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Lorenzi A, Legeai F, Jouan V, Girard PA, Strand MR, Ravallec M, Eychenne M, Bretaudeau A, Robin S, Rochefort J, Villegas M, Burke GR, Rebollo R, Nègre N, Volkoff AN. Identification of a viral gene essential for the genome replication of a domesticated endogenous virus in ichneumonid parasitoid wasps. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1011980. [PMID: 38662774 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Thousands of endoparasitoid wasp species in the families Braconidae and Ichneumonidae harbor "domesticated endogenous viruses" (DEVs) in their genomes. This study focuses on ichneumonid DEVs, named ichnoviruses (IVs). Large quantities of DNA-containing IV virions are produced in ovary calyx cells during the pupal and adult stages of female wasps. Females parasitize host insects by injecting eggs and virions into the body cavity. After injection, virions rapidly infect host cells which is followed by expression of IV genes that promote the successful development of wasp offspring. IV genomes consist of two components: proviral segment loci that serve as templates for circular dsDNAs that are packaged into capsids, and genes from an ancestral virus that produce virions. In this study, we generated a chromosome-scale genome assembly for Hyposoter didymator that harbors H. didymator ichnovirus (HdIV). We identified a total of 67 HdIV loci that are amplified in calyx cells during the wasp pupal stage. We then focused on an HdIV gene, U16, which is transcribed in calyx cells during the initial stages of replication. Sequence analysis indicated that U16 contains a conserved domain in primases from select other viruses. Knockdown of U16 by RNA interference inhibited virion morphogenesis in calyx cells. Genome-wide analysis indicated U16 knockdown also inhibited amplification of HdIV loci in calyx cells. Altogether, our results identified several previously unknown HdIV loci, demonstrated that all HdIV loci are amplified in calyx cells during the pupal stage, and showed that U16 is required for amplification and virion morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ange Lorenzi
- DGIMI, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Fabrice Legeai
- INRAE, UMR Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes (IGEPP), BioInformatics Platform for Agroecosystems Arthropods (BIPAA), Campus Beaulieu, Rennes, France
- INRIA, IRISA, GenOuest Core Facility, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, France
| | | | | | - Michael R Strand
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | | | | | - Anthony Bretaudeau
- INRAE, UMR Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes (IGEPP), BioInformatics Platform for Agroecosystems Arthropods (BIPAA), Campus Beaulieu, Rennes, France
- INRIA, IRISA, GenOuest Core Facility, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, France
| | - Stéphanie Robin
- INRAE, UMR Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes (IGEPP), BioInformatics Platform for Agroecosystems Arthropods (BIPAA), Campus Beaulieu, Rennes, France
- INRIA, IRISA, GenOuest Core Facility, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, France
| | | | | | - Gaelen R Burke
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Rita Rebollo
- INRAE, INSA Lyon, BF2I, UMR203, Villeurbanne, France
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Lorenzi A, Arvin MJ, Burke GR, Strand MR. Functional characterization of Microplitis demolitor bracovirus genes that encode nucleocapsid components. J Virol 2023; 97:e0081723. [PMID: 37877717 PMCID: PMC10688341 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00817-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Understanding how bracoviruses (BVs) function in wasps is of broad interest in the study of virus evolution. This study characterizes most of the Microplitis demolitor bracovirus (MdBV) genes whose products are nucleocapsid components. Results indicate several genes unknown outside of nudiviruses and BVs are essential for normal capsid assembly. Results also indicate most MdBV tyrosine recombinase family members and the DNA binding protein p6.9-1 are required for DNA processing and packaging into nucleocapsids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ange Lorenzi
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Michael J. Arvin
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Gaelen R. Burke
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Michael R. Strand
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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3
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Wang ZH, Zhou YN, Ye XQ, Wu XT, Yang P, Shi M, Huang JH, Chen XX. CLP gene family, a new gene family of Cotesia vestalis bracovirus inhibits melanization of Plutella xylostella hemolymph. Insect Sci 2021; 28:1567-1581. [PMID: 33155403 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polydnaviruses (PDVs) are obligatory symbionts of parasitoid wasps and play an important role in suppressing host immune defenses. Although PDV genes that inhibit host melanization are known in Microplitis bracovirus, the functional homologs in Cotesia bracoviruses remain unknown. Here, we find that Cotesia vestalis bracovirus (CvBV) can inhibit hemolymph melanization of its host, Plutella xylostella larvae, during the early stages of parasitization, and that overexpression of highly expressed CvBV genes reduced host phenoloxidase activity. Furthermore, CvBV-7-1 in particular reduced host phenoloxidase activity within 12 h, and the injection of anti-CvBV-7-1 antibody increased the melanization of parasitized host larvae. Further analyses showed that CvBV-7-1 and three homologs from other Cotesia bracoviruses possessed a C-terminal leucine/isoleucine-rich region and had a similar function in inhibiting melanization. Therefore, a new family of bracovirus genes was proposed and named as C-terminal Leucine/isoleucine-rich Protein (CLP). Ectopic expression of CvBV-7-1 in Drosophila hemocytes increased susceptibility to bacterial repression of melanization and reduced the melanotic encapsulation of parasitized D. melanogaster by the parasitoid Leptopilina boulardi. The formation rate of wasp pupae and the eclosion rate of C. vestalis were affected when the function of CvBV-7-1 was blocked. Our findings suggest that CLP genes from Cotesia bracoviruses encoded proteins that contain a C-terminal leucine/isoleucine-rich region and function as melanization inhibitors during the early stage of parasitization, which is important for successful parasitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Hua Wang
- Institute of Insect Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yue-Nan Zhou
- Institute of Insect Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xi-Qian Ye
- Institute of Insect Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Tong Wu
- Institute of Insect Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pei Yang
- Institute of Insect Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Shi
- Institute of Insect Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Hua Huang
- Institute of Insect Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xue-Xin Chen
- Institute of Insect Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Muller H, Chebbi MA, Bouzar C, Périquet G, Fortuna T, Calatayud PA, Le Ru B, Obonyo J, Kaiser L, Drezen JM, Huguet E, Gilbert C. Genome-Wide Patterns of Bracovirus Chromosomal Integration into Multiple Host Tissues during Parasitism. J Virol 2021; 95:e0068421. [PMID: 34319152 PMCID: PMC8549517 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00684-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bracoviruses are domesticated viruses found in parasitic wasp genomes. They are composed of genes of nudiviral origin that are involved in particle production and proviral segments containing virulence genes that are necessary for parasitism success. During particle production, proviral segments are amplified and individually packaged as DNA circles in nucleocapsids. These particles are injected by parasitic wasps into host larvae together with their eggs. Bracovirus circles of two wasp species were reported to undergo chromosomal integration in parasitized host hemocytes, through a conserved sequence named the host integration motif (HIM). Here, we used bulk Illumina sequencing to survey integrations of Cotesia typhae bracovirus circles in the DNA of its host, the maize corn borer (Sesamia nonagrioides), 7 days after parasitism. First, assembly and annotation of a high-quality genome for C. typhae enabled us to characterize 27 proviral segments clustered in proviral loci. Using these data, we characterized large numbers of chromosomal integrations (from 12 to 85 events per host haploid genome) for all 16 bracovirus circles containing a HIM. Integrations were found in four S. nonagrioides tissues and in the body of a caterpillar in which parasitism had failed. The 12 remaining circles do not integrate but are maintained at high levels in host tissues. Surprisingly, we found that HIM-mediated chromosomal integration in the wasp germ line has occurred accidentally at least six times during evolution. Overall, our study furthers our understanding of wasp-host genome interactions and supports HIM-mediated chromosomal integration as a possible mechanism of horizontal transfer from wasps to their hosts. IMPORTANCE Bracoviruses are endogenous domesticated viruses of parasitoid wasps that are injected together with wasp eggs into wasp host larvae during parasitism. Several studies have shown that some DNA circles packaged into bracovirus particles become integrated into host somatic genomes during parasitism, but the phenomenon has never been studied using nontargeted approaches. Here, we use bulk Illumina sequencing to systematically characterize and quantify bracovirus circle integrations that occur in four tissues of the Mediterranean corn borer (Sesamia nonagrioides) during parasitism by the Cotesia typhae wasp. Our analysis reveals that all circles containing a HIM integrate at substantial levels (from 12 to 85 integrations per host cell, in total) in all tissues, while other circles do not integrate. In addition to shedding new light on wasp-bracovirus-host interactions, our study supports HIM-mediated chromosomal integration of bracovirus as a possible source of wasp-to-host horizontal transfer, with long-term evolutionary consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héloïse Muller
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, IRD, UMR Évolution, Génomes, Comportement, et Écologie, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Mohamed Amine Chebbi
- UMR 7261 CNRS, Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Tours, Tours, France
- ViroScan3D SAS, Lyon, France
| | - Clémence Bouzar
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, IRD, UMR Évolution, Génomes, Comportement, et Écologie, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - George Périquet
- UMR 7261 CNRS, Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Taiadjana Fortuna
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, IRD, UMR Évolution, Génomes, Comportement, et Écologie, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Paul-André Calatayud
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, IRD, UMR Évolution, Génomes, Comportement, et Écologie, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement Team, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Bruno Le Ru
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, IRD, UMR Évolution, Génomes, Comportement, et Écologie, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement Team, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Julius Obonyo
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement Team, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Laure Kaiser
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, IRD, UMR Évolution, Génomes, Comportement, et Écologie, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jean-Michel Drezen
- UMR 7261 CNRS, Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Elisabeth Huguet
- UMR 7261 CNRS, Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Clément Gilbert
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, IRD, UMR Évolution, Génomes, Comportement, et Écologie, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Remnant EJ, Baty JW, Bulgarella M, Dobelmann J, Quinn O, Gruber MAM, Lester PJ. A Diverse Viral Community from Predatory Wasps in Their Native and Invaded Range, with a New Virus Infectious to Honey Bees. Viruses 2021; 13:1431. [PMID: 34452301 PMCID: PMC8402789 DOI: 10.3390/v13081431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Wasps of the genus Vespula are social insects that have become major pests and predators in their introduced range. Viruses present in these wasps have been studied in the context of spillover from honey bees, yet we lack an understanding of the endogenous virome of wasps as potential reservoirs of novel emerging infectious diseases. We describe the characterization of 68 novel and nine previously identified virus sequences found in transcriptomes of Vespula vulgaris in colonies sampled from their native range (Belgium) and an invasive range (New Zealand). Many viruses present in the samples were from the Picorna-like virus family (38%). We identified one Luteo-like virus, Vespula vulgaris Luteo-like virus 1, present in the three life stages examined in all colonies from both locations, suggesting this virus is a highly prevalent and persistent infection in wasp colonies. Additionally, we identified a novel Iflavirus with similarity to a recently identified Moku virus, a known wasp and honey bee pathogen. Experimental infection of honey bees with this novel Vespula vulgaris Moku-like virus resulted in an active infection. The high viral diversity present in these invasive wasps is a likely indication that their polyphagous diet is a rich source of viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J. Remnant
- Behaviour, Ecology and Evolution Laboratory, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Science Road, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - James W. Baty
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand; (J.W.B.); (M.B.); (J.D.); (O.Q.); (M.A.M.G.); (P.J.L.)
| | - Mariana Bulgarella
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand; (J.W.B.); (M.B.); (J.D.); (O.Q.); (M.A.M.G.); (P.J.L.)
| | - Jana Dobelmann
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand; (J.W.B.); (M.B.); (J.D.); (O.Q.); (M.A.M.G.); (P.J.L.)
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, Department of Biology, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Oliver Quinn
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand; (J.W.B.); (M.B.); (J.D.); (O.Q.); (M.A.M.G.); (P.J.L.)
- Bacteriology and Aquatic Animal Diseases, Ministry for Primary Industries, P.O. Box 2526, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Monica A. M. Gruber
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand; (J.W.B.); (M.B.); (J.D.); (O.Q.); (M.A.M.G.); (P.J.L.)
| | - Philip J. Lester
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand; (J.W.B.); (M.B.); (J.D.); (O.Q.); (M.A.M.G.); (P.J.L.)
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Sawa T, Tanaka T, Kato Y, Nakamatsu Y. Cky811 protein expressed by polydnavirus and venom gland of Cotesia kariyai regulates the host Mythimna separata larvae immune response function of C-type lectin responsible for foreign substance recognition which suppresses its melanization and encapsulation. Arch Insect Biochem Physiol 2021; 107:e21786. [PMID: 33818830 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Cotesia kariyai (Ck) larvae implanted into the body cavity of the Mythimna separata (armyworm) larvae get melanized and encapsulated after adhesion by hemocytes called hyperspread cells (HSCs). The present study showed that HSCs could not adhere to the implanted Ck larvae in armyworm larvae after injection of Ck polydnavirus (CkPDV) + venom (V), thus melanization and encapsulation could not occur. A C-type lectin called Mys-IML of the host armyworm larvae was considered to be involved in the recognition of foreign substances which always expressed in hemocytes. The CkPDV DNA encodes a C-type lectin called Cky811 that has high amino acid homology to Mys-IML. HSCs did not adhere when CkPDV + V was mixed with the hemolymph of armyworm larvae on glass slides and incubated in vitro, but the addition of anti-Cky811 antibody enabled HSCs to adhere. The messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of Mys-IML in armyworm larvae injected with CkPDV + V became undetectable by 6 h. On the contrary, Cky811 mRNA was well expressed in the hemocytes of armyworm larvae injected with CkPDV + V from 0.5 to 6 h. Cky811 protein was also detected in the crude extracts from Ck venom gland + Ck venom reservoir, suggesting that these proteins regulate foreign substance recognition by the armyworm within 0.5 h. These results suggest that CkPDV + V suppresses mRNA expression of Mys-IML, and that Cky811 protein expressed in hemocytes regulates foreign substance recognition of Mys-IML, resulting in inhibition of the downstream reaction steps: HSCs adhesion, melanization, and encapsulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Sawa
- Faculty of Education, Kogakkan University, Ise City, Mie Prefecture, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Tanaka
- International Center for Research and Education in Agriculture, Nagoya University, Nagoya City, Aichi Prefecture, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kato
- BASF Japan, AgSolution farm, Sanmu City, Chiba Prefecture, Japan
| | - Yutaka Nakamatsu
- Faculty of Education, Kogakkan University, Ise City, Mie Prefecture, Japan
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Cusumano A, Volkoff AN. Influence of parasitoid-associated viral symbionts on plant-insect interactions and biological control. Curr Opin Insect Sci 2021; 44:64-71. [PMID: 33866043 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2021.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Insect parasitoids have evolved symbiotic interactions with several viruses and thousands of parasitoid species have established mutualistic associations with polydnaviruses (PDVs). While PDVs have often been described as virulence factors allowing development of immature parasitoids inside their herbivore hosts, there is increasing awareness that PDVs can affect plant-insect interactions. We review recent literature showing that PDVs alter not only host physiology, but also feeding patterns and composition of herbivore's oral secretions. In turn PDV-induced changes in herbivore phenotype affect plant responses to herbivory with consequences ranging from differential expression of plant defense-related genes to wider ecological effects across multiple trophic levels. In this opinion paper we also highlight important missing gaps to fully understand the role of PDVs and other parasitoid-associated viral symbionts in a plant-insect interaction perspective. Because PDVs negatively impact performance and survival of herbivore pests, we conclude arguing that PDV genomes offer potential opportunities for biological control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Cusumano
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
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Wang Y, Wu X, Wang Z, Chen T, Zhou S, Chen J, Pang L, Ye X, Shi M, Huang J, Chen X. Symbiotic bracovirus of a parasite manipulates host lipid metabolism via tachykinin signaling. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009365. [PMID: 33647060 PMCID: PMC7951984 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasites alter host energy homeostasis for their own development, but the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain largely unknown. Here, we show that Cotesia vestalis, an endoparasitic wasp of Plutella xylostella larvae, stimulates a reduction of host lipid levels. This process requires excess secretion of P. xylostella tachykinin (PxTK) peptides from enteroendocrine cells (EEs) in the midgut of the parasitized host larvae. We found that parasitization upregulates PxTK signaling to suppress lipogenesis in midgut enterocytes (ECs) in a non-cell-autonomous manner, and the reduced host lipid level benefits the development of wasp offspring and their subsequent parasitic ability. We further found that a C. vestalis bracovirus (CvBV) gene, CvBV 9–2, is responsible for PxTK induction, which in turn reduces the systemic lipid level of the host. Taken together, these findings illustrate a novel mechanism for parasite manipulation of host energy homeostasis by a symbiotic bracovirus gene to promote the development and increase the parasitic efficiency of an agriculturally important wasp species. Parasitic wasps are ubiquitous on earth and diverse. They lay eggs in or on the bodies of their hosts, and they have evolved adaptive strategies to regulate the energy metabolism of their hosts to match their own specific nutrition requirements. Here, we found that Cotesia vestalis, a solitary endoparasitoid of Plutella xylostella, uses symbiotic bracovirus as a weapon to manipulate host systemic lipid levels. Specifically, a C. vestalis bracovirus (CvBV) gene, CvBV 9–2, is responsible for the induction of PxTK, which in turn suppresses lipogenesis in the midgut of the parasitized host, leading to a nutritional lipid level suitable for the development and subsequent parasitic efficiency of C. vestalis wasps. Our study provides innovative insights into the mechanisms by which parasitic wasps manipulate host lipid homeostasis and may help to expand our knowledge of other parasitic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Wang
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaotong Wu
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zehua Wang
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sicong Zhou
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiani Chen
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lan Pang
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiqian Ye
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Shi
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianhua Huang
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Xuexin Chen
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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9
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Tang CK, Tsai CH, Wu CP, Lin YH, Wei SC, Lu YH, Li CH, Wu YL. MicroRNAs from Snellenius manilae bracovirus regulate innate and cellular immune responses of its host Spodoptera litura. Commun Biol 2021; 4:52. [PMID: 33420334 PMCID: PMC7794284 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01563-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
To avoid inducing immune and physiological responses in insect hosts, parasitoid wasps have developed several mechanisms to inhibit them during parasitism, including the production of venom, specialized wasp cells, and symbioses with polydnaviruses (PDVs). These mechanisms alter the host physiology to give the wasp offspring a greater chance of survival. However, the molecular mechanisms for most of these alterations remain unclear. In the present study, we applied next-generation sequencing analysis and identified several miRNAs that were encoded in the genome of Snellenius manilae bracovirus (SmBV), and expressed in the host larvae, Spodoptera litura, during parasitism. Among these miRNAs, SmBV-miR-199b-5p and SmBV-miR-2989 were found to target domeless and toll-7 in the host, which are involved in the host innate immune responses. Microinjecting the inhibitors of these two miRNAs into parasitized S. litura larvae not only severely decreased the pupation rate of Snellenius manilae, but also restored the phagocytosis and encapsulation activity of the hemocytes. The results demonstrate that these two SmBV-encoded miRNAs play an important role in suppressing the immune responses of parasitized hosts. Overall, our study uncovers the functions of two SmBV-encoded miRNAs in regulating the host innate immune responses upon wasp parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Kang Tang
- Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsuan Tsai
- Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Carol-P Wu
- Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsien Lin
- Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Chan Wei
- Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Heng Lu
- Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsun Li
- Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Lung Wu
- Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan.
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10
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Coffman KA, Burke GR. Genomic analysis reveals an exogenous viral symbiont with dual functionality in parasitoid wasps and their hosts. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1009069. [PMID: 33253317 PMCID: PMC7728225 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Insects are known to host a wide variety of beneficial microbes that are fundamental to many aspects of their biology and have substantially shaped their evolution. Notably, parasitoid wasps have repeatedly evolved beneficial associations with viruses that enable developing wasps to survive as parasites that feed from other insects. Ongoing genomic sequencing efforts have revealed that most of these virus-derived entities are fully integrated into the genomes of parasitoid wasp lineages, representing endogenous viral elements (EVEs) that retain the ability to produce virus or virus-like particles within wasp reproductive tissues. All documented parasitoid EVEs have undergone similar genomic rearrangements compared to their viral ancestors characterized by viral genes scattered across wasp genomes and specific viral gene losses. The recurrent presence of viral endogenization and genomic reorganization in beneficial virus systems identified to date suggest that these features are crucial to forming heritable alliances between parasitoid wasps and viruses. Here, our genomic characterization of a mutualistic poxvirus associated with the wasp Diachasmimorpha longicaudata, known as Diachasmimorpha longicaudata entomopoxvirus (DlEPV), has uncovered the first instance of beneficial virus evolution that does not conform to the genomic architecture shared by parasitoid EVEs with which it displays evolutionary convergence. Rather, DlEPV retains the exogenous viral genome of its poxvirus ancestor and the majority of conserved poxvirus core genes. Additional comparative analyses indicate that DlEPV is related to a fly pathogen and contains a novel gene expansion that may be adaptive to its symbiotic role. Finally, differential expression analysis during virus replication in wasps and fly hosts demonstrates a unique mechanism of functional partitioning that allows DlEPV to persist within and provide benefit to its parasitoid wasp host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey A. Coffman
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Gaelen R. Burke
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
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11
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Hasegawa DK, Zhang P, Turnbull MW. Intracellular dynamics of polydnavirus innexin homologues. Insect Mol Biol 2020; 29:477-489. [PMID: 32683761 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polydnaviruses associated with ichneumonid parasitoid wasps (Ichnoviruses) encode large numbers of genes, often in multigene families. The Ichnovirus Vinnexin gene family, which is expressed in parasitized lepidopteran larvae, encodes homologues of Innexins, the structural components of insect gap junctions. Here, we have examined intracellular behaviours of the Campoletis sonorensis Ichnovirus (CsIV) Vinnexins, alone and in combination with a host Innexin orthologue, Innexin2 (Inx2). QRT-PCR verified that transcription of CsIV vinnexins occurs contemporaneously with inx2, implying co-occurrence of Vinnexin and Inx2 proteins. Confocal microscopy demonstrated that epitope-tagged VinnexinG (VnxG) and VinnexinQ2 (VnxQ2) exhibit similar subcellular localization as Spodoptera frugiperda Inx2 (Sf-Inx2). Surface biotinylation assays verified that all three proteins localize to the cell surface, and cytochalasin B and nocodazole that they rely on actin and microtubule cytoskeletal networks for localization. Immunomicroscopy following co-transfection of constructs indicates extensive co-localization of Vinnexins with each other and Sf-Inx2, and live-cell imaging of mCherry-labelled Inx2 supports that Vinnexins may affect Sf-Inx2 distribution in a Vinnexin-specific fashion. Our findings support that the Vinnexins may disrupt host cell physiology in a protein-specific manner through altering gap junctional intercellular channel communication, as well as indirectly by affecting multicellular junction characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Hasegawa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
- USDA-ARS, Crop Improvement and Protection Research Unit, Salinas, CA, USA
| | - P Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - M W Turnbull
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
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12
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Delpuech JM. Superparasitism by a parasitoid wasp: The absence of sublethal effects from the neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid enlightens the specificity of the cholinergic pathway involved. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2020; 201:110809. [PMID: 32526592 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Imidacloprid is an insecticide that is used globally and is suspected to be at least partly responsible for the decrease in the number of pollinator insects. The effects of an LC20 of imidacloprid on the parasitic behavior of the parasitoid wasp Leptopilina boulardi were investigated. Two genetically identical L. boulardi strains were used for the experiments. The strains differed in that one was infected by LbFvirus and the other was not. LbFvirus is a virus that induces an increase in the superparasitism behavior of the wasp. Results of two previous works have shown that the organophosphorus insecticide chlorpyrifos induces an increase in the superparasitism rate of L. boulardi through its specific action on cholinergic nervous pathways. Imidacloprid targets receptors implicated in cholinergic nervous pathways and thus it was expected that imidacloprid would also increase the superparasitism rate of L. boulardi. However, the results of the present experiment demonstrate that imidacloprid does not interfere with the parasitic behavior of L. boulardi and does not increase the rate of superparasitization. It can then be concluded that the major target of imidacloprid, namely type 1 α-bungarotoxin resistant nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR1), which imidacloprid is an agonist of, and the minor target, type D α-bungarotoxin sensitive nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRD), which imidacloprid is an antagonist of, are not involved in the superparasitism behavior by L. boulardi. Therefore, the superparasitism behavior of the parasitoid wasp is controlled by cholinergic pathways that do not involve nAChR1 or nAChRD subtype receptors. These findings may enable a better understanding of the mechanisms by which the LbFvirus acts, and contribute to a better evaluation of the potential environmental impact of imidacloprid use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marie Delpuech
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UMR 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, 43 Boulevard Du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69622, Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
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13
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Legeai F, Santos BF, Robin S, Bretaudeau A, Dikow RB, Lemaitre C, Jouan V, Ravallec M, Drezen JM, Tagu D, Baudat F, Gyapay G, Zhou X, Liu S, Webb BA, Brady SG, Volkoff AN. Genomic architecture of endogenous ichnoviruses reveals distinct evolutionary pathways leading to virus domestication in parasitic wasps. BMC Biol 2020; 18:89. [PMID: 32703219 PMCID: PMC7379367 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-020-00822-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polydnaviruses (PDVs) are mutualistic endogenous viruses inoculated by some lineages of parasitoid wasps into their hosts, where they facilitate successful wasp development. PDVs include the ichnoviruses and bracoviruses that originate from independent viral acquisitions in ichneumonid and braconid wasps respectively. PDV genomes are fully incorporated into the wasp genomes and consist of (1) genes involved in viral particle production, which derive from the viral ancestor and are not encapsidated, and (2) proviral segments harboring virulence genes, which are packaged into the viral particle. To help elucidating the mechanisms that have facilitated viral domestication in ichneumonid wasps, we analyzed the structure of the viral insertions by sequencing the whole genome of two ichnovirus-carrying wasp species, Hyposoter didymator and Campoletis sonorensis. RESULTS Assemblies with long scaffold sizes allowed us to unravel the organization of the endogenous ichnovirus and revealed considerable dispersion of the viral loci within the wasp genomes. Proviral segments contained species-specific sets of genes and occupied distinct genomic locations in the two ichneumonid wasps. In contrast, viral machinery genes were organized in clusters showing highly conserved gene content and order, with some loci located in collinear wasp genomic regions. This genomic architecture clearly differs from the organization of PDVs in braconid wasps, in which proviral segments are clustered and viral machinery elements are more dispersed. CONCLUSIONS The contrasting structures of the two types of ichnovirus genomic elements are consistent with their different functions: proviral segments are vehicles for virulence proteins expected to adapt according to different host defense systems, whereas the genes involved in virus particle production in the wasp are likely more stable and may reflect ancestral viral architecture. The distinct genomic architectures seen in ichnoviruses versus bracoviruses reveal different evolutionary trajectories that have led to virus domestication in the two wasp lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Legeai
- IGEPP, Agrocampus Ouest, INRAE, Université de Rennes 1, 35650, Le Rheu, France
- Université Rennes 1, INRIA, CNRS, IRISA, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Bernardo F Santos
- Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 10th and Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20560-0165, USA
| | - Stéphanie Robin
- IGEPP, Agrocampus Ouest, INRAE, Université de Rennes 1, 35650, Le Rheu, France
- Université Rennes 1, INRIA, CNRS, IRISA, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Anthony Bretaudeau
- IGEPP, Agrocampus Ouest, INRAE, Université de Rennes 1, 35650, Le Rheu, France
- Université Rennes 1, INRIA, CNRS, IRISA, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Rebecca B Dikow
- Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 10th and Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20560-0165, USA
- Data Science Lab, Office of the Chief Information Officer, Smithsonian Institution, 10th and Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20560-0165, USA
| | - Claire Lemaitre
- Université Rennes 1, INRIA, CNRS, IRISA, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Véronique Jouan
- DGIMI, INRAE, University of Montpellier, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Marc Ravallec
- DGIMI, INRAE, University of Montpellier, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Michel Drezen
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS - Université de Tours, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, Parc de Grandmont, Tours, France
| | - Denis Tagu
- IGEPP, Agrocampus Ouest, INRAE, Université de Rennes 1, 35650, Le Rheu, France
| | - Frédéric Baudat
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, University of Montpellier, 34396, Montpellier, France
| | - Gabor Gyapay
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Institut de Génomique (IG), Genoscope, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, BP5706, 91057, Evry, France
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanlin Liu
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, 518083, People's Republic of China
| | - Bruce A Webb
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
| | - Seán G Brady
- Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 10th and Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20560-0165, USA
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Highfield A, Kevill J, Mordecai G, Hunt J, Henderson S, Sauvard D, Feltwell J, Martin SJ, Sumner S, Schroeder DC. Detection and Replication of Moku Virus in Honey Bees and Social Wasps. Viruses 2020; 12:v12060607. [PMID: 32498304 PMCID: PMC7354477 DOI: 10.3390/v12060607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmission of honey bee viruses to other insects, and vice versa, has previously been reported and the true ecological importance of this phenomenon is still being realized. Members of the family Vespidae interact with honey bees via predation or through the robbing of brood or honey from colonies, and these activities could result in virus transfer. In this study we screened Vespa velutina and Vespa crabro collected from Europe and China and also honey bees and Vespula vulgaris from the UK for Moku virus (MV), an Iflavirus first discovered in the predatory social wasp Vespula pensylvanica in Hawaii. MV was found in 71% of Vespulavulgaris screened and was also detected in UK Vespa crabro. Only seven percent of Vespa velutina individuals screened were MV-positive and these were exclusively samples from Jersey. Of 69 honey bee colonies screened, 43% tested positive for MV. MV replication was confirmed in Apis mellifera and Vespidae species, being most frequently detected in Vespulavulgaris. MV sequences from the UK were most similar to MV from Vespulapensylvanica compared to MV from Vespa velutina in Belgium. The implications of the transfer of viruses between the Vespidae and honey bees are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Highfield
- The Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, Citadel Hill, Plymouth PL1 2PB, UK; (G.M.); (J.H.); (S.H.)
- Correspondence: (A.H.); (D.C.S.); Tel.: +1-612-413-0030 (D.C.S.)
| | - Jessica Kevill
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Salford, Manchester M5 4WT, UK; (J.K.); (S.J.M.)
- Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Gideon Mordecai
- The Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, Citadel Hill, Plymouth PL1 2PB, UK; (G.M.); (J.H.); (S.H.)
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Jade Hunt
- The Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, Citadel Hill, Plymouth PL1 2PB, UK; (G.M.); (J.H.); (S.H.)
| | - Summer Henderson
- The Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, Citadel Hill, Plymouth PL1 2PB, UK; (G.M.); (J.H.); (S.H.)
| | | | - John Feltwell
- Wildlife Matters Consultancy Unit, Battle, East Sussex TN33 9BN, UK;
| | - Stephen J. Martin
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Salford, Manchester M5 4WT, UK; (J.K.); (S.J.M.)
| | - Seirian Sumner
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK;
| | - Declan C. Schroeder
- The Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, Citadel Hill, Plymouth PL1 2PB, UK; (G.M.); (J.H.); (S.H.)
- Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6LA, UK
- Correspondence: (A.H.); (D.C.S.); Tel.: +1-612-413-0030 (D.C.S.)
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15
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Zhang Y, Wang J, Han GZ. Chalcid wasp paleoviruses bridge the evolutionary gap between bracoviruses and nudiviruses. Virology 2020; 542:34-39. [PMID: 32056666 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Polydnaviruses are obligate mutualists of parasitoid wasps and are divided into two genera, Bracovirus and Ichnovirus. Bracoviruses are thought to originate from a single integration of an ancestral nudivirus into the ancestor of microgastroid complex ~100 million years ago. However, all the known nudiviruses are only distantly related to bracoviruses, and much remains obscure about the origin of bracoviruses. Here we employ a paleovirological method to screen endogenous nudivirus-like elements across arthropods. Interestingly, we identify many endogenous nudivirus-like elements within the genome of Eurytoma brunniventris, a species of the Chalcidoidea superfamily. Among them, we find 14 core gene sequences are likely to be derived from a betanudivirus (designated EbrENV-β), suggesting that betanudivirus has been circulating in parasitoid wasps. Phylogenomic analysis suggests that EbrENV-β is the known closest relative of bracoviruses. Synteny analyses show the order of core genes is not well conserved between EbrENV-β and nudiviruses, revealing the dynamic nature of the evolution of nudivirus genome structures. Our findings narrow down the evolutionary gap between bracoviruses and nudiviruses and provide novel insights into the origin and evolution of polydnaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Guan-Zhu Han
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China.
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16
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Lüthi MN, Vorburger C, Dennis AB. A Novel RNA Virus in the Parasitoid Wasp Lysiphlebus fabarum: Genomic Structure, Prevalence, and Transmission. Viruses 2020; 12:E59. [PMID: 31947801 PMCID: PMC7019493 DOI: 10.3390/v12010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on a novel RNA virus infecting the wasp Lysiphlebus fabarum, a parasitoid of aphids. This virus, tentatively named "Lysiphlebus fabarum virus" (LysV), was discovered in transcriptome sequences of wasps from an experimental evolution study in which the parasitoids were allowed to adapt to aphid hosts (Aphis fabae) with or without resistance-conferring endosymbionts. Based on phylogenetic analyses of the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), LysV belongs to the Iflaviridae family in the order of the Picornavirales, with the closest known relatives all being parasitoid wasp-infecting viruses. We developed an endpoint PCR and a more sensitive qPCR assay to screen for LysV in field samples and laboratory lines. These screens verified the occurrence of LysV in wild parasitoids and identified the likely wild-source population for lab infections in Western Switzerland. Three viral haplotypes could be distinguished in wild populations, of which two were found in the laboratory. Both vertical and horizontal transmission of LysV were demonstrated experimentally, and repeated sampling of laboratory populations suggests that the virus can form persistent infections without obvious symptoms in infected wasps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina N. Lüthi
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland; (C.V.); (A.B.D.)
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Vorburger
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland; (C.V.); (A.B.D.)
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Alice B. Dennis
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland; (C.V.); (A.B.D.)
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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17
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Lorenzi A, Ravallec M, Eychenne M, Jouan V, Robin S, Darboux I, Legeai F, Gosselin-Grenet AS, Sicard M, Stoltz D, Volkoff AN. RNA interference identifies domesticated viral genes involved in assembly and trafficking of virus-derived particles in ichneumonid wasps. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008210. [PMID: 31834912 PMCID: PMC6957214 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There are many documented examples of viral genes retained in the genomes of multicellular organisms that may in some cases bring new beneficial functions to the receivers. The ability of certain ichneumonid parasitic wasps to produce virus-derived particles, the so-called ichnoviruses (IVs), not only results from the capture and domestication of single viral genes but of almost entire ancestral virus genome(s). Indeed, following integration into wasp chromosomal DNA, the putative and still undetermined IV ancestor(s) evolved into encoding a ‘virulence gene delivery vehicle’ that is now required for successful infestation of wasp hosts. Several putative viral genes, which are clustered in distinct regions of wasp genomes referred to as IVSPERs (Ichnovirus Structural Protein Encoding Regions), have been assumed to be involved in virus-derived particles morphogenesis, but this question has not been previously functionally addressed. In the present study, we have successfully combined RNA interference and transmission electron microscopy to specifically identify IVSPER genes that are responsible for the morphogenesis and trafficking of the virus-derived particles in ovarian cells of the ichneumonid wasp Hyposoter didymator. We suggest that ancestral viral genes retained within the genomes of certain ichneumonid parasitoids possess conserved functions which were domesticated for the purpose of assembling viral vectors for the delivery of virulence genes to parasitized host animals. Thousands of parasitic wasp from the ichneumonid family rely on virus-derived particles, named Ichnoviruses (Polydnavirus family), to ensure their successful development. The particles are produced in a specialized ovarian tissue of the female wasp named calyx. Virions are assembled in the calyx cell nuclei and stored in the oviduct before being transferred to the parasitoid host upon female wasp oviposition. Genes encoding proteins associated with the particles had been previously identified. These genes are localized in clusters of genes in the wasp genome (named IVSPER for “Ichnovirus structural proteins encoding regions”), they are specifically transcribed in the calyx but not encapsidated. IVSPER genes were thus hypothesized to derive from the integration of a virus, however still undetermined. Indeed, none of the identified genes had similarity to known sequence, making in addition unclear their function in particle production. In this work, we use the RNA interference technology to decipher the function of six IVSPER genes from the ichneumonid wasp Hyposoter didymator. Thanks to this approach, combined with transmission electron microscopy, we show that the studied IVSPER genes are required in different steps of particle morphogenesis and trafficking, and that their functions are those expected of a typical virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ange Lorenzi
- DGIMI, INRA, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Marc Ravallec
- DGIMI, INRA, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Stéphanie Robin
- UMR 1349 INRA/Agrocampus Ouest/Université Rennes 1, Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes (IGEPP), Le Rheu, France
- Université Rennes 1, INRIA, CNRS, IRISA, Rennes, France
| | | | - Fabrice Legeai
- UMR 1349 INRA/Agrocampus Ouest/Université Rennes 1, Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes (IGEPP), Le Rheu, France
- Université Rennes 1, INRIA, CNRS, IRISA, Rennes, France
| | | | - Mathieu Sicard
- ISEM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, France
| | - Don Stoltz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
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18
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Burke GR. Common themes in three independently derived endogenous nudivirus elements in parasitoid wasps. Curr Opin Insect Sci 2019; 32:28-35. [PMID: 31113628 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous Viral Elements (EVEs) are remnants of viral genomes that are permanently integrated into the genome of another organism. Parasitoid wasps have independently acquired nudivirus-derived EVEs in three lineages. Each parasitoid produces virions or virus-like particles (VLPs) that are injected into hosts during parasitism to function in subversion of host defenses. Comparing the inventory of nudivirus-like genes in different lineages of parasitoids can provide insights into the importance of each encoded function in virus or VLP production and parasitism success. Comparisons revealed the following conserved features: first, retention of genes encoding a viral RNA polymerase and infectivity factors; second, loss of the ancestral DNA polymerase gene; and third, signatures of viral ancestry in patterns of gene retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaelen R Burke
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.
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19
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Darboux I, Cusson M, Volkoff AN. The dual life of ichnoviruses. Curr Opin Insect Sci 2019; 32:47-53. [PMID: 31113631 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ichnoviruses (IVs) are mutualistic, double-stranded DNA viruses playing a key role in the successful parasitism of thousands of endoparasitoid wasp species. IV particles are produced exclusively in the female wasp reproductive tract. They are co-injected along with the parasitoid egg into caterpillar hosts upon parasitization. The expression of viral genes by infected host cells leads to an immunosuppressive state and delayed development of the host, two pathologies that are critical to the successful development of the wasp egg and larva. Ichnovirus is one of the two recognized genera within the family Polydnaviridae (polydnaviruses or PDVs), the other genus being Bracovirus (BV), associated with braconid wasps. IVs are associated with ichneumonid wasps belonging to the subfamilies Campopleginae and Banchinae; attempts to identify IV particles in other ichneumonid subfamilies have so far been unsuccessful. Functional studies targeting IV genes expressed in parasitized hosts, along with investigations of the molecular mechanisms responsible for viral morphogenesis in the female wasp, have resulted in a better understanding of the biology of these atypical viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Darboux
- UMR DGIMI 1333 INRA Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
| | - Michel Cusson
- Centre de foresterie des Laurentides, Ressources naturelles Canada, Québec, Canada
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20
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Di Lelio I, Illiano A, Astarita F, Gianfranceschi L, Horner D, Varricchio P, Amoresano A, Pucci P, Pennacchio F, Caccia S. Evolution of an insect immune barrier through horizontal gene transfer mediated by a parasitic wasp. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1007998. [PMID: 30835731 PMCID: PMC6420030 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome sequencing data have recently demonstrated that eukaryote evolution has been remarkably influenced by the acquisition of a large number of genes by horizontal gene transfer (HGT) across different kingdoms. However, in depth-studies on the physiological traits conferred by these accidental DNA acquisitions are largely lacking. Here we elucidate the functional role of Sl gasmin, a gene of a symbiotic virus of a parasitic wasp that has been transferred to an ancestor of the moth species Spodoptera littoralis and domesticated. This gene is highly expressed in circulating immune cells (haemocytes) of larval stages, where its transcription is rapidly boosted by injection of microorganisms into the body cavity. RNAi silencing of Sl gasmin generates a phenotype characterized by a precocious suppression of phagocytic activity by haemocytes, which is rescued when these immune cells are incubated in plasma samples of control larvae, containing high levels of the encoded protein. Proteomic analysis demonstrates that the protein Sl gasmin is released by haemocytes into the haemolymph, where it opsonizes the invading bacteria to promote their phagocytosis, both in vitro and in vivo. Our results show that important physiological traits do not necessarily originate from evolution of pre-existing genes, but can be acquired by HGT events, through unique pathways of symbiotic evolution. These findings indicate that insects can paradoxically acquire selective advantages with the help of their natural enemies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Di Lelio
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, Portici (NA), Italy
| | - Anna Illiano
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Federica Astarita
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, Portici (NA), Italy
| | | | - David Horner
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Paola Varricchio
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, Portici (NA), Italy
| | - Angela Amoresano
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Pietro Pucci
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Francesco Pennacchio
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, Portici (NA), Italy
| | - Silvia Caccia
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, Portici (NA), Italy
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21
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Loope KJ, Baty JW, Lester PJ, Wilson Rankin EE. Pathogen shifts in a honeybee predator following the arrival of the Varroa mite. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20182499. [PMID: 30963859 PMCID: PMC6367166 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.2499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) are a global threat to honeybees, and spillover from managed bees threaten wider insect populations. Deformed wing virus (DWV), a widespread virus that has become emergent in conjunction with the spread of the mite Varroa destructor, is thought to be partly responsible for global colony losses. The arrival of Varroa in honeybee populations causes a dramatic loss of viral genotypic diversity, favouring a few virulent strains. Here, we investigate DWV spillover in an invasive Hawaiian population of the wasp, Vespula pensylvanica, a honeybee predator and honey-raider. We show that Vespula underwent a parallel loss in DWV variant diversity upon the arrival of Varroa, despite the mite being a honeybee specialist. The observed shift in Vespula DWV and the variant-sharing between Vespula and Apis suggest that these wasps can acquire DWV directly or indirectly from honeybees. Apis prey items collected from Vespula foragers were positive for DWV, indicating predation is a possible route of transmission. We also sought cascading effects of DWV shifts in a broader Vespula pathogen community. We identified concurrent changes in a suite of additional pathogens, as well as shifts in the associations between these pathogens in Vespula. These findings reveal how hidden effects of the Varroa mite can, via spillover, transform the composition of pathogens in interacting species, with potential knock-on effects for entire pathogen communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J. Loope
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - James W. Baty
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Philip J. Lester
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
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22
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Kim Y, Kumar S. Persistent expression of Cotesia plutellae bracovirus genes in parasitized host, Plutella xylostella. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200663. [PMID: 30011308 PMCID: PMC6047808 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cotesia plutellae (= vestalis) bracovirus (CpBV) is symbiotic to an endoparasitoid wasp, C. plutellae, and plays crucial roles in parasitism against the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. CpBV virion genome consists of 35 circular DNAs encoding 157 putative open reading frames (ORFs). This study re-annotated 157 ORFs with update genome database and analyzed their gene expressions at early and late parasitic stages. Re-annotation has established 15 different viral gene families, to which 83 ORFs are assigned with remaining 74 hypothetical genes. Among 157 ORFs, 147 genes were expressed at early or late parasitic stages, among which 141 genes were expressed in both parasitic stages, indicating persistent nature of gene expression. Relative frequencies of different viral circles present in the ovarian lumen did not explain the expression variation of the viral ORFs. Furthermore, expression level of each viral gene was varied during parasitism along with host development. Highly up-regulated CpBV genes at early parasitic stage included BEN (BANP, E5R and NAC1), ELP (EP1-like protein), IkB (inhibitor kB), P494 (protein 494 kDa) family genes, while those at late stage were mostly hypothetical genes. Along with the viral gene expression, 362 host genes exhibited more than two fold changes in expression levels at early parasitic stage compared to nonparasitized host. At late stage, more number (1,858) of host genes was regulated. These results suggest that persistent expression of most CpBV genes may be necessary to regulate host physiological processes during C. plutellae parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggyun Kim
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong, Korea
- * E-mail:
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong, Korea
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23
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Garigliany M, Taminiau B, El Agrebi N, Cadar D, Gilliaux G, Hue M, Desmecht D, Daube G, Linden A, Farnir F, De Proft M, Saegerman C. Moku Virus in Invasive Asian Hornets, Belgium, 2016. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 23:2109-2112. [PMID: 29148384 PMCID: PMC5708231 DOI: 10.3201/eid2312.171080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the detection of Moku virus in invasive Asian hornets (Vespa velutina nigrithorax) in Belgium. This constitutes an unexpected report of this iflavirus outside Hawaii, USA, where it was recently described in social wasps. Although virulence of Moku virus is unknown, its potential spread raises concern for European honeybee populations.
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24
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Wang ZZ, Ye XQ, Shi M, Li F, Wang ZH, Zhou YN, Gu QJ, Wu XT, Yin CL, Guo DH, Hu RM, Hu NN, Chen T, Zheng BY, Zou JN, Zhan LQ, Wei SJ, Wang YP, Huang JH, Fang XD, Strand MR, Chen XX. Parasitic insect-derived miRNAs modulate host development. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2205. [PMID: 29880839 PMCID: PMC5992160 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04504-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitic wasps produce several factors including venom, polydnaviruses (PDVs) and specialized wasp cells named teratocytes that benefit the survival of offspring by altering the physiology of hosts. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms for the alterations remain unclear. Here we find that the teratocytes of Cotesia vestalis, an endoparasitoid of the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella, and its associated bracovirus (CvBV) can produce miRNAs and deliver the products into the host via different ways. Certain miRNAs in the parasitized host are mainly produced by teratocytes, while the expression level of miRNAs encoded by CvBV can be 100-fold greater in parasitized hosts than non-parasitized ones. We further show that one teratocyte-produced miRNA (Cve-miR-281-3p) and one CvBV-produced miRNA (Cve-miR-novel22-5p-1) arrest host growth by modulating expression of the host ecdysone receptor (EcR). Altogether, our results show the first evidence of cross-species regulation by miRNAs in animal parasitism and their possible function in the alteration of host physiology during parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Zhi Wang
- Institute of Insect Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xi-Qian Ye
- Institute of Insect Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Shi
- Institute of Insect Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fei Li
- Institute of Insect Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ze-Hua Wang
- Institute of Insect Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yue-Nan Zhou
- Institute of Insect Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qi-Juan Gu
- Institute of Insect Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Tong Wu
- Institute of Insect Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chuan-Lin Yin
- Institute of Insect Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dian-Hao Guo
- Institute of Insect Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rong-Min Hu
- Institute of Insect Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Na-Na Hu
- Institute of Insect Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Institute of Insect Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bo-Ying Zheng
- Institute of Insect Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Ni Zou
- Institute of Insect Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Le-Qing Zhan
- Institute of Insect Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shu-Jun Wei
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, 100097, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Ping Wang
- Institute of Insect Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Hua Huang
- Institute of Insect Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Michael R Strand
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Xue-Xin Chen
- Institute of Insect Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China.
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China.
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China.
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25
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Ye XQ, Shi M, Huang JH, Chen XX. Parasitoid polydnaviruses and immune interaction with secondary hosts. Dev Comp Immunol 2018; 83:124-129. [PMID: 29352983 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Polydnaviruses (PDVs) are obligatory symbionts with parasitoid wasps. The PDV virions are produced solely in wasp (the primary host) calyx cells. They are injected into caterpillar hosts (the secondary host) during parasitoid oviposition, where they express irreplaceable actions to ensure survival and development of wasp larvae. Some of PDV gene products suppress host immune responses while others alter host growth, metabolism or endocrine system. Here, we treat new findings on PDV gene products and their action on immunity within secondary hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Qian Ye
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Min Shi
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jian-Hua Huang
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xue-Xin Chen
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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26
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Zhu F, Cusumano A, Bloem J, Weldegergis BT, Villela A, Fatouros NE, van Loon JJA, Dicke M, Harvey JA, Vogel H, Poelman EH. Symbiotic polydnavirus and venom reveal parasitoid to its hyperparasitoids. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:5205-5210. [PMID: 29712841 PMCID: PMC5960289 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1717904115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Symbiotic relationships may provide organisms with key innovations that aid in the establishment of new niches. For example, during oviposition, some species of parasitoid wasps, whose larvae develop inside the bodies of other insects, inject polydnaviruses into their hosts. These symbiotic viruses disrupt host immune responses, allowing the parasitoid's progeny to survive. Here we show that symbiotic polydnaviruses also have a downside to the parasitoid's progeny by initiating a multitrophic chain of interactions that reveals the parasitoid larvae to their enemies. These enemies are hyperparasitoids that use the parasitoid progeny as host for their own offspring. We found that the virus and venom injected by the parasitoid during oviposition, but not the parasitoid progeny itself, affected hyperparasitoid attraction toward plant volatiles induced by feeding of parasitized caterpillars. We identified activity of virus-related genes in the caterpillar salivary gland. Moreover, the virus affected the activity of elicitors of salivary origin that induce plant responses to caterpillar feeding. The changes in caterpillar saliva were critical in inducing plant volatiles that are used by hyperparasitoids to locate parasitized caterpillars. Our results show that symbiotic organisms may be key drivers of multitrophic ecological interactions. We anticipate that this phenomenon is widespread in nature, because of the abundance of symbiotic microorganisms across trophic levels in ecological communities. Their role should be more prominently integrated in community ecology to understand organization of natural and managed ecosystems, as well as adaptations of individual organisms that are part of these communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhu
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Antonino Cusumano
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Janneke Bloem
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Berhane T Weldegergis
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alexandre Villela
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nina E Fatouros
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joop J A van Loon
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey A Harvey
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Animal Ecology Section, Department of Ecological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Heiko Vogel
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Erik H Poelman
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands;
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27
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Abstract
The braconid parasitoid wasp subfamily Microgastrinae is perhaps the most species-rich subfamily of animals on Earth. Despite their small size, they are familiar to agriculturalists and field ecologists alike as one of the principal groups of natural enemies of caterpillars feeding on plants. Their abundance and nearly ubiquitous terrestrial distribution, their intricate interactions with host insects, and their historical association with mutualistic polydnaviruses have all contributed to Microgastrinae becoming a key group of organisms for studying parasitism, parasitoid genomics, and mating biology. However, these rich sources of data have not yet led to a robust genus-level classification of the group, and some taxonomic confusion persists as a result. We present the current status of understanding of the general biology, taxonomic history, diversity, geographical patterns, host relationships, and phylogeny of Microgastrinae as a stimulus and foundation for further study. Current progress in elucidating the biology and taxonomy of this important group is rapid and promises a revolution in the classification of these wasps in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Whitfield
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA;
| | - Andrew D Austin
- Australian Centre for Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia;
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28
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Kou TC, Liu YT, Li M, Yang Y, Zhang W, Cui JH, Zhang XW, Dong SM, Xu S, You S, Yu DS, Pang ZY, Luo KJ. Identification of β-chain of F o F 1 -ATPase in apoptotic cell population induced by Microplitis bicoloratus bracovirus and its role in the development of Spodoptera litura. Arch Insect Biochem Physiol 2017; 95:e21389. [PMID: 28557004 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Two physiological changes of Spodoptera litura parasitized by Microplitis bicoloratus are hemocyte-apoptosis and retarded immature development. β-Chain of Fo F1 -ATPase was found from a S. litura transcriptome. It belongs to a conserved P-loop NTPase superfamily, descending from a common ancestor of Lepidopteran clade. However, the characterization of β-chain of ATPase in apoptotic cells and its involvement in development remain unknown. Here, the ectopic expression and endogenous Fo F1 -ATPase β-chain occurred on S. litura cell membrane: in vivo, at the late stage of apoptotic hemocyte, endogenous Fo F1 -ATPase β-chain was stably expressed during M. bicoloratus larva development from 4 to 7 days post-parasitization; in vitro, at an early stage of pre-apoptotic Spli221 cells by infecting with M. bicoloratus bracovirus particles, the proteins were speedily recover expression. Furthermore, endogenous Fo F1 -ATPase β-chain was localized on the apoptotic cell membrane. RNA interference (RNAi) of Fo F1 -ATPase β-chain led to significantly decreased head capsule width. This suggested that Fo F1 -ATPase β-chain positively regulated the development of S. litura. The RNAi effect on the head capsule width was enhanced with parasitism. Our research found that Fo F1 -ATPase β-chain was expressed and localized on the cell membrane in the apoptotic cells, and involved in the development of S. litura.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Chao Kou
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, P.R. China and Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Diversity and Evolution of High Education in Yunnan Province, Yunnan University, Kunming, P.R. China
| | - Yue-Tong Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, P.R. China and Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Diversity and Evolution of High Education in Yunnan Province, Yunnan University, Kunming, P.R. China
| | - Ming Li
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, P.R. China and Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Diversity and Evolution of High Education in Yunnan Province, Yunnan University, Kunming, P.R. China
| | - Yang Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, P.R. China and Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Diversity and Evolution of High Education in Yunnan Province, Yunnan University, Kunming, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, P.R. China and Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Diversity and Evolution of High Education in Yunnan Province, Yunnan University, Kunming, P.R. China
| | - Ji-Hui Cui
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, P.R. China and Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Diversity and Evolution of High Education in Yunnan Province, Yunnan University, Kunming, P.R. China
| | - Xue-Wen Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, P.R. China and Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Diversity and Evolution of High Education in Yunnan Province, Yunnan University, Kunming, P.R. China
| | - Shu-Mei Dong
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, P.R. China and Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Diversity and Evolution of High Education in Yunnan Province, Yunnan University, Kunming, P.R. China
| | - Sha Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, P.R. China and Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Diversity and Evolution of High Education in Yunnan Province, Yunnan University, Kunming, P.R. China
| | - Shan You
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, P.R. China and Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Diversity and Evolution of High Education in Yunnan Province, Yunnan University, Kunming, P.R. China
| | - Dong-Shuai Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, P.R. China and Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Diversity and Evolution of High Education in Yunnan Province, Yunnan University, Kunming, P.R. China
| | - Zun-Yu Pang
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, P.R. China and Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Diversity and Evolution of High Education in Yunnan Province, Yunnan University, Kunming, P.R. China
| | - Kai-Jun Luo
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, P.R. China and Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Diversity and Evolution of High Education in Yunnan Province, Yunnan University, Kunming, P.R. China
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Mordecai GJ, Brettell LE, Pachori P, Villalobos EM, Martin SJ, Jones IM, Schroeder DC. Moku virus; a new Iflavirus found in wasps, honey bees and Varroa. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34983. [PMID: 27713534 PMCID: PMC5054524 DOI: 10.1038/srep34983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing global trend of emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) affecting a wide range of species, including honey bees. The global epidemic of the single stranded RNA Deformed wing virus (DWV), driven by the spread of Varroa destructor has been well documented. However, DWV is just one of many insect RNA viruses which infect a wide range of hosts. Here we report the full genome sequence of a novel Iflavirus named Moku virus (MV), discovered in the social wasp Vespula pensylvanica collected in Hawaii. The novel genome is 10,056 nucleotides long and encodes a polyprotein of 3050 amino acids. Phylogenetic analysis showed that MV is most closely related to Slow bee paralysis virus (SBPV), which is highly virulent in honey bees but rarely detected. Worryingly, MV sequences were also detected in honey bees and Varroa from the same location, suggesting that MV can also infect other hymenopteran and Acari hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gideon J Mordecai
- Viral Ecology, Marine Biological Association, Plymouth PL7 5BU, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AJ, UK
| | - Laura E Brettell
- School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Manchester M5 4WT, UK
| | - Purnima Pachori
- The Genome Analysis Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Ethel M. Villalobos
- Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, University of Hawaii, Manoa, HI 96822, USA
| | - Stephen J Martin
- School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Manchester M5 4WT, UK
| | - Ian M Jones
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AJ, UK
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Kumar S, Gu X, Kim Y. A viral histone H4 suppresses insect insulin signal and delays host development. Dev Comp Immunol 2016; 63:66-77. [PMID: 27216029 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Parasitization by an endoparasitoid wasp, Cotesia plutellae, alters host development of Plutella xylostella by extending larval period and preventing metamorphosis. Insulin signal plays a crucial role in mediating insect development and controlling blood sugar level in insects. In this study, three insulin-like peptide genes (PxILP1-3) were predicted from the genome of P. xylostella. However, only PxILP1 was confirmed to be expressed in P. xylostella. Starvation suppressed the expression level of PxILP1 and up-regulated plasma trehalose level. RNA interference against PxILP1 mimicked starvation effect and extended the larval period of P. xylostella. Parasitized larvae exhibited significantly lower levels of PxILP1 expression compared to nonparasitized larvae. Injection of wasp-symbiotic polydnavirus C. plutellae bracovirus (CpBV) also suppressed PxILP1 expression and extended the larval period. Injection of a viral segment (CpBV-S30) containing a viral histone H4 (CpBV-H4) also suppressed PxILP1 expression. Co-injection of CpBV-S30 and double-stranded RNA (dsCpBV-H4) specific to CpBV-H4 rescued the suppression of PxILP1 expression. Injection of CpBV-S30 significantly extended larval development. Co-injection of CpBV-S30 with dsCpBV-H4 rescued the delay of larval development. Injection of a bovine insulin to parasitized larvae prevented parasitoid development. These results indicate that parasitism of C. plutellae can down-regulate host insulin signaling with the help of parasitic factor CpBV-H4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Andong National University, Andong 36729, South Korea
| | - Xiaojun Gu
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yonggyun Kim
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Andong National University, Andong 36729, South Korea.
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Abstract
Translational control is a strategy that various viruses use to manipulate their hosts to suppress acute antiviral response. Polydnaviruses, a group of insect double-stranded DNA viruses symbiotic to some endoparasitoid wasps, are divided into two genera: ichnovirus (IV) and bracovirus (BV). In IV, some Cys-motif genes are known as host translation-inhibitory factors (HTIF). The genome of endoparasitoid wasp Cotesia plutellae contains a Cys-motif gene (Cp-TSP13) homologous to an HTIF known as teratocyte-secretory protein 14 (TSP14) of Microplitis croceipes. Cp-TSP13 consists of 129 amino acid residues with a predicted molecular weight of 13.987 kDa and pI value of 7.928. Genomic DNA region encoding its open reading frame has three introns. Cp-TSP13 possesses six conserved cysteine residues as other Cys-motif genes functioning as HTIF. Cp-TSP13 was expressed in Plutella xylostella larvae parasitized by C. plutellae. C. plutellae bracovirus (CpBV) was purified and injected into non-parasitized P. xylostella that expressed Cp-TSP13. Cp-TSP13 was cloned into a eukaryotic expression vector and used to infect Sf9 cells to transiently express Cp-TSP13. The synthesized Cp-TSP13 protein was detected in culture broth. An overlaying experiment showed that the purified Cp-TSP13 entered hemocytes. It was localized in the cytosol. Recombinant Cp-TSP13 significantly inhibited protein synthesis of secretory proteins when it was added to in vitro cultured fat body. In addition, the recombinant Cp-TSP13 directly inhibited the translation of fat body mRNAs in in vitro translation assay using rabbit reticulocyte lysate. Moreover, the recombinant Cp-TSP13 significantly suppressed cellular immune responses by inhibiting hemocyte-spreading behavior. It also exhibited significant insecticidal activities by both injection and feeding routes. These results indicate that Cp-TSP13 is a viral HTIF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunseong Kim
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Andong National University, Andong 36729, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonggyun Kim
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Andong National University, Andong 36729, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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32
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Simmonds TJ, Carrillo D, Burke GR. Characterization of a venom gland-associated rhabdovirus in the parasitoid wasp Diachasmimorpha longicaudata. J Insect Physiol 2016; 91-92:48-55. [PMID: 27374981 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Parasitoid wasps reproduce by laying their eggs on or inside of a host insect, which triggers a defense response in the host insect that kills the developing wasp. To counteract the host's lethal response, some parasitoid wasps are associated with symbiotic viruses that alter host metabolism and development to promote successful development of the wasp embryo. These symbiotic viruses display a number of characteristics that differ from those of pathogenic viruses, but are poorly understood with the exception of one group, the polydnaviruses. Here, we characterize the genome of a non-polydnavirus associated with parasitoid wasps, Diachasmimorpha longicaudata rhabdovirus (DlRhV), and assess its role as a potential mutualistic virus. Our results show that the DlRhV genome contains six open reading frames (ORFs). Three ORFs show sequence homology to known viral genes and one ORF encodes a previously identified protein, called parasitism-specific protein 24 (PSP24), that has been hypothesized to play a role in promoting successful parasitism by D. longicaudata. We constructed a phylogeny that shows that DlRhV is most closely related to other insect-infecting rhabdoviruses. Finally, we report that DlRhV infection does not occur in all populations of D. longicaudata, and is not required for successful parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Simmonds
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Daniel Carrillo
- Tropical Research and Education Center, University of Florida-IFAS, Homestead, FL 33031, USA
| | - Gaelen R Burke
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Abstract
Coexistence or displacement of parasitoids in hosts during intrinsic competitive interactions between different parasitoid species (multiparasitism) may depend on their life history traits and behavior. Intense competition for possession of hosts may lead to the elimination of the inferior competitor through physical attack and/or physiological suppression. However, the mechanisms of physiological suppression during multiparasitism remain unclear. Previous work has shown that first instar larvae of the solitary endoparasitoid Meteorus pulchricornis possess well-developed mandibles that are used to kill competitors. Two gregarious endoparasitoids, Cotesia kariyai and C. rufricus, share host resources especially when the time gap of oviposition is short. Here, we investigated the physiological influence of wasp-regulatory factors of the three endoparasitoids, M. pulchricornis, C. kariyai, and C. ruficrus, in their common host Mythimna separata. We found that MpVLP alone (or with venom) deleteriously affected the development of the two gregarious species. Similarly, CkPDV plus venom had toxic effect on M. pulchricornis eggs and immature larvae, although they were not harmful to immature stages of C. ruficrus. Cotesia kariyai and C. ruficrus were able to coexist mainly through the expression of regulatory factors and both could successfully emerge from a multiparasitized host. The injection of CkPDV plus venom after oviposition in L5 host larvae facilitated C. ruficrus development and increased the rate of successful parasitism from 9% to 62%. This suggests that the two gregarious parasitoid wasps exhibit strong phylogenetic affinity, favoring their coexistence and success in multiparasitized hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Magdaraog
- Laboratory of Applied Entomology, Graduate School of Bio-Agricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Tanaka
- Laboratory of Applied Entomology, Graduate School of Bio-Agricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Jeffrey A Harvey
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, The Netherlands and Amsterdam Free University
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Kim Y, Hepat R. Baculoviral p94 homologs encoded in Cotesia plutellae bracovirus suppress both immunity and development of the diamondback moth, Plutellae xylostella. Insect Sci 2016; 23:235-244. [PMID: 25973570 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Polydnaviruses (PDVs) are a group of insect DNA viruses, which exhibit a mutual symbiotic relationship with their specific host wasps. Moreover, most encapsidated genes identified so far in PDVs share homologies with insect-originated genes, but not with virus-originated genes. In the meantime, PDVs associated with 2 wasp genera Cotesia and Glytapanteles encode some genes presumably originated from other viruses. Cotesia plutellae bracovirus (CpBV) encodes 4 genes homologous to baculoviral p94: CpBV-E94k1, CpBV-E94k2, CpBV-E94k3, and CpBV-E94k4. This study was conducted to predict the origin of CpBV-E94ks by comparing their sequences with those of baculoviral orthologs and to determine the physiological functions by their transient expressions in nonparasitized larvae and subsequent specific RNA interference. Our phylogenetic analysis indicated that CpBV-E94ks were clustered with other E94ks originated from different PDVs and shared high similarity with betabaculoviral p94s. These 4 CpBV genes were expressed during most developmental stages of the larvae of Plutella xylostella parasitized by C. plutellae. Expression of these 4 E94ks was mainly detected in hemocytes and fat body. Subsequent functional analysis by in vivo transient expression showed that all 4 viral genes significantly inhibited both host immune and developmental processes. These results suggest that CpBV-E94ks share an origin with betabaculoviral p94s and play parasitic roles in suppressing host immune and developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggyun Kim
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Andong National University, Andong, 760-749, Korea
| | - Rahul Hepat
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Andong National University, Andong, 760-749, Korea
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35
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Chevignon G, Cambier S, Da Silva C, Poulain J, Drezen JM, Huguet E, Moreau SJM. Transcriptomic response of Manduca sexta immune tissues to parasitization by the bracovirus associated wasp Cotesia congregata. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 62:86-99. [PMID: 25584519 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2014.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
During oviposition, Cotesia congregata parasitoid wasps inject into their host, Manduca sexta, some biological factors such as venom, ovarian fluid and a symbiotic polydnavirus (PDV) named Cotesia congregata bracovirus (CcBV). During parasitism, complex interactions occur between wasp-derived factors and host targets that lead to important modifications in host physiology. In particular, the immune response leading to wasp egg encapsulation is inhibited allowing wasp survival. To date, the regulation of host genes during the interaction had only been studied for a limited number of genes. In this study, we analysed the global impact of parasitism on host gene regulation 24 h post oviposition by high throughput 454 transcriptomic analyses of two tissues known to be involved in the host immune response (hemocytes and fat body). To identify specific effects of parasitism on host transcription at this time point, transcriptomes were obtained from non-treated and parasitized larvae, and also from larvae injected with heat-killed bacteria and double stimulated larvae that were parasitized prior to bacterial challenge. Results showed that, immune challenge by bacteria leads to induction of certain antimicrobial peptide (AMP) genes in M. sexta larvae whether they were parasitized or not prior to bacterial challenge. These results show that at 24 h post oviposition pathways leading to expression of AMP genes are not all inactivated suggesting wasps are in an antiseptic environment. In contrast, at this time point genes involved in phenoloxidase activation and cellular immune responses were globally down-regulated after parasitism in accordance with the observed inhibition of wasp egg encapsulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germain Chevignon
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR CNRS 7261, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Université François-Rabelais, Tours, France
| | - Sébastien Cambier
- Department of Environment and Agrobiotechnologies Centre de Recherche Public - Gabriel Lippmann, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Corinne Da Silva
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Genoscope (Centre National de Séquençage), Evry, France
| | - Julie Poulain
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Genoscope (Centre National de Séquençage), Evry, France
| | - Jean-Michel Drezen
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR CNRS 7261, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Université François-Rabelais, Tours, France
| | - Elisabeth Huguet
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR CNRS 7261, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Université François-Rabelais, Tours, France.
| | - Sébastien J M Moreau
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR CNRS 7261, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Université François-Rabelais, Tours, France
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Qi Y, Teng Z, Gao L, Wu S, Huang J, Ye G, Fang Q. Transcriptome analysis of an endoparasitoid wasp Cotesia chilonis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) reveals genes involved in successful parasitism. Arch Insect Biochem Physiol 2015; 88:203-221. [PMID: 25336406 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
For successful parasitization, parasitiods usually depend on the chemosensory cues for the selection of hosts, as well as a variety of virulence factors introduced into their hosts to overcome host immunity and prevent rejection of progeny development. In bracovirus-carrying wasps, the symbiotic polydnaviruses act in manipulating development and immunity of hosts. The endoparasitoid Cotesia chilonis carrying bracovirus as a key host immunosuppressive factor is a superior endoparasitoid of rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis. So far, genomic information for C. chilonis is not available and transcriptomic data may provide valuable resources for global studying on physiological processes of C. chilonis, including chemosensation and parasitism at molecular level. Here, we performed RNA-seq to characterize the transcriptome of C. chilonis adults. We obtained 27,717,892 reads, assembled into 38,318 unigenes with a mean size of 690 bp. Approximately, 62.1% of the unigenes were annotated using NCBI databases. A large number of chemoreception-related genes encoding proteins including odorant receptors, gustatory receptors, odorant-binding proteins, chemosensory proteins, transient receptor potential ion channels, and sensory neuron membrane proteins were identified in silico. Totally, 72 transcripts possessing high identities with the bracovirus-related genes were identified. We investigated the mRNA expression levels of several transcripts at different developmental stages (including egg, larva, pupae, and adult) by quantitative real-time PCR analysis. The results revealed that some genes had adult-specific expression, indicating their potential significance for mating and parasitism. Overall, these results provide comprehensive insights into transcriptomic data of a polydnavirus-carrying parasitoid of a rice pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixiang Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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37
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Schneider SE, Thomas JH. Accidental genetic engineers: horizontal sequence transfer from parasitoid wasps to their Lepidopteran hosts. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109446. [PMID: 25296163 PMCID: PMC4190172 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We show here that 105 regions in two Lepidoptera genomes appear to derive from horizontally transferred wasp DNA. We experimentally verified the presence of two of these sequences in a diverse set of silkworm (Bombyx mori) genomes. We hypothesize that these horizontal transfers are made possible by the unusual strategy many parasitoid wasps employ of injecting hosts with endosymbiotic polydnaviruses to minimize the host's defense response. Because these virus-like particles deliver wasp DNA to the cells of the host, there has been much interest in whether genetic information can be permanently transferred from the wasp to the host. Two transferred sequences code for a BEN domain, known to be associated with polydnaviruses and transcriptional regulation. These findings represent the first documented cases of horizontal transfer of genes between two organisms by a polydnavirus. This presents an interesting evolutionary paradigm in which host species can acquire new sequences from parasitoid wasps that attack them. Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera diverged ∼300 MYA, making this type of event a source of novel sequences for recipient species. Unlike many other cases of horizontal transfer between two eukaryote species, these sequence transfers can be explained without the need to invoke the sequences 'hitchhiking' on a third organism (e.g. retrovirus) capable of independent reproduction. The cellular machinery necessary for the transfer is contained entirely in the wasp genome. The work presented here is the first such discovery of what is likely to be a broader phenomenon among species affected by these wasps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean E. Schneider
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - James H. Thomas
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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38
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Burke GR, Walden KKO, Whitfield JB, Robertson HM, Strand MR. Widespread genome reorganization of an obligate virus mutualist. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004660. [PMID: 25232843 PMCID: PMC4169385 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The family Polydnaviridae is of interest because it provides the best example of viruses that have evolved a mutualistic association with their animal hosts. Polydnaviruses in the genus Bracovirus are strictly associated with parasitoid wasps in the family Braconidae, and evolved ∼100 million years ago from a nudivirus. Each wasp species relies on its associated bracovirus to parasitize hosts, while each bracovirus relies on its wasp for vertical transmission. Prior studies establish that bracovirus genomes consist of proviral segments and nudivirus-like replication genes, but how these components are organized in the genomes of wasps is unknown. Here, we sequenced the genome of the wasp Microplitis demolitor to characterize the proviral genome of M. demolitor bracovirus (MdBV). Unlike nudiviruses, bracoviruses produce virions that package multiple circular, double-stranded DNAs. DNA segments packaged into MdBV virions resided in eight dispersed loci in the M. demolitor genome. Each proviral segment was bounded by homologous motifs that guide processing to form mature viral DNAs. Rapid evolution of proviral segments obscured homology between other bracovirus-carrying wasps and MdBV. However, some domains flanking MdBV proviral loci were shared with other species. All MdBV genes previously identified to encode proteins required for replication were identified. Some of these genes resided in a multigene cluster but others, including subunits of the RNA polymerase that transcribes structural genes and integrases that process proviral segments, were widely dispersed in the M. demolitor genome. Overall, our results indicate that genome dispersal is a key feature in the evolution of bracoviruses into mutualists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaelen R. Burke
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail: (GRB); (MRS)
| | - Kimberly K. O. Walden
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
| | - James B. Whitfield
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Hugh M. Robertson
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Michael R. Strand
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail: (GRB); (MRS)
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Ortiz MF, Wallau GL, Graichen DÂS, Loreto ELS. An evaluation of the ecological relationship between Drosophila species and their parasitoid wasps as an opportunity for horizontal transposon transfer. Mol Genet Genomics 2014; 290:67-78. [PMID: 25146840 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-014-0900-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Evidences of horizontal transfer, the exchange of genetic material between reproductively isolated species, have accumulated over the last decades, including for multicellular eukaryotic organisms. However, the mechanisms and ecological relationships that promote such phenomenon is still poorly known. Host-parasite interaction is one type of relationship usually pointed in the literature that could potentially increase the probability of the horizontal transfer between species, because the species involved in such relationships are generally in close contact. Transposable elements, which are well-known genomic parasites, are DNA entities that tend to be involved in horizontal transfer due to their ability to mobilize between different genomic locations. Using Drosophila species and their parasitoid wasps as a host-parasite model, we evaluated the hypothesis that horizontal transposon transfers (HTTs) are more frequent in this set of species than in species that do not exhibit a close ecological and phylogenetic relationship. For this purpose, we sequenced two sets of species using a metagenomic and single-species genomic sampling approach through next-generation DNA sequencing. The first set was composed of five generalist Drosophila (D. maculifrons, D. bandeirantorum, D. polymorpha, D. mercatorum and D. willistoni) species and their associated parasitoid wasps, whereas the second set was composed of D. incompta, which is a flower specialist species, and its parasitoid wasp. We did not find strong evidence of HTT in the two sets of Drosophila and wasp parasites. However, at least five cases of HTT were observed between the generalist and specialist Drosophila species. Moreover, we detected an HT event involving a Wolbachia lineage between generalist and specialist species, indicating that these endosymbiotic bacteria could play a role as HTT vectors. In summary, our results do not support the hypothesis of prevalent HTT between species with a host-parasite relationship, at least for the studied wasp-Drosophila pairs. Moreover, it suggests that other mechanisms or parasites are involved in promoting HTT between Drosophila species as the Wolbachia endosymbiotic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Freitas Ortiz
- Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Prasad SV, Hepat R, Kim Y. Selectivity of a translation-inhibitory factor, CpBV15β, in host mRNAs and subsequent alterations in host development and immunity. Dev Comp Immunol 2014; 44:152-162. [PMID: 24361921 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
An endoparasitoid wasp, Cotesia plutellae, parasitizes young larvae of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. Its symbiotic virus, C. plutellae bracovirus (CpBV), has been shown to play a crucial role in inducing physiological changes in the parasitized host. A viral gene, CpBV15β, exhibits a specific translational control against host mRNAs by sequestering a eukaryotic translation initiation factor, eIF4A. Inhibitory target mRNAs have high thermal stability (>≈9 kcal/mol) of their secondary structures in 5'UTR. To determine the specificity of translational control in terms of 5'UTR complexity, this study screened target/nontarget mRNAs of CpBV15β using a proteomics approach through an in vivo transient expression technique. A proteomics analysis of host plasma proteins showed that 12.9% (23/178) spots disappeared along with the expression of CpBV15β. A total of ten spots were chosen, in which five spots ('target') were disappeared by expression of CpBV15β and the other five ('nontarget') were insensitive to expression of CpBV15β, and further analyzed by a tandem mass spectroscopy. The predicted genes of target spots had much greater complexity (-12.3 to -25.2 kcal/mol) of their 5'UTR in terms of thermal stability compared to those (-3.70 to -9.00 kcal/mol) of nontarget spots. 5'UTRs of one target gene (arginine kinase:Px-AK) and one nontarget gene (imaginal disc growth factor:Px-IDGF) were cloned and used for in vitro translation (IVT) assay using rabbit reticulocyte lysate. IVT assay clearly showed that mRNA of Px-IDGF was translated in the presence of CpBV15β, but mRNA of Px-AK was not. Physiological significance of these two genes was compared in immune and development processes of P. xylostella by specific RNA interference (RNAi). Under these RNAi conditions, suppression of Px-AK exhibited much more significant adverse effects on larval immunity and larva-to-pupa metamorphosis compared to the effect of suppression of Px-IDGF. These results support the hypothesis that 5'UTR complexity is a molecular motif to discriminate host mRNAs by CpBV15β for its host translational control and suggest that this discrimination would be required for altering host physiology to accomplish a successful parasitism of the wasp host, C. plutellae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surakasi Venkata Prasad
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Andong National University, Andong 760-749, Republic of Korea; Sanzyme Ltd., PO Bag No: 1014, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad 500034, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Rahul Hepat
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Andong National University, Andong 760-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonggyun Kim
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Andong National University, Andong 760-749, Republic of Korea.
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Abstract
Parasitoid wasps are among the most diverse insects on earth with many species causing major mortality in host populations. Parasitoids introduce a variety of factors into hosts to promote parasitism, including symbiotic viruses, venom, teratocytes and wasp larvae. Polydnavirus-carrying wasps use viruses to globally suppress host immunity and prevent rejection of developing parasites. Although prior results provide detailed insights into the genes viruses deliver to hosts, little is known about other products. RNAseq and proteomics were used to characterize the proteins secreted by venom glands, teratocytes and larvae from Microplitis demolitor, which carries M. demolitor bracovirus (MdBV). These data revealed that venom glands and teratocytes secrete large amounts of a small number of products relative to ovaries and larvae. Venom and teratocyte products exhibited almost no overlap with one another or MdBV genes, which suggested that M. demolitor effector molecules are functionally partitioned according to their source. This finding was well illustrated in the case of MdBV and teratocytes. Many viral proteins have immunosuppressive functions that include disruption of antimicrobial peptide production, yet this study showed that teratocytes express high levels of the antimicrobial peptide hymenoptaecin, which likely compensates for MdBV-mediated immunosuppression. A second key finding was the prevalence of duplications among genes encoding venom and teratocyte molecules. Several of these gene families share similarities with proteins from other species, while also showing specificity of expression in venom glands or teratocytes. Overall, these results provide the first comprehensive analysis of the proteins a polydnavirus-carrying wasp introduces into its host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaelen R Burke
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, 120 Cedar St, 420 Biological Sciences Building, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
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Furihata S, Tanaka K, Ryuda M, Ochiai M, Matsumoto H, Csikos G, Hayakawa Y. Immunoevasive protein (IEP)-containing surface layer covering polydnavirus particles is essential for viral infection. J Invertebr Pathol 2013; 115:26-32. [PMID: 24184953 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2013.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Polydnaviruses (PDVs) are unique symbiotic viruses associated with parasitoid wasps: PDV particles are injected into lepidopteran hosts along with the wasp eggs and express genes that interfere with aspects of host physiology such as immune defenses and development. Recent comparative genomic studies of PDVs have significantly improved our understanding of their origin as well as the genome organization. However, the structural features of functional PDV particles remain ambiguous. To clear up the structure of Cotesia kariyai PDV (CkPDV) particles, we focused on immunoevasive protein (IEP), which is a mediator of immunoevasion by the wasp from the encapsulation reaction of the host insect's hemocytes, because it has been demonstrated to be present on the surface of the virus particle. We discovered that IEP tends to polymerize and constitutes a previously unidentified thin surface layer covering CkPDV particles. This outermost surface layer looked fragile and was easily removed from CkPVD particles by mechanical stressors such as shaking, which prevented CkPDV from expressing the encoded genes in the host target tissues such as fat body or hemocytes. Furthermore, we detected IEP homologue gene expression in the wasp's venom reservoirs, implying IEP has another unknown biological function in the wasp or parasitized hosts. Taken together, the present results demonstrated that female C. kariyai wasps produce the fragile thin layer partly composed of IEP to cover the outer surfaces of CkPDV particles; otherwise, they cannot function as infectious agents in the wasp's host. The fact that IEP family proteins are expressed in both venom reservoirs and oviducts suggests an intimate relationship between both tissues in the development of the parasitism strategy of the wasp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Furihata
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Kohjiro Tanaka
- Institute of Low Temeperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
| | - Masasuke Ryuda
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Saga University, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Masanori Ochiai
- Institute of Low Temeperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Matsumoto
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Saga University, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Gyorge Csikos
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Molecular Biology, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Yoichi Hayakawa
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Saga University, Saga 840-8502, Japan.
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Herniou EA, Huguet E, Thézé J, Bézier A, Periquet G, Drezen JM. When parasitic wasps hijacked viruses: genomic and functional evolution of polydnaviruses. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013; 368:20130051. [PMID: 23938758 PMCID: PMC3758193 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Polydnaviridae (PDV), including the Bracovirus (BV) and Ichnovirus genera, originated from the integration of unrelated viruses in the genomes of two parasitoid wasp lineages, in a remarkable example of convergent evolution. Functionally active PDVs represent the most compelling evolutionary success among endogenous viral elements (EVEs). BV evolved from the domestication by braconid wasps of a nudivirus 100 Ma. The nudivirus genome has become an EVE involved in BV particle production but is not encapsidated. Instead, BV genomes have co-opted virulence genes, used by the wasps to control the immunity and development of their hosts. Gene transfers and duplications have shaped BV genomes, now encoding hundreds of genes. Phylogenomic studies suggest that BVs contribute largely to wasp diversification and adaptation to their hosts. A genome evolution model explains how multidirectional wasp adaptation to different host species could have fostered PDV genome extension. Integrative studies linking ecological data on the wasp to genomic analyses should provide new insights into the adaptive role of particular BV genes. Forthcoming genomic advances should also indicate if the associations between endoparasitoid wasps and symbiotic viruses evolved because of their particularly intimate interactions with their hosts, or if similar domesticated EVEs could be uncovered in other parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jean-Michel Drezen
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, CNRS UMR 7261, Université François-Rabelais, Parc de Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France
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Bézier A, Louis F, Jancek S, Periquet G, Thézé J, Gyapay G, Musset K, Lesobre J, Lenoble P, Dupuy C, Gundersen-Rindal D, Herniou EA, Drezen JM. Functional endogenous viral elements in the genome of the parasitoid wasp Cotesia congregata: insights into the evolutionary dynamics of bracoviruses. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013; 368:20130047. [PMID: 23938757 PMCID: PMC3758192 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bracoviruses represent the most complex endogenous viral elements (EVEs) described to date. Nudiviral genes have been hosted within parasitoid wasp genomes since approximately 100 Ma. They play a crucial role in the wasp life cycle as they produce bracovirus particles, which are injected into parasitized lepidopteran hosts during wasp oviposition. Bracovirus particles encapsidate multiple dsDNA circles encoding virulence genes. Their expression in parasitized caterpillars is essential for wasp parasitism success. Here, we report on the genomic organization of the proviral segments (i.e. master sequences used to produce the encapsidated dsDNA circles) present in the Cotesia congregata parasitoid wasp genome. The provirus is composed of a macrolocus, comprising two-thirds of the proviral segments and of seven dispersed loci, each containing one to three segments. Comparative genomic analyses with closely related species gave insights into the evolutionary dynamics of bracovirus genomes. Conserved synteny in the different wasp genomes showed the orthology of the proviral macrolocus across different species. The nudiviral gene odv-e66-like1 is conserved within the macrolocus, suggesting an ancient co-localization of the nudiviral genome and bracovirus proviral segments. By contrast, the evolution of proviral segments within the macrolocus has involved a series of lineage-specific duplications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Bézier
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, CNRS UMR 7261, Université François Rabelais, Parc de Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Faustine Louis
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, CNRS UMR 7261, Université François Rabelais, Parc de Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Séverine Jancek
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, CNRS UMR 7261, Université François Rabelais, Parc de Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Georges Periquet
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, CNRS UMR 7261, Université François Rabelais, Parc de Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Julien Thézé
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, CNRS UMR 7261, Université François Rabelais, Parc de Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Gabor Gyapay
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Génoscope (Centre National de Séquençage), 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, CP 5706, 91057 Evry Cedex, France
| | - Karine Musset
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, CNRS UMR 7261, Université François Rabelais, Parc de Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Jérome Lesobre
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, CNRS UMR 7261, Université François Rabelais, Parc de Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Patricia Lenoble
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Génoscope (Centre National de Séquençage), 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, CP 5706, 91057 Evry Cedex, France
| | - Catherine Dupuy
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, CNRS UMR 7261, Université François Rabelais, Parc de Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Dawn Gundersen-Rindal
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Invasive Insect Biocontrol and Behavior Laboratory, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Building 011A BARC-WEST, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Elisabeth A. Herniou
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, CNRS UMR 7261, Université François Rabelais, Parc de Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Jean-Michel Drezen
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, CNRS UMR 7261, Université François Rabelais, Parc de Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France
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45
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Gill TA, Webb BA. Analysis of gene transcription and relative abundance of the cys-motif gene family from Campoletis sonorensis ichnovirus (CsIV) and further characterization of the most abundant cys-motif protein, WHv1.6. Insect Mol Biol 2013; 22:341-353. [PMID: 23614457 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The cys-motif gene family associated with Campoletis sonorensis ichnovirus contains 10 members, WHv1.6, WHv1.0, VHv1.1, VHv1.4, AHv1.0, A'Hv0.8, FHv1.4, LHv2.8, UHv0.8, and UHv0.8a. The results of this study indicated that, within the encapsidated virion, WHv1.6 is the most abundant cys-motif gene, while the combined AHv genes are the least abundant. During parasitization of Heliothis virescens by Campoletis sonorenis, WHv1.6 transcripts were the mostly highly expressed, while the combined UHv genes had the lowest expression. Further proteomic analysis of WHv1.6 showed that it accumulates at high levels in parasitized plasma by 6 h, and is detectable in the haemocytes, fat body, malpighian tubules, nerve cord and epidermis by 2 days after parasitization. Localization experiments led us to conclude that WHv1.6 interacts with the cell membrane along with other organelles within a virus-infected cell and prevents immunocytes from spreading or adhering to a foreign surface. Similarly to VHv1.4 and VHv1.1, WHv1.6 is able to inhibit the translation of haemocyte and Malpighian tubule RNAs. Our results showed that the expression of cys-motif genes during parasitization is related to the gene copy number of each gene within the encapsidated virion and may also be dependent upon cis-regulatory element activity in different target tissues. In addition, WHv1.6 plays a major role in inhibiting the cellular encapsulation response by H. virescens.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Gill
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40503, USA
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46
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Jancek S, Bézier A, Gayral P, Paillusson C, Kaiser L, Dupas S, Le Ru BP, Barbe V, Periquet G, Drezen JM, Herniou EA. Adaptive selection on bracovirus genomes drives the specialization of Cotesia parasitoid wasps. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64432. [PMID: 23724046 PMCID: PMC3665748 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The geographic mosaic of coevolution predicts parasite virulence should be locally adapted to the host community. Cotesia parasitoid wasps adapt to local lepidopteran species possibly through their symbiotic bracovirus. The virus, essential for the parasitism success, is at the heart of the complex coevolutionary relationship linking the wasps and their hosts. The large segmented genome contained in the virus particles encodes virulence genes involved in host immune and developmental suppression. Coevolutionary arms race should result in the positive selection of particular beneficial alleles. To understand the global role of bracoviruses in the local adaptation or specialization of parasitoid wasps to their hosts, we studied the molecular evolution of four bracoviruses associated with wasps of the genus Cotesia, including C congregata, C vestalis and new data and annotation on two ecologically differentiated populations of C sesamie, Kitale and Mombasa. Paired orthologs analyses revealed more genes under positive selection when comparing the two C sesamiae bracoviruses belonging to the same species, and more genes under strong evolutionary constraint between species. Furthermore branch-site evolutionary models showed that 17 genes, out of the 54 currently available shared by the four bracoviruses, harboured sites under positive selection including: the histone H4-like, a C-type lectin, two ep1-like, ep2, a viral ankyrin, CrV1, a ben-domain, a Serine-rich, and eight unknown genes. Lastly the phylogenetic analyses of the histone, ep2 and CrV1 genes in different African C sesamiae populations showed that each gene described differently the individual relationships. In particular we found recombination had happened between the ep2 and CrV1 genes, which are localized 37.5 kb apart on the wasp chromosomes. Involved in multidirectional coevolutionary interactions, C sesamiae wasps rely on different bracovirus mediated molecular pathways to overcome local host resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Jancek
- Institut de Recherches sur la Biologie de l’Insecte, UMR 7261 CNRS, Université François-Rabelais, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Parc Grandmont, Tours, France
| | - Annie Bézier
- Institut de Recherches sur la Biologie de l’Insecte, UMR 7261 CNRS, Université François-Rabelais, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Parc Grandmont, Tours, France
| | - Philippe Gayral
- Institut de Recherches sur la Biologie de l’Insecte, UMR 7261 CNRS, Université François-Rabelais, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Parc Grandmont, Tours, France
| | - Corentin Paillusson
- Institut de Recherches sur la Biologie de l’Insecte, UMR 7261 CNRS, Université François-Rabelais, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Parc Grandmont, Tours, France
| | - Laure Kaiser
- Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes et Spéciation, CNRS UPR9034, IRD UR 072 and Université Paris Sud, Gif sur Yvette, France
- Unité de Recherche UMR 1272, Physiologie de l’Insecte, Signalisation et Communication, INRA, Versailles, France
| | - Stéphane Dupas
- Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes et Spéciation, CNRS UPR9034, IRD UR 072 and Université Paris Sud, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Bruno Pierre Le Ru
- Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes et Spéciation, CNRS UPR9034, IRD UR 072 and Université Paris Sud, Gif sur Yvette, France
- Icipe, IRD UR 072, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Valérie Barbe
- Genoscope (CEA), CNRS UMR 8030, Université d'Evry, Evry, France
| | - Georges Periquet
- Institut de Recherches sur la Biologie de l’Insecte, UMR 7261 CNRS, Université François-Rabelais, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Parc Grandmont, Tours, France
| | - Jean-Michel Drezen
- Institut de Recherches sur la Biologie de l’Insecte, UMR 7261 CNRS, Université François-Rabelais, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Parc Grandmont, Tours, France
| | - Elisabeth A. Herniou
- Institut de Recherches sur la Biologie de l’Insecte, UMR 7261 CNRS, Université François-Rabelais, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Parc Grandmont, Tours, France
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47
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Hepat R, Kim Y. A viral factor, CpBV15α, interacts with a translation initiation factor, eIF2, to suppress host gene expression at a post-transcriptional level. J Invertebr Pathol 2013; 114:34-41. [PMID: 23711415 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
An endoparasitoid wasp, Cotesia plutellae, possesses its specific symbiotic virus called C. plutellae bracovirus (CpBV) and parasitizes young larvae of Plutella xylostella. CpBV encodes CpBV15α, which was previously shown to interfere with host protein translation. In vivo transient expression of CpBV15α induced a significant decrease in a storage protein level without its transcriptional level change. In vitro translation assay using rabbit reticulocyte lysate showed that CpBV15α suppressed translation efficiency of mRNAs extracted from fat body of P. xylostella. Transient expression of CpBV15α in nonparasitized P. xylostella suppressed humoral immunity and development to pupal and adult stages. Immunoprecipitation (IP) of CpBV15α co-precipitated eIF2 and eIF2B (a guanine nucleotide exchange factor of eIF2) in parasitized P. xylostella. Additionally, IP of eIF2 co-precipitated CpBV15α as well as eIF2B and eIF5 in parasitized larvae. IP with eIF5 antibody showed that relative amount of eIF2 bound to eIF5 was much decreased in parasitized larvae, while significant amount of eIF2 was bound to CpBV15α. These results suggest that CpBV15α inhibits some host mRNA translation by sequestering eIF2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Hepat
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Andong National University, Andong 760-749, Republic of Korea
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Dorémus T, Jouan V, Urbach S, Cousserans F, Wincker P, Ravallec M, Wajnberg E, Volkoff AN. Hyposoter didymator uses a combination of passive and active strategies to escape from the Spodoptera frugiperda cellular immune response. J Insect Physiol 2013; 59:500-508. [PMID: 23458339 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2013.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
An endoparasitic life style is widespread among Hymenoptera, and various different strategies allowing parasitoids to escape from the host encapsulation response have been reported. Species carrying polydnaviruses (PDVs), such as the ichneumonid Hyposoter didymator, generally rely on the viral symbionts to evade host immune responses. In this work, we show that H. didymator eggs can evade encapsulation by the host in the absence of calyx fluid (containing the viral particles), whereas protection of the larvae requires the presence of calyx fluid. This evasion by the eggs depends on proteins associated with the exochorion. This type of local passive strategy has been described for a few species carrying PDVs. Immune evasion by braconid eggs appears to be related to PDVs or proteins synthesized in the oviducts being associated with the egg. We report that in H. didymator, by contrast, proteins already present in the ovarian follicles are responsible for the eggs avoiding encapsulation. Mass spectrometry analysis of the egg surface proteins revealed the presence of host immune-related proteins, including one with similarities with apolipophorin-III, and also the presence of three viral proteins encoded by IVSPERs (Ichnovirus Structural Protein Encoding Regions).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Dorémus
- INRA (UMR 1333), Université de Montpellier 2, Insect-Microorganisms Diversity, Genomes and Interactions, Place Eugène Bataillon, CC101, 34095 Montpellier Cedex, France
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49
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Dorémus T, Urbach S, Jouan V, Cousserans F, Ravallec M, Demettre E, Wajnberg E, Poulain J, Azéma-Dossat C, Darboux I, Escoubas JM, Colinet D, Gatti JL, Poirié M, Volkoff AN. Venom gland extract is not required for successful parasitism in the polydnavirus-associated endoparasitoid Hyposoter didymator (Hym. Ichneumonidae) despite the presence of numerous novel and conserved venom proteins. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 43:292-307. [PMID: 23298679 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2012.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The venom gland is a conserved organ in Hymenoptera that shows adaptations associated with life-style diversification. Few studies have investigated venom components and function in the highly diverse parasitic wasps and all suggest that the venom regulates host physiology. We explored the venom of the endoparasitoid Hyposoter didymator (Campopleginae), a species with an associated polydnavirus produced in the ovarian tissue. We investigated the effects of the H. didymator venom on two physiological traits of the host Spodoptera frugiperda (Noctuidae): encapsulation response and growth rate. We found that H. didymator venom had no significant effect on host cellular immunity or development, suggesting that it does not contribute to parasitism success. The host physiology seemed to be modified essentially by the ovarian fluid containing the symbiotic polydnaviruses. Proteomic analyses indicated that the H. didymator venom gland produces a large variety of proteins, consistent with the classical hymenopteran venom protein signature, including: reprolysin-like, dipeptidyl peptidase IV, hyaluronidase, arginine kinase or allergen proteins. The venom extracts also contained novel proteins, encoded by venom genes conserved in Campopleginae ichneumonids, and proteins with similarities to active molecules identified in other parasitoid species, such as calreticulin, reprolysin, superoxide dismutase and serpin. However, some of these proteins appear to be produced only in small amounts or to not be secreted. Possibly, in Campopleginae carrying polydnaviruses, the host-modifying activities of venom became redundant following the acquisition of polydnaviruses by the lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Dorémus
- INRA (UMR 1333), Université de Montpellier 2, "Insect-Microorganisms Diversity, Genomes and Interactions", Place Eugène Bataillon, CC101, 34095 Montpellier Cedex, France
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50
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Guo HF, Fang JC, Zhong WF, Liu BS. Interactions between Meteorus pulchricornis and Spodoptera exigua multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus. J Insect Sci 2013; 13:12. [PMID: 23885801 PMCID: PMC3735115 DOI: 10.1673/031.013.1201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/11/2010] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Baculoviruses may interact with parasitoids in the same host. A previous study has shown that infection of larvae with Spodoptera litura nucleopolyhedrovirus (SpltNPV) was deleterious to the survival and development of Meteorus pulchricornis (Wesmael) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). In this paper, the interactions between M. pulchricornis and Spodoptera exigua multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (SeMNPV) in Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), a permissive host of the virus and parasitoid, were investigated. The results showed that the effect of M. pulchricornis on SeMNPV and the effect of the virus on the parasitoid both depended on the concentration of the virus and the interval between viral infection and parasitism. Whether S. exigua was treated with the parasitoid and virus simultaneously or 1 day apart, the biological activities of 10(5), 10(6), and 10(7) OBs/mL SeMNPV were all significantly improved by M. pulchricornis. In contrast, the biological activity of 10(3) OBs/mL SeMNPV was significantly decreased when the host was exposed to the virus and parasitoid simultaneously. Regarding the impact of SeMNPV on M. pulchricornis, exposing the host to the parasitoid and SeMNPV with concentrations lower than 10(6) occlusion bodies (OBs)/mL produced no negative effects on the parasitoid. The results also showed that ingestion of SeMNPV by adult stage M. pulchricornis significantly increased the number of parasitoid offspring that successfully emerged from the host. Furthermore, M. pulchricornis was found to transmit SeMNPV among populations of S. exigua. Taken together, these findings indicate that M. pulchricornis integrated with an appropriate concentration of SeMNPV has the potential to improve the efficacy of biological control against S. exigua.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Fang Guo
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Ji-Chao Fang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Wan-Fang Zhong
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Bao-Sheng Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
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