51
|
Hearn J, Blaxter M, Schönrogge K, Nieves-Aldrey JL, Pujade-Villar J, Huguet E, Drezen JM, Shorthouse JD, Stone GN. Genomic dissection of an extended phenotype: Oak galling by a cynipid gall wasp. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008398. [PMID: 31682601 PMCID: PMC6855507 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Galls are plant tissues whose development is induced by another organism for the inducer's benefit. 30,000 arthropod species induce galls, and in most cases the inducing effectors and target plant systems are unknown. Cynipid gall wasps are a speciose monophyletic radiation that induce structurally complex galls on oaks and other plants. We used a model system comprising the gall wasp Biorhiza pallida and the oak Quercus robur to characterise inducer and host plant gene expression at defined stages through the development of galled and ungalled plant tissues, and tested alternative hypotheses for the origin and type of galling effectors and plant metabolic pathways involved. Oak gene expression patterns diverged markedly during development of galled and normal buds. Young galls showed elevated expression of oak genes similar to legume root nodule Nod factor-induced early nodulin (ENOD) genes and developmental parallels with oak buds. In contrast, mature galls showed substantially different patterns of gene expression to mature leaves. While most oak transcripts could be functionally annotated, many gall wasp transcripts of interest were novel. We found no evidence in the gall wasp for involvement of third-party symbionts in gall induction, for effector delivery using virus-like-particles, or for gallwasp expression of genes coding for plant hormones. Many differentially and highly expressed genes in young larvae encoded secretory peptides, which we hypothesise are effector proteins exported to plant tissues. Specifically, we propose that host arabinogalactan proteins and gall wasp chitinases interact in young galls to generate a somatic embryogenesis-like process in oak tissues surrounding the gall wasp larvae. Gall wasp larvae also expressed genes encoding multiple plant cell wall degrading enzymes (PCWDEs). These have functional orthologues in other gall inducing cynipids but not in figitid parasitoid sister groups, suggesting that they may be evolutionary innovations associated with cynipid gall induction. Plant galls are induced by organisms that manipulate host plant development to produce novel structures. The organisms involved range from mutualistic (such as nitrogen fixing bacteria) to parasitic. In the case of parasites, the gall benefits only the gall-inducing partner. A wide range of organisms can induce galls, but the processes involved are understood only for some bacterial and fungal galls. Cynipid gall wasps induce diverse and structurally complex galls, particularly on oaks (Quercus). We used transcriptome and genome sequencing for one gall wasp and its host oak to identify genes active in gall development. On the plant side, when compared to normally developing bud tissues, young gall tissues showed elevated expression of loci similar to those found in nitrogen-fixing root nodules of leguminous plants. On the wasp side, we found no evidence for involvement of viruses or microorganisms carried by the insects in gall induction or delivery of inducing stimuli. We found that gall wasps express many genes whose products may be secreted to the host, including enzymes that degrade plant cell walls. Genome comparisons between galling and non-galling relatives showed cell wall-degrading enzymes are restricted to gall inducers, and hence potentially key components of a gall inducing lifestyle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jack Hearn
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, King’s Buildings, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (JH); (GNS)
| | - Mark Blaxter
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, King’s Buildings, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - José-Luis Nieves-Aldrey
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Elisabeth Huguet
- UMR 7261 CNRS, Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l’Insecte, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Tours, France
| | - Jean-Michel Drezen
- UMR 7261 CNRS, Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l’Insecte, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Tours, France
| | | | - Graham N. Stone
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, King’s Buildings, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (JH); (GNS)
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
The first clawed lobster virus Homarus gammarus nudivirus (HgNV n. sp.) expands the diversity of the Nudiviridae. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10086. [PMID: 31300678 PMCID: PMC6626001 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46008-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral diseases of crustaceans are increasingly recognised as challenges to shellfish farms and fisheries. Here we describe the first naturally-occurring virus reported in any clawed lobster species. Hypertrophied nuclei with emarginated chromatin, characteristic histopathological lesions of DNA virus infection, were observed within the hepatopancreatic epithelial cells of juvenile European lobsters (Homarus gammarus). Transmission electron microscopy revealed infection with a bacilliform virus containing a rod shaped nucleocapsid enveloped in an elliptical membrane. Assembly of PCR-free shotgun metagenomic sequencing produced a circular genome of 107,063 bp containing 97 open reading frames, the majority of which share sequence similarity with a virus infecting the black tiger shrimp: Penaeus monodon nudivirus (PmNV). Multiple phylogenetic analyses confirm the new virus to be a novel member of the Nudiviridae: Homarus gammarus nudivirus (HgNV). Evidence of occlusion body formation, characteristic of PmNV and its closest relatives, was not observed, questioning the horizontal transmission strategy of HgNV outside of the host. We discuss the potential impacts of HgNV on juvenile lobster growth and mortality and present HgNV-specific primers to serve as a diagnostic tool for monitoring the virus in wild and farmed lobster stocks.
Collapse
|
53
|
Jagdale SS, Joshi RS. Facilitator roles of viruses in enhanced insect resistance to biotic stress. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2019; 33:111-116. [PMID: 31358189 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Virus-insect interactions are primarily parasitic, yet diverse mutualistic interactions, some of which are symbiogenic, also occur. These viruses can modify insect physiology and behavior so that hosts can gain resistance against various biotic challenges like pathogen and parasites. In the recent past, many insect mutualistic viruses have been reported. Viruses can show symbiogenic interactions with some insects, which have been explored at the molecular level. However, understanding about molecular mechanisms for many of the mutualistic viruses is still enigmatic. Exploration of these interactions and its mechanism can shed light on phenomenon of virus mediated biotic stress resistance in insects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shounak S Jagdale
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rakesh S Joshi
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, Maharashtra, India; Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, Maharashtra, India.
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Burke GR. Common themes in three independently derived endogenous nudivirus elements in parasitoid wasps. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2019; 32:28-35. [PMID: 31113628 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous Viral Elements (EVEs) are remnants of viral genomes that are permanently integrated into the genome of another organism. Parasitoid wasps have independently acquired nudivirus-derived EVEs in three lineages. Each parasitoid produces virions or virus-like particles (VLPs) that are injected into hosts during parasitism to function in subversion of host defenses. Comparing the inventory of nudivirus-like genes in different lineages of parasitoids can provide insights into the importance of each encoded function in virus or VLP production and parasitism success. Comparisons revealed the following conserved features: first, retention of genes encoding a viral RNA polymerase and infectivity factors; second, loss of the ancestral DNA polymerase gene; and third, signatures of viral ancestry in patterns of gene retention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaelen R Burke
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Robin S, Ravallec M, Frayssinet M, Whitfield J, Jouan V, Legeai F, Volkoff AN. Evidence for an ichnovirus machinery in parasitoids of coleopteran larvae. Virus Res 2019; 263:189-206. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
56
|
Baculovirus Per Os Infectivity Factor Complex: Components and Assembly. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.02053-18. [PMID: 30602603 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02053-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Baculovirus entry into insect midgut cells is dependent on a multiprotein complex of per os infectivity factors (PIFs) on the envelopes of occlusion-derived virions (ODVs). The structure and assembly of the PIF complex are largely unknown. To reveal the complete members of the complex, a combination of blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and Western blotting was conducted on three different baculoviruses. The results showed that the PIF complex has a molecular mass of ∼500 kDa and consists of nine PIFs, including a newly discovered member (PIF9). To decipher the assembly process, each pif gene was knocked out from the Autographa californica multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) genome individually by use of synthetic baculovirus technology, and the impact on PIF complex formation was investigated. Deletion of pif8 resulted in the formation of an ∼400-kDa subcomplex. Deletion of pif0, -4, -6, -7, or -9 resulted in a subcomplex of ∼230 kDa, but deletion of pif1, -2, or -3 abolished formation of any complex. Taken together, our data identified a core complex of ∼230 kDa, consisting of PIF1, -2, and -3. This revised the previous knowledge that the core complex was about 170 kDa and contained PIF1 to -4. Analysis of the PIF complex in cellular fractions suggested that it is assembled in the cytoplasm before being transported to the nucleus and subsequently incorporated into the envelopes of ODVs. Only the full complex, not the subcomplex, is resistant to proteolytic attack, indicating the essentiality of correct complex assembly for oral infection.IMPORTANCE Entry of baculovirus into host insects is mediated by a per os infectivity factor (PIF) complex on the envelopes of occlusion-derived viruses (ODVs). Knowledge of the composition and structure of the PIF complex is fundamental to understanding its mode of action. By using multiple approaches, we determined the complete list of proteins (nine) in the PIF complex. In contrast to previous knowledge in the field, the core complex is revised to ∼230 kDa and consists of PIF1 to -3 but not PIF4. Interestingly, our results suggest that the PIF complex is formed in the cytoplasm prior to its transport to the nucleus and subsequent incorporation into ODVs. Only the full complex is resistant to proteolytic degradation in the insect midgut, implying the critical role of the entire complex. These findings provide the baseline for future studies on the ODV entry mechanism mediated by the multiprotein complex.
