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Gomes Garcia A, Wajnberg E, Parra JRP. Optimizing the releasing strategy used for the biological control of the sugarcane borer Diatraea saccharalis by Trichogramma galloi with computer modeling and simulation. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9535. [PMID: 38664543 PMCID: PMC11045834 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60146-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
One of the challenges in augmentative biological control programs is the definition of releasing strategy for natural enemies, especially when macro-organisms are involved. Important information about the density of insects to be released and frequency of releases usually requires a great number of experiments, which implies time and space that are not always readily available. In order to provide science-based responses for these questions, computational models offer an in silico option to simulate different biocontrol agent releasing scenarios. This allows decision-makers to focus their efforts to more feasible options. The major insect pest in sugarcane crops is the sugarcane borer Diatraea saccharalis, which can be managed using the egg parasitoid Trichogramma galloi. The current strategy consists in releasing 50,000 insects per hectare for each release, in three weekly releases. Here, we present a simulation model to check whether this releasing strategy is optimal against the sugarcane borer. A sensitive analysis revealed that the population of the pest is more affected by the number of releases rather than by the density of parasitoids released. Only the number of releases demonstrated an ability to drive the population curve of the pest towards a negative growth. For example, releasing a total of 600,000 insects per hectare in three releases led to a lower pest control efficacy that releasing only 250,000 insects per hectare in five releases. A higher number of releases covers a wider range of time, increasing the likelihood of releasing parasitoids at the correct time given that the egg stage is short. Based on these results, it is suggested that, if modifications to the releasing strategy are desired, increasing the number of releases from 3 to 5 at weekly intervals is most likely preferable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Gomes Garcia
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, São Paulo University/ ESALQ, Pádua Dias Avenue 11, Piracicaba, 13418-900, Brazil.
| | - Eric Wajnberg
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, São Paulo University/ ESALQ, Pádua Dias Avenue 11, Piracicaba, 13418-900, Brazil
- Inrae, 400 Route des Chappes, BP 167, 06903, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
- Inria, Projet Hephaistos, 06902, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - José Roberto Postali Parra
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, São Paulo University/ ESALQ, Pádua Dias Avenue 11, Piracicaba, 13418-900, Brazil
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2
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Segoli M, Papegay Y, Rozenberg T, Wajnberg E. Why do predators attack parasitized prey? Insights from a probabilistic model and a literature survey. Behav Processes 2024; 216:105002. [PMID: 38336239 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2024.105002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Predators and parasitoids often encounter parasitized prey or hosts during foraging. While the outcomes of such encounters have been extensively studied for insect parasitoids, the consequences of a predator encountering parasitized prey have received less attention. One extreme example involves the potter wasp Delta dimidiatipenne that frequently provision their nest with parasitized caterpillars, despite the low suitability of this prey for consumption by their offspring. This raises two main questions: (1) why do female potter wasps continue collecting parasitized caterpillars? and (2) is this an exceptional example, or do predatory insects often suffer from fitness costs due to encounters with parasitized prey? We addressed the first question using a probabilistic mathematical model predicting the value of discrimination between parasitized and unparasitized prey for the potter wasp, and the second question by surveying the literature for examples in which the parasitism status of prey affected prey susceptibility, suitability, or prey choice by a predator. The model demonstrates that only under certain conditions is discrimination against parasitized prey beneficial in terms of the potter wasp's lifetime reproductive success. The literature survey suggests that the occurrence of encounters and consumption of parasitized prey is common, but the overall consequences of such interactions have rarely been quantified. We conclude that the profitability and ability of a predator to discriminate against parasitized prey under natural conditions may be limited and call for additional studies quantifying the outcome of such interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Segoli
- Marco and Louise Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, SIDEER, BIDR, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion 8499000, Israel.
| | - Yves Papegay
- INRIA, Sophia Antipolis, Projet Hephaistos, 2004 Route des Lucioles, BP 93, 06902 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Tamir Rozenberg
- Marco and Louise Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, SIDEER, BIDR, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion 8499000, Israel
| | - Eric Wajnberg
- INRIA, Sophia Antipolis, Projet Hephaistos, 2004 Route des Lucioles, BP 93, 06902 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France; INRAE, 400 Route des Chappes, 06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France; USP/ESALQ, Departamento de Entomologia e Acarologia, Piracicaba, Brazil
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3
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Segoli M, Abram PK, Ellers J, Greenbaum G, Hardy ICW, Heimpel GE, Keasar T, Ode PJ, Sadeh A, Wajnberg E. Trait-based approaches to predicting biological control success: challenges and prospects. Trends Ecol Evol 2023; 38:802-811. [PMID: 37202283 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2023.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Identifying traits that are associated with success of introduced natural enemies in establishing and controlling pest insects has occupied researchers and biological control practitioners for decades. Unfortunately, consistent general relationships have been difficult to detect, preventing a priori ranking of candidate biological control agents based on their traits. We summarise previous efforts and propose a series of potential explanations for the lack of clear patterns. We argue that the quality of current datasets is insufficient to detect complex trait-efficacy relationships and suggest several measures by which current limitations may be overcome. We conclude that efforts to address this elusive issue have not yet been exhausted and that further explorations are likely to be worthwhile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Segoli
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, BIDR, SIDEER, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede-Boqer Campus, Israel.
| | - Paul K Abram
- Agassiz Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Agassiz, BC, Canada
| | - Jacintha Ellers
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gili Greenbaum
- The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ian C W Hardy
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - George E Heimpel
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Tamar Keasar
- Department of Biology, University of Haifa at Oranim, Tivon, Israel
| | - Paul J Ode
- Department of Agricultural Biology and Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Asaf Sadeh
- Department of Natural Resources, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization (Volcani Institute), Israel
| | - Eric Wajnberg
- INRAE, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France and INRIA, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
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Keasar T, Wajnberg E, Heimpel G, Hardy ICW, Harpaz LS, Gottlieb D, van Nouhuys S. Dynamic Economic Thresholds for Insecticide Applications Against Agricultural Pests: Importance of Pest and Natural Enemy Migration. J Econ Entomol 2023; 116:321-330. [PMID: 36791247 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toad019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In Integrated Pest Management programs, insecticides are applied to agricultural crops when pest densities exceed a predetermined economic threshold. Under conditions of high natural enemy density, however, the economic threshold can be increased, allowing for fewer insecticide applications. These adjustments, called 'dynamic thresholds', allow farmers to exploit existing biological control interactions without economic loss. Further, the ability of natural enemies to disperse from, and subsequently immigrate into, insecticide-sprayed areas can affect their biological control potential. We develop a theoretical approach to incorporate both pest and natural enemy movement across field borders into dynamic thresholds and explore how these affect insecticide applications and farmer incomes. Our model follows a pest and its specialist natural enemy over one growing season. An insecticide that targets the pest also induces mortality of the natural enemy, both via direct toxicity and reduced resource pest densities. Pest and natural enemy populations recover after spraying through within-field reproduction and by immigration from neighboring unsprayed areas. The number of insecticide applications and per-season farmer revenues are calculated for economic thresholds that are either fixed (ignoring natural enemy densities) or dynamic (incorporating them). The model predicts that using dynamic thresholds always leads to reduced insecticide application. The benefit of dynamic thresholds in reducing insecticide use is highest when natural enemies rapidly recolonize sprayed areas, and when insecticide efficacy is low. We discuss real-life situations in which monitoring of natural enemies would substantially reduce insecticide use and other scenarios where the presence of beneficial organisms may lead to threshold modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Keasar
- Department of Biology and the Environment, University of Haifa - Oranim, Tivon 36006, Israel
| | - Eric Wajnberg
- INRAE, 400 Route des Chappes, BP 167, Sophia Antipolis Cedex 06903, France
- INRIA Sophia Antipolis, Project Hephaistos, 2004 Route des Lucioles, BP 93, Sophia Antipolis Cedex 06902, France
| | - George Heimpel
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, 1980 Folwell Avenue, St. Paul, MN, 55117, USA
| | - Ian C W Hardy
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 27, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Liora Shaltiel Harpaz
- Environmental Sciences Departments, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Tel Hai College, and Northern R@D, 12210, MIGAL, Israel
| | - Daphna Gottlieb
- Department of Food Science, Institute of Post-Harvest and Food Science, The Volcani Center, ARO, Rishon LeZion, 7528809, Israel
| | - Saskya van Nouhuys
- Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
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Keasar T, Pourtallier O, Wajnberg E. Can sociality facilitate learning of complex tasks? Lessons from bees and flowers. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20210402. [PMID: 36688396 PMCID: PMC9869446 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of animal societies is a major evolutionary transition, but its implications for learning-dependent innovations are insufficiently understood. Bees, with lifestyles ranging from solitary to eusocial, are ideal models for exploring social evolution. Here, we ask how and why bees may acquire a new 'technology', foraging on morphologically complex flowers, and whether eusociality facilitates this technological shift. We consider 'complex' flowers that produce high food rewards but are difficult to access, versus 'simple' flowers offering easily accessible yet lower rewards. Complex flowers are less profitable than simple flowers to naive bees but become more rewarding after a learning period. We model how social bees optimally choose between simple and complex flowers over time, to maximize their colony's food balance. The model predicts no effect of colony size on the bees' flower choices. More foraging on complex flowers is predicted as colony longevity, its proportion of foragers, individual longevity and learning ability increase. Of these traits, only long-lived colonies and abundant foragers characterize eusocial bees. Thus, we predict that eusociality supports, but is not mandatory for, learning to exploit complex flowers. A re-analysis of a large published dataset of bee-flower interactions supports these conclusions. We discuss parallels between the evolution of insect sociality and other major transitions that provide scaffolds for learning innovations. This article is part of the theme issue 'Human socio-cultural evolution in light of evolutionary transitions'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Keasar
- Biology and Environment, University of Haifa, Oranim, Tivon 36006, Israel
| | | | - Eric Wajnberg
- INRIA, Projet Hephaistos, 06902 Sophia Antipolis, France,Inrae, 400 Route des Chappes, BP 167 06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
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Pierre JS, Stoeckel S, Wajnberg E. The advantage of sex: Reinserting fluctuating selection in the pluralist approach. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272134. [PMID: 35917359 PMCID: PMC9345338 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The advantage of sex, and its fixation in some clades and species all over the eukaryote tree of life, is considered an evolutionary enigma, especially regarding its assumed two-fold cost. Several likely hypotheses have been proposed such as (1) a better response to the negative frequency-dependent selection imposed by the “Red Queen” hypothesis; (2) the competition between siblings induced by the Tangled Bank hypothesis; (3) the existence of genetic and of (4) ecological factors that can diminish the cost of sex to less than the standard assumed two-fold; and (5) a better maintenance of genetic diversity and its resulting phenotypic variation, providing a selective advantage in randomly fluctuating environments. While these hypotheses have mostly been studied separately, they can also act simultaneously. This was advocated by several studies which presented a pluralist point of view. Only three among the five causes cited above were considered yet in such a framework: the Red Queen hypothesis, the Tangled Bank and the genetic factors lowering the cost of sex. We thus simulated the evolution of a finite mutating population undergoing negative frequency-dependent selection on phenotypes and a two-fold (or less) cost of sexuality, experiencing randomly fluctuating selection along generations. The individuals inherited their reproductive modes, either clonal or sexual. We found that exclusive sexuality begins to fix in populations exposed to environmental variation that exceeds the width of one ecological niche (twice the standard deviation of a Gaussian response to environment). This threshold was lowered by increasing negative frequency-dependent selection and when reducing the two-fold cost of sex. It contributes advocating that the different processes involved in a short-term advantage of sex and recombination can act in combination to favor the fixation of sexual reproduction in populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Sébastien Pierre
- UMR 6553 Ecologie Biodiversité Evolution, CNRS INEE, Université de Rennes 1, OSUR, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes Cedex, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Solenn Stoeckel
- IGEPP, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Rennes, Le Rheu, France
| | - Eric Wajnberg
- INRAE, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
- Projet Hephaistos, INRIA, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
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Abstract
Abstract
Animals of a wide range of taxonomic groups mix various food sources to achieve a nutritionally balanced diet. The strategies they adopt to balance multiple nutrients depend on their availability in the environment. Behavioural and physiological adaptations to forage for nutrient-differing food sources have rarely been investigated in respect to nutrient availability in the environment. We developed a simulation model to explore the strategy consumers should adopt in response to the abundance of two nutritionally complementary food types. Results show that (1) consumers should invest more effort in detecting the scarce resource; (2) there is an optimized negative relationship between effort foragers should allocate to find the two types of food; (3) consumers should exhibit higher selectivity when the proportion of food types in the habitat deviates from their optimal ratio in the diet. These findings have important implications for pest control using predators that benefit from plant-based food supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Moshe Coll
- Department of Entomology, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Eric Wajnberg
- INRAE, 400 Route des Chappes, BP 167, Sophia Antipolis Cedex 06903, France
- INRIA Sophia Antipolis, Project Hephaistos, 2004 Route des Lucioles, BP 93, Sophia Antipolis Cedex 06902, France
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Segoli M, Wajnberg E. The combined effect of host and food availability on optimized parasitoid life-history traits based on a three-dimensional trade-off surface. J Evol Biol 2020; 33:850-857. [PMID: 32171031 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The reproductive success of many insects is considered to be limited by two main factors: the availability of mature eggs to lay (termed egg limitation) and the time to locate suitable hosts (termed time limitation). High host density in the environment is likely to enhance oviposition opportunities, thereby selecting for higher investment in egg supply. In contrast, a shortage of food (e.g. sugar sources) is likely to increase the risk of time limitation, thereby selecting for higher allocation to initial energy reserves. To our knowledge, the combined effect of host and food availability on these optimal life-history allocations has never been investigated. We thus modelled their simultaneous effects on a three-dimensional trade-off between initial investment in energy reserves, egg number and egg size, while focusing on insect parasitoids. The model was based on Monte Carlo simulations coupled with genetic algorithms, in order to identify the optimal life-history traits of a single simulated parasitoid female in an environment in which both hosts and food are present in varying densities. Our results reproduced the simple predictions described above. However, some novel predictions were also obtained, especially when specific interactions between the different factors were examined and their effects on the three-dimensional life-history surface were considered. The work sheds light on long-lasting debates regarding the relative importance of time versus egg limitation in determining insect life-history traits and highlights the complexity of life-history evolution, where several environmental factors act simultaneously on multiple traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Segoli
- Marco and Louise Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, SIDEER, BIDR, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
| | - Eric Wajnberg
- INRA, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.,INRIA, Sophia Antipolis, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
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9
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Wajnberg E, Tel-Zur N, Shapira I, Lebber Y, Lev-Yadun S, Zurgil U, Reisman-Berman O, Keasar T. Pollinator Behavior Drives Sexual Specializations in the Hermaphrodite Flowers of a Heterodichogamous Tree. Front Plant Sci 2019; 10:1315. [PMID: 31681393 PMCID: PMC6813929 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Dioecy, the specialization of individuals into either male-only or female-only sexual function, has multiple evolutionary origins in plants. One proposed ancestral mating system is heterodichogamy, two morphs of cross-fertilizing hermaphrodite flowers that differ in their timing of flowering. Previous research suggested that small specializations in these morphs' functional genders could facilitate their evolution into separate sexes. We tested the possible role of pollinators in driving such specializations. Ziziphus spina-christi is an insect-pollinated heterodichogamous tree with self-incompatible flowers and two sympatric flowering morphs. We compared the flower development patterns, floral food rewards, pollinator visits, and fruit production between the two morphs. Male-phase flowers of Z. spina-christi's "Early" and "Late" morphs open before dawn and around noon, respectively, and transition into female-phase 7-8 h later. Flowers of both morphs contain similar nectar and pollen rewards, and receive visits by flies (their ancestral pollinators) at similar rates, mostly during the morning. Consequently, the Early morph functions largely as pollen donor. The Late morph, functioning as female in the morning, produces more fruit. We developed an evolutionary probabilistic model, inspired by Z. spina-christi's reproductive system, to test whether pollinator visit patterns could potentially play a role in an evolutionary transition from heterodichogamy towards dioecy. The model predicts that reproductive incompatibility within flowering morphs promotes their evolution into different sexes. Furthermore, the pollinators' morning activity drives the Early and Late morphs' specialization into male and female functions, respectively. Thus, while not required for transitioning from heterodichogamy to dioecy, pollinator-mediated selection is expected to influence which sexual specialization evolves in each of the flowering morphs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Wajnberg
- INRA Sophia Antipolis and: INRIA, Sophia Antipolis, Projet Hephaistos, France
| | - Noemi Tel-Zur
- French Associates Institutes for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sde-Boqer, Israel
| | - Idan Shapira
- Department of Biology and Environment, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa–Oranim, Tivon, Israel
| | - Yochai Lebber
- Department of Biology and Environment, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa–Oranim, Tivon, Israel
| | - Simcha Lev-Yadun
- Department of Biology and Environment, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa–Oranim, Tivon, Israel
| | - Udi Zurgil
- French Associates Institutes for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sde-Boqer, Israel
| | - Orna Reisman-Berman
- French Associates Institutes for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sde-Boqer, Israel
- Department of Natural and Life Sciences, Open University of Israel, Ra’anana, Israel
| | - Tamar Keasar
- Department of Biology and Environment, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa–Oranim, Tivon, Israel
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Keasar
- Dept of Biology and Environment, Univ. of Haifa; Oranim Tivon Israel
| | - Eric Wajnberg
- INRA, 400 Route des Chappes, FR-06410 Sophia Antipolis Cedex; France
- INRIA, Sophia Antipolis, Projet Hephaistos, 2004 Route des Lucioles, BP 93, FR-06902 Sophia Antipolis Cedex; France
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11
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Wajnberg E, Desouhant E. Editorial overview: Behavioural ecology: Behavioural ecology of insects: current research and potential applications. Curr Opin Insect Sci 2018; 27:viii-xi. [PMID: 30025644 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Wajnberg
- INRA, 400 Route des Chappes, BP 167, 06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France; INRIA, Sophia Antipolis, Projet Hephaistos, 2004 Route des Lucioles, BP 93, 06902 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
| | - Emmanuel Desouhant
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, Bat G. Mendel, UMR CNRS 5558 Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
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Amichot M, Curty C, Benguettat-Magliano O, Gallet A, Wajnberg E. Side effects of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki on the hymenopterous parasitic wasp Trichogramma chilonis. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2016; 23:3097-3103. [PMID: 26590060 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5830-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Most of the detrimental effects of using conventional insecticides to control crop pests are now well identified and are nowadays major arguments for replacing such compounds by the use of biological control agents. In this respect, the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki and Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) parasitic wasp species are both effective against lepidopterous pests and can actually be used concomitantly. In this work, we studied the potential side effects of B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki on Trichogramma chilonis females. We first evidenced an acute toxicity of B. thuringiensis on T. chilonis. Then, after ingestion of B. thuringiensis at sublethal doses, we focused on life history traits of T. chilonis such as longevity, reproductive success and the time spent on host eggs patches. The reproductive success of T. chilonis was not modified by B. thuringiensis while a significant effect was observed on longevity and the time spent on host eggs patches. The physiological and ecological meanings of the results obtained are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Amichot
- INRA, Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900, Sophia Antipolis, France.
