficacy of the I-BET151 inhibitor in vivo. In conclusion, we have established human niche models in which the myeloid and lymphoid features of BCR-ABL+ and MLL-AF9+ leukemias can be studied in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sontakke
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Cancer Research Center Groningen (CRCG), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - M Carretta
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Cancer Research Center Groningen (CRCG), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - J Jaques
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Cancer Research Center Groningen (CRCG), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - A Z Brouwers-Vos
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Cancer Research Center Groningen (CRCG), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - L Lubbers-Aalders
- Department of Hematology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H Yuan
- Xpand Biotechnology BV, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - J D de Bruijn
- Queen Mary University of London, School of Engineering and Materials Science (SEMS), London, UK
| | - A C M Martens
- Department of Hematology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E Vellenga
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Cancer Research Center Groningen (CRCG), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - R W J Groen
- Department of Hematology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J J Schuringa
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Cancer Research Center Groningen (CRCG), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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93
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Bradshaw A, Wickremsekera A, Tan ST, Peng L, Davis PF, Itinteang T. Cancer Stem Cell Hierarchy in Glioblastoma Multiforme. Front Surg 2016; 3:21. [PMID: 27148537 PMCID: PMC4831983 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2016.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), an aggressive tumor that typically exhibits treatment failure with high mortality rates, is associated with the presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) within the tumor. CSCs possess the ability for perpetual self-renewal and proliferation, producing downstream progenitor cells that drive tumor growth. Studies of many cancer types have identified CSCs using specific markers, but it is still unclear as to where in the stem cell hierarchy these markers fall. This is compounded further by the presence of multiple GBM and glioblastoma cancer stem cell subtypes, making investigation and establishment of a universal treatment difficult. This review examines the current knowledge on the CSC markers SALL4, OCT-4, SOX2, STAT3, NANOG, c-Myc, KLF4, CD133, CD44, nestin, and glial fibrillary acidic protein, specifically focusing on their use and validity in GBM research and how they may be utilized for investigations into GBM's cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Bradshaw
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute , Wellington , New Zealand
| | - Agadha Wickremsekera
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand; Department of Neurosurgery, Wellington Regional Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Swee T Tan
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute , Wellington , New Zealand
| | - Lifeng Peng
- Centre for Biodiscovery, School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington , Wellington , New Zealand
| | - Paul F Davis
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute , Wellington , New Zealand
| | - Tinte Itinteang
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute , Wellington , New Zealand
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94
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Larsen SA, Meldgaard T, Fridriksdottir AJ, Lykkemark S, Poulsen PC, Overgaard LF, Petersen HB, Petersen OW, Kristensen P. Selection of a breast cancer subpopulation-specific antibody using phage display on tissue sections. Immunol Res 2016; 62:263-72. [PMID: 25963139 PMCID: PMC4469306 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-015-8657-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer tumors are composed of heterogeneous cell populations. These populations display a high variance in morphology, growth and metastatic propensity. They respond differently to therapeutic interventions, and some may be more prone to cause recurrence. Studying individual subpopulations of breast cancer may provide crucial knowledge for the development of individualized therapy. However, this process is challenged by the availability of biomarkers able to identify subpopulations specifically. Here, we demonstrate an approach for phage display selection of recombinant antibody fragments on cryostat sections of human breast cancer tissue. This method allows for selection of recombinant antibodies binding to antigens specifically expressed in a small part of the tissue section. In this case, a CD271+ subpopulation of breast cancer cells was targeted, and these may be potential breast cancer stem cells. We isolated an antibody fragment LH 7, which in immunohistochemistry experiments demonstrates specific binding to breast cancer subpopulations. The selection of antibody fragments directly on small defined areas within a larger section of malignant tissue is a novel approach by which it is possible to better target cellular heterogeneity in proteomic studies. The identification of novel biomarkers is relevant for our understanding and intervention in human diseases. The selection of the breast cancer-specific antibody fragment LH 7 may reveal novel subpopulation-specific biomarkers, which has the potential to provide new insight and treatment strategies for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Asbjørn Larsen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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95
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Khwaja A, Bjorkholm M, Gale RE, Levine RL, Jordan CT, Ehninger G, Bloomfield CD, Estey E, Burnett A, Cornelissen JJ, Scheinberg DA, Bouscary D, Linch DC. Acute myeloid leukaemia. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2016; 2:16010. [PMID: 27159408 DOI: 10.1038/nrdp.2016.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is a disorder characterized by a clonal proliferation derived from primitive haematopoietic stem cells or progenitor cells. Abnormal differentiation of myeloid cells results in a high level of immature malignant cells and fewer differentiated red blood cells, platelets and white blood cells. The disease occurs at all ages, but predominantly occurs in older people (>60 years of age). AML typically presents with a rapid onset of symptoms that are attributable to bone marrow failure and may be fatal within weeks or months when left untreated. The genomic landscape of AML has been determined and genetic instability is infrequent with a relatively small number of driver mutations. Mutations in genes involved in epigenetic regulation are common and are early events in leukaemogenesis. The subclassification of AML has been dependent on the morphology and cytogenetics of blood and bone marrow cells, but specific mutational analysis is now being incorporated. Improvements in treatment in younger patients over the past 35 years has largely been due to dose escalation and better supportive care. Allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation may be used to consolidate remission in those patients who are deemed to be at high risk of relapse. A plethora of new agents - including those targeted at specific biochemical pathways and immunotherapeutic approaches - are now in trial based on improved understanding of disease pathophysiology. These advances provide good grounds for optimism, although mortality remains high especially in older patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asim Khwaja
- Department of Haematology, University College London, UCL Cancer Institute, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Magnus Bjorkholm
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rosemary E Gale
- Department of Haematology, University College London, UCL Cancer Institute, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Ross L Levine
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Craig T Jordan
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Gerhard Ehninger
- Department of Internal Medicine, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Eli Estey
- Division of Hematology, University of Washington and Clinical Research Division Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | | | - David A Scheinberg
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Experimental Therapeutics Center, Leukemia Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Didier Bouscary
- Institut Cochin, Département Développement Reproduction Cancer, CNRS UMR8104, INSERM U1016, Paris, France.,Service d'Hématologie, Hôpital Cochin, AP-HP, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - David C Linch
- Department of Haematology, University College London, UCL Cancer Institute, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
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96
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Brethon B, Cavé H, Fahd M, Baruchel A. [Infant acute leukemia]. Bull Cancer 2016; 103:299-311. [PMID: 26826739 DOI: 10.1016/j.bulcan.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
If acute leukemia is the most frequent cancer in childhood (33%), it remains a very rare diagnosis in infants less than one year old, e.g. less than 5% of cases. At this age, the frequency of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) (almost all of B-lineage) is quite similar to the one of myeloblastic forms (AML). Infant leukemia frequently presents with high hyperleucocytosis, major tumoral burden and numerous extra-hematological features, especially in central nervous system and skin. Whatever the lineage, the leukemic cell is often very immature cytologically and immunologically. Rearrangements of the Mixed Lineage Leukemia (MLL) gene, located on band 11q23, are the hallmark of these immature leukemias and confer a particular resistance to conventional approaches, corticosteroids and chemotherapy. The immaturity of infants less than 1-year-old is associated to a decrease of the tolerable dose-intensity of some drugs (anthracyclines, alkylating agents) or asks questions about some procedures like radiotherapy or high dose conditioning regimen, responsible of inacceptable acute and late toxicities. The high level of severe infectious diseases and other high-grade side effects limits also the capacity to cure these infants. The survival of infants less than 1-year-old with AML is only 50% but similar to older children. On the other hand, survival of those with ALL is the same, then quite limited comparing the 80% survival in children over one year. Allogeneic stem cell transplantations are indicated in high-risk subgroups of infant ALL (age below 6 months, high hyperleucocytosis >300.10(9)/L, MLL-rearrangement, initial poor prednisone response). However, morbidity and mortality remain very important and these approaches cannot be extended to all cases. During the neonatal period, the dismal prognosis linked to the high number of primary failures or very early relapses and uncertainties about the late toxicities question physicians about ethics. It is an emergency to propose different strategies (targeted therapies) to these infants with acute leukemia as conventional trials failed to improve outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Brethon
- Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, hôpital Robert-Debré, hématologie et immunologie pédiatrique, 48, boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France.