Collapse
|
57
|
Leobold M, Bézier A, Pichon A, Herniou EA, Volkoff AN, Drezen JM. The Domestication of a Large DNA Virus by the Wasp Venturia canescens Involves Targeted Genome Reduction through Pseudogenization. Genome Biol Evol 2018; 10:1745-1764. [PMID: 29931159 PMCID: PMC6054256 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evy127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Polydnaviruses (PDVs) are compelling examples of viral domestication, in which wasps express a large set of genes originating from a chromosomally integrated virus to produce particles necessary for their reproductive success. Parasitoid wasps generally use PDVs as a virulence gene delivery system allowing the protection of their progeny in the body of parasitized host. However, in the wasp Venturia canescens an independent viral domestication process led to an alternative strategy as the wasp incorporates virulence proteins in viral liposomes named virus-like particles (VLPs), instead of DNA molecules. Proteomic analysis of purified VLPs and transcriptome sequencing revealed the loss of some viral functions. In particular, the genes coding for capsid components are no longer expressed, which explains why VLPs do not incorporate DNA. Here a thorough examination of V. canescens genome revealed the presence of the pseudogenes corresponding to most of the genes involved in lost functions. This strongly suggests that an accumulation of mutations that leads to gene specific pseudogenization precedes the loss of viral genes observed during virus domestication. No evidence was found for block loss of collinear genes, although extensive gene order reshuffling of the viral genome was identified from comparisons between endogenous and exogenous viruses. These results provide the first insights on the early stages of large DNA virus domestication implicating massive genome reduction through gene-specific pseudogenization, a process which differs from the large deletions described for bacterial endosymbionts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Leobold
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS - Université de Tours, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, Parc de Grandmont, Tours, France
| | - Annie Bézier
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS - Université de Tours, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, Parc de Grandmont, Tours, France
| | - Apolline Pichon
- Diversity, Genomes and Interactions Microorganisms-Insect, UMR INRA 1333, Université de Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France
| | - Elisabeth A Herniou
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS - Université de Tours, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, Parc de Grandmont, Tours, France
| | - Anne-Nathalie Volkoff
- Diversity, Genomes and Interactions Microorganisms-Insect, UMR INRA 1333, Université de Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Michel Drezen
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS - Université de Tours, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, Parc de Grandmont, Tours, France
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Whole Genome Sequence of the Parasitoid Wasp Microplitis demolitor That Harbors an Endogenous Virus Mutualist. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2018; 8:2875-2880. [PMID: 30018085 PMCID: PMC6118312 DOI: 10.1534/g3.118.200308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Microplitis demolitor (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is a parasitoid used as a biological control agent to control larval-stage Lepidoptera and serves as a model for studying the function and evolution of symbiotic viruses in the genus Bracovirus Here we present the M. demolitor genome (assembly version 2.0), with a genome size of 241 Mb, and a N50 scaffold and contig size of 1.1 Mb and 14 Kb, respectively. Using RNA-Seq data and manual annotation of genes of viral origin, we produced a high-quality gene set that includes 18,586 eukaryotic and 171 virus-derived protein-coding genes. Bracoviruses are dsDNA viruses with unusual genome architecture, in which the viral genome is integrated into the wasp genome and is comprised of two distinct components: proviral segments that are amplified, circularized, and packaged into virions for export into the wasp's host via oviposition; and replication genes. This genome assembly revealed that at least two scaffolds contain both nudivirus-like genes and proviral segments, demonstrating that at least some of these components are near each other in the genome on a single chromosome. The updated assembly and annotation are available in several publicly accessible databases; including the National Center for Biotechnology Information and the Ag Data Commons. In addition, all raw sequence data available for M. demolitor have been consolidated and are available for visualization at the i5k Workspace. This whole genome assembly and annotation represents the only genome-scale, annotated assembly from the lineage of parasitoid wasps that has associations with bracoviruses (the 'microgastroid complex'), providing important baseline knowledge about the architecture of co-opted virus symbiont genomes.
Collapse
|
59
|
Zhang P, Turnbull MW. Virus innexin expression in insect cells disrupts cell membrane potential and pH. J Gen Virol 2018; 99:1444-1452. [PMID: 30091698 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Certain parasitoid wasps are associated with Polydnaviruses, symbiotic viruses that encode virulence factors which are essential to successful parasitization by the wasp of a caterpillar host. Members of one group of Polydnaviruses, the Ichnoviruses, encode a multi-gene family known as Vinnexins. Vinnexins are homologues of insect gap junction genes, and form functional gap junctions that may affect host cell physiology. However, the role of Vinnexins in host pathology and the mechanism by which these affect their caterpillar host are largely unknown. In this article, we generated recombinant baculoviruses to express vinnexins in Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) cells. To measure cell physiological changes caused by Vinnexins, cells were probed with a membrane potential-sensitive probe, DiBac4(3), and a pH indicator, carboxyfluorescein diacetate (CFDA). In addition, we utilized carbenoxolone and ouabain, respectively, to probe the role of gap junctions and hemi-channels, and Na+/K+-ATPase in establishing membrane potential in studied cells. Our results indicate that Vinnexins induce cell membrane depolarization and cytoplasmic alkalization to a degree specific to each tested Vinnexin, and that neither Vinnexin hemi-channels nor Na+/K+-ATPase appear to underlie these effects directly. These results hint that members of the Vinnexin protein family may affect host bio-electrical phenomena to disrupt host cell physiology, and that the individual proteins of the family may differentially affect host physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- 1Department of Plant and Environmental Science, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Matthew W Turnbull
- 1Department of Plant and Environmental Science, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
- 2Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Chevignon G, Periquet G, Gyapay G, Vega-Czarny N, Musset K, Drezen JM, Huguet E. Cotesia congregata Bracovirus Circles Encoding PTP and Ankyrin Genes Integrate into the DNA of Parasitized Manduca sexta Hemocytes. J Virol 2018; 92:e00438-18. [PMID: 29769342 PMCID: PMC6052314 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00438-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polydnaviruses (PDVs) are essential for the parasitism success of tens of thousands of species of parasitoid wasps. PDVs are present in wasp genomes as proviruses, which serve as the template for the production of double-stranded circular viral DNA carrying virulence genes that are injected into lepidopteran hosts. PDV circles do not contain genes coding for particle production, thereby impeding viral replication in caterpillar hosts during parasitism. Here, we investigated the fate of PDV circles of Cotesia congregata bracovirus during parasitism of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, by the wasp Cotesia congregata Sequences sharing similarities with host integration motifs (HIMs) of Microplitis demolitor bracovirus (MdBV) circles involved in integration into DNA could be identified in 12 CcBV circles, which encode PTP and VANK gene families involved in host immune disruption. A PCR approach performed on a subset of these circles indicated that they persisted in parasitized M. sexta hemocytes as linear forms, possibly integrated in host DNA. Furthermore, by using a primer extension capture method based on these HIMs and high-throughput sequencing, we could show that 8 out of 9 circles tested were integrated in M. sexta hemocyte genomic DNA and that integration had occurred specifically using the HIM, indicating that an HIM-mediated specific mechanism was involved in their integration. Investigation of BV circle insertion sites at the genome scale revealed that certain genomic regions appeared to be enriched in BV insertions, but no specific M. sexta target site could be identified.IMPORTANCE The identification of a specific and efficient integration mechanism shared by several bracovirus species opens the question of its role in braconid parasitoid wasp parasitism success. Indeed, results obtained here show massive integration of bracovirus DNA in somatic immune cells at each parasitism event of a caterpillar host. Given that bracoviruses do not replicate in infected cells, integration of viral sequences in host DNA might allow the production of PTP and VANK virulence proteins within newly dividing cells of caterpillar hosts that continue to develop during parasitism. Furthermore, this integration process could serve as a basis to understand how PDVs mediate the recently identified gene flux between parasitoid wasps and Lepidoptera and the frequency of these horizontal transfer events in nature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Germain Chevignon
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, CNRS UMR 7261, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Georges Periquet
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, CNRS UMR 7261, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Gabor Gyapay
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Genoscope (Centre National de Séquençage), Evry, France
| | - Nathalie Vega-Czarny
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Genoscope (Centre National de Séquençage), Evry, France
| | - Karine Musset
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, CNRS UMR 7261, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Jean-Michel Drezen
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, CNRS UMR 7261, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Elisabeth Huguet
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, CNRS UMR 7261, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Burke GR, Simmonds TJ, Sharanowski BJ, Geib SM. Rapid Viral Symbiogenesis via Changes in Parasitoid Wasp Genome Architecture. Mol Biol Evol 2018; 35:2463-2474. [DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msy148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gaelen R Burke
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | | | | | - Scott M Geib
- Tropical Crop and Commodity Protection Research Unit, USDA-ARS Daniel K Inouye U.S. Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center, USDA-ARS, Hilo, HI