| | - Christine Curty
- INRA, Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Olivia Benguettat-Magliano
- INRA, Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Armel Gallet
- INRA, Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Eric Wajnberg
- INRA, Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900, Sophia Antipolis, France.
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Pisanty G, Afik O, Wajnberg E, Mandelik Y. Watermelon pollinators exhibit complementarity in both visitation rate and single-visit pollination efficiency. J Appl Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gideon Pisanty
- Department of Entomology; The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Rehovot Israel
- Steinhardt Museum of Natural History and National Research Center; Faculty of Life Sciences; Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv Israel
| | - Ohad Afik
- Department of Entomology; The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Rehovot Israel
| | - Eric Wajnberg
- INRA; CNRS; UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech; University of Nice Sophia Antipolis; BP 167, 06903; Sophia Antipolis Cedex France
| | - Yael Mandelik
- Department of Entomology; The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Rehovot Israel
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Han P, Dong Y, Lavoir AV, Adamowicz S, Bearez P, Wajnberg E, Desneux N. Effect of plant nitrogen and water status on the foraging behavior and fitness of an omnivorous arthropod. Ecol Evol 2015; 5:5468-77. [PMID: 27069598 PMCID: PMC4813102 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Omnivorous arthropods make dietary choices according to the environment in which they forage, mainly availability/quality of plant and/or prey resources. Such decisions and their subsequent impacts on life‐history traits may be affected by the availability of nutrients and water to plants, that is, through bottom‐up forces. By setting up arenas for feeding behavior observation as well as glasshouse cages for plant preference assessment, we studied effects of the presence of prey (Lepidoptera eggs) and nitrogen/water availability to host tomato plants on the foraging behavior and life‐history traits in the omnivorous predator Macrolophus pygmaeus (Heteroptera: Miridae). In the absence of prey, the predator fed equally on the plants treated with various levels of nitrogen and water. In the presence of prey, however, the feeding rate on plants decreased when the plant received low water input. The feeding rate on prey was positively correlated with feeding rate on plants; that is, prey feeding increased with plant feeding when the plants received high water input. Moreover, plants receiving high water input attracted more M. pygmaeus adults compared with those receiving low water input. For M. pygmaeus fitness, the presence of prey enhanced its fertility and longevity, but the longevity decreased when plants received low compared with high water input. In conclusion, the omnivorous predator may be obliged to feed on plants to obtain water, and plant water status may be a limiting factor for the foraging behavior and fitness of the omnivorous predator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Han
- INRA (French National Institute for Agricultural Research) Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis CNRS UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech 06903 Sophia Antipolis France
| | - Yongcheng Dong
- INRA (French National Institute for Agricultural Research) Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis CNRS UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech 06903 Sophia Antipolis France; Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory College of Plant Science and Technology Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Anne-Violette Lavoir
- INRA (French National Institute for Agricultural Research) Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis CNRS UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech 06903 Sophia Antipolis France
| | | | - Philippe Bearez
- INRA (French National Institute for Agricultural Research) Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis CNRS UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech 06903 Sophia Antipolis France
| | - Eric Wajnberg
- INRA (French National Institute for Agricultural Research) Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis CNRS UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech 06903 Sophia Antipolis France
| | - Nicolas Desneux
- INRA (French National Institute for Agricultural Research) Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis CNRS UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech 06903 Sophia Antipolis France
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Mohamad R, Wajnberg E, Monge JP, Goubault M. The effect of direct interspecific competition on patch exploitation strategies in parasitoid wasps. Oecologia 2014; 177:305-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-014-3124-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Chailleux A, Wajnberg E, Zhou Y, Amiens-Desneux E, Desneux N. New parasitoid-predator associations: female parasitoids do not avoid competition with generalist predators when sharing invasive prey. Naturwissenschaften 2014; 101:1075-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s00114-014-1246-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Dorémus T, Cousserans F, Gyapay G, Jouan V, Milano P, Wajnberg E, Darboux I, Cônsoli FL, Volkoff AN. Extensive transcription analysis of the Hyposoter didymator Ichnovirus genome in permissive and non-permissive lepidopteran host species. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104072. [PMID: 25117496 PMCID: PMC4130501 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Ichnoviruses are large dsDNA viruses that belong to the Polydnaviridae family. They are specifically associated with endoparasitic wasps of the family Ichneumonidae and essential for host parasitization by these wasps. We sequenced the Hyposoter didymator Ichnovirus (HdIV) encapsidated genome for further analysis of the transcription pattern of the entire set of HdIV genes following the parasitization of four different lepidopteran host species. The HdIV genome was found to consist of at least 50 circular dsDNA molecules, carrying 135 genes, 98 of which formed 18 gene families. The HdIV genome had general features typical of Ichnovirus (IV) genomes and closely resembled that of the IV carried by Hyposoter fugitivus. Subsequent transcriptomic analysis with Illumina technology during the course of Spodoptera frugiperda parasitization led to the identification of a small subset of less than 30 genes with high RPKM values in permissive hosts, consisting with these genes encoding crucial virulence proteins. Comparisons of HdIV expression profiles between host species revealed differences in transcript levels for given HdIV genes between two permissive hosts, S. frugiperda and Pseudoplusia includens. However, we found no evident intrafamily gene-specific transcription pattern consistent with the presence of multigenic families within IV genomes reflecting an ability of the wasps concerned to exploit different host species. Interestingly, in two non-permissive hosts, Mamestra brassiccae and Anticarsia gemmatalis (most of the parasitoid eggs were eliminated by the host cellular immune response), HdIV genes were generally less strongly transcribed than in permissive hosts. This suggests that successful parasitism is dependent on the expression of given HdIV genes exceeding a particular threshold value. These results raise questions about the mecanisms involved in regulating IV gene expression according to the nature of the lepidopteran host species encountered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Dorémus
- INRA - Université de Montpellier 2, Unité « Diversité, Génomes et Interactions Insectes-Microorganismes », Place Eugène Bataillon, CC101, Montpellier, France
| | - François Cousserans
- INRA - Université de Montpellier 2, Unité « Diversité, Génomes et Interactions Insectes-Microorganismes », Place Eugène Bataillon, CC101, Montpellier, France
| | - Gabor Gyapay
- France Génomique - Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique - Institut de Génomique, Génoscope, 2, Evry, France
| | - Véronique Jouan
- INRA - Université de Montpellier 2, Unité « Diversité, Génomes et Interactions Insectes-Microorganismes », Place Eugène Bataillon, CC101, Montpellier, France
| | - Patricia Milano
- Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz - Universidade de Sao Paulo, Departamento de Entomologia e Acarologia, Laboratório de Interações em Insetos, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eric Wajnberg
- INRA - CNRS - Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Isabelle Darboux
- INRA - Université de Montpellier 2, Unité « Diversité, Génomes et Interactions Insectes-Microorganismes », Place Eugène Bataillon, CC101, Montpellier, France
| | - Fernando Luis Cônsoli
- Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz - Universidade de Sao Paulo, Departamento de Entomologia e Acarologia, Laboratório de Interações em Insetos, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anne-Nathalie Volkoff
- INRA - Université de Montpellier 2, Unité « Diversité, Génomes et Interactions Insectes-Microorganismes », Place Eugène Bataillon, CC101, Montpellier, France
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Peri E, Cusumano A, Amodeo V, Wajnberg E, Colazza S. Intraguild interactions between two egg parasitoids of a true bug in semi-field and field conditions. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99876. [PMID: 24941172 PMCID: PMC4062478 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on interspecific competitive interactions among insect parasitoids has often been characterized by laboratory studies in which host insects are exposed to female parasitoids of different species in various sequences and combinations. In the last years, an increasing number of studies have investigated interspecific interactions under field and semi-field conditions although just a few number of works focused on egg parasitoids. In this work, we undertook a two-year study to investigate interspecific interactions between Trissolcus basalis (Wollaston) (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) and Ooencyrtus telenomicida (Vassiliev) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), two egg parasitoids of the pest Nezara viridula (L.) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) that co-occur in cultivated crops. Under semi-field (in out-door mesh cages) and field conditions, we investigated: 1) the seasonal occurrence of competing parasitoid species on sentinel egg masses; 2) the impact achieved by competing species on the shared host on naturally laid egg masses; 3) the outcome of intraguild interactions under controlled conditions. Results from sentinel egg masses showed that T. basalis occurs in May and successfully parasitizes hosts until the end of September/beginning of October, whereas O. telenomicida is mainly occurring in July-August. In both years, it was found that T. basalis is predominant. From naturally laid egg masses, results indicated that T. basalis achieves higher impact on the hosts, even in those egg masses which are parasitized by more than one female of different species ( = multiparasitism). Results from manipulating intraguild interactions showed that T. basalis achieves higher impact on N. viridula when released alone, but it suffers from competition with O. telenomicida. The ecological factors that play a role in intraguild interactions in the context of biological control perspective are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezio Peri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonino Cusumano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Valentina Amodeo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Colazza
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Danchin E, Wajnberg E, Wagner RH. Avoiding pitfalls in estimating heritability with the common options approach. Sci Rep 2014; 4:3974. [PMID: 24865284 PMCID: PMC4034696 DOI: 10.1038/srep03974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In many circumstances, heritability estimates are subject to two potentially interacting pitfalls: the spatial and the regression to the mean (RTM) fallacies. The spatial fallacy occurs when the set of potential movement options differs among individuals according to where individuals depart. The RTM fallacy occurs when extreme measurements are followed by measurements that are closer to the mean. We simulated data from the largest published heritability study of a behavioural trait, colony size choice, to examine the operation of the two fallacies. We found that spurious heritabilities are generated under a wide range of conditions both in experimental and correlative estimates of heritability. Classically designed cross-foster experiments can actually increase the frequency of spurious heritabilities. Simulations showed that experiments providing all individuals with the identical set of options, such as by fostering all offspring in the same breeding location, are immune to the two pitfalls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Danchin
- CNRS, UPS, ENFA; EDB (Laboratoire Evolution & Diversité Biologique); UMR5174; 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse; UMR5174; F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Eric Wajnberg
- INRA, 400 Route des Chappes, BP 167, 06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Richard H. Wagner
- Konrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology, Department of Comparative Biology and Evolution, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Savoyenstrasse 1a, 1160 Vienna, Austria
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Dorémus T, Jouan V, Urbach S, Cousserans F, Wincker P, Ravallec M, Wajnberg E, Volkoff AN. Hyposoter didymator uses a combination of passive and active strategies to escape from the Spodoptera frugiperda cellular immune response. J Insect Physiol 2013; 59:500-508. [PMID: 23458339 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2013.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
An endoparasitic life style is widespread among Hymenoptera, and various different strategies allowing parasitoids to escape from the host encapsulation response have been reported. Species carrying polydnaviruses (PDVs), such as the ichneumonid Hyposoter didymator, generally rely on the viral symbionts to evade host immune responses. In this work, we show that H. didymator eggs can evade encapsulation by the host in the absence of calyx fluid (containing the viral particles), whereas protection of the larvae requires the presence of calyx fluid. This evasion by the eggs depends on proteins associated with the exochorion. This type of local passive strategy has been described for a few species carrying PDVs. Immune evasion by braconid eggs appears to be related to PDVs or proteins synthesized in the oviducts being associated with the egg. We report that in H. didymator, by contrast, proteins already present in the ovarian follicles are responsible for the eggs avoiding encapsulation. Mass spectrometry analysis of the egg surface proteins revealed the presence of host immune-related proteins, including one with similarities with apolipophorin-III, and also the presence of three viral proteins encoded by IVSPERs (Ichnovirus Structural Protein Encoding Regions).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Dorémus
- INRA (UMR 1333), Université de Montpellier 2, Insect-Microorganisms Diversity, Genomes and Interactions, Place Eugène Bataillon, CC101, 34095 Montpellier Cedex, France
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Dorémus T, Urbach S, Jouan V, Cousserans F, Ravallec M, Demettre E, Wajnberg E, Poulain J, Azéma-Dossat C, Darboux I, Escoubas JM, Colinet D, Gatti JL, Poirié M, Volkoff AN. Venom gland extract is not required for successful parasitism in the polydnavirus-associated endoparasitoid Hyposoter didymator (Hym. Ichneumonidae) despite the presence of numerous novel and conserved venom proteins. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 43:292-307. [PMID: 23298679 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2012.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The venom gland is a conserved organ in Hymenoptera that shows adaptations associated with life-style diversification. Few studies have investigated venom components and function in the highly diverse parasitic wasps and all suggest that the venom regulates host physiology. We explored the venom of the endoparasitoid Hyposoter didymator (Campopleginae), a species with an associated polydnavirus produced in the ovarian tissue. We investigated the effects of the H. didymator venom on two physiological traits of the host Spodoptera frugiperda (Noctuidae): encapsulation response and growth rate. We found that H. didymator venom had no significant effect on host cellular immunity or development, suggesting that it does not contribute to parasitism success. The host physiology seemed to be modified essentially by the ovarian fluid containing the symbiotic polydnaviruses. Proteomic analyses indicated that the H. didymator venom gland produces a large variety of proteins, consistent with the classical hymenopteran venom protein signature, including: reprolysin-like, dipeptidyl peptidase IV, hyaluronidase, arginine kinase or allergen proteins. The venom extracts also contained novel proteins, encoded by venom genes conserved in Campopleginae ichneumonids, and proteins with similarities to active molecules identified in other parasitoid species, such as calreticulin, reprolysin, superoxide dismutase and serpin. However, some of these proteins appear to be produced only in small amounts or to not be secreted. Possibly, in Campopleginae carrying polydnaviruses, the host-modifying activities of venom became redundant following the acquisition of polydnaviruses by the lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Dorémus
- INRA (UMR 1333), Université de Montpellier 2, "Insect-Microorganisms Diversity, Genomes and Interactions", Place Eugène Bataillon, CC101, 34095 Montpellier Cedex, France
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Paganini J, Campan-Fournier A, Da Rocha M, Gouret P, Pontarotti P, Wajnberg E, Abad P, Danchin EGJ. Contribution of lateral gene transfers to the genome composition and parasitic ability of root-knot nematodes. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50875. [PMID: 23226415 PMCID: PMC3511272 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lateral gene transfers (LGT), species to species transmission of genes by means other than direct inheritance from a common ancestor, have played significant role in shaping prokaryotic genomes and are involved in gain or transfer of important biological processes. Whether LGT significantly contributed to the composition of an animal genome is currently unclear. In nematodes, multiple LGT are suspected to have favored emergence of plant-parasitism. With the availability of whole genome sequences it is now possible to assess whether LGT have significantly contributed to the composition of an animal genome and to establish a comprehensive list of these events. We generated clusters of homologous genes and automated phylogenetic inference, to detect LGT in the genomes of root-knot nematodes and found that up to 3.34% of the genes originate from LGT of non-metazoan origin. After their acquisition, the majority of genes underwent series of duplications. Compared to the rest of the genes in these species, several predicted functional categories showed a skewed distribution in the set of genes acquired via LGT. Interestingly, functions related to metabolism, degradation or modification of carbohydrates or proteins were substantially more frequent. This suggests that genes involved in these processes, related to a parasitic lifestyle, have been more frequently fixed in these parasites after their acquisition. Genes from soil bacteria, including plant-pathogens were the most frequent closest relatives, suggesting donors were preferentially bacteria from the rhizosphere. Several of these bacterial genes are plasmid-borne, pointing to a possible role of these mobile genetic elements in the transfer mechanism. Our analysis provides the first comprehensive description of the ensemble of genes of non-metazoan origin in an animal genome. Besides being involved in important processes regarding plant-parasitism, genes acquired via LGT now constitute a substantial proportion of protein-coding genes in these nematode genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Paganini
- Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, LATP, UMR 7353, Evolution Biologique et Modélisation, Marseille, France
| | - Amandine Campan-Fournier
- INRA, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 1355 ISA, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Sophia-Antipolis, France
- CNRS, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7254 ISA, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Sophia-Antipolis, France
- Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Martine Da Rocha
- INRA, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 1355 ISA, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Sophia-Antipolis, France
- CNRS, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7254 ISA, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Sophia-Antipolis, France
- Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Philippe Gouret
- Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, LATP, UMR 7353, Evolution Biologique et Modélisation, Marseille, France
| | - Pierre Pontarotti
- Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, LATP, UMR 7353, Evolution Biologique et Modélisation, Marseille, France
| | - Eric Wajnberg
- INRA, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 1355 ISA, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Sophia-Antipolis, France
- CNRS, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7254 ISA, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Sophia-Antipolis, France
- Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Pierre Abad
- INRA, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 1355 ISA, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Sophia-Antipolis, France
- CNRS, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7254 ISA, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Sophia-Antipolis, France
- Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Etienne G. J. Danchin
- INRA, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 1355 ISA, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Sophia-Antipolis, France
- CNRS, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7254 ISA, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Sophia-Antipolis, France
- Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Sophia-Antipolis, France
- * E-mail:
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Pierre JS, Masson JP, Wajnberg E. Patch leaving rules: A stochastic version of a well-known deterministic motivational model. J Theor Biol 2012; 313:1-11. [PMID: 22906591 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Wajnberg E, Curty C, Jervis M. Intra-population genetic variation in the temporal pattern of egg maturation in a parasitoid wasp. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45915. [PMID: 23029312 PMCID: PMC3459967 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitoid wasps are taxonomically and biologically extremely diverse. A conceptual framework has recently been developed for understanding life-history evolution and diversification in these animals, and it has confirmed that each of two linked life-history traits – the mode of larval development and the temporal pattern of egg maturation – acts as an organiser of life-history. The framework has been predicated on the assumption that there exists sufficient genetic variation in the latter trait to allow it to be shaped by natural selection. Focusing on the parasitoid wasp Trichogramma brassicae, our aim was to test the validity of that assumption, using established quantitative genetic methods. We demonstrate the existence of a statistically significant degree of intra-population polygenic variation in the temporal pattern of egg production within the wasp population we studied. Furthermore, our results, together with published data on clinal variation in the egg maturation pattern of another species, suggest that intra-specific evolutionary shifts in the temporal pattern of egg maturation of parasitoid wasps can result from a change in allocation to egg production either before, or very shortly after adult emergence, without there being an accompanying change in lifetime fecundity. As well as opening new avenues of research into the reproductive strategies, behaviour, community organisation and biological control potential of parasitoid wasps, this discovery also has implications for studies of life-history evolution and diversification in insects generally.
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Bullangpoti V, Wajnberg E, Audant P, Feyereisen R. Antifeedant activity of Jatropha gossypifolia and Melia azedarach senescent leaf extracts on Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and their potential use as synergists. Pest Manag Sci 2012; 68:1255-1264. [PMID: 22488906 DOI: 10.1002/ps.3291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To reduce rates of synthetic insecticide applications, natural product alternatives and synergists are needed. A study has been made of the toxicity of ethanolic senescent leaf extracts (SLEs) of Jatropha gossypifolia and Melia azedarach on larvae of the noctuid pest Spodoptera frugiperda. Their effects as syngergists and inhibitors of several enzyme activities are also reported. RESULTS When added to the diet, M. azedarach SLE showed lower toxicity than J. gossypifolia SLE. However, after 2 weeks on the diet, the M. azedarach SLE proved to be lethal to 100% of the larval population. Artificial diets with both SLEs have an antifeedant effect on armyworm larvae. Acute toxicity after topical application in a dipping assay was relatively low for both J. gossypifolia and M. azedarach SLEs (LC(50) of 2.6 and 1.4 g L(-1), respectively, after 24 h). However, mixtures of the SLEs of M. azedarach and J. gossypifolia had a strong synergistic effect with cypermethrin. Synergism was higher with the J. gossypifolia SLE, perhaps because it contains several natural products with a methylenedioxyphenyl moiety. Both extracts inhibited P450, general esterase and acetylcholinesterase activities in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSION Both J. gossypifolia and M. azedarach SLEs are antifeedants to armyworm larvae when present in the food, and also have a synergistic effect with cypermethrin in topical assays. Although the synergistic effect is less than with piperonyl butoxide, both SLEs have some inhibitor activity against detoxification enzymes and acetylcholinesterase. Thus J. gossypifolia and M. azedarach SLEs may be considered as ecofriendly approaches for the control of S. frugiperda in order to reduce cypermethrin usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasakorn Bullangpoti
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Ichiki RT, Ho GTT, Wajnberg E, Kainoh Y, Tabata J, Nakamura S. Different uses of plant semiochemicals in host location strategies of the two tachinid parasitoids. Naturwissenschaften 2012; 99:687-94. [PMID: 22847810 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-012-0950-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Some members of the family Tachinidae (Insecta: Diptera) deposit numerous very small eggs, termed "microtype" eggs, on the food plants of their caterpillar hosts. Parasitization is successful only when the hosts ingest these eggs. To increase the chance of hosts encountering the eggs, microtype tachinid parasitoids have to choose a suitable plant that harbors hosts and lay their eggs near the hosts. In their host location process, semiochemicals emitted by host-infested plants offer the tachinids a reliable cue. We investigated the behavioral responses of two microtype tachinid parasitoids, Pales pavida and Zenillia dolosa, to maize plants infested with their caterpillar host, Mythimna separata, in a wind tunnel. P. pavida females showed a significantly higher rate of landing on caterpillar-infested plants than on mechanically wounded or intact plants, whereas Z. dolosa landed on both the caterpillar-infested and mechanically wounded plants at significantly higher rates than on intact plants. We also examined which part of a caterpillar-infested maize leaf induces oviposition. P. pavida deposited eggs on the margin of the leaf, whereas Z. dolosa preferentially laid eggs around a caterpillar-infested area or a mechanically wounded spot. P. pavida eggs retained their parasitization ability for more than 15 days after they were deposited, whereas the eggs of Z. dolosa could not survive more than 5 days after oviposition. Our results suggest that each tachinid parasitoid employs a different host location strategy to exploit semiochemicals coming from plant-herbivore interaction as cues in order to increase their parasitization success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoko T Ichiki
- Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS), Ohwashi 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8686, Japan.
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Wajnberg E, Coquillard P, Vet LEM, Hoffmeister T. Optimal resource allocation to survival and reproduction in parasitic wasps foraging in fragmented habitats. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38227. [PMID: 22701614 PMCID: PMC3368906 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Expansion and intensification of human land use represents the major cause of habitat fragmentation. Such fragmentation can have dramatic consequences on species richness and trophic interactions within food webs. Although the associated ecological consequences have been studied by several authors, the evolutionary effects on interacting species have received little research attention. Using a genetic algorithm, we quantified how habitat fragmentation and environmental variability affect the optimal reproductive strategies of parasitic wasps foraging for hosts. As observed in real animal species, the model is based on the existence of a negative trade-off between survival and reproduction resulting from competitive allocation of resources to either somatic maintenance or egg production. We also asked to what degree plasticity along this trade-off would be optimal, when plasticity is costly. We found that habitat fragmentation can indeed have strong effects on the reproductive strategies adopted by parasitoids. With increasing habitat fragmentation animals should invest in greater longevity with lower fecundity; yet, especially in unpredictable environments, some level of phenotypic plasticity should be selected for. Other consequences in terms of learning ability of foraging animals were also observed. The evolutionary consequences of these results are discussed.
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Wajnberg E, Spilberg G, Rezende MT, Abud DG, Kessler I, Mounayer C. Endovascular treatment of tentorial dural arteriovenous fistulae. Interv Neuroradiol 2012; 18:60-8. [PMID: 22440602 DOI: 10.1177/159101991201800108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tentorial dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF) is a rare vascular disease, which accounts for less than 4% of all cases of intracranial DAVF. Because of the high risk of intracranial hemorrhage, patients with tentorial DAVF need aggressive treatment. Management approaches are still controversial, and endovascular treatment has emerged as an effective alternative. In the current work, we describe our experience with the endovascular approach in the treatment of these deep and complex DAVF of the tentorium. Eight patients were treated between January 2006 and July 2009. Six patients (75%) presented with intracranial hemorrhage related to the DAVF rupture. Four patients (50%) had subarachnoid bleeding and two had intraparenchymal hematoma. Endovascular treatment was performed via the transarterial route alone in five cases (62.5%), by the transvenous approach in two cases (25.0%) and in a combined procedure using both arterial and venous routes in one patient (12.5%). Complete obliteration of the fistula was achieved in all cases. The outcome at 15 months was favorable (modified Rankin scale 0-3) in seven (87.5%) patients. Complete cure of the lesion was confirmed in these cases. This paper reports on the effectiveness of endovascular treatment in tentorial DAVF management. The choice of the venous versus the arterial approach is determined by regarding different anatomical dispositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Wajnberg
- Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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29
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Deleury E, Dubreuil G, Elangovan N, Wajnberg E, Reichhart JM, Gourbal B, Duval D, Baron OL, Gouzy J, Coustau C. Specific versus non-specific immune responses in an invertebrate species evidenced by a comparative de novo sequencing study. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32512. [PMID: 22427848 PMCID: PMC3299671 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Our present understanding of the functioning and evolutionary history of invertebrate innate immunity derives mostly from studies on a few model species belonging to ecdysozoa. In particular, the characterization of signaling pathways dedicated to specific responses towards fungi and Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria in Drosophila melanogaster challenged our original view of a non-specific immunity in invertebrates. However, much remains to be elucidated from lophotrochozoan species. To investigate the global specificity of the immune response in the fresh-water snail Biomphalaria glabrata, we used massive Illumina sequencing of 5′-end cDNAs to compare expression profiles after challenge by Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria or after a yeast challenge. 5′-end cDNA sequencing of the libraries yielded over 12 millions high quality reads. To link these short reads to expressed genes, we prepared a reference transcriptomic database through automatic assembly and annotation of the 758,510 redundant sequences (ESTs, mRNAs) of B. glabrata available in public databases. Computational analysis of Illumina reads followed by multivariate analyses allowed identification of 1685 candidate transcripts differentially expressed after an immune challenge, with a two fold ratio between transcripts showing a challenge-specific expression versus a lower or non-specific differential expression. Differential expression has been validated using quantitative PCR for a subset of randomly selected candidates. Predicted functions of annotated candidates (approx. 700 unisequences) belonged to a large extend to similar functional categories or protein types. This work significantly expands upon previous gene discovery and expression studies on B. glabrata and suggests that responses to various pathogens may involve similar immune processes or signaling pathways but different genes belonging to multigenic families. These results raise the question of the importance of gene duplication and acquisition of paralog functional diversity in the evolution of specific invertebrate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeline Deleury
- INRA/CNRS/UNS, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | | | | | - Eric Wajnberg
- INRA/CNRS/UNS, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | | | - Benjamin Gourbal
- CNRS, UMR 5244, Ecologie et Evolution des Interactions (2EI), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan, France
| | - David Duval
- CNRS, UMR 5244, Ecologie et Evolution des Interactions (2EI), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan, France
| | - Olga Lucia Baron
- INRA/CNRS/UNS, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Sophia Antipolis, France
- UdS, UPR 9022 CNRS, IBMC, 15 rue Rene Descartes, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jérôme Gouzy
- INRA/CNRS, UMR441/2594, Laboratoire Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes, Chemin de Borde Rouge, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Christine Coustau
- INRA/CNRS/UNS, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Sophia Antipolis, France
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
1. Animals foraging for resources are under a variety of selective pressures, and separate optimality models have been developed predicting the optimal reproductive strategies they should adopt. 2. In most cases, the proximate behavioural mechanisms adopted to achieve such optimality goals have been identified. This is the case, for example, for optimal patch time and sex allocation in insect parasitoids. However, behaviours modelled within this framework have mainly been studied separately, even though real animals have to optimize some behaviours simultaneously. 3. For this reason, it would be better if proximate behavioural rules were designed to attain several goals simultaneously. Despite their importance, such multi-objective proximate rules remain to be discovered. 4. Based on experiments on insect parasitoids that simultaneously examine their optimal patch time and sex allocation strategies, it is shown here that animals can adopt multi-objective behavioural mechanisms that appear consistent with the two optimal goals simultaneously. 5. Results of computer simulations demonstrate that these behavioural mechanisms are indeed consistent with optimal reproductive strategies and have thus been most likely selected over the course of the evolutionary time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Wajnberg
- INRA, 400 Route des Chappes, BP 167, 06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
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Provost B, Jouan V, Hilliou F, Delobel P, Bernardo P, Ravallec M, Cousserans F, Wajnberg E, Darboux I, Fournier P, Strand MR, Volkoff AN. Lepidopteran transcriptome analysis following infection by phylogenetically unrelated polydnaviruses highlights differential and common responses. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 41:582-591. [PMID: 21457783 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2011.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Revised: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The Polydnaviridae is a family of double-stranded DNA viruses that are symbionts of parasitoid wasps. The family is currently divided into two genera, the Ichnovirus (IV) and Bracovirus (BV), which are associated with wasps in the families Ichneumonidae and Braconidae, respectively. IVs and BVs have similar immunosuppressive and developmental effects on parasitized hosts but their encapsidated genomes largely encode different genes. To assess whether IV and BV infection has similar or disparate effects on the transcriptome of shared hosts, we characterized the effects of Hyposoter didymator Ichnovirus (HdIV) and Microplitis demolitor Bracovirus (MdBV) on the fat body and hemocyte transcriptome of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Our results indicated that HdIV and MdBV infection alters the abundance of a relatively low proportion of S. frugiperda transcripts at 24 h post-infection. A majority of the transcripts affected by infection also differed between MdBV and HdIV. However, we did identify some host transcripts that were similarly affected by both viruses. A majority of these genes were transcribed in the fat body and most belonged to functional classes with roles in immunity, detoxification, or cell structure. Particularly prominent in this suite of transcripts were genes encoding for predicted motor-related and collagen IV-like proteins. Overall, our data suggest that the broadly similar effects that HdIV and MdBV have on host growth and immunity are not due to these viruses inducing profound changes in host gene expression. Given though that IVs and BVs encode few shared genes, the host transcripts that are similarly affected by HdIV and MdBV could indicate convergence by each virus to target a few processes at the level of transcription that are important for successful parasitism of hosts by H. didymator and M. demolitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertille Provost
- UMR1333, INRA, Université Montpellier 2, Place Eugène Bataillon, cc101, F-34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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Vitale S, Santori A, Wajnberg E, Castagnone-Sereno P, Luongo L, Belisario A. Morphological and molecular analysis of Fusarium lateritium, the cause of gray necrosis of hazelnut fruit in Italy. Phytopathology 2011; 101:679-686. [PMID: 21261470 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-04-10-0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium lateritium is a globally distributed plant pathogen. It was recently reported as the causal agent of nut gray necrosis (NGN) on hazelnut. Isolate characterization within F. lateritium was undertaken to investigate how morphological and molecular diversity was associated with host and geographic origin. Morphological studies combined with inter-simple-sequence repeat (ISSR) analysis, and phylogenetic analyses using translation elongation factor 1α (TEF-1α), β-tubulin genes, and nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences were conducted to resolve relationships among 32 F. lateritium isolates from NGN-affected hazelnut fruit, and 14 from other substrates or 8 from other hosts than hazelnut. Colonies of F. lateritium from hazelnut showed dark grayish-olive differing from the orange-yellow color of all other isolates from other hosts. Generally, isolates from NGN-affected fruit failed to produce sporodochia on carnation leaf agar. The influence of host and substrate on the genetic structure of F. lateritium was supported by ISSR and analyzed with principal coordinates analysis. A relationship between hazelnut and genetic variation was inferred. Phylogenetic analysis of ITS provided limited resolution while TEF-1α and β-tubulin analyses allowed a clear separation between the European and non-European F. lateritium isolates retrieved from GenBank, regardless of host. Though morphological traits of F. lateritium isolates from hazelnut were generally uniform in defining a typical morphogroup, they were not yet phylogenetically defined. In contrast, the typology related to slimy deep orange cultures, due to spore mass, grouped clearly separated from the other F. lateritium isolates and revealed a congruence between morphology and phylogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Vitale
- CRA-PAV Centro di Ricerca per la Patologia Vegetale, Via C. G. Bertero 22, 00156 Roma, Italy
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Watanabe M, Miura K, Hunter MS, Wajnberg E. Superinfection of cytoplasmic incompatibility-inducing Wolbachia is not additive in Orius strigicollis (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae). Heredity (Edinb) 2011; 106:642-8. [PMID: 20700141 PMCID: PMC3183903 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2010.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Revised: 06/18/2010] [Accepted: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) allows the intracellular, maternally inherited bacterial symbiont Wolbachia to invade arthropod host populations by inducing infertility in crosses between infected males and uninfected females. The general pattern is consistent with a model of sperm modification, rescued only by egg cytoplasm infected with the same strain of symbiont. The predacious flower bug Orius strigicollis is superinfected with two strains of Wolbachia, wOus1 and wOus2. Typically, superinfections of CI Wolbachia are additive in their effects; superinfected males are incompatible with uninfected and singly infected females. In this study, we created an uninfected line, and lines singly infected with wOus1 and wOus2 by antibiotic treatment. Then, all possible crosses were conducted among the four lines. The results indicated that while wOus2 induces high levels of CI, wOus1 induces very weak or no CI, but can rescue CI caused by wOus2 to a limited extent. Levels of incompatibility in crosses with superinfected males did not show the expected pattern. In particular, superinfected males caused extremely weak CI when mated with either singly infected or uninfected females. An analysis of symbiont densities showed that wOus1 densities were significantly higher than wOus2 densities in superinfected males, and wOus2 densities were lower, but not significantly, in superinfected relative to singly infected males. These data lend qualified support for the hypothesis that wOus1 interferes with the ability of wOus2 to cause CI by suppressing wOus2 densities. To our knowledge, this is the first clear case of non-additive CI in a natural superinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Watanabe
- Graduate School of Biosphere Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - K Miura
- Graduate School of Biosphere Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- National Agricultural Research Center for Western Region, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - M S Hunter
- Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - E Wajnberg
- INRA, 400 Route des Chappes, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
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Abstract
The first direct measurements of magnetic properties of magnetotactic bacteria from natural samples are presented. Measurements were made at 4.2 K, using a Superconducting Quantum Interfering Device (SQUID) magnetometer. From the magnetization results an anisotropy is obtained that is typical of magnetized ferro- or ferri-magnetic materials. The average magnetic moment of the bacteria determined from the results is in good agreement with the estimated moment from electron microscopy.
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de Oliveira JF, Alves OC, Esquivel DMS, Wajnberg E. Ingested and biomineralized magnetic material in the prey Neocapritermes opacus termite: FMR characterization. J Magn Reson 2008; 191:112-119. [PMID: 18194874 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2007.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2007] [Revised: 10/18/2007] [Accepted: 12/18/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The temperature dependence of Ferromagnetic Resonance spectra, from 5K to 280K, was used to study the magnetic material present in Neocapritermes opacus termite, the only prey of the Pachycondyla marginata ant. The analysis of the resonant field and peak-to-peak linewidth allowed estimating the particle diameters and the effective anisotropy energy density, K(EFF), as a sum of the bulk and surface contributions. It allowed to magnetically distinguish the particles of termites as collected in field from those of termites after 3 days under a cellulose diet, introduced to eliminate ingested/digested material. The data also, suggest the presence of oriented magnetite nanoparticles with diameters of 11.6+/-0.3nm in termites as collected in field and (14.0+/-0.4nm) in that under a cellulose diet. Differences between their K(EFF) and its components are also observed. Two transitions are revealed in the resonant field temperature dependence, one at about 50K that was associated to surface effects and the other at about 100K attributed to the Verwey transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F de Oliveira
- Coordenação de Física Aplicada Departamento, Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas, R. Xavier Sigaud, 150, Rio de Janeiro 22290-180, Brazil
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Abstract
Superparasitism refers to a female parasitoid laying an egg in a host already parasitized by a conspecific. In solitary species, only one offspring per host is expected to complete development, hence the game. Hosts are often clumped in patches and several females exploiting such an aggregate of resource make its state change over time, hence the dynamical character of the game. Two coupled questions arise: (i) Is it worth accepting a parasitized host? (ii) When to leave the host patch? Through these decisions (i) the competition for healthy hosts and (ii) the trade-off between leaving in quest of a better patch and staying to make the patch less profitable for other parasitoids (this is a way to lower superparasitism likely to occur after having left the patch) are addressed. The aim of this work is to characterize a strategy that would be evolutionarily relevant in such a situation, as it directly concerns females' reproductive success. Investigating a (synchronous) nonzero-sum two-player differential game allows us to characterize candidate dynamic evolutionarily stable policies in terms of both oviposition and patch-leaving decisions. For that matter, the game is (in the most part of the parameter space) completely solved if the probability that superparasitism succeeds is assumed to be close to one-half, a fair value under direct competition. The strategic equilibrium consists, for each females, in (i) superparasitizing consistently upon arrival on the patch, and (ii) leaving when the loss of fitness due to superparasitism likely to occur after its departure is reduced to zero. The competing females are thus expected to leave the patch as they arrived: synchronously. Superparasitism does not necessarily lead to a war of attrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Hamelin
- CNRS and Université de Nice, Sophia Antipolis, I3S, Ecole Polytechnique, 930 route des colles, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France.
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Goubault M, Cortesero AM, Poinsot D, Wajnberg E, Boivin G. Does Host Value Influence Female Aggressiveness, Contest Outcome and Fitness Gain in Parasitoids? Ethology 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.2006.01325.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Esquivel DMS, Wajnberg E, do Nascimento FS, Pinho MB, Lins de Barros HGP, Eizemberg R. Do geomagnetic storms change the behaviour of the stingless bee guiruçu (Schwarziana quadripunctata)? Naturwissenschaften 2006; 94:139-42. [PMID: 17028885 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-006-0169-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2005] [Revised: 08/11/2006] [Accepted: 08/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Six behavioural experiments were carried out to investigate the magnetic field effects on the nest-exiting flight directions of the honeybee Schwarziana quadripunctata (Meliponini). No significant differences resulted during six experiment days under varying geomagnetic field and the applied static inhomogeneous field (about ten times the geomagnetic field) conditions. A surprising statistically significant response was obtained on a unique magnetic storm day. The magnetic nanoparticles in these bees, revealed by ferromagnetic resonance, could be involved in the observed effect of the geomagnetic storm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darci M S Esquivel
- Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas, R Xavier Sigaud 150, 22290-180, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Abstract
Magnetic material in the body parts of the stingless bee Schwarziana quadripunctata, heads, pairs of antennae, thorax and abdomens, were investigated by SQUID magnetometry and Ferromagnetic Resonance (FMR). The saturation, J(s) and remanent, J(r), magnetizations and coercive field H(c) are determined from the hysteresis curves. From H(c) and J(r)/J(s) the magnetic particle sizes are estimated. The J(s) and the FMR spectral absorption areas yield 23+/-3%, 45+/-5%, 15+/-2% and 19+/-4% magnetic material contributions of head, pair of antennae, thorax and abdomen, respectively, similar to those observed in the migratory ant Pachycondyla marginata. This result is discussed in light of the hypothesis of antennae as a magnetosensor structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Lucano
- Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas, R Xavier Sigaud 150, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 22290-180, Brazil
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40
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Peri E, Sole MA, Wajnberg E, Colazza S. Effect of host kairomones and oviposition experience on the arrestment behavior of an egg parasitoid. J Exp Biol 2006; 209:3629-35. [PMID: 16943503 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.02416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
Chemical residues left by walking adults of the southern green stink bug, Nezara viridula (L.) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) induce arrestment behavior in the egg parasitoid Trissolcus basalis (Wollaston)(Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) leading to prolonged periods of walking on contaminated areas and to systematic return to the stimulus after encountering the treatment borders. In this study, we quantified how the hierarchical value of residues from host adults and oviposition experience can influence the arrestment behavior of T. basalis females. Our results showed that:(1) female wasps perceived host residues at different hierarchical levels depending on the host gender, with a clear preference for the chemical residues deposited by host females rather then host males; (2) wasps'arrestment response to chemical residues of host females became weaker when wasps were not rewarded by an oviposition experience, and stronger following successful oviposition; (3) repeated encounters with host male chemical residues, followed or not by oviposition experience, did not cause wasps to change their innate arrestment response; (4) in the unrewarded condition,arrestment responses of wasps varied according to the time elapsed between successive visits to areas contaminated by host females: responses were weak with a short interval (less than 24 h) and stronger with a long interval (more than 72 h), suggesting that this unrewarded experience, i.e. encounter with female traces not followed by host egg location, fade within a few hours. The potential significance of these results to the host location behavior of T. basalis in the field is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezio Peri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Entomologiche, Fitopatologiche, Microbiologiche Agrarie e Zootecniche - Sezione di Entomologia, Acarologia e Zoologia, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Palermo 90128, Italy
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41
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Le Goff G, Hilliou F, Siegfried BD, Boundy S, Wajnberg E, Sofer L, Audant P, ffrench-Constant RH, Feyereisen R. Xenobiotic response in Drosophila melanogaster: sex dependence of P450 and GST gene induction. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2006; 36:674-82. [PMID: 16876710 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2006.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2006] [Revised: 05/19/2006] [Accepted: 05/22/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The effect of xenobiotics (phenobarbital and atrazine) on the expression of Drosophila melanogaster CYP genes encoding cytochromes P450, a gene family generally associated with detoxification, was analyzed by DNA microarray hybridization and verified by real-time RT-PCR in adults of both sexes. Only a small subset of the 86 CYP genes was significantly induced by the xenobiotics. Eleven CYP genes and three glutathione S-transferases (GST) genes were significantly induced by phenobarbital, seven CYP and one GST gene were induced by atrazine. Cyp6d5, Cyp6w1, Cyp12d1 and the ecdysone-inducible Cyp6a2 were induced by both chemicals. The constitutive expression of several of the inducible genes (Cyp6a2, Cyp6a8, Cyp6d5, Cyp12d1) was higher in males than in females, and the induced level similar in both sexes. Thus, the level of induction was consistently higher in females than in males. The female-specific and hormonally regulated yolk protein genes were significantly induced by phenobarbital in males and repressed by atrazine in females. Our results suggest that the numerous CYP genes of Drosophila respond selectively to xenobiotics, providing the fly with an adaptive response to chemically adverse environments. The xenobiotic inducibility of some CYP genes previously associated with insecticide resistance in laboratory-selected strains (Cyp6a2, Cyp6a8, Cyp12d1) suggests that deregulation of P450 gene expression may be a facile way to achieve resistance. Our study also suggests that xenobiotic-induced changes in P450 levels can affect insect fitness by interfering with hormonally regulated networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Le Goff
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
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Abraçado LG, Esquivel DMS, Alves OC, Wajnberg E. Magnetic material in head, thorax, and abdomen of Solenopsis substituta ants: a ferromagnetic resonance study. J Magn Reson 2005; 175:309-16. [PMID: 15939640 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2005.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2005] [Revised: 05/05/2005] [Accepted: 05/06/2005] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Ferromagnetic resonance temperature dependence is used to study the magnetic material in smashed head, thorax, and abdomen of Solenopsis substituta ants. These three body parts present the five lines previously observed in other social insects. The magnetic material content is slightly higher in heads with antennae than in abdomen with petiole. Isolated nanoparticle diameters were estimated as 12.5 +/- 0.1 and 11.0 +/- 0.2 nm in abdomen with petiole and head with antennae, respectively. The presence of linear chains of these particles or large ellipsoidal particles are suggested. A bulk-like magnetite particle was observed in the thorax. The Curie-Weiss, the structural-electronic and ordering transition temperatures were obtained in good agreement with those proposed for magnetite nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- L G Abraçado
- Departamento de Matéria Condensada e Espectroscopia, Centro Brasileiro de pesquisas Físicas, Rio de Janeiro, R. Xavier Sigaud 150, 22290-180 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Outreman Y, Le Ralec A, Wajnberg E, Pierre JS. Effects of within- and among-patch experiences on the patch-leaving decision rules in an insect parasitoid. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-004-0895-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Alves OC, Wajnberg E, De Oliveira JF, Esquivel DMS. Magnetic material arrangement in oriented termites: a magnetic resonance study. J Magn Reson 2004; 168:246-251. [PMID: 15140434 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2004.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2003] [Revised: 03/09/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Temperature dependence of the magnetic resonance is used to study the magnetic material in oriented Neocapritermes opacus (N.o.) termite, the only prey of the migratory ant Pachycondyla marginata (P.m.). A broad line in the g = 2 region, associated to isolated nanoparticles shows that at least 97% of the magnetic material is in the termite's body (abdomen + thorax). From the temperature dependence of the resonant field and from the spectral linewidths, we estimate the existence of magnetic nanoparticles 18.5+/-0.3 nm in diameter and an effective magnetic anisotropy constant, K(eff) between 2.1 and 3.2 x 10(4)erg/cm(3). A sudden change in the double integrated spectra at about 100K for N.o. with the long body axis oriented perpendicular to the magnetic field can be attributed to the Verwey transition, and suggests an organized film-like particle system.
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Affiliation(s)
- O C Alves
- Dept de Físico-Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro 14020-150, Brazil.
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Boivin G, Fauvergue X, Wajnberg E. Optimal patch residence time in egg parasitoids: innate versus learned estimate of patch quality. Oecologia 2004; 138:640-7. [PMID: 14714174 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-003-1469-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2003] [Accepted: 11/12/2003] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Charnov's marginal value theorem predicts that female parasitoids should exploit patches of their hosts until their instantaneous rate of fitness gain reaches a marginal value. The consequences of this are that: (1) better patches should be exploited for a longer time; (2) as travel time between patches increases, so does the patch residence time; and (3) all exploited patches should be reduced to the same level of profitability. Patch residence time was measured in an egg parasitoid Anaphes victus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) when patch quality and travel time, approximated here as an increased delay between emergence and patch exploitation, varied. As predicted, females stayed longer when patch quality and travel time increased. However, the marginal value of fitness gain when females left the patch increased with patch quality and decreased with travel time. A. victus females appear to base their patch quality estimate on the first patch encountered rather than on a fixed innate estimate, as was shown for another egg parasitoid Trichogramma brassicae. Such a strategy could be optimal when inter-generational variability in patch quality is high and within-generational variability is low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Boivin
- Centre de Recherche et de Développement en Horticulture, Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada, 430 Boulevard Gouin, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec, J3B 3E6, Canada.
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Wajnberg E, Gonsard PA, Tabone E, Curty C, Lezcano N, Colazza S. A comparative analysis of patch-leaving decision rules in a parasitoid family. J Anim Ecol 2003; 72:618-626. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2656.2003.00731.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Wajnberg
- INRA, Unité de Biologie des Populations, 37, Blvd. du Cap, 06600 Antibes, France; and
| | - Marzia Cristiana Rosi
- Agricultural Entomology Institute, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno, 06121 Perugia, Italy
| | - Stefano Colazza
- Agricultural Entomology Institute, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno, 06121 Perugia, Italy
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Ventura Garcia P, Wajnberg E, Pizzol J, Oliveira ML. Diapause in the egg parasitoid Trichogramma cordubensis: role of temperature. J Insect Physiol 2002; 48:349-355. [PMID: 12770109 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1910(02)00052-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The role of temperature in the induction of diapause in Trichogramma cordubensis (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), under controlled laboratory conditions, was investigated using Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) eggs as hosts. Results indicate that prestorage temperatures and the duration of exposure of the parasitoids to these temperatures affected the induction of diapause. It was possible to induce diapause in prepupae of T. cordubensis by exposing the preimaginal stages (prior to the prepupal stage) to 10 degrees C for at least 30 days, but adults emerged without diapause when the duration of exposure was of only 10 or 20 days. Parasitoids failed to enter diapause when prestorage temperatures were 7 or 12 degrees C, regardless of the duration of exposure. However, at these two temperatures, preimaginal development of T. cordubensis was delayed, allowing short-term storage (40 days at induction temperatures followed by 30 days at 3 degrees C) by keeping parasitoids in quiescence without reducing the percentages of adult emergence. Good percentages of adult emergence after long-term low-temperature storage (30 or 40 days at 10 degrees C followed by six months at 3 degrees C) occurred only when T. cordubensis was in diapause. The long-term storage of parasitoids in diapause allows an enlargement in the mass rearing potentialities of this species for future biological control releases by allowing producers to stockpile the parasitoids for release in the field season.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ventura Garcia
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade dos Açores, Rua da Mãe de Deus 58, 9500 Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal
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