| | - Hélène Cavé
- Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, hôpital Robert-Debré, département de génétique, 48, boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France; Institut universitaire d'hématologie, université Paris-Diderot, Inserm UMR_S1131, Paris, France
| | - Mony Fahd
- Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, hôpital Robert-Debré, hématologie et immunologie pédiatrique, 48, boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France
| | - André Baruchel
- Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, hôpital Robert-Debré, hématologie et immunologie pédiatrique, 48, boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France; Université Paris-Diderot, Paris, France
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97
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Bernard D, Gebbia M, Prabha S, Gronda M, MacLean N, Wang X, Hurren R, Sukhai MA, Cho EE, Manolson MF, Datti A, Wrana J, Minden MD, Al-Awar R, Aman A, Nislow C, Giaever G, Schimmer AD. Select microtubule inhibitors increase lysosome acidity and promote lysosomal disruption in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells. Apoptosis 2016; 20:948-59. [PMID: 25832785 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-015-1123-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
To identify new biological vulnerabilities in acute myeloid leukemia, we screened a library of natural products for compounds cytotoxic to TEX leukemia cells. This screen identified the novel small molecule Deoxysappanone B 7,4' dimethyl ether (Deox B 7,4), which possessed nanomolar anti-leukemic activity. To determine the anti-leukemic mechanism of action of Deox B 7,4, we conducted a genome-wide screen in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and identified enrichment of genes related to mitotic cell cycle as well as vacuolar acidification, therefore pointing to microtubules and vacuolar (V)-ATPase as potential drug targets. Further investigations into the mechanisms of action of Deox B 7,4 and a related analogue revealed that these compounds were reversible microtubule inhibitors that bound near the colchicine site. In addition, Deox B 7,4 and its analogue increased lysosomal V-ATPase activity and lysosome acidity. The effects on microtubules and lysosomes were functionally important for the anti-leukemic effects of these drugs. The lysosomal effects were characteristic of select microtubule inhibitors as only the Deox compounds and nocodazole, but not colchicine, vinca alkaloids or paclitaxel, altered lysosome acidity and induced lysosomal disruption. Thus, our data highlight a new mechanism of action of select microtubule inhibitors on lysosomal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dannie Bernard
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Rm 9-516, 610 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9, Canada
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98
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Zhang G, Zhang Y. "Mouse Clone Model" for evaluating the immunogenicity and tumorigenicity of pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015; 6:255. [PMID: 26687081 PMCID: PMC4684929 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-015-0262-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the immune-rejection and tumor-formation potentials of induced pluripotent stem cells and other stem cells, we devised a model—designated the “Mouse Clone Model”—which combined the theory of somatic animal cloning, tetraploid complementation, and induced pluripotent stem cells to demonstrate the applicability of stem cells for transplantation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Zhang
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G5, Canada. .,Department of Medicine, Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Krembil Discovery Tower, 60 Leonard Avenue, 4th Floor - 4KD481, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 2S8, Canada. .,Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA.
| | - Yi Zhang
- Program in Life Science, New College, University of Toronto, 40 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1C6, Canada.
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99
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ZNF423 and ZNF521: EBF1 Antagonists of Potential Relevance in B-Lymphoid Malignancies. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:165238. [PMID: 26788497 PMCID: PMC4695665 DOI: 10.1155/2015/165238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The development of the B-lymphoid cell lineage is tightly controlled by the concerted action of a network of transcriptional and epigenetic regulators. EBF1, a central component of this network, is essential for B-lymphoid specification and commitment as well as for the maintenance of the B-cell identity. Genetic alterations causing loss of function of these B-lymphopoiesis regulators have been implicated in the pathogenesis of B-lymphoid malignancies, with particular regard to B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemias (B-ALLs), where their presence is frequently detected. The activity of the B-cell regulatory network may also be disrupted by the aberrant expression of inhibitory molecules. In particular, two multi-zinc finger transcription cofactors named ZNF423 and ZNF521 have been characterised as potent inhibitors of EBF1 and are emerging as potentially relevant contributors to the development of B-cell leukaemias. Here we will briefly review the current knowledge of these factors and discuss the importance of their functional cross talk with EBF1 in the development of B-cell malignancies.
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100
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van Neerven SM, Tieken M, Vermeulen L, Bijlsma MF. Bidirectional interconversion of stem and non-stem cancer cell populations: A reassessment of theoretical models for tumor heterogeneity. Mol Cell Oncol 2015; 3:e1098791. [PMID: 27308617 PMCID: PMC4905404 DOI: 10.1080/23723556.2015.1098791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Resolving the origin of intratumor heterogeneity has proven to be one of the central challenges in cancer research during recent years. Two theoretical models explaining the emergence of intratumor heterogeneity have come to dominate cancer biology literature: the clonal evolution model and the hierarchical/cancer stem cell model. Recently, a plastic model that combines elements of both the clonal and the hierarchical model has gained traction. Basically, this model proposes that cancer stem cells engage in bidirectional interconversion with non-stem cells, thereby providing the missing link between the 2 conventional models. Confirming bidirectional interconversion as a hallmark of cancer is a crucial step in understanding tumor heterogeneity and has important therapeutic implications. In this review, current methodologies and theoretical and empirical evidence regarding bidirectional interconversion will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne M van Neerven
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mathijs Tieken
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Louis Vermeulen
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten F Bijlsma
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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