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Kim Y, Kumar S. Persistent expression of Cotesia plutellae bracovirus genes in parasitized host, Plutella xylostella. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200663. [PMID: 30011308 PMCID: PMC6047808 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cotesia plutellae (= vestalis) bracovirus (CpBV) is symbiotic to an endoparasitoid wasp, C. plutellae, and plays crucial roles in parasitism against the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. CpBV virion genome consists of 35 circular DNAs encoding 157 putative open reading frames (ORFs). This study re-annotated 157 ORFs with update genome database and analyzed their gene expressions at early and late parasitic stages. Re-annotation has established 15 different viral gene families, to which 83 ORFs are assigned with remaining 74 hypothetical genes. Among 157 ORFs, 147 genes were expressed at early or late parasitic stages, among which 141 genes were expressed in both parasitic stages, indicating persistent nature of gene expression. Relative frequencies of different viral circles present in the ovarian lumen did not explain the expression variation of the viral ORFs. Furthermore, expression level of each viral gene was varied during parasitism along with host development. Highly up-regulated CpBV genes at early parasitic stage included BEN (BANP, E5R and NAC1), ELP (EP1-like protein), IkB (inhibitor kB), P494 (protein 494 kDa) family genes, while those at late stage were mostly hypothetical genes. Along with the viral gene expression, 362 host genes exhibited more than two fold changes in expression levels at early parasitic stage compared to nonparasitized host. At late stage, more number (1,858) of host genes was regulated. These results suggest that persistent expression of most CpBV genes may be necessary to regulate host physiological processes during C. plutellae parasitism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yonggyun Kim
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong, Korea
- * E-mail:
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Zhang HH, Zhou QZ, Wang PL, Xiong XM, Luchetti A, Raoult D, Levasseur A, Santini S, Abergel C, Legendre M, Drezen JM, Béliveau C, Cusson M, Jiang SH, Bao HO, Sun C, Bureau TE, Cheng PF, Han MJ, Zhang Z, Zhang XG, Dai FY. Unexpected invasion of miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements in viral genomes. Mob DNA 2018; 9:19. [PMID: 29946369 PMCID: PMC6004678 DOI: 10.1186/s13100-018-0125-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Transposable elements (TEs) are common and often present with high copy numbers in cellular genomes. Unlike in cellular organisms, TEs were previously thought to be either rare or absent in viruses. Almost all reported TEs display only one or two copies per viral genome. In addition, the discovery of pandoraviruses with genomes up to 2.5-Mb emphasizes the need for biologists to rethink the fundamental nature of the relationship between viruses and cellular life. Results Herein, we performed the first comprehensive analysis of miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements (MITEs) in the 5170 viral genomes for which sequences are currently available. Four hundred and fifty one copies of ten miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements (MITEs) were found and each MITE had reached relatively large copy numbers (some up to 90) in viruses. Eight MITEs belonging to two DNA superfamilies (hobo/Activator/Tam3 and Chapaev-Mirage-CACTA) were for the first time identified in viruses, further expanding the organismal range of these two superfamilies. TEs may play important roles in shaping the evolution of pandoravirus genomes, which were here found to be very rich in MITEs. We also show that putative autonomous partners of seven MITEs are present in the genomes of viral hosts, suggesting that viruses may borrow the transpositional machinery of their cellular hosts' autonomous elements to spread MITEs and colonize their own genomes. The presence of seven similar MITEs in viral hosts, suggesting horizontal transfers (HTs) as the major mechanism for MITEs propagation. Conclusions Our discovery highlights that TEs contribute to shape genome evolution of pandoraviruses. We concluded that as for cellular organisms, TEs are part of the pandoraviruses' diverse mobilome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Hao Zhang
- 1College of Pharmacy and Life Science, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, China.,2State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiu-Zhong Zhou
- 3School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
| | - Ping-Lan Wang
- 1College of Pharmacy and Life Science, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, China
| | - Xiao-Min Xiong
- 4Clinical Medical College, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, China
| | - Andrea Luchetti
- 5Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Didier Raoult
- 6Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), Aix-Marseille University, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-Méditerranée Infection, AP-HM, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Anthony Levasseur
- 6Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), Aix-Marseille University, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-Méditerranée Infection, AP-HM, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Sebastien Santini
- Aix-Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Information Génomique and Structurale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7256 (Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, FR3479), 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Chantal Abergel
- Aix-Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Information Génomique and Structurale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7256 (Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, FR3479), 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Matthieu Legendre
- Aix-Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Information Génomique and Structurale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7256 (Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, FR3479), 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Jean-Michel Drezen
- 8Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, CNRS UMR 7261, Université François-Rabelais de Tours, UFR Sciences et Techniques, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Catherine Béliveau
- 9Laurentian Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michel Cusson
- 9Laurentian Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Quebec, Canada
| | - Shen-Hua Jiang
- 1College of Pharmacy and Life Science, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, China
| | - Hai-Ou Bao
- 1College of Pharmacy and Life Science, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, China
| | - Cheng Sun
- 10Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Thomas E Bureau
- 11Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Peng-Fei Cheng
- 12Poyang Lake Eco-economy Research Center, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, China
| | - Min-Jin Han
- 2State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ze Zhang
- 3School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
| | - Xiao-Gu Zhang
- 1College of Pharmacy and Life Science, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, China
| | - Fang-Yin Dai
- 2State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Ye XQ, Shi M, Huang JH, Chen XX. Parasitoid polydnaviruses and immune interaction with secondary hosts. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 83:124-129. [PMID: 29352983 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Polydnaviruses (PDVs) are obligatory symbionts with parasitoid wasps. The PDV virions are produced solely in wasp (the primary host) calyx cells. They are injected into caterpillar hosts (the secondary host) during parasitoid oviposition, where they express irreplaceable actions to ensure survival and development of wasp larvae. Some of PDV gene products suppress host immune responses while others alter host growth, metabolism or endocrine system. Here, we treat new findings on PDV gene products and their action on immunity within secondary hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Qian Ye
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Min Shi
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jian-Hua Huang
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xue-Xin Chen
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Gauthier J, Gayral P, Le Ru BP, Jancek S, Dupas S, Kaiser L, Gyapay G, Herniou EA. Genetic footprints of adaptive divergence in the bracovirus ofCotesia sesamiaeidentified by targeted resequencing. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:2109-2123. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.14574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Gauthier
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte; UMR 7261; CNRS-Université de Tours; Tours France
| | - Philippe Gayral
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte; UMR 7261; CNRS-Université de Tours; Tours France
| | - Bruno Pierre Le Ru
- ICIPE; IRD UMR 247; Nairobi Kenya
- Laboratoire Evolution; Génomes, Comportement et Ecologie; UMR CNRS 9191; IRD 247 and Université Paris Sud; Université Paris-Saclay; Gif sur Yvette France
| | - Séverine Jancek
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte; UMR 7261; CNRS-Université de Tours; Tours France
| | - Stéphane Dupas
- Laboratoire Evolution; Génomes, Comportement et Ecologie; UMR CNRS 9191; IRD 247 and Université Paris Sud; Université Paris-Saclay; Gif sur Yvette France
| | - Laure Kaiser
- Laboratoire Evolution; Génomes, Comportement et Ecologie; UMR CNRS 9191; IRD 247 and Université Paris Sud; Université Paris-Saclay; Gif sur Yvette France
| | - Gabor Gyapay
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique; Génoscope (Centre National de Séquençage, CEA); Evry Cedex France
| | - Elisabeth A. Herniou
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte; UMR 7261; CNRS-Université de Tours; Tours France
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
The 38K-Mediated Specific Dephosphorylation of the Viral Core Protein P6.9 Plays an Important Role in the Nucleocapsid Assembly of Autographa californica Multiple Nucleopolyhedrovirus. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01989-17. [PMID: 29444944 PMCID: PMC5899202 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01989-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Encapsidation of the viral genomes, leading to the assembly of the nucleocapsids to form infectious progeny virions, is a key step in many virus life cycles. Baculovirus nucleocapsid assembly is a complex process that involves many proteins. Our previous studies showed that the deletion of the core gene 38K (ac98) interrupted the nucleocapsid assembly by producing capsid sheaths devoid of viral genomes by an unknown mechanism. All homologs of 38K contain conserved motifs of the haloacid dehalogenase superfamily, which are involved in phosphoryl transfer. The requirements of these motifs for nucleocapsid assembly, confirmed in the present study, suggest that 38K may be a functioning haloacid dehalogenase. P6.9 is also encoded by a core gene (ac100) and is required for viral genome encapsidation. It has been reported that multiple phosphorylated species of P6.9 are present in virus-infected cells, while only an unphosphorylated species is detected in the budded virus. Therefore, whether 38K mediates the dephosphorylation of P6.9 was investigated. An additional phosphorylated species of P6.9 in 38K-deleted or -mutated virus-transfected cells was detected, and the dephosphorylated sites mediated by 38K were determined by mass spectrometry. To assess the effects of dephosphorylation of P6.9 mediated by 38K on virus replication, these sites were mutated to glutamic acids (phosphorylation-mimic mutant) or to alanines (phosphorylation-deficient mutant). Studies showed that the nucleocapsid assembly was interrupted in phosphorylation-mimic mutant virus-transfected cells. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that 38K mediates the dephosphorylation of specific sites at the C terminus of P6.9, which is essential for viral genome encapsidation.IMPORTANCE Genome packaging is a fundamental process in the virus life cycle, and viruses have different strategies to perform this step. For several double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) viruses, the procapsid is formed before genome encapsidation, which may require basic proteins that help to neutralize the nucleic acid charge repulsion to facilitate the compaction of the genome within the confined capsid space. Baculovirus encodes a small basic protein, P6.9, which is required for a variety of processes in the virus infection cycle. The phosphorylation of P6.9 is thought to result in nucleocapsid uncoating, while the dephosphorylation of P6.9 is involved in viral DNA encapsidation during nucleocapsid assembly. Here, we demonstrate that a haloacid dehalogenase homolog encoded by baculovirus core gene 38K is involved in nucleocapsid assembly by mediating the dephosphorylation of 5 specific sites at the C terminus of P6.9. This finding contributes to the understanding of the mechanisms of virus nucleocapsid assembly.
Collapse
|
67
|
Whitfield JB, Austin AD, Fernandez-Triana JL. Systematics, Biology, and Evolution of Microgastrine Parasitoid Wasps. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 63:389-406. [PMID: 29058979 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-020117-043405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The braconid parasitoid wasp subfamily Microgastrinae is perhaps the most species-rich subfamily of animals on Earth. Despite their small size, they are familiar to agriculturalists and field ecologists alike as one of the principal groups of natural enemies of caterpillars feeding on plants. Their abundance and nearly ubiquitous terrestrial distribution, their intricate interactions with host insects, and their historical association with mutualistic polydnaviruses have all contributed to Microgastrinae becoming a key group of organisms for studying parasitism, parasitoid genomics, and mating biology. However, these rich sources of data have not yet led to a robust genus-level classification of the group, and some taxonomic confusion persists as a result. We present the current status of understanding of the general biology, taxonomic history, diversity, geographical patterns, host relationships, and phylogeny of Microgastrinae as a stimulus and foundation for further study. Current progress in elucidating the biology and taxonomy of this important group is rapid and promises a revolution in the classification of these wasps in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James B Whitfield
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA;
| | - Andrew D Austin
- Australian Centre for Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia;
| | | |
Collapse
|
68
|
Hill T, Unckless RL. The dynamic evolution of Drosophila innubila Nudivirus. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 57:151-157. [PMID: 29155284 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Viruses coevolve with their hosts to overcome host resistance and gain the upper hand in the evolutionary arms race. Drosophila innubila nudivirus (DiNV) is a double stranded DNA virus, closely related to Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus (OrNV) and Kallithea virus. DiNV is the first DNA virus found to naturally infect Drosophila and therefore has the potential to be developed as a model for DNA virus immune defense and host/virus coevolution within its well-studied host system. Here we sequence and annotate the genome of DiNV and identify signatures of adaptation, revealing clues for genes involved in host-parasite coevolution. The circular genome is 155,555bp and contains 107 coding open reading frames (ORFs) and a wealth of AT-rich simple sequence repeats. While synteny is highly conserved between DiNV and Kallithea virus, it drops off rapidly as sequences become more divergent, consistent with rampant rearrangements across nudiviruses. Overall, we show that evolution of DiNV is likely due to adaptation of a very few genes coupled with high gene turnover.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tom Hill
- 4055 Haworth Hall, 1200 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
69
|
Drezen JM, Josse T, Bézier A, Gauthier J, Huguet E, Herniou EA. Impact of Lateral Transfers on the Genomes of Lepidoptera. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:E315. [PMID: 29120392 PMCID: PMC5704228 DOI: 10.3390/genes8110315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Transfer of DNA sequences between species regardless of their evolutionary distance is very common in bacteria, but evidence that horizontal gene transfer (HGT) also occurs in multicellular organisms has been accumulating in the past few years. The actual extent of this phenomenon is underestimated due to frequent sequence filtering of "alien" DNA before genome assembly. However, recent studies based on genome sequencing have revealed, and experimentally verified, the presence of foreign DNA sequences in the genetic material of several species of Lepidoptera. Large DNA viruses, such as baculoviruses and the symbiotic viruses of parasitic wasps (bracoviruses), have the potential to mediate these transfers in Lepidoptera. In particular, using ultra-deep sequencing, newly integrated transposons have been identified within baculovirus genomes. Bacterial genes have also been acquired by genomes of Lepidoptera, as in other insects and nematodes. In addition, insertions of bracovirus sequences were present in the genomes of certain moth and butterfly lineages, that were likely corresponding to rearrangements of ancient integrations. The viral genes present in these sequences, sometimes of hymenopteran origin, have been co-opted by lepidopteran species to confer some protection against pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Michel Drezen
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR CNRS 7261, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Tours-François Rabelais, 37200 Tours, France.
| | - Thibaut Josse
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR CNRS 7261, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Tours-François Rabelais, 37200 Tours, France.
| | - Annie Bézier
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR CNRS 7261, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Tours-François Rabelais, 37200 Tours, France.
| | - Jérémy Gauthier
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR CNRS 7261, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Tours-François Rabelais, 37200 Tours, France.
| | - Elisabeth Huguet
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR CNRS 7261, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Tours-François Rabelais, 37200 Tours, France.
| | - Elisabeth Anne Herniou
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR CNRS 7261, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Tours-François Rabelais, 37200 Tours, France.
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Utari HB, Soowannayan C, Flegel TW, Whityachumnarnkul B, Kruatrachue M. Variable RNA expression from recently acquired, endogenous viral elements (EVE) of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in shrimp. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 76:370-379. [PMID: 28709908 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The viral accommodation hypothesis proposes that endogenous viral elements (EVE) from both RNA and DNA viruses are being continually integrated into the shrimp genome by natural host processes and that they can result in tolerance to viral infection by fortuitous production of antisense, immunospecific RNA (imRNA). Thus, we hypothesized that previously reported microarray results for the presence of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) open reading frames (ORFs) formerly called 151, 366 and 427 in a domesticated giant tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) breeding stock might have represented expression from EVE, since the stock had shown uninterrupted freedom from white spot disease (WSD) for many generations. To test this hypothesis, 128 specimens from a current stock generation were confirmed for freedom from WSSV infection using two nested PCR detection methods. Subsequent nested-PCR testing revealed 33/128 specimens (26%) positive for at least one of the ORF at very high sequence identity (95-99%) to extant WSSV. Positive results for ORF 366 (now known to be a fragment of the WSSV capsid protein gene) dominated (28/33 = 84.8%), so 9 arbitrarily selected 366-positive specimens were tested by strand-specific, nested RT-PCR using DNase-treated RNA templates. This revealed variable RNA expression in individual shrimp including no RNA transcripts (n = 1), sense transcripts only (n = 1), antisense transcripts only (n = 2) or transcripts of both sense (n = 5). The latter 7 expression products indicated specimens producing putative imRNA. The variable types and numbers of the EVE and the variable RNA expression (including potential imRNA) support predictions of the viral accommodation hypothesis that EVE are randomly produced and expressed. Positive nested PCR test results for EVE of ORF 366 using DNA templates derived from shrimp sperm (germ cells), indicated that they were heritable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heny Budi Utari
- CENTEX SHRIMP, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chumporn Soowannayan
- CENTEX SHRIMP, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok 10400, Thailand; National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Thailand Science Park, Klong Luang, Patumthani 12120, Thailand.
| | - Timothy W Flegel
- CENTEX SHRIMP, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok 10400, Thailand; National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Thailand Science Park, Klong Luang, Patumthani 12120, Thailand; Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Boonsirm Whityachumnarnkul
- CENTEX SHRIMP, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Shrimp Genetic Improvement Center (SGIC), Surathani, Thailand
| | - Maleeya Kruatrachue
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
The Cotesia sesamiae story: insight into host-range evolution in a Hymenoptera parasitoid and implication for its use in biological control programs. Genetica 2017; 145:455-468. [DOI: 10.1007/s10709-017-9989-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
72
|
Abstract
Viruses must establish an intimate relationship with their hosts and vectors in order to infect, replicate, and disseminate; hence, viruses can be considered as symbionts with their hosts. Symbiotic relationships encompass different lifestyles, including antagonistic (or pathogenic, the most well-studied lifestyle for viruses), commensal (probably the most common lifestyle), and mutualistic (important beneficial partners). Symbiotic relationships can shape the evolution of the partners in a holobiont, and placing viruses in this context provides an important framework for understanding virus-host relationships and virus ecology. Although antagonistic relationships are thought to lead to coevolution, this is not always clear in virus-host interactions, and impacts on evolution may be complex. Commensalism implies a hitchhiking role for viruses-selfish elements just along for the ride. Mutualistic relationships have been described in detail in the past decade, and they reveal how important viruses are in considering host ecology. Ultimately, symbiosis can lead to symbiogenesis, or speciation through fusion, and the presence of large amounts of viral sequence in the genomes of everything from bacteria to humans, including some important functional genes, illustrates the significance of viral symbiogenesis in the evolution of all life on Earth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn J Roossinck
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802;
| | - Edelio R Bazán
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802;
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Endogenous viruses of parasitic wasps: variations on a common theme. Curr Opin Virol 2017; 25:41-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
74
|
Per os infectivity factors: a complicated and evolutionarily conserved entry machinery of baculovirus. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2017; 60:806-815. [PMID: 28755302 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-017-9127-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Baculoviruses are a family of arthropod-specific large DNA viruses that infect insect species belonging to the orders Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera and Diptera. In nature, occlusion-derived viruses (ODVs) initiate baculovirus primary infection in the midgut epithelium of insect hosts, and this process is largely dependent on a number of ODV envelope proteins designated as per os infectivity factors (PIFs). Interestingly, PIF homologs are also present in other invertebrate large DNA viruses, which is indicative that per os infection is an ancient and phylogenetically conserved entry mechanism shared by these viruses. Here, we review the advances in the knowledge of the functions of individual PIFs and recent discoveries about the PIF complex, and discuss the evolutionary implications of PIF homologs in invertebrate DNA viruses. Furthermore, future research highlights on the per os infection mechanism are also prospected.
Collapse
|
75
|
Drezen JM, Gauthier J, Josse T, Bézier A, Herniou E, Huguet E. Foreign DNA acquisition by invertebrate genomes. J Invertebr Pathol 2017; 147:157-168. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
76
|
Diversity of large DNA viruses of invertebrates. J Invertebr Pathol 2017; 147:4-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
77
|
Abstract
Several lineages of endoparasitoid wasps, which develop inside the body of other insects, have domesticated viruses, used as delivery tools of essential virulence factors for the successful development of their progeny. Virus domestications are major evolutionary transitions in highly diverse parasitoid wasps. Much progress has recently been made to characterize the nature of these ancestrally captured endogenous viruses that have evolved within the wasp genomes. Virus domestication from different viral families occurred at least three times in parasitoid wasps. This evolutionary convergence led to different strategies. Polydnaviruses (PDVs) are viral gene transfer agents and virus-like particles of the wasp Venturia canescens deliver proteins. Here, we take the standpoint of parasitoid wasps to review current knowledge on virus domestications by different parasitoid lineages. Then, based on genomic data from parasitoid wasps, PDVs and exogenous viruses, we discuss the different evolutionary steps required to transform viruses into vehicles for the delivery of the virulence molecules that we observe today. Finally, we discuss how endoparasitoid wasps manipulate host physiology and ensure parasitism success, to highlight the possible advantages of viral domestication as compared with other virulence strategies.
Collapse
|
78
|
Hasegawa DK, Erickson SL, Hersh BM, Turnbull MW. Virus Innexins induce alterations in insect cell and tissue function. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 98:173-181. [PMID: 28077262 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Polydnaviruses are dsDNA viruses that induce immune and developmental alterations in their caterpillar hosts. Characterization of polydnavirus gene families and family members is necessary to understand mechanisms of pathology and evolution of these viruses, and may aid to elucidate the role of host homologues if present. For example, the polydnavirus vinnexin gene family encodes homologues of insect gap junction genes (innexins) that are expressed in host immune cells (hemocytes). While the roles of Innexin proteins and gap junctions in insect immunity are largely unclear, we previously demonstrated that Vinnexins form functional gap junctions and alter the junctional characteristics of a host Innexin when co-expressed in paired Xenopus oocytes. Here, we test the effect of ectopic vinnexin expression on host cell physiology using both a lepidopteran cell culture model and a dipteran whole organism model. Vinnexin expression in the cell culture system resulted in gene-specific alterations in cell morphology and a slight, but non-statistically significant, reduction in gap junction activity as measured by dye transfer, while ectopic expression of a lepidopteran innexin2 gene led to morphological alterations and increase in gap junction activity. Global ectopic expression in the model dipteran, Drosophila melanogaster, of one vinnexin (vinnexinG) or D. melanogaster innexin2 (Dm-inx2) resulted in embryonic lethality, while expression of the other vinnexin genes had no effect. Furthermore, ectopic expression of vinnexinG, but not other vinnexin genes or Dm-inx2, in D. melanogaster larval gut resulted in developmental arrest in the pupal stage. These data indicate the vinnexins likely have gene-specific roles in host manipulation. They also support the use of Drosophila in further analysis of the role of Vinnexins and other polydnavirus genes in modifying host physiological processes. Finally, our findings suggest the vinnexin genes may be useful to perturb and characterize the physiological functions of insect Innexins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K Hasegawa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
| | | | - Bradley M Hersh
- Department of Biology, Allegheny College, Meadville, PA 16335, USA.
| | - Matthew W Turnbull
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA; Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Uzbekov R, Burlaud-Gaillard J, Garanina AS, Bressac C. The length of a short sperm: Elongation and shortening during spermiogenesis in Cotesia congregata (Hymenoptera, Braconidae). ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2017; 46:265-273. [PMID: 27939748 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2016.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The spermatozoon of the parasitoid wasp Cotesia congregata is an extremely short gamete measuring less than 7 μm; it is as yet the shortest flagellated sperm to be identified. The mature sperm consists of an acrosome, surrounded by an extra cellular coat, a condensed nucleus, two uncoiled mitochondrial derivatives and a short axoneme. Testes of young adults contain a continuum of differentiation stages. Initially, the flagellum is approximately 5 μm long. It conserves its length in round, elongated and mature spermatids, but is reduced to less than 3 μm in mature spermatozoa. The nucleus is 2 μm in diameter when round, 10 μm long when it becomes a long boat-hull shaped filament, and then reduces to 3.6 μm. Thus, during development the gamete reaches a total length of 15 μm before finally reducing to less than half that length. Some traits of mature sperm anatomy are similar to related species of the Braconidae family, but others seem to be specific and could be due to the shortness of the cell. This uncommon elongation and subsequent shortening of such a tiny flagellated cell constitutes a model for both nucleus and cilium development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rustem Uzbekov
- Department of Microscopy, François Rabelais University, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé, 37032, Tours, France; Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Julien Burlaud-Gaillard
- Department of Microscopy, François Rabelais University, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé, 37032, Tours, France
| | - Anastasiia S Garanina
- Department of Microscopy, François Rabelais University, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé, 37032, Tours, France; NUST MISiS, Leninskiy Prospekt 4, Moscow, 119049, Russia
| | - Christophe Bressac
- Research Institute for the Insect Biology, UMR CNRS 7261, François Rabelais University, Tours, France.
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Maciel-Vergara G, Ros VID. Viruses of insects reared for food and feed. J Invertebr Pathol 2017; 147:60-75. [PMID: 28189501 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2017.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The use of insects as food for humans or as feed for animals is an alternative for the increasing high demand for meat and has various environmental and social advantages over the traditional intensive production of livestock. Mass rearing of insects, under insect farming conditions or even in industrial settings, can be the key for a change in the way natural resources are utilized in order to produce meat, animal protein and a list of other valuable animal products. However, because insect mass rearing technology is relatively new, little is known about the different factors that determine the quality and yield of the production process. Obtaining such knowledge is crucial for the success of insect-based product development. One of the issues that is likely to compromise the success of insect rearing is the outbreak of insect diseases. In particular, viral diseases can be devastating for the productivity and the quality of mass rearing systems. Prevention and management of viral diseases imply the understanding of the different factors that interact in insect mass rearing. This publication provides an overview of the known viruses in insects most commonly reared for food and feed. Nowadays with large-scale sequencing techniques, new viruses are rapidly being discovered. We discuss factors affecting the emergence of viruses in mass rearing systems, along with virus transmission routes. Finally we provide an overview of the wide range of measures available to prevent and manage virus outbreaks in mass rearing systems, ranging from simple sanitation methods to highly sophisticated methods including RNAi and transgenics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Maciel-Vergara
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Vera I D Ros
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Bézier A, Harichaux G, Musset K, Labas V, Herniou EA. Qualitative proteomic analysis of Tipula oleracea nudivirus occlusion bodies. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:284-295. [DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Annie Bézier
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l’Insecte (IRBI), UMR 7261 CNRS Université François-Rabelais, Tours 37200, France
| | - Grégoire Harichaux
- INRA, PRC UMR85-CNRS 7247-UFR-IFCE, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de masse, Plateforme d’Analyse Intégrative des Biomolécules et de Phénomique des Animaux d’Intérêt Bio-agronomique (PAIB2), Nouzilly 37380, France
| | - Karine Musset
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l’Insecte (IRBI), UMR 7261 CNRS Université François-Rabelais, Tours 37200, France
| | - Valérie Labas
- INRA, PRC UMR85-CNRS 7247-UFR-IFCE, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de masse, Plateforme d’Analyse Intégrative des Biomolécules et de Phénomique des Animaux d’Intérêt Bio-agronomique (PAIB2), Nouzilly 37380, France
| | - Elisabeth A Herniou
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l’Insecte (IRBI), UMR 7261 CNRS Université François-Rabelais, Tours 37200, France
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Pradeu T. Mutualistic viruses and the heteronomy of life. STUDIES IN HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF BIOLOGICAL AND BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES 2016; 59:80-8. [PMID: 26972872 PMCID: PMC7108282 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsc.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Though viruses have generally been characterized by their pathogenic and more generally harmful effects, many examples of mutualistic viruses exist. Here I explain how the idea of mutualistic viruses has been defended in recent virology, and I explore four important conceptual and practical consequences of this idea. I ask to what extent this research modifies the way scientists might search for new viruses, our notion of how the host immune system interacts with microbes, the development of new therapeutic approaches, and, finally, the role played by the criterion of autonomy in our understanding of living things. Overall, I suggest that the recognition of mutualistic viruses plays a major role in a wider ongoing revision of our conception of viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Pradeu
- ImmunoConcept, UMR5164, CNRS, University of Bordeaux, France.
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Glupov VV, Kryukova NA. Physiological and biochemical aspects of interactions between insect parasitoids and their hosts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s0013873816050018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
84
|
Kim E, Kim Y. Translational Control of Host Gene Expression by a Cys-Motif Protein Encoded in a Bracovirus. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161661. [PMID: 27598941 PMCID: PMC5012692 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Translational control is a strategy that various viruses use to manipulate their hosts to suppress acute antiviral response. Polydnaviruses, a group of insect double-stranded DNA viruses symbiotic to some endoparasitoid wasps, are divided into two genera: ichnovirus (IV) and bracovirus (BV). In IV, some Cys-motif genes are known as host translation-inhibitory factors (HTIF). The genome of endoparasitoid wasp Cotesia plutellae contains a Cys-motif gene (Cp-TSP13) homologous to an HTIF known as teratocyte-secretory protein 14 (TSP14) of Microplitis croceipes. Cp-TSP13 consists of 129 amino acid residues with a predicted molecular weight of 13.987 kDa and pI value of 7.928. Genomic DNA region encoding its open reading frame has three introns. Cp-TSP13 possesses six conserved cysteine residues as other Cys-motif genes functioning as HTIF. Cp-TSP13 was expressed in Plutella xylostella larvae parasitized by C. plutellae. C. plutellae bracovirus (CpBV) was purified and injected into non-parasitized P. xylostella that expressed Cp-TSP13. Cp-TSP13 was cloned into a eukaryotic expression vector and used to infect Sf9 cells to transiently express Cp-TSP13. The synthesized Cp-TSP13 protein was detected in culture broth. An overlaying experiment showed that the purified Cp-TSP13 entered hemocytes. It was localized in the cytosol. Recombinant Cp-TSP13 significantly inhibited protein synthesis of secretory proteins when it was added to in vitro cultured fat body. In addition, the recombinant Cp-TSP13 directly inhibited the translation of fat body mRNAs in in vitro translation assay using rabbit reticulocyte lysate. Moreover, the recombinant Cp-TSP13 significantly suppressed cellular immune responses by inhibiting hemocyte-spreading behavior. It also exhibited significant insecticidal activities by both injection and feeding routes. These results indicate that Cp-TSP13 is a viral HTIF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eunseong Kim
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Andong National University, Andong 36729, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonggyun Kim
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Andong National University, Andong 36729, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
Pichon A, Bézier A, Barbe V, Drezen JM, Volkoff AN. Les guêpes parasites ont domestiqué des virus à plusieurs reprises au cours de leur évolution. Med Sci (Paris) 2016; 32:699-703. [DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20163208013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
86
|
Greenwood JM, Ezquerra AL, Behrens S, Branca A, Mallet L. Current analysis of host–parasite interactions with a focus on next generation sequencing data. ZOOLOGY 2016; 119:298-306. [DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
87
|
Simmonds TJ, Carrillo D, Burke GR. Characterization of a venom gland-associated rhabdovirus in the parasitoid wasp Diachasmimorpha longicaudata. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 91-92:48-55. [PMID: 27374981 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Parasitoid wasps reproduce by laying their eggs on or inside of a host insect, which triggers a defense response in the host insect that kills the developing wasp. To counteract the host's lethal response, some parasitoid wasps are associated with symbiotic viruses that alter host metabolism and development to promote successful development of the wasp embryo. These symbiotic viruses display a number of characteristics that differ from those of pathogenic viruses, but are poorly understood with the exception of one group, the polydnaviruses. Here, we characterize the genome of a non-polydnavirus associated with parasitoid wasps, Diachasmimorpha longicaudata rhabdovirus (DlRhV), and assess its role as a potential mutualistic virus. Our results show that the DlRhV genome contains six open reading frames (ORFs). Three ORFs show sequence homology to known viral genes and one ORF encodes a previously identified protein, called parasitism-specific protein 24 (PSP24), that has been hypothesized to play a role in promoting successful parasitism by D. longicaudata. We constructed a phylogeny that shows that DlRhV is most closely related to other insect-infecting rhabdoviruses. Finally, we report that DlRhV infection does not occur in all populations of D. longicaudata, and is not required for successful parasitism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Simmonds
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Daniel Carrillo
- Tropical Research and Education Center, University of Florida-IFAS, Homestead, FL 33031, USA
| | - Gaelen R Burke
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
88
|
Analysis of Genetic Variation across the Encapsidated Genome of Microplitis demolitor Bracovirus in Parasitoid Wasps. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158846. [PMID: 27390861 PMCID: PMC4938607 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect parasitoids must complete part of their life cycle within or on another insect, ultimately resulting in the death of the host insect. One group of parasitoid wasps, the ‘microgastroid complex’ (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), engage in an association with beneficial symbiotic viruses that are essential for successful parasitism of hosts. These viruses, known as Bracoviruses, persist in an integrated form in the wasp genome, and activate to replicate in wasp ovaries during development to ultimately be delivered into host insects during parasitism. The lethal nature of host-parasitoid interactions, combined with the involvement of viruses in mediating these interactions, has led to the hypothesis that Bracoviruses are engaged in an arms race with hosts, resulting in recurrent adaptation in viral (and host) genes. Deep sequencing was employed to characterize sequence variation across the encapsidated Bracovirus genome within laboratory and field populations of the parasitoid wasp species Microplitis demolitor. Contrary to expectations, there was a paucity of evidence for positive directional selection among virulence genes, which generally exhibited signatures of purifying selection. These data suggest that the dynamics of host-parasite interactions may not result in recurrent rounds of adaptation, and that adaptation may be more variable in time than previously expected.
Collapse
|
89
|
Villarreal LP. Viruses and the placenta: the essential virus first view. APMIS 2016; 124:20-30. [PMID: 26818259 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A virus first perspective is presented as an alternative hypothesis to explain the role of various endogenized retroviruses in the origin of the mammalian placenta. It is argued that virus-host persistence is a key determinant of host survival and the various ERVs involved have directly affected virus-host persistence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis P Villarreal
- Center for Virus Research, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
90
|
Permissiveness of lepidopteran hosts is linked to differential expression of bracovirus genes. Virology 2016; 492:259-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
91
|
Kim Y, Hepat R. Baculoviral p94 homologs encoded in Cotesia plutellae bracovirus suppress both immunity and development of the diamondback moth, Plutellae xylostella. INSECT SCIENCE 2016; 23:235-244. [PMID: 25973570 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Polydnaviruses (PDVs) are a group of insect DNA viruses, which exhibit a mutual symbiotic relationship with their specific host wasps. Moreover, most encapsidated genes identified so far in PDVs share homologies with insect-originated genes, but not with virus-originated genes. In the meantime, PDVs associated with 2 wasp genera Cotesia and Glytapanteles encode some genes presumably originated from other viruses. Cotesia plutellae bracovirus (CpBV) encodes 4 genes homologous to baculoviral p94: CpBV-E94k1, CpBV-E94k2, CpBV-E94k3, and CpBV-E94k4. This study was conducted to predict the origin of CpBV-E94ks by comparing their sequences with those of baculoviral orthologs and to determine the physiological functions by their transient expressions in nonparasitized larvae and subsequent specific RNA interference. Our phylogenetic analysis indicated that CpBV-E94ks were clustered with other E94ks originated from different PDVs and shared high similarity with betabaculoviral p94s. These 4 CpBV genes were expressed during most developmental stages of the larvae of Plutella xylostella parasitized by C. plutellae. Expression of these 4 E94ks was mainly detected in hemocytes and fat body. Subsequent functional analysis by in vivo transient expression showed that all 4 viral genes significantly inhibited both host immune and developmental processes. These results suggest that CpBV-E94ks share an origin with betabaculoviral p94s and play parasitic roles in suppressing host immune and developmental processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yonggyun Kim
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Andong National University, Andong, 760-749, Korea
| | - Rahul Hepat
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Andong National University, Andong, 760-749, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
92
|
Abstract
Virus-host associations are usually viewed as parasitic, but several studies in recent years have reported examples of viruses that benefit host organisms. The Polydnaviridae are of particular interest because these viruses are all obligate mutualists of insects called parasitoid wasps. Parasitoids develop during their immature stages by feeding inside the body of other insects, which serve as their hosts. Polydnaviruses are vertically transmitted as proviruses through the germ line of wasps but also function as gene delivery vectors that wasps rely upon to genetically manipulate the hosts they parasitize. Here we review the evolutionary origin of polydnaviruses, the organization and function of their genomes, and some of their roles in parasitism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Strand
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602; ,
| | - Gaelen R Burke
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602; ,
| |
Collapse
|
93
|
A mutualistic symbiosis between a parasitic mite and a pathogenic virus undermines honey bee immunity and health. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:3203-8. [PMID: 26951652 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1523515113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Honey bee colony losses are triggered by interacting stress factors consistently associated with high loads of parasites and/or pathogens. A wealth of biotic and abiotic stressors are involved in the induction of this complex multifactorial syndrome, with the parasitic mite Varroa destructor and the associated deformed wing virus (DWV) apparently playing key roles. The mechanistic basis underpinning this association and the evolutionary implications remain largely obscure. Here we narrow this research gap by demonstrating that DWV, vectored by the Varroa mite, adversely affects humoral and cellular immune responses by interfering with NF-κB signaling. This immunosuppressive effect of the viral pathogen enhances reproduction of the parasitic mite. Our experimental data uncover an unrecognized mutualistic symbiosis between Varroa and DWV, which perpetuates a loop of reciprocal stimulation with escalating negative effects on honey bee immunity and health. These results largely account for the remarkable importance of this mite-virus interaction in the induction of honey bee colony losses. The discovery of this mutualistic association and the elucidation of the underlying regulatory mechanisms sets the stage for a more insightful analysis of how synergistic stress factors contribute to colony collapse, and for the development of new strategies to alleviate this problem.
Collapse
|
94
|
Martinez J, Lepetit D, Ravallec M, Fleury F, Varaldi J. Additional heritable virus in the parasitic wasp Leptopilina boulardi: prevalence, transmission and phenotypic effects. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:523-535. [DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Martinez
- Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Lyon, France
| | - David Lepetit
- Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Lyon, France
| | - Marc Ravallec
- Unité BiVi (Biologie Intégrative et Virologie des Insectes), Université Montpellier II-INRA 1231, France
| | - Frédéric Fleury
- Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Lyon, France
| | - Julien Varaldi
- Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Lyon, France
| |
Collapse
|
95
|
Clavijo G, van Munster M, Monsion B, Bochet N, Brault V. Transcription of densovirus endogenous sequences in the Myzus persicae genome. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:1000-1009. [PMID: 26758080 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Integration of non-retroviral sequences in the genome of different organisms has been observed and, in some cases, a relationship of these integrations with immunity has been established. The genome of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (clone G006), was screened for densovirus-like sequence (DLS) integrations. A total of 21 DLSs localized on 10 scaffolds were retrieved that mostly shared sequence identity with two aphid-infecting viruses, Myzus persicae densovirus (MpDNV) and Dysaphis plantaginea densovirus (DplDNV). In some cases, uninterrupted potential ORFs corresponding to non-structural viral proteins or capsid proteins were found within DLSs identified in the aphid genome. In particular, one scaffold harboured a complete virus-like genome, while another scaffold contained two virus-like genomes in reverse orientation. Remarkably, transcription of some of these ORFs was observed in M. persicae, suggesting a biological effect of these viral integrations. In contrast to most of the other densoviruses identified so far that induce acute host infection, it has been reported previously that MpDNV has only a minor effect on M. persicae fitness, while DplDNV can even have a beneficial effect on its aphid host. This suggests that DLS integration in the M. persicae genome may be responsible for the latency of MpDNV infection in the aphid host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Clavijo
- UMR 1131 SVQV INRA-UDS, 28 rue de Herrlisheim, 68021 Colmar, France
| | - Manuella van Munster
- UMR 385 BGPI, INRA-CIRAD-SupAgro, CIRAD TA-A54/K, CampusInternational de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Baptiste Monsion
- UMR 1131 SVQV INRA-UDS, 28 rue de Herrlisheim, 68021 Colmar, France
| | - Nicole Bochet
- UMR 1131 SVQV INRA-UDS, 28 rue de Herrlisheim, 68021 Colmar, France
| | - Véronique Brault
- UMR 1131 SVQV INRA-UDS, 28 rue de Herrlisheim, 68021 Colmar, France
| |
Collapse
|
96
|
Giron D, Huguet E, Stone GN, Body M. Insect-induced effects on plants and possible effectors used by galling and leaf-mining insects to manipulate their host-plant. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 84:70-89. [PMID: 26723843 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Gall-inducing insects are iconic examples in the manipulation and reprogramming of plant development, inducing spectacular morphological and physiological changes of host-plant tissues within which the insect feeds and grows. Despite decades of research, effectors involved in gall induction and basic mechanisms of gall formation remain unknown. Recent research suggests that some aspects of the plant manipulation shown by gall-inducers may be shared with other insect herbivorous life histories. Here, we illustrate similarities and contrasts by reviewing current knowledge of metabolic and morphological effects induced on plants by gall-inducing and leaf-mining insects, and ask whether leaf-miners can also be considered to be plant reprogrammers. We review key plant functions targeted by various plant reprogrammers, including plant-manipulating insects and nematodes, and functionally characterize insect herbivore-derived effectors to provide a broader understanding of possible mechanisms used in host-plant manipulation. Consequences of plant reprogramming in terms of ecology, coevolution and diversification of plant-manipulating insects are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Giron
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS/Université François-Rabelais de Tours, Parc Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France.
| | - Elisabeth Huguet
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS/Université François-Rabelais de Tours, Parc Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Graham N Stone
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, United Kingdom
| | - Mélanie Body
- Division of Plant Sciences, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, 1201 Rollins Street, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| |
Collapse
|
97
|
Ioannidis K, Swevers L, Iatrou K. Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus lef8 gene: effects of deletion and implications for gene transduction applications. J Gen Virol 2015; 97:786-796. [PMID: 26701681 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we have deleted the lef8 gene of the baculovirus BmNPV, which encodes one of the viral RNA polymerase subunits, in order to create a knockout bacmid, Δlef8, directing cytopathology-free single-cell infections for gene transduction and recombinant protein production. However, while removal of the complete lef8 ORF produced the expected phenotype, it also affected the function of the closely linked essential gene orf40, thus hampering the mutant bacmid rescue in cultured Bombyx cells expressing recombinant LEF8. Subsequently, we determined that several diverse sequences can substitute for the orf40 5'-upstream sequences that were removed by the deletion of the lef8 gene and also showed that neither a physical linkage nor expression of the two relevant genes under native promoter control is a prerequisite for a fully functional virus. Based on these findings, we generated a rescue-competent lef8-null vector, which contained a heterologous promoter-driven orf40. This lef8-deficient vector, which produces productive infections and progeny virus lacking lef8 in deficiency-complementing cells expressing LEF8, could be used as the basis for an alternative to current silkmoth transduction systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Ioannidis
- Insect Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Group, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research 'Demokritos', 15310 Aghia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
| | - Luc Swevers
- Insect Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Group, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research 'Demokritos', 15310 Aghia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
| | - Kostas Iatrou
- Insect Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Group, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research 'Demokritos', 15310 Aghia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
98
|
Pichon A, Bézier A, Urbach S, Aury JM, Jouan V, Ravallec M, Guy J, Cousserans F, Thézé J, Gauthier J, Demettre E, Schmieder S, Wurmser F, Sibut V, Poirié M, Colinet D, da Silva C, Couloux A, Barbe V, Drezen JM, Volkoff AN. Recurrent DNA virus domestication leading to different parasite virulence strategies. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2015; 1:e1501150. [PMID: 26702449 PMCID: PMC4681339 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1501150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Relics of ancient infections are abundant in eukaryote genomes, but little is known about how they evolve when they confer a functional benefit on their host. We show here, for the first time, that the virus-like particles shown to protect Venturia canescens eggs against host immunity are derived from a nudivirus genome incorporated by the parasitic wasp into its own genetic material. Nudivirus hijacking was also at the origin of protective particles from braconid wasps. However, we show here that the viral genes produce "liposomes" that wrap and deliver V. canescens virulence proteins, whereas the particles are used as gene transfer agents in braconid wasps. Our findings indicate that virus domestication has occurred repeatedly during parasitic wasp evolution but with different evolutionary trajectories after endogenization, resulting in different virulence molecule delivery strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Apolline Pichon
- Microorganism and Insect Diversity, Genomes, and Interactions (DGIMI) Laboratory, UMR 1333 INRA, Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, CC101, Montpellier Cedex 34095, France
| | - Annie Bézier
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l’Insecte (IRBI), UMR 7261, CNRS-Université François Rabelais de Tours, Parc de Grandmont, Tours 37200, France
| | - Serge Urbach
- Functional Proteomics Platform, BioCampus Montpellier, UMS CNRS 3426, INSERM US009, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, UMR CNRS 5203, INSERM U661, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier 34094, France
| | - Jean-Marc Aury
- Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique (CEA), Institut de Génomique (IG), Genoscope, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, BP5706, Evry 91057, France
| | - Véronique Jouan
- Microorganism and Insect Diversity, Genomes, and Interactions (DGIMI) Laboratory, UMR 1333 INRA, Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, CC101, Montpellier Cedex 34095, France
| | - Marc Ravallec
- Microorganism and Insect Diversity, Genomes, and Interactions (DGIMI) Laboratory, UMR 1333 INRA, Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, CC101, Montpellier Cedex 34095, France
| | - Julie Guy
- Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique (CEA), Institut de Génomique (IG), Genoscope, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, BP5706, Evry 91057, France
| | - François Cousserans
- Microorganism and Insect Diversity, Genomes, and Interactions (DGIMI) Laboratory, UMR 1333 INRA, Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, CC101, Montpellier Cedex 34095, France
| | - Julien Thézé
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l’Insecte (IRBI), UMR 7261, CNRS-Université François Rabelais de Tours, Parc de Grandmont, Tours 37200, France
| | - Jérémy Gauthier
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l’Insecte (IRBI), UMR 7261, CNRS-Université François Rabelais de Tours, Parc de Grandmont, Tours 37200, France
| | - Edith Demettre
- Functional Proteomics Platform, BioCampus Montpellier, UMS CNRS 3426, INSERM US009, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, UMR CNRS 5203, INSERM U661, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier 34094, France
| | - Sandra Schmieder
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), UMR INRA 1355, CNRS 7254, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, 400 route des Chappes, Sophia Antipolis 06903, France
| | - François Wurmser
- PPF Analyse des systèmes biologiques, Université François Rabelais de Tours, 3 Boulevard Tonnellé, Tours 37000, France
| | - Vonick Sibut
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l’Insecte (IRBI), UMR 7261, CNRS-Université François Rabelais de Tours, Parc de Grandmont, Tours 37200, France
| | - Marylène Poirié
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), UMR INRA 1355, CNRS 7254, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, 400 route des Chappes, Sophia Antipolis 06903, France
| | - Dominique Colinet
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), UMR INRA 1355, CNRS 7254, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, 400 route des Chappes, Sophia Antipolis 06903, France
| | - Corinne da Silva
- Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique (CEA), Institut de Génomique (IG), Genoscope, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, BP5706, Evry 91057, France
| | - Arnaud Couloux
- Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique (CEA), Institut de Génomique (IG), Genoscope, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, BP5706, Evry 91057, France
| | - Valérie Barbe
- Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique (CEA), Institut de Génomique (IG), Genoscope, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, BP5706, Evry 91057, France
| | - Jean-Michel Drezen
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l’Insecte (IRBI), UMR 7261, CNRS-Université François Rabelais de Tours, Parc de Grandmont, Tours 37200, France
| | - Anne-Nathalie Volkoff
- Microorganism and Insect Diversity, Genomes, and Interactions (DGIMI) Laboratory, UMR 1333 INRA, Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, CC101, Montpellier Cedex 34095, France
| |
Collapse
|
99
|
Gasmi L, Boulain H, Gauthier J, Hua-Van A, Musset K, Jakubowska AK, Aury JM, Volkoff AN, Huguet E, Herrero S, Drezen JM. Recurrent Domestication by Lepidoptera of Genes from Their Parasites Mediated by Bracoviruses. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005470. [PMID: 26379286 PMCID: PMC4574769 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bracoviruses are symbiotic viruses associated with tens of thousands of species of parasitic wasps that develop within the body of lepidopteran hosts and that collectively parasitize caterpillars of virtually every lepidopteran species. Viral particles are produced in the wasp ovaries and injected into host larvae with the wasp eggs. Once in the host body, the viral DNA circles enclosed in the particles integrate into lepidopteran host cell DNA. Here we show that bracovirus DNA sequences have been inserted repeatedly into lepidopteran genomes, indicating this viral DNA can also enter germline cells. The original mode of Horizontal Gene Transfer (HGT) unveiled here is based on the integrative properties of an endogenous virus that has evolved as a gene transfer agent within parasitic wasp genomes for ≈100 million years. Among the bracovirus genes thus transferred, a phylogenetic analysis indicated that those encoding C-type-lectins most likely originated from the wasp gene set, showing that a bracovirus-mediated gene flux exists between the 2 insect orders Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera. Furthermore, the acquisition of bracovirus sequences that can be expressed by Lepidoptera has resulted in the domestication of several genes that could result in adaptive advantages for the host. Indeed, functional analyses suggest that two of the acquired genes could have a protective role against a common pathogen in the field, baculovirus. From these results, we hypothesize that bracovirus-mediated HGT has played an important role in the evolutionary arms race between Lepidoptera and their pathogens. Eukaryotes are generally thought to evolve mainly through the modification of existing genetic information. However, evidence of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) in eukaryotes-the accidental acquisition of a novel gene from another species, allowing acquisition of novel traits—is now recognized as an important factor in their evolution. We show here that in several lineages, lepidopteran genomes have acquired genes from a bracovirus that is symbiotically used by parasitic wasps to inhibit caterpillar host immune defences. Integration of parts of the viral genome into host caterpillar DNA strongly suggests that integration can sporadically occur in the germline, leading to the production of lepidopteran lineages that harbor bracovirus sequences. Moreover, some of the transferred bracovirus genes reported here originate from the wasp genome, demonstrating that a gene flux exists between the two insect orders Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera that diverged ≈300 MYA. As bracovirus gene organisation has evolved to allow expression in Lepidoptera, these transferred genes can be readily domesticated. Additionally, we present functional analyses suggesting that some of the acquired genes confer to caterpillars a protection toward baculovirus, a very common pathogen in the field. This phenomenon may have implications for understanding how caterpillars acquire resistance against baculoviruses used in biological control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laila Gasmi
- Department of Genetics, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
- Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Helene Boulain
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR CNRS 7261, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, Université François Rabelais, Tours, France
| | - Jeremy Gauthier
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR CNRS 7261, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, Université François Rabelais, Tours, France
| | - Aurelie Hua-Van
- Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes, Comportement, Ecologie, CNRS/Université Paris-Sud UMR9191, IRD UMR247, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Karine Musset
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR CNRS 7261, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, Université François Rabelais, Tours, France
| | - Agata K. Jakubowska
- Department of Genetics, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
- Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Jean-Marc Aury
- Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Genoscope (Centre National de Séquençage), Evry, France
| | - Anne-Nathalie Volkoff
- Diversity, Genomes and Interactions Between Microorganisms and Insects Laboratory, INRA (UMR 1333), Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, CC 101, Montpellier, France
| | - Elisabeth Huguet
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR CNRS 7261, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, Université François Rabelais, Tours, France
| | - Salvador Herrero
- Department of Genetics, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
- Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
- * E-mail: (SH); (JMD)
| | - Jean-Michel Drezen
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR CNRS 7261, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, Université François Rabelais, Tours, France
- * E-mail: (SH); (JMD)
| |
Collapse
|
100
|
Microplitis demolitor Bracovirus Proviral Loci and Clustered Replication Genes Exhibit Distinct DNA Amplification Patterns during Replication. J Virol 2015; 89:9511-23. [PMID: 26157119 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01388-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Polydnaviruses are large, double-stranded DNA viruses that are beneficial symbionts of parasitoid wasps. Polydnaviruses in the genus Bracovirus (BVs) persist in wasps as proviruses, and their genomes consist of two functional components referred to as proviral segments and nudivirus-like genes. Prior studies established that the DNA domains where proviral segments reside are amplified during replication and that segments within amplified loci are circularized before packaging into nucleocapsids. One DNA domain where nudivirus-like genes are located is also amplified but never packaged into virions. We recently sequenced the genome of the braconid Microplitis demolitor, which carries M. demolitor bracovirus (MdBV). Here, we took advantage of this resource to characterize the DNAs that are amplified during MdBV replication using a combination of Illumina and Pacific Biosciences sequencing approaches. The results showed that specific nucleotide sites identify the boundaries of amplification for proviral loci. Surprisingly, however, amplification of loci 3, 4, 6, and 8 produced head-to-tail concatemeric intermediates; loci 1, 2, and 5 produced head-to-head/tail-to-tail concatemers; and locus 7 yielded no identified concatemers. Sequence differences at amplification junctions correlated with the types of amplification intermediates the loci produced, while concatemer processing gave rise to the circularized DNAs that are packaged into nucleocapsids. The MdBV nudivirus-like gene cluster was also amplified, albeit more weakly than most proviral loci and with nondiscrete boundaries. Overall, the MdBV genome exhibited three patterns of DNA amplification during replication. Our data also suggest that PacBio sequencing could be useful in studying the replication intermediates produced by other DNA viruses. IMPORTANCE Polydnaviruses are of fundamental interest because they provide a novel example of viruses evolving into beneficial symbionts. All polydnaviruses are associated with insects called parasitoid wasps, which are of additional applied interest because many are biological control agents of pest insects. Polydnaviruses in the genus Bracovirus (BVs) evolved ~100 million years ago from an ancestor related to the baculovirus-nudivirus lineage but have also established many novelties due to their symbiotic lifestyle. These include the fact that BVs are transmitted only vertically as proviruses and produce replication-defective virions that package only a portion of the viral genome. Here, we studied Microplitis demolitor bracovirus (MdBV) and report that its genome exhibits three distinct patterns of DNA amplification during replication. We also identify several previously unknown features of BV genomes that correlate with these different amplification patterns.
Collapse
|