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Milonas PG, Partsinevelos G, Kapranas A. Susceptibility of different developmental stages of Trichogramma parasitoids to insecticides commonly used in the Mediterranean olive agroecosystem. Bull Entomol Res 2021; 111:301-306. [PMID: 33138877 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485320000668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Insecticide application and augmentative parasitoid releases are often considered incompatible. However, pesticide applications and parasitoid releases can be integrated into a pest management scheme if there is careful time scheduling of these interventions. In this study, we assessed the influence of commonly used insecticides (chlorpyrifos-methyl, deltamethrin, pyriproxyfen, thiamethoxam) in olive agroecosystems to two currently present Trichogramma parasitoids in the Mediterranean basin. Exposure to insecticides in relation to parasitoid's development was also tested. Both, insecticide type and application time influenced parasitism and the emergence rates of the two parasitoid species. Chlorpyrifos-methyl had the strongest impact on parasitoids resulting in low numbers of emerged adults followed by deltamethrin. The two parasitoids also exhibited different levels of susceptibility to the insecticides used. Potential integration of insecticides to integrated pest management using Trichogramma parasitoids is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Milonas
- Laboratory of Biological Control, Department of Entomology & Agricultural Zoology, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 8 S. Delta Street, 14561Kifissia, Greece
| | - G Partsinevelos
- Laboratory of Biological Control, Department of Entomology & Agricultural Zoology, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 8 S. Delta Street, 14561Kifissia, Greece
| | - A Kapranas
- Laboratory of Biological Control, Department of Entomology & Agricultural Zoology, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 8 S. Delta Street, 14561Kifissia, Greece
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2
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Sheng S, Wang J, Zhang XR, Liu ZX, Yan MW, Shao Y, Zhou JC, Wu FA, Wang J. Evaluation of Sensitivity to Phoxim and Cypermethrin in an Endoparasitoid, Meteorus pulchricornis (Wesmael) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), and Its Parasitization Efficiency Under Insecticide Stress. J Insect Sci 2021; 21:6134349. [PMID: 33580255 PMCID: PMC7881259 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieab002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Insecticides can have consequences for beneficial arthropods. Insect parasitoids can contact insecticides through direct exposure spray droplets or residues on crop foliage. Here, we focus on better understand the response of Meteorus pulchricornis (Wesmael), a parasitoid wasp of lepidopteran pests, and its detoxification mechanisms on stress caused by phoxim and cypermethrin. Hence, we determined the dose-mortality curves and estimating the sublethal concentrations (LC30 and LC50). Then, we applied the sublethal concentrations against adult parasitoids to assess its survival, parasitism efficacy, and also developmental and morphometric parameters of their offspring. Simultaneously, we check the activities of glutathione S-transferase (GST), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and peroxidase (POD) after sublethal exposure of both insecticides, which has measured until 48 h after treatment. Overall, phoxim and cypermethrin exhibited acute lethal activity toward the parasitoid with LC50 values 4.608 and 8.570 mg/liter, respectively. Also, we detect that LC30 was able to trigger the enzymatic activity of GST, AChE, and POD, suggesting a potential detoxification mechanism. However, even when subjected to sublethal exposure, our results indicate strong negatives effects, in particular for phoxim, which has affected the parasitism efficacy and also the developmental and morphometric parameters of M. pulchricornis offspring. Therefore, it can be concluded that both phoxim and cypermethrin have negative impacts on M. pulchricornis and we suggest cautioning their use and the need for semifield and field assessments to confirm such an impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Sheng
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, PR China
- Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, PR China
- Corresponding author, e-mail:
| | - Jiao Wang
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, PR China
| | - Xiao-rui Zhang
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, PR China
| | - Zhi-xiang Liu
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, PR China
| | - Meng-wen Yan
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, PR China
| | - Ying Shao
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, PR China
- Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, PR China
| | - Jin-cheng Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Fu-an Wu
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, PR China
- Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, PR China
| | - Jun Wang
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, PR China
- Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, PR China
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Beani L, Mariotti Lippi M, Mulinacci N, Manfredini F, Cecchi L, Giuliani C, Tani C, Meriggi N, Cavalieri D, Cappa F. Altered feeding behavior and immune competence in paper wasps: A case of parasite manipulation? PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242486. [PMID: 33326432 PMCID: PMC7743958 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Paper wasps (Polistes dominula), parasitized by the strepsipteran Xenos vesparum, are castrated and desert the colony to gather on plants where the parasite mates and releases primary larvae, thus completing its lifecycle. One of these plants is the trumpet creeper Campsis radicans: in a previous study the majority of all wasps collected from this plant were parasitized and focused their foraging activity on C. radicans buds. The unexpected prevalence and unusual feeding strategy prompted us to investigate the influence of this plant on wasp behavior and physiology through a multidisciplinary approach. First, in a series of laboratory bioassays, we observed that parasitized wasps spent more time than non-parasitized ones on fresh C. radicans buds, rich of extra-floral nectaries (EFNs), while the same wasps ignored treated buds that lacked nectar drops. Then, we described the structure and ultra-structure of EFNs secreting cells, compatible with the synthesis of phenolic compounds. Subsequently, we analysed extracts from different bud tissues by HPLC-DAD-MS and found that verbascoside was the most abundant bioactive molecule in those tissues rich in EFNs. Finally, we tested the immune-stimulant properties of verbascoside, as the biochemical nature of this compound indicates it might function as an antibacterial and antioxidant. We measured bacterial clearance in wasps, as a proxy for overall immune competence, and observed that it was enhanced after administration of verbascoside-even more so if the wasp was parasitized. We hypothesize that the parasite manipulates wasp behavior to preferentially feed on C. radicans EFNs, since the bioactive properties of verbascoside likely increase host survival and thus the parasite own fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Beani
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Firenze, Firenze, Italia
- * E-mail: (LB); (DC)
| | | | - Nadia Mulinacci
- Dipartimento di NEUROFARBA, Università di Firenze, Firenze, Italia
| | - Fabio Manfredini
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, United Kingdom
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Lorenzo Cecchi
- Dipartimento di NEUROFARBA, Università di Firenze, Firenze, Italia
| | - Claudia Giuliani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italia
| | - Corrado Tani
- Dipartimento di NEUROFARBA, Università di Firenze, Firenze, Italia
| | - Niccolò Meriggi
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Firenze, Firenze, Italia
| | - Duccio Cavalieri
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Firenze, Firenze, Italia
- * E-mail: (LB); (DC)
| | - Federico Cappa
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Firenze, Firenze, Italia
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Tognon R, Sant'Ana J, Michereff MFF, Laumann RA, Borges M, Blassioli-Moraes MC, Redaelli LR. Kairomones from Euschistus heros egg masses and their potential use for Telenomus podisi parasitism improvement. Bull Entomol Res 2020; 110:638-644. [PMID: 32381143 DOI: 10.1017/s000748532000019x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Telenomus podisi Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) is the most important egg parasitoid of Euschistus heros (Fabricius) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), and its successful parasitism is related to their searching ability to find suitable hosts under a complex chemical environment using host-reliable cues. Thus, the objective of this study was to elucidate chemical substances on the external layer of E. heros eggs and report its potential kairomonal activity on T. podisi. We tested female wasps in olfactometer system to synthetic compounds obtained from a chemical identification of E. heros egg masses. The synthetic blend was also evaluated in parasitism tests under laboratory and semi-field conditions. We identified 31 substances from egg surface extracts, including monoterpenes, aldehydes and alkanes. Among those compounds, a synthetic solution including camphene, β-pinene, limonene and benzaldehyde-induced chemotaxic behaviour on the wasps and increased the parasitism on E. heros eggs, either in laboratory or semi-field test, suggesting its potential use to T. podisi manipulation and parasitism improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Tognon
- Department of Crop Protection, PPG-Fitotecnia, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves, 7712, 91540-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - J Sant'Ana
- Department of Crop Protection, PPG-Fitotecnia, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves, 7712, 91540-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - M F F Michereff
- Genetic Resources and Biotechnology Laboratory (EMBRAPA/Cenargen), 70849-970, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - R A Laumann
- Genetic Resources and Biotechnology Laboratory (EMBRAPA/Cenargen), 70849-970, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - M Borges
- Genetic Resources and Biotechnology Laboratory (EMBRAPA/Cenargen), 70849-970, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - M C Blassioli-Moraes
- Genetic Resources and Biotechnology Laboratory (EMBRAPA/Cenargen), 70849-970, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - L R Redaelli
- Department of Crop Protection, PPG-Fitotecnia, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves, 7712, 91540-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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5
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Delpuech JM. Superparasitism by a parasitoid wasp: The absence of sublethal effects from the neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid enlightens the specificity of the cholinergic pathway involved. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2020; 201:110809. [PMID: 32526592 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Imidacloprid is an insecticide that is used globally and is suspected to be at least partly responsible for the decrease in the number of pollinator insects. The effects of an LC20 of imidacloprid on the parasitic behavior of the parasitoid wasp Leptopilina boulardi were investigated. Two genetically identical L. boulardi strains were used for the experiments. The strains differed in that one was infected by LbFvirus and the other was not. LbFvirus is a virus that induces an increase in the superparasitism behavior of the wasp. Results of two previous works have shown that the organophosphorus insecticide chlorpyrifos induces an increase in the superparasitism rate of L. boulardi through its specific action on cholinergic nervous pathways. Imidacloprid targets receptors implicated in cholinergic nervous pathways and thus it was expected that imidacloprid would also increase the superparasitism rate of L. boulardi. However, the results of the present experiment demonstrate that imidacloprid does not interfere with the parasitic behavior of L. boulardi and does not increase the rate of superparasitization. It can then be concluded that the major target of imidacloprid, namely type 1 α-bungarotoxin resistant nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR1), which imidacloprid is an agonist of, and the minor target, type D α-bungarotoxin sensitive nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRD), which imidacloprid is an antagonist of, are not involved in the superparasitism behavior by L. boulardi. Therefore, the superparasitism behavior of the parasitoid wasp is controlled by cholinergic pathways that do not involve nAChR1 or nAChRD subtype receptors. These findings may enable a better understanding of the mechanisms by which the LbFvirus acts, and contribute to a better evaluation of the potential environmental impact of imidacloprid use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marie Delpuech
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UMR 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, 43 Boulevard Du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69622, Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
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Parsaeyan E, Saber M, Safavi SA, Poorjavad N, Biondi A. Side effects of chlorantraniliprole, phosalone and spinosad on the egg parasitoid, Trichogramma brassicae. Ecotoxicology 2020; 29:1052-1061. [PMID: 32448953 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-020-02235-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The combined use of chemicals and biological control is not always a successful strategy owing to the potential side effects on biocontrol agents. Lethal and sublethal effects of three commonly used insecticides were assessed on adult and immature stages of the egg parasitoid Trichogramma brassicae Bezdenko (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Recommended field concentrations of chlorantraniliprole, phosalone and spinosad caused mortality on preimaginal stages by 24, 87, and 98%, respectively. Lethal effects on parasitoid adults exposed to the insecticide dry residues were estimated as median lethal concentrations (LC50) that were 13.28, 0.25, and 0.03 µg a.i. ml-1 for chlorantraniliprole, phosalone, and spinosad, respectively. The effect of a low lethal concentration (LC30) of the compounds was evaluated on various adult biological traits, such as longevity, fecundity, emergence rate and other life table parameters. All compounds caused detrimental effects on all the estimated demographical indexes. Chlorantraniliprole affected the net reproductive rate, mean generation time and doubling time in comparison to the control; while, phosalone and spinosad adversely affected all assessed parameters. Phosalone and spinosad significantly reduced gross reproductive rate, net reproductive rate, intrinsic rate of increase, finite rate of increase, mean generation time and doubling time and reduced longevity, fecundity, emergence rate related to other biological parameters in comparison with control. The results suggest that all compounds are not fully compatible with the activity of T. brassicae, and that the inclusion of chlorantraniprole, spinosad and phosalone into Integrated Pest Management (IPM) involving this parasitoid has to be avoided. Nevertheless, further studies in open field conditions and on a multiple generation scale are necessary for providing a more definitive conclusion on the IPM suitability of the three tested insectcides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Parsaeyan
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Moosa Saber
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Seyed Ali Safavi
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Nafiseh Poorjavad
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Antonio Biondi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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Polaszek A, Noyes JS, Russell S, Ramadan MM. Metaphycus macadamiae (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) - a biological control agent of macadamia felted coccid Acanthococcus ironsidei (Hemiptera: Eriococcidae) in Hawaii. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230944. [PMID: 32267857 PMCID: PMC7141769 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A new species of encyrtid wasp, Metaphycus macadamiae Polaszek
& Noyes sp. n., (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae: Encyrtinae) is
described as a solitary endoparasitoid of the invasive macadamia felted coccid,
Acanthococcus ironsidei (Hemiptera: Eriococcidae) in
Hawaii. This parasitoid is native to Australia, and the species description is
based on material collected from a Macadamia integrifolia
Maiden & Betche (Proteaceae) plantation in New South Wales, Australia, the
native region of the host tree and insect. It is described here because it is a
potential biological control agent against this pest where it has recently
invaded Hawaii and South Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Polaszek
- Dept of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, England, United
Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - John S. Noyes
- Dept of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, England, United
Kingdom
| | - Stephen Russell
- Core Research Laboratories, Natural History Museum, London, England,
United Kingdom
| | - Mohsen M. Ramadan
- Division of Plant Industry, Plant Pest Control Branch, Hawaii Department
of Agriculture, Honolulu, Hawaii
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Farah S, Rakes M, Portalanza D, Nava DE, Durigon A, Grützmacher AD, Dias-Pini N, Goméz-Torres M. Effects of toxic baits and food-based attractants for fruit flies on the parasitoid Fopius arisanus (Sonan) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Bull Entomol Res 2020; 110:278-284. [PMID: 31482772 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485319000580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of toxic baits and attractants for fruit flies on the biology of its parasitoid Fopius arisanus. We tested two food-based attractants; hydrolysed corn protein (Biofruit® 3%) and sugarcane molasses (7%), their mixtures with spinosad and malathion-based insecticides, and a ready-to-use commercial bait (Success 0.02 CB®). Malathion-based lures were used as references for mortality (i.e., positive control), while negative control was honey. The formulations Biofruit® + malathion (T1), molasses + malathion (T2), and spinosad + molasses (T3) were toxic to F. arisanus, being classified as harmful (class 4). In addition, toxic baits composed of Biofruit + spinosad (T4) reduced parasitism by 97.99%, being rated as moderately harmful (class 3). Yet, Success 0.02 CB® (T7) was considered slightly toxic (class 2), causing a 64.55% reduction in parasitism. Regarding the biological parameters of F. arisanus, offspring number and parasitoid longevity were significantly reduced by using hydrolysed protein attractants when compared to the control (honey). However, sugarcane molasses improved parasitoid reproduction and longevity, as did the honey. Lastly, ingestion tests showed the major role of attractants in toxic-bait formulations against F. arisanus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simón Farah
- Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Aquaculture and Fisheries - MAGAP, ZIP Code 170517, Quito, Ecuador
- Federal University of Pelotas, Postal Code 96010-610, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Matheus Rakes
- Federal University of Pelotas, Postal Code 96010-610, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Diego Portalanza
- Federal University of Santa Maria, Postal Code 97105-900, Santa Maria (RS), Brazil
| | - Dori E Nava
- Embrapa Clima Temperado, Postal Code 96010-971, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Angelica Durigon
- Federal University of Santa Maria, Postal Code 97105-900, Santa Maria (RS), Brazil
| | | | - Nivia Dias-Pini
- Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical, ZIP Code 60511-110, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Mariuxi Goméz-Torres
- Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Aquaculture and Fisheries - MAGAP, ZIP Code 170517, Quito, Ecuador
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Fagundes Matioli T, Zanuzo Zanardi O, Takao Yamamoto P. Impacts of seven insecticides on Cotesia flavipes (Cameron) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Ecotoxicology 2019; 28:1210-1219. [PMID: 31691907 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-019-02129-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The endoparasitoid wasp Cotesia flavipes (Cameron) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is inundatively released in Brazilian sugarcane plantations to control the sugarcane borers Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius) and Diatraea flavipennella (Box) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). In conjunction with these releases, several synthetic insecticides are used to control the neonate larvae of these pests. We assessed the lethal and transgenerational sublethal effects of seven of these insecticides on C. flavipes. Leaf discs were sprayed at the highest field concentrations of chlorantraniliprole, lambda-cyhalothrin + chlorantraniliprole, chlorfluazuron, triflumuron, lambda-cyhalothrin + thiamethoxam, tebufenozide, and novaluron. Distilled water was used as a negative control. Newly emerged females (24 h old) were placed in Petri dishes containing the treated leaves, and the lethal and transgenerational sublethal effects were assessed for the next two generations. Lambda-cyhalothrin + chlorantraniliprole and lambda-cyhalothrin + thiamethoxam caused 100% mortality of the parasitoid and were highly persistent, causing more than 30% mortality at 30 days after spraying. Chlorantraniliprole, chlorfluazuron, novaluron, and triflumuron did not cause significant mortality compared to the negative control, but did have transgenerational sublethal effects. The length of the tibia of the right posterior leg, used as a growth measurement, was reduced in the progeny (F1 generation) of exposed female parasitoids. In addition, chlorantraniliprole increased and chlorfluazuron reduced the proportion of females in the F1 generation, whereas novaluron reduced the proportion of females in the F2 generation. Overall, only tebufenozide was considered harmless to C. flavipes. The results of this study suggest that lambda-cyhalothrin + chlorantraniliprole and lambda-cyhalothrin + thiamethoxam are harmful to C. flavipes, although field studies are needed to obtain results for actual sugarcane crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís Fagundes Matioli
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture/University of São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, 13418-900, Brazil.
| | - Odimar Zanuzo Zanardi
- Department of Entomology, Fund for Citrus Protection (FUNDECITRUS), Araraquara, São Paulo, 14708-040, Brazil
| | - Pedro Takao Yamamoto
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture/University of São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, 13418-900, Brazil
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Jiang J, Liu X, Huang X, Yu X, Zhang W, Zhang X, Mu W. Comparative ecotoxicity of neonicotinoid insecticides to three species of Trichogramma parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2019; 183:109587. [PMID: 31509925 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Compatibility of neonicotinoid insecticides with the natural enemies has been concerned for decades. This study aims to evaluate and compare the acute and sublethal toxicity effects of neonicotinoid insecticides on three species of Trichogramma parasitoid wasps (i.e. Trichogramma dendrolimi, T. ostriniae and T. confusum) with broad distribution and great relevance to integrated pest management (IPM) strategies. A residual contact bioassay demonstrated that nitenpyram had the greatest intrinsic toxicity to T. dendrolimi and T. ostriniae with LC50 values of 0.060 (0.056-0.065) and 0.066 (0.050-0.087) mg a.i. L-1, respectively. But for T. confusum, the most toxic neonicotinoid insecticide is dinotefuran with a LC50 value of 0.065 (0.055-0.078) mg a.i. L-1. Furthermore, based on the risk quotient estimation, acetamiprid was considered to be the only safe neonicotinoid insecticide (Class 1, RQ<50). A dipped egg contact bioassay showed that neonicotinoid insecticides induced significant toxic effects on the parasitism of three Trichogramma spp. at low-lethal concentrations. Additionally, emergence probability of the unexposed offspring was also significantly reduced by neonicotinoids. According to the estimated EC50 values, acetamiprid possessed the least toxicity to the parasitism and emergence of T. dendrolimi and T. ostriniae, and for T. confusum, the least toxic neonicotinoid insecticide was thiacloprid. Overall, among the test neonicotinoid insecticides, acetamiprid and thiacloprid may exhibit the less ecotoxicity to the test Trichogramma species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangong Jiang
- College of Plant Protection, Key Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology & Application Technique, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Research Center of Pesticide Environmental Toxicology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xueping Huang
- College of Plant Protection, Key Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology & Application Technique, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xin Yu
- Research Center of Pesticide Environmental Toxicology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, PR China
| | - Wenwen Zhang
- Research Center of Pesticide Environmental Toxicology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xianxia Zhang
- Research Center of Pesticide Environmental Toxicology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, PR China
| | - Wei Mu
- College of Plant Protection, Key Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology & Application Technique, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, PR China.
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Costa ÂCF, Cavalcanti SCH, Santana AS, Lima APS, Brito TB, Oliveira RRB, Macêdo NA, Cristaldo PF, Araújo APA, Bacci L. Insecticidal activity of indole derivatives against Plutella xylostella and selectivity to four non-target organisms. Ecotoxicology 2019; 28:973-982. [PMID: 31420785 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-019-02095-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The diamondback moth Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) is a destructive pest of brassica crops of economic importance that have resistance to a range of insecticides. Indole derivates can exert diverse biological activities, and different effects may be obtained from small differences in their molecular structures. Indole is the parent substance of a large number of synthetic and natural compounds, such as plant and animal hormones. In the present study, we evaluate the insecticidal activity of 20 new synthesized indole derivatives against P. xylostella, and the selectivity of these derivatives against non-target hymenopteran beneficial arthropods: the pollinator Apis mellifera (Linnaeus, 1758) (Hymenoptera: Apidae), and the predators Polybia scutellaris (White, 1841), Polybia sericea (Olivier, 1791) and Polybia rejecta (Fabricius, 1798) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Bioassays were performed in the laboratory to determine the lethal and sublethal effects of the compounds on P. xylostella and to examine their selectivity to non-target organisms by topical application and foliar contact. The treatments consisted of two synthesized derivatives (most and least toxic), the positive control (deltamethrin) and the negative control (solvent). The synthesized compound 4e [1-(1H-indol-3-yl)hexan-1-one] showed high toxicity (via topical application and ingestion) and decreased the leaf consumption by P. xylostella, displaying a higher efficiency than the pyrethroid deltamethrin, widely used to control this pest. In addition, the synthesized indole derivatives were selective to the pollinator A. mellifera and the predators P. scutellaris, P. sericea and P. rejecta, none of which were affected by deltamethrin. Our results highlight the promising potential of the synthesized indole derivatives for the generation of new chemical compounds for P. xylostella management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ângela C F Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agricultura e Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | | | - Alisson S Santana
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agricultura e Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | - Ana P S Lima
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agricultura e Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | - Thaysnara B Brito
- Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | - Rafael R B Oliveira
- Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | - Nathália A Macêdo
- Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | - Paulo F Cristaldo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Entomologia Agrícola, Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula A Araújo
- Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | - Leandro Bacci
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agricultura e Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil.
- Departamento de Engenharia Agronômica, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil.
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12
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Wang Z, Dai P, Yang X, Ruan CC, Biondi A, Desneux N, Zang LS. Selectivity of novel and traditional insecticides used for management of whiteflies on the parasitoid Encarsia formosa. Pest Manag Sci 2019; 75:2716-2724. [PMID: 30784200 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Encarsia formosa Gahan is the most important parasitoid exploited for the control of whitefly pests of vegetable crops. However, the non-target effects of recently developed insecticides for controlling whiteflies toward this biocontrol agent is little documented. Here we evaluated the susceptibility of E. formosa adults and juveniles to eight commonly used insecticides against whiteflies. RESULTS Residual toxicity tests on glass showed that E. formosa adults were susceptible (over 98% mortality after 6 h treated) to field concentrations of the tested neonicotinoids (imidacloprid, acetamiprid, nitenpyram and thiamethoxam), abamectin, cyantraniliprole, and sulfoxaflor at their field concentrations. Pyriproxyfen was harmless to both adult and pupae of E. formosa. A risk quotient analysis showed that toxicity of pyriproxyfen to E. formosa adults was the lowest, followed by acetamiprid and cyantraniliprole. In the leaf residues test, mortality of E. formosa adults under all insecticides decreased when the residue age increased. Interestingly, E. formosa experiencing contact with the residues of most insecticides, except pyriproxyfen and abamectin, parasitized significantly more hosts 5-days after treatment, suggesting a hormetic effect on parasitism. CONCLUSION The risk assessment of insecticides indicated that pyriproxyfen and cyantraniliprole were the least toxic to E. formosa. Our results suggest that the inclusion of the insecticides in sustainable integrated pest management programs of whiteflies should be carefully evaluated on a case-by-case basis. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Enemies, Institute of Biological Control, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Peng Dai
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Enemies, Institute of Biological Control, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | | | - Chang-Chun Ruan
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Enemies, Institute of Biological Control, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Antonio Biondi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Nicolas Desneux
- INRA (French National Institute for Agricultural Research), Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Lian-Sheng Zang
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Enemies, Institute of Biological Control, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
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13
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Abstract
Parasitoids (parasitic wasps) are ubiquitous components of nearly all communities containing plant-insect herbivore associations. Plant toxin defenses against herbivores may also affect higher trophic levels by directly (e.g., plant toxins encountered in host hemolymph) or indirectly (e.g., plant toxins reduce host size/quality or alter the host's immunity against parasitoids). Yet, whether parasitoids structure plant-herbivore interactions remains relatively understudied. Nevertheless, recent meta-analyses and empirical work emphasize the importance of parasitoids in structuring interactions among lower trophic levels. Two promising areas of research are particularly ripe for future exploration: a) the potential for microbes to alter the interactions among plants, insect herbivores, and parasitoids, and b) the effects of climate change on phenological (mis)matches among trophic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Ode
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management and the Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1177, United States.
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14
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Willow J, Silva A, Veromann E, Smagghe G. Acute effect of low-dose thiacloprid exposure synergised by tebuconazole in a parasitoid wasp. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212456. [PMID: 30794624 PMCID: PMC6386243 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Agricultural practices often involve tank-mixing and co-application of insecticides with fungicides to control crop pests. However, natural methods relying on biological control agents such as hymenopteran parasitoids have been shown to be highly effective in suppressing crop pest populations. The current body of insecticide risk assessment data accounting for fungicide co-application is very small, the present study being the first to examine this in a parasitoid wasp. Through low-dose exposure to dry residues of the neonicotinoid insecticide thiacloprid, we examined its mortal and knockdown effect on Aphelinus abdominalis when co-applied with increasing doses of the fungicide tebuconazole. Both of these acute effects of thiacloprid were synergised (toxicity increased to a greater-than-additive effect) by tebuconazole, resulting in significant mortality from low-dose co-applications of tebuconazole, and significant knockdown even without co-applied tebuconazole, the effect increasing as tebuconazole concentration increased. We show the highly toxic effect that a low dose of thiacloprid imposes on A. abdominalis populations, and a synergistic toxicity when co-applied with low doses of tebuconazole. Our work suggests a need for updating pesticide risk assessment methods, accounting for pesticide mixtures, in order to make these risk assessments more field relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Willow
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Chair of Plant Health, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
- * E-mail:
| | - Ana Silva
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Eve Veromann
- Chair of Plant Health, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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15
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Fernández MDM, Meeus I, Billiet A, Van Nieuwerburgh F, Deforce D, Vandamme P, Viñuela E, Smagghe G. Influence of microbiota in the susceptibility of parasitic wasps to abamectin insecticide: deep sequencing, esterase and toxicity tests. Pest Manag Sci 2019; 75:79-86. [PMID: 30178524 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The parasitic wasps Eretmocerus mundus, Eretmocerus eremicus and Encarsia formosa are important natural enemies of whiteflies. A broad understanding of their biology, ecology and behavior has been achieved, but the composition and role of their microbiota is not fully determined. The knowledge of the bacteria present in insects might be useful to manage species of human concern such as natural enemies or pests. Here, we performed a residual contact test to study a possible change in the susceptibility of E. mundus adults to abamectin insecticide after antibiotic treatment. Moreover, we assessed the microbiota present in adults of E. eremicus, E. formosa and two strains of E. mundus by MiSeq 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Finally, enzymatic tests were done to determine the influence of Arthrobacter species in the susceptibility of E. mundus to pesticides. RESULTS The assays showed that when E. mundus adults were pretreated with antibiotic, the toxicity of abamectin was significantly higher. Among the different bacteria associated with parasitic wasps, Arthrobacter has been shown to be involved in the degradation of several kinds of pesticides. Four Arthrobacter species were detected in all the studied insects and the presence of esterases in this bacterial species was confirmed. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that the microbiota can modify the susceptibility of E. mundus to pesticides, which in turn supports the importance of the microbial community in natural enemies that it should be considered as a factor in risk assessment tests of pesticides. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Del Mar Fernández
- Crop Protection Unit, School of Agricultural, Food and Biosystems Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ivan Meeus
- Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Annelies Billiet
- Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Filip Van Nieuwerburgh
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dieter Deforce
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Vandamme
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Elisa Viñuela
- Crop Protection Unit, School of Agricultural, Food and Biosystems Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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16
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Cheng S, Lin R, Wang L, Qiu Q, Qu M, Ren X, Zong F, Jiang H, Yu C. Comparative susceptibility of thirteen selected pesticides to three different insect egg parasitoid Trichogramma species. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2018; 166:86-91. [PMID: 30248565 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The parasitoid Trichogramma species are indispensable natural enemies of many lepidopterans and it plays an important role in integrated pest management (IPM) programs throughout the world. Laboratory studies were conducted to compare the susceptibility of three Trichogramma egg parasitoid species to ten common insecticides and three herbicides. The adults of Trichogramma dendrolimi, T. chilonis, and T. ostriniae were exposed to the above-mentioned pesticides by a glass-vial residue method. Among the four neonicotinoids, dinotefuran and thiamethoxam exhibited extremely toxic effects on the Trichogramma dendrolimi and T. chilonis, with Risk Quotient (RQ) values ranging from 1471.2 to 5492.5. However, these two neonicotinoids have a relatively low toxicity to T. ostriniae, with RQ values 433.6 and 915.4, respectively. In addition, Imidacloprid and acetamiprid were slightly to moderately toxic to all the tested parasitic wasps and their RQ values are less than 500. For pyrethroids, all the selected compounds were slightly to moderately toxic to three Trichogramma species except that cyhalothrin was dangerously toxic to T. dendrolimi and T. chilonis, with RQ values 2567.6 and 3950.4. Among the three herbicides tested, pendimethalin, butralin and napropamid were slightly to moderately toxic to egg parasitoids, with all RQ values below 1000. For two avermectins, abamectin were slightly to moderately toxic to all three wasps with RQ values 635.6, 148.3 and 254.2, respectively. However, emamectin benzoate was found to be safe for the parasitoids. Furthermore, T. dendrolimi showed higher sensitivity than T. chilonis and T. ostriniae to the pesticides based on the comparison of LR50 (application rate causing 50% mortality) values. The present results provide informative data for implementing biological and chemical control strategies in integrated pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenhang Cheng
- College of Chemistry and Environment Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing, 100083 Beijing, China
| | - Ronghua Lin
- Institute for the Control of Agrochemicals, Ministry of Agriculture, 100125 Beijing, China
| | - Limin Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environment Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing, 100083 Beijing, China
| | - Qianying Qiu
- College of Chemistry and Environment Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing, 100083 Beijing, China
| | - Mengmeng Qu
- Institute for the Control of Agrochemicals, Ministry of Agriculture, 100125 Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodong Ren
- Institute for the Control of Agrochemicals, Ministry of Agriculture, 100125 Beijing, China
| | - Fulin Zong
- Institute for the Control of Agrochemicals, Ministry of Agriculture, 100125 Beijing, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- Institute for the Control of Agrochemicals, Ministry of Agriculture, 100125 Beijing, China
| | - Caihong Yu
- College of Chemistry and Environment Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing, 100083 Beijing, China.
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17
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Monsreal-Ceballos RJ, Ruiz-Sánchez E, Ballina-Gómez HS, Reyes-Ramírez A, González-Moreno A. Effects of Botanical Insecticides on Hymenopteran Parasitoids: a Meta-analysis Approach. Neotrop Entomol 2018; 47:681-688. [PMID: 29427132 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-017-0580-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Botanical insecticides (BIs) are considered a valuable alternative for plant protection in sustainable agriculture. The use of both BIs and parasitoids are presumed to be mutually compatible pest management practices. However, there is controversy on this subject, as various studies have reported lethal and sublethal effects of BIs on hymenopteran parasitoids. To shed new light on this controversy, a meta-analytic approach of the effects of BIs on adult mortality, parasitism, and parasitoid emergence under laboratory conditions was performed. We show that BIs increased mortality, decreased parasitism, and decreased parasitoid emergence. Botanical insecticides derived from Nicotiana tabacum and Caceolaria andina were particulary lethal. Most of the parasitoid groups showed susceptibility to BIs, but the families Scelionidae and Ichneumonidae were not significantly affected. The negative effects of BIs were seen regardless of the type of exposure (topical, ingestion, or residual). In conclusion, this meta-analysis showed that under laboratory conditions, exposure of hymenopteran parasitoids to BIs had significant negative effects on adult mortality, parasitism, and parasitoid emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Monsreal-Ceballos
- División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Instituto Tecnológico de Conkal, Avenida Tecnológico S/N, 97345, Conkal, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - E Ruiz-Sánchez
- División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Instituto Tecnológico de Conkal, Avenida Tecnológico S/N, 97345, Conkal, Yucatán, Mexico.
| | - H S Ballina-Gómez
- División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Instituto Tecnológico de Conkal, Avenida Tecnológico S/N, 97345, Conkal, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - A Reyes-Ramírez
- División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Instituto Tecnológico de Conkal, Avenida Tecnológico S/N, 97345, Conkal, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - A González-Moreno
- División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Instituto Tecnológico de Conkal, Avenida Tecnológico S/N, 97345, Conkal, Yucatán, Mexico
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18
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Muslim M, Ansari MS, Hasan F. Non-target toxicity of synthetic insecticides on the biological performance and population growth of Bracon hebetor Say. Ecotoxicology 2018; 27:1019-1031. [PMID: 29797170 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-018-1947-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Bracon hebetor Say (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is an important biological control agent of various species of order Lepidoptera and extensively used in biological control program worldwide. Present study evaluated the lethal and sublethal effects of insecticides on B. hebetor using demographic and population growth parameters. Doses of all the tested insecticides were within a maximum range of their recommended field dosages and adults were treated using residual glass vials method. For control experiments adults were treated with distilled water. Among the tested insecticides, the survivorship of various stages of B. hebetor was considerably prolonged on cyantraniliprole followed by chlorantraniliprole and shortest on chlorpyrifos and profenofos treated group. Total immature development time was prolonged in chlorpyrifos and profenofos treated group. Population growth parameters like intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm), net reproductive rate (R0), finite rate of increase (λ) and mean generation time (Tc) were considerably reduced in B. hebetor groups treated with chlorpyrifos and profenofos. However, B. hebetor groups treated with chlorantraniliprole and cyantraniliprole showed a little or no much difference in population growth parameters when compared with untreated group. It was also observed that chlorpyrifos and profenofos modified the sex ratio, thereby female emergence get reduced. On the basis of present findings it can be concluded that all tested insecticides caused considerable ecotoxic effects on B. hebetor compared to control. However, comparisons among the tested insecticides on the basis of IOBC criteria showed that chlorantraniliprol and cyntraniliprol was less toxic as compared to other insecticides tested on this biological control agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Muslim
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - M Shafiq Ansari
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - Fazil Hasan
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India.
- Division of Entomology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (ICAR-IARI), Pusa, New Delhi, 110012, India.
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Rashidi F, Nouri-Ganbalani G, Imani S. Sublethal Effects of Some Insecticides on Functional Response of Habrobracon hebetor (Hymneoptera: Braconidae) When Reared on Two Lepidopteran Hosts. J Econ Entomol 2018; 111:1104-1111. [PMID: 29579285 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toy069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The effects of four commonly used pesticides, diazinon (EC 60%), phosalone (EC 35%), fipronil (Granular formulation 0.2%), and pyriproxifen (EC 10%), on functional response of Habrobracon hebetor (Say) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) were investigated using two lepidopteran hosts, Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and Heliothis viriplaca (Hufnagel) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Laboratory bioassays determined diazinon and fipronil as highly toxic insecticides for all developmental stages of the parasitoid, while the acute toxicity of phosalone and pyriproxyfen was moderate to very low depending on the life-stage studied. Larval, pupal, and adult stages of the parasitoid were exposed to sublethal concentrations (LC30) of insecticides, and the newly mated females were used to study functional response of the parasitoid to different host densities. With a single exception, a type II functional response was found for control and all insecticide treatments on all life stages and both host species. All insecticides tended to decrease the asymptote of the functional response curve and the maximum parasitism rate, probably by negatively affecting the searching efficiency (a') of the parasitoid. These results indicate that the control efficiency of parasitoids may be negatively affected by sublethal doses of pesticides, even though the type of functional response remains unchanged. As a potential solution, appropriate timing of pesticide application is required to avoid the antagonistic interactions with natural enemies under integrated management programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Rashidi
- Department of Entomology, Islamic Azad University (Science and Research Branch), Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Sohrab Imani
- Department of Entomology, Islamic Azad University (Science and Research Branch), Tehran, Iran
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20
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Fontes J, Roja IS, Tavares J, Oliveira L. Lethal and Sublethal Effects of Various Pesticides on Trichogramma achaeae (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). J Econ Entomol 2018; 111:1219-1226. [PMID: 29579240 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toy064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Little information is available regarding the lethal and sublethal effects of pesticides on Trichogramma achaeae (Nagaraja and Nagarkatti; Hymenoptera: Tricogrammatidae) during integrated management of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick; Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), an important pest for tomato production. Twenty-two pesticides sprayed on Ephestia kuehniella (Zeller; Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) eggs were evaluated on the mortality of adult parasitoids upon contact with the hosts 24 h after the treatments and their sublethal effects on the parasitoids were assessed in laboratory conditions. Tests were carried out with fresh solutions at the recommended concentration. According to the International Organisation for Biological and Integrated Control (IOBC) standards, chlorpyrifos is harmful to the parasitoid; merthiocarb, methomyl, spinosad lambda-cyhalothrin, and acrinatrin are moderately harmful; and chlorantraniliprole, lufenuron, hexythiazox, cyromazine and Bacillus thuringiensis have no effect on the parasitoid. Sulfur is slightly harmful, and azoxystrobin is harmless. Chlorpyrifos was the most lethal among these pesticides and killed all females in less than 24 h. All other pesticides affected the biological parameters of T. achaeae to varying degrees. Regarding the lethal and sublethal effects, merthiocarb and spinosad killed all female offspring in less than 24 h; lambda-cyhalothrin and sulfur reduced the number of parasitized eggs; and acrinatrin, deltamethrin and azoxystrobin affected the emergence rate. After that, we can recommend the use of chlorantraniliprole and B. thuringiensis to control Lepidoptera, cyromazine to control Diptera, pirimicarb to control Homoptera, hexythiazox to control mites and azoxystrobin can be used as fungicide in an integrated pest management program with mass released of T. achaeae.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Fontes
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologias, Universidade dos Açores, Rua da Mãe de Deus, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, S. Miguel, Açores, Portugal
| | - Inés Sanchez Roja
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologias, Universidade dos Açores, Rua da Mãe de Deus, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, S. Miguel, Açores, Portugal
| | - João Tavares
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologias, Centro de Biotecnologia dos Açores, Universidade dos Açores, Rua da Mãe de Deus, Ponta Delgada, S. Miguel, Açores, Portugal
| | - Luísa Oliveira
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologias, Centro de Biotecnologia dos Açores, Universidade dos Açores, Rua da Mãe de Deus, Ponta Delgada, S. Miguel, Açores, Portugal
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21
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de Paiva ACR, Beloti VH, Yamamoto PT. Sublethal effects of insecticides used in soybean on the parasitoid Trichogramma pretiosum. Ecotoxicology 2018; 27:448-456. [PMID: 29460059 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-018-1909-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To control crop pests, parasitoid wasps of the genus Trichogramma are one alternative to the use of insecticides. Since a wide variety of agrochemicals may be applied to the same crops, it is essential to assess the selectivity of insecticides used for pest control on Trichogramma pretiosum. Information on which insecticides are less harmful to T. pretiosum can improve biological control using this insect, an important tactic in IPM programs for field crops. This study aimed to determine the effects of insecticides on the pupal stage and on the parasitism capacity of T. pretiosum. Lambda-cyhalothrin + thiamethoxam were slightly harmful and chlorpyriphos was moderately harmful to the pupal stage, while acephate, chlorfenapyr and flubendiamide, although considered innocuous, affected the succeeding generations of wasps, with low emergence of F1. Chlorfenapyr, chlorpyriphos and lambda-cyhalothrin + thiamethoxam reduced the parasitism, and acephate had a deleterious effect on the generation that contacted the insecticide residue. For an effective IPM program, it is important to apply selective insecticides. Further studies are needed to determine the selectivity of these insecticides under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Clara Ribeiro de Paiva
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Vitor Hugo Beloti
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro Takao Yamamoto
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
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22
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Stecca CS, Bueno AF, Pasini A, Silva DM, Andrade K, Zirondi Filho DM. Impact of Insecticides Used in Soybean Crops to the Egg Parasitoid Telenomus podisi (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae). Neotrop Entomol 2018; 47:281-291. [PMID: 28823094 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-017-0552-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate possible side effects of insecticides used in soybean crops on pupae and adults of the egg parasitoid Telenomus podisi Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) under laboratory conditions. The protocol was adapted from standard methodology stablished by the Pesticides and Beneficial Organisms Working Group of the International Organization for Biological and integrated Control (IOBC) for Trichogramma cacoeciae (Marchal) (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). All tested benzoylureas, diacylhydrazines, diamides and spinosins as well as pyrethroid beta-cyfluthrin were harmless to T. podisi pupae and adults, and therefore, can be used in IPM without damage to this biological control agent. The tested organophosphate, pyrethroids (except beta-cyfluthrin) and its combinations with either neonicotinoids or diamides triggered deleterious effects on at least one of the life stages of the parasitoid and should, whenever possible, be replaced by other insecticides more selective to natural enemies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Stecca
- Univ Estadual de Londrina - UEL, Londrina, Paraná, Brasil
| | - A F Bueno
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária - Embrapa Soja, Londrina, Paraná, Brasil
| | - A Pasini
- Univ Estadual de Londrina - UEL, Londrina, Paraná, Brasil
| | - D M Silva
- Instituto Agrônomico do Paraná - IAPAR, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, km 375, Caixa Postal 481, 86047-902, Londrina, Paraná, Brasil.
| | - K Andrade
- Univ Estadual de Londrina - UEL, Londrina, Paraná, Brasil
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23
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Ramos RS, de Araújo VCR, Pereira RR, Martins JC, Queiroz OS, Silva RS, Picanço MC. Investigation of the lethal and behavioral effects of commercial insecticides on the parasitoid wasp Copidosoma truncatellum. Chemosphere 2018; 191:770-778. [PMID: 29080538 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.10.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Copidosoma truncatellum (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) is an important parasitoid wasp of the soybean looper, Chrysodeixis includens, but its effectiveness can be severely curtailed by the application of certain insecticides. Therefore, to identify insecticides that are potentially compatible with C. truncatellum, the lethal and behavioral effects of nine chemicals used to control the soybean looper were evaluated for their toxicity to the wasp. Chlorantraniliprole, chlorfenapyr, flubendiamide, and indoxacarb were the least toxic insecticides to the parasitoid, resulting in mortalities of less than 25%. In contrast, cartap, deltamethrin, and methomyl caused 100% mortality, and acephate and spinosad caused 76% and 78% mortality, respectively. At least one of the detoxifying enzymes (monooxygenase, glutathione S-transferase, and/or esterases) may be involved in the mechanisms underlying the selectivity of chlorantraniliprole, chlorfenapyr, flubendiamide, and indoxacarb for the parasitoid based on the results for the insecticide plus synergist treatment. Changes in the behavioral patterns (walking time and resting time) of the parasitoid were found with exposure to acephate, flubendiamide, indoxacarb and methomyl, but behavioral avoidance was not observed. Our results indicate that the insecticides chlorantraniliprole and chlorfenapyr are the most suitable for inclusion in integrated pest management strategies for the control of C. includens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo S Ramos
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Departamento de Entomologia, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Vitor C R de Araújo
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Departamento de Entomologia, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Renata R Pereira
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Departamento de Entomologia, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Júlio C Martins
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Baiano (IF Baiano), 45995-970, Teixeira de Freitas, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Obiratanea S Queiroz
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Departamento de Entomologia, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ricardo S Silva
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Departamento de Entomologia, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo C Picanço
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Departamento de Entomologia, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Departamento de Fitotecnia, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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24
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Khan MA, Ruberson JR. Lethal effects of selected novel pesticides on immature stages of Trichogramma pretiosum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Pest Manag Sci 2017; 73:2465-2472. [PMID: 28600808 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trichogramma pretiosum Riley is an important egg parasitoid and biological control agent of caterpillar pests. We studied the acute toxicity of 20 pesticides (14 insecticides/miticides, three fungicides and three herbicides) exposed to recommended field rates. Egg, larval, and pupal stages of the parasitoid in their hosts were dipped in formulated solutions of the pesticides and evaluated 10 days later for percentage of host eggs with holes, number of parasitoids emerged per egg with holes, and stage-specific mortality of immature as well as adult wasps within the host eggs. RESULTS Seven insecticides (buprofezin, chlorantraniliprole, spirotetramat, flonicamid, flubendiamide) and miticides (spiromesifen, cyflumetofen), one herbicide (nicosulfuron), and three fungicides (myclobutanil, pyraclostrobin, trifloxystrobin + tebuconazole) caused no significant mortality to immature stages or pre-emergent adult parasitoids relative to controls. By contrast, seven insecticides/miticides (abamectin, acetamiprid, dinotefuran, fipronil, novaluron, spinetoram, tolfenpyrad) adversely affected immature and pre-emergent adult T. pretiosum, with tolfenpyrad being particularly lethal. Two herbicides had moderate (glufosinate ammonium) to severe (s-metolachlor) acute lethal effects on the immature parasitoids. CONCLUSIONS This study corroborates earlier findings with adult T. pretiosum. Over half of the pesticides - and all the fungicides - tested in the current study would appear to be compatible with the use of T. pretiosum in integrated pest management programs, with respect to acute parasitoid mortality. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John R Ruberson
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
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Wang ZX, Li YH, He KL, Bai SX, Zhang TT, Cai WZ, Wang ZY. Does Bt maize expressing Cry1Ac protein have adverse effects on the parasitoid Macrocentrus cingulum (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)? Insect Sci 2017; 24:599-612. [PMID: 27126195 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The potential effects of insect-resistant, genetically engineered (GE) crops on non-target organisms, especially on predators and parasitoids, must be evaluated before their commercial cultivation. The effects of GE maize that produces Cry1Ac toxin on the parasitoid Macrocentrus cingulum were assessed by direct bioassay and indirect bioassay. In the indirect bioassay, parasitism rate, cocoon weight and the number of M. cingulum progeny produced per host were significantly reduced when M. cingulum-parasitized Cry1Ac-susceptible Ostrinia furnacalis were fed a diet containing purified Cry1Ac; however, life-table parameters of M. cingulum were not adversely affected when the same assay was performed with Cry1Ac-resistant O. furnacalis. These results indicated that the detrimental effects detected with a Cry1Ac-susceptible host were mediated by poor host quality. In a direct bioassay, no difference in life-table parameters were detected when M. cingulum adults were directly fed a 20% honey solution with or without Cry1Ac; however, survival and longevity were significantly reduced when M. cingulum adults were fed a honey solution containing potassium arsenate, which was used as a positive control. The stability and bioactivity of Cry1Ac toxin in the food sources and Cry1Ac toxin uptake by the host insect and parasitoid were confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and sensitive-insect bioassays. Our results demonstrate that M. cingulum is not sensitive to Cry1Ac toxin at concentrations exceeding those encountered in Bacillus thuringiensis maize fields. This study also demonstrates the power of using resistant hosts when assessing the risk of genetically modified plants on non-target organisms and will be useful for assessing other non-target impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeng-Xia Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, MOA - CABI Joint Laboratory for Bio-safety, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, China
- Department of Entomology, China Agriculture University, Beijing, China
| | - Yun-He Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, MOA - CABI Joint Laboratory for Bio-safety, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, China
| | - Kang-Lai He
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, MOA - CABI Joint Laboratory for Bio-safety, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, China
| | - Shu-Xiong Bai
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, MOA - CABI Joint Laboratory for Bio-safety, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, China
| | - Tian-Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, MOA - CABI Joint Laboratory for Bio-safety, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, China
| | - Wan-Zhi Cai
- Department of Entomology, China Agriculture University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen-Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, MOA - CABI Joint Laboratory for Bio-safety, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, China
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26
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Ballinger MJ, Perlman SJ. Generality of toxins in defensive symbiosis: Ribosome-inactivating proteins and defense against parasitic wasps in Drosophila. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006431. [PMID: 28683136 PMCID: PMC5500355 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
While it has become increasingly clear that multicellular organisms often harbor microbial symbionts that protect their hosts against natural enemies, the mechanistic underpinnings underlying most defensive symbioses are largely unknown. Spiroplasma bacteria are widespread associates of terrestrial arthropods, and include strains that protect diverse Drosophila flies against parasitic wasps and nematodes. Recent work implicated a ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) encoded by Spiroplasma, and related to Shiga-like toxins in enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, in defense against a virulent parasitic nematode in the woodland fly, Drosophila neotestacea. Here we test the generality of RIP-mediated protection by examining whether Spiroplasma RIPs also play a role in wasp protection, in D. melanogaster and D. neotestacea. We find strong evidence for a major role of RIPs, with ribosomal RNA (rRNA) from the larval endoparasitic wasps, Leptopilina heterotoma and Leptopilina boulardi, exhibiting the hallmarks of RIP activity. In Spiroplasma-containing hosts, parasitic wasp ribosomes show abundant site-specific depurination in the α-sarcin/ricin loop of the 28S rRNA, with depurination occurring soon after wasp eggs hatch inside fly larvae. Interestingly, we found that the pupal ectoparasitic wasp, Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae, escapes protection by Spiroplasma, and its ribosomes do not show high levels of depurination. We also show that fly ribosomes show little evidence of targeting by RIPs. Finally, we find that the genome of D. neotestacea’s defensive Spiroplasma encodes a diverse repertoire of RIP genes, which are differ in abundance. This work suggests that specificity of defensive symbionts against different natural enemies may be driven by the evolution of toxin repertoires, and that toxin diversity may play a role in shaping host-symbiont-enemy interactions. Nearly all insects harbor bacterial partners. These microbes can be defensive symbionts, protecting their hosts against parasites and pathogens, and in some cases, may defend against more than one enemy, presenting opportunity to study the evolution of specificity underlying defensive interactions. What factors determine specificity and generality of defense? Can symbiont-encoded effector molecules act generally against enemies without causing harm to the host? We show here that symbiont-encoded ribosome-inactivating toxins, previously implicated in protection of a Drosophila fruit fly against its nematode parasite, are also implicated in defending flies against parasitic wasps. We quantify activity of the toxin as the proportion of ribosomes depurinated and, importantly, find that susceptible wasps are attacked early in development and are strongly affected, while hosts and a resistant wasp are not. We also show that not one, but a family of toxins is maintained and expressed by symbionts. Together, our findings implicate toxin diversity as a factor contributing to the evolution of specificity in a symbiont-mediated defense.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steve J. Perlman
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Integrated Microbial Biodiversity Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
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27
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Burrows M, Morawo T, Fadamiro H. Sugar Diet Affects Odor Reception but Variation in Sugar Concentration Plays Minimal Role in the Response of the Parasitoid, Microplitis croceipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), to Host-Related Plant Volatiles. J Econ Entomol 2017; 110:971-977. [PMID: 28334180 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tox048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Parasitoids utilize various sugar resources in nature, and rely on odor cues from plants to locate their food and hosts. However, lack of sugar in the diet may negatively impact odor reception in parasitoids, thus affecting foraging efficiency. We used Microplitis croceipes (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a larval endoparasitoid of Heliothis virescens (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), as a model species to test the hypothesis that variation in sugar diet of parasitoids affects their olfactory response to host-related odors. Heliothis virescens is a major pest of cotton and other important crops. Response of female M. croceipes fed different diet treatments (i.e., 40%, 20%, 10%, or 0% sucrose/water solution [w/v]) to select cotton volatiles were tested in electroantennogram (EAG) and Y-tube olfactometer bioassays. The following cotton plant odors were tested: cis-3-hexenol, α-pinene, 50/50 v/v binary mixture of cis-3-hexenol and α-pinene, and H. virescens-infested cotton. Sucrose-fed parasitoids showed higher EAG response to the binary mixture and host-infested plant volatile extract, compared with sucrose-starved (0% sucrose) parasitoids. However, there was no significant difference in EAG response of parasitoids to odor treatments among individuals fed 40%, 20%, or 10% sucrose. In a Y-tube olfactometer, female M. croceipes fed 40% sucrose were significantly more attracted to host-infested cotton than to a control (no plant). However, parasitoids were not significantly attracted to other odor stimuli. These results suggest that the availability of sugar diet affects odor reception in M. croceipes but variation in sugar concentration probably plays a minimal role in olfactory response of M. croceipes to host-related odors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Burrows
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, 301 Funchess Hall, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849 ( ; ; )
- New Address: Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria-Entomology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd., Atlanta, GA 30329
| | - Tolulope Morawo
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, 301 Funchess Hall, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849 (; ; )
| | - Henry Fadamiro
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, 301 Funchess Hall, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849 ( ; ; )
- Corresponding author, e-mail:
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Tacoli F, Pavan F, Cargnus E, Tilatti E, Pozzebon A, Zandigiacomo P. Efficacy and Mode of Action of Kaolin in the Control of Empoasca vitis and Zygina rhamni (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) in Vineyards. Journal of Economic Entomology 2017; 110:1164-1178. [PMID: 28383689 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tox105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
During 2015, the influence of kaolin applications and bunch-zone leaf removal on the grapevine leafhoppers, Empoasca vitis (Göthe) and Zygina rhamni Ferrari, and their egg parasitoids (Anagrus spp.) was tested in four vineyards of northeastern Italy. The mode of action of kaolin on E. vitis nymphs was also investigated in the laboratory. In the treated plots, kaolin was applied at a rate of 2% w/v on two occasions separated by 5-6 d. In two vineyards, it was applied either on the whole canopy or the bunch zone at the beginning of the E. vitis second generation (preventive criterion), and in the other two vineyards, it was applied to the whole canopy at the peak of the E. vitis third generation (curative criterion). Both the preventive and curative kaolin applications caused a significant decrease in the populations of E. vitis and Z. rhamni nymphs. The effect of the preventive applications was persistent and was associated with reduced E. vitis leaf symptoms. Kaolin did not influence the activity of Anagrus spp. Bunch-zone leaf removal did not affect leafhopper populations. Laboratory experiments showed that inhibition of feeding was the main mode of action through which kaolin affected nymph populations. Based on these outcomes, kaolin could be a valuable alternative to synthetic insecticides in controlling grapevine leafhoppers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Tacoli
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences (DI4A), University of Udine, Via delle Scienze 206, 33100 Udine, Italy (; ; ; ; )
| | - Francesco Pavan
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences (DI4A), University of Udine, Via delle Scienze 206, 33100 Udine, Italy ( ; ; ; ; )
- Corresponding author, e-mail:
| | - Elena Cargnus
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences (DI4A), University of Udine, Via delle Scienze 206, 33100 Udine, Italy (; ; ; ; )
| | - Elisabetta Tilatti
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences (DI4A), University of Udine, Via delle Scienze 206, 33100 Udine, Italy (; ; ; ; )
| | - Alberto Pozzebon
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padua, Via dell'Università 16, Agripolis, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Pietro Zandigiacomo
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences (DI4A), University of Udine, Via delle Scienze 206, 33100 Udine, Italy (; ; ; ; )
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Wang D, Lü L, He Y. Effects of Two Conventional Insecticides on Male-Specific Sex Pheromone Discrimination and Mate Choice in Trichogramma chilonis (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Environ Entomol 2017; 46:328-334. [PMID: 28169400 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvw172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Trichogramma chilonis Ishii is an important natural enemy of many lepidopterous pests on vegetables and field crops. The effects of two conventional insecticides on male-specific sex pheromone discrimination and mate choice in T. chilonis was evaluated in the laboratory. Beta-cypermethrin LC20 exposure induced decreases in male conspecific sex pheromone discrimination and mating rate in T. chilonis, and these decreases were not due to the lower locomotor activity of the surviving T. chilonis males. Spinosad LC20 exposure caused a significant decrease in male locomotor activity of T. chilonis, but did not affect male-specific sex pheromone discrimination (conspecific sex pheromone discrimination or virgin sex pheromone discrimination) or mating rate. However, there was no significant difference in specific sex pheromone discrimination, mate choice, and locomotor activity between control males and males exposed to the low concentration (LC1) of insecticide (beta-cypermethrin or spinosad). In conclusion, beta-cypermethrin LC20 exposure was harmful to male-specific sex pheromone discrimination and mate choice in T. chilonis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong Province, China (; )
| | - Lihua Lü
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yurong He
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong Province, China (; )
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30
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Rampelotti-Ferreira FT, Coelho A, Parra JRP, Vendramim JD. Selectivity of plant extracts for Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hym.: Trichogrammatidae). Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2017; 138:78-82. [PMID: 28012368 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the selectivity of three plant extracts with potential insecticidal effects for the parasitoid Trichogramma pretiosum Riley, which is commonly used in biological pest control. The plant extracts assayed were an acetone extract of Toona ciliata M. Roem., commercial neem oil, and a nanoencapsulated formulation of neem oil (NC40). The toxicity of the plant extracts to T. pretiosum was evaluated according to the recommendations of the International Organization for Biological Control- IOBC Working Group. We assessed the susceptibility of adults of the maternal and F1 generations and immature stages of T. pretiosum to the extracts. Females exposed to egg cards treated with commercial neem oil parasitized almost 70% fewer eggs than control eggs treated with water; and this extract was therefore classified as slightly harmful. When the eggs were offered to females 24h after treatment with neem oil and aqueous NC40, the parasitism rate also decreased, and the two extracts were classified as slightly harmful. Adult emergence was lower for parasitoids that fed on host eggs offered 24h after the treatment with the T. ciliata extract, which was considered slightly harmful. The emergence of T. pretiosum from eggs, larvae and pupae treated with the different plant extracts, did not decrease compared to development stages treated with the water control. The use of T. pretiosum, combined with the application of an ethanol extract of T. ciliata and a nanoencapsulated formulation of neem, appears to be feasible in view of these low toxicity indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima Terezinha Rampelotti-Ferreira
- Department of Entomology and Acarology - Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" - ESALQ, Av. Pádua Dias, n. 11 - Cx. P. 9, 13400-970, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Aloisio Coelho
- Department of Entomology and Acarology - Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" - ESALQ, Av. Pádua Dias, n. 11 - Cx. P. 9, 13400-970, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
| | - José Roberto Postali Parra
- Department of Entomology and Acarology - Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" - ESALQ, Av. Pádua Dias, n. 11 - Cx. P. 9, 13400-970, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - José Djair Vendramim
- Department of Entomology and Acarology - Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" - ESALQ, Av. Pádua Dias, n. 11 - Cx. P. 9, 13400-970, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
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31
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Kaplan I. A cry for help or sexual perfumes? An alternative hypothesis for wasp attraction to the scent of caterpillar-wounded plants. Plant Cell Environ 2017; 40:327-329. [PMID: 27861985 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This article comments on: Combined use of herbivore-induced plant volatiles and sex pheromones for mate location in braconid parasitoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Kaplan
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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Xu H, Desurmont G, Degen T, Zhou G, Laplanche D, Henryk L, Turlings TCJ. Combined use of herbivore-induced plant volatiles and sex pheromones for mate location in braconid parasitoids. Plant Cell Environ 2017; 40:330-339. [PMID: 27538492 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) are important cues for female parasitic wasps to find hosts. Here, we investigated the possibility that HIPVs may also serve parasitoids as cues to locate mates. To test this, the odour preferences of four braconid wasps - the gregarious parasitoid Cotesia glomerata (L.) and the solitary parasitoids Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson), Microplitis rufiventris Kokujev and Microplitis mediator (Haliday) - were studied in olfactometers. Each species showed attraction to pheromones but in somewhat different ways. Males of the two Cotesia species were attracted to virgin females, whereas females of M. rufiventris were attracted to virgin males. Male and female M. mediator exhibited attraction to both sexes. Importantly, female and male wasps of all four species were strongly attracted by HIPVs, independent of mating status. In most cases, male wasps were also attracted to intact plants. The wasps preferred the combination of HIPVs and pheromones over plant odours alone, except M. mediator, which appears to mainly use HIPVs for mate location. We discuss the ecological contexts in which the combined use of pheromones and HIPVs by parasitoids can be expected. To our knowledge, this is the first study to show that braconid parasitoids use HIPVs and pheromones in combination to locate mates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Xu
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology (FARCE), Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Gaylord Desurmont
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology (FARCE), Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Degen
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology (FARCE), Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Guoxin Zhou
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology (FARCE), Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agriculture Products of Zhejiang Province, Department of Plant Protection, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Lin`an, 311300, China
| | - Diane Laplanche
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology (FARCE), Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Luka Henryk
- Department of Plant Protection and Biodiversity, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Ackerstrasse 21, 5070, Frick, Switzerland
| | - Ted C J Turlings
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology (FARCE), Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Delpuech JM. Elicitation of superparasitization behavior from the parasitoid wasp Leptopilina boulardi by the organophosphorus insecticide chlorpyrifos. Sci Total Environ 2017; 580:907-911. [PMID: 28040222 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos is an organophosphorus insecticide that largely contributes to environmental pollution. Parasitoids, as any other non-target species, can be exposed to insecticides through environmental pollution. Parasitoids are key species because they regulate natural populations of other insects. The hymenopterous parasitoid Leptopilina boulardi, whose larvae develop inside Drosophila larvae, is a solitary parasitoid; thus, only one larva can successfully develop per host. Therefore, females generally lay only one egg per host because any increase in the number of eggs laid will decrease its fitness. The effects of an LC20 of chlorpyrifos on the parasitization behavior of two strains (NS and S) of L. boulardi were evaluated. The NS and S strains were genetically identical but differed in that the S strain was infected by a virus, LbFV, which modifies the parasitization behavior of the parasitoid. In control conditions, parasitoid females from the NS strain rarely superparasitized (laid more than one egg per host) their host whereas females from the S strain frequently superparasitized their host. When parasitoids were exposed to an LC20 of chlorpyrifos, the rates of host larvae superparasitized by females and the mean numbers of eggs laid per host larva increased for both NS and S strains. Therefore, both the insecticide and the virus induced an increase in the superparasitization of the host. The effect of the insecticide on the superparasitization behavior of the parasitoid is discussed according to its mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marie Delpuech
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UMR 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, 43 boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
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Firake DM, Thubru DP, Behere GT. Eco-toxicological risk and impact of pesticides on important parasitoids of cabbage butterflies in cruciferous ecosystem. Chemosphere 2017; 168:372-383. [PMID: 27810537 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.10.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Eco-toxicological risk and impact of pesticides was estimated on three important parasitoids of butterflies viz., Hyposoter ebeninus, Cotesia glomerata and Pteromalus puparum. Four commonly used pesticides were evaluated using standard protocol (of IOBC/WPRS-group). In laboratory tests, the survival of the female wasps decreased significantly on fresh contact and ingestion of deltamethrin, spinosad and azadirachtin; whereas Bacillus thuringiensis var kurstaki (Btk) was found harmless pesticide. Under semi-field conditions, parasitoid mortality decreased significantly on fresh contact with the pesticides. Although, at 72 h after treatment, spinosad and deltamethrin were found harmful (Class-IV) and azadirachtin was moderately harmful (Class-III), whereas Btk was harmless (Class-I). Furthermore, 15-day-old residues of pesticides (except deltamethrin) were harmless to all parasitoid species under semi-field conditions. Notably, adult emergence and pupal duration in pesticide-treated cocoons were not significantly affected; however, their survival decreased after emergence except in Btk. The contact and oral toxicity trends of the pesticides were almost similar for three species of parasitoid females and pupae; however little variability was observed in toxicity to the host caterpillars parasitized by H. ebeninus (HCPHE) and C. glomerata (HCPCG). In semi-field tests, fresh residues of all the pesticides were harmful to HCPHE and HCPCG. However, action of Btk was slightly delayed and toxicity was rather low for HCPCG. In 15-day-old residues, deltamethrin and azadirachtin were slightly harmful to the parasitized caterpillars, whereas those of Btk and spinosad were harmless. Since, Btk appeared to be safe for parasitoids; it could be used for managing cabbage butterflies in brassicaceous crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Firake
- Division of Crop Protection (Entomology), ICAR Research Complex for North Eastern Hill Region, Umroi Road, Umiam, Meghalaya 793103, India.
| | - D P Thubru
- Division of Crop Protection (Entomology), ICAR Research Complex for North Eastern Hill Region, Umroi Road, Umiam, Meghalaya 793103, India.
| | - G T Behere
- Division of Crop Protection (Entomology), ICAR Research Complex for North Eastern Hill Region, Umroi Road, Umiam, Meghalaya 793103, India.
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Cui H, Wei J, Su J, Li C, Ge F. Elevated O 3 increases volatile organic compounds via jasmonic acid pathway that promote the preference of parasitoid Encarsia formosa for tomato plants. Plant Sci 2016; 253:243-250. [PMID: 27968993 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Revised: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The elevated atmospheric O3 level may change the interactions of plants and insects, which potentially affects direct and indirect plant defences. However, the underlying mechanism of the impact of elevated O3 on indirect plant defence, namely the efficacy of natural enemies, is unclear. Here we tested a hypothesis that linked the effects of elevated O3 and whitefly herbivory on tomato volatile releases mediated by the jasmonic acid (JA) pathway with the preferences of parasitoid Encarsia formosa for two different tomato genotypes (wild-type (Wt) and JA-deficient genotype (spr2)). The O3 and whitefly herbivory significantly increased the production of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including monoterpenes and green leaf volatiles (GLVs). The Wt plants released higher volatile levels, particularly monoterpenes, than did the spr2 plants. In Y-tube tests, limonene and Z-3-hexanol played key roles in the attraction of E. formosa. Moreover, regardless of plant genotype, the two plant genotypes were preferred by adult E. formosa under the O3 and O3+ herbivory treatments. Our results suggest that under elevated O3, the activation of the JA pathway significantly up-regulates the emission rates of volatiles, through which the efficacy of natural enemy might be promoted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongying Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China; Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Jianing Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Jianwei Su
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Chuanyou Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Feng Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China.
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Burgess ER, King BH. Behavior and Survival of the Filth Fly Parasitoids Spalangia endius and Urolepis rufipes (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) in Response to Three Granular House Fly Baits and Components. Environ Entomol 2016; 45:1496-1504. [PMID: 28028097 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvw135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Behaviors and mortality of two filth fly parasitoid wasps, Spalangia endius Walker and Urolepis rufipes Ashmead, were tested in response to granular fly baits containing one of the three active ingredients (AI): Golden Malrin (methomyl), QuickBayt (imidacloprid), or Quikstrike (dinotefuran). Behavioral responses to each of the two components of the baits, the AIs and the fly attractant pheromone (Z)-9-tricosene, were also examined independently. Spalangia endius avoided contact with bait granules, regardless of bait type. However, when S. endius contacted bait residue, the imidacloprid bait appeared to be the least harmful of the baits for S. endius, at least in the short term. Spalangia endius was attracted to imidacloprid by itself. However, S. endius avoided (Z)-9-tricosene. In contrast to S. endius' attraction to imidacloprid, S. endius neither avoided nor was attracted to methomyl or dinotefuran. For U. rufipes, the methomyl bait appeared to be especially harmful. Urolepis rufipes avoided bait granules with imidacloprid or dinotefuran but not with methomyl, died quickly in the presence of methomyl bait residue, and had a methomyl LC50 that was lower than that for S. endius The avoidance by U. rufipes of granules with imidacloprid or dinotefuran appears to be related to components other than the AIs or the (Z)-9-tricosene because U. rufipes did not avoid either individually. The behavioral avoidance of the parasitoids in the present study occurred despite no exposure recently, if ever, to these pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin R Burgess
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115-2861 (; )
| | - B H King
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115-2861 (; )
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Wang QL, Liu TX. Effects of Three Insect Growth Regulators on Encarsia formosa (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), an Endoparasitoid of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). J Econ Entomol 2016; 109:2290-2297. [PMID: 27744284 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tow216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Insect growth regulators (IGRs) disrupt the normal activity of the endocrine or hormone system of insects, affecting the development, reproduction, or metamorphosis of the target insects, and normally causing less detrimental effects to beneficial insects. The effects of three IGRs (pyriproxyfen, fenoxycarb, and buprofezin) on Encarsia formosa Gahan, an endoparasitoid of whiteflies, were determined using B. tabaci as a host. We assessed the effects of the IGRs on parasitoid's larval development, pupation, emergence, and contact effects of the dry residues on plant leaf and glass vial surface on adult mortality and parasitism. When the three IGRs were applied at larval stage, no or few larvae pupated in the pyriproxyfen treatments and the highest concentration of fenoxycarb, and a majority of larvae pupated in the buprofezin treatments; of those pupated, 62.3-88.1% became adults. When the IGRs were applied at the pupal stage, 2.3-17.5% developed to adults in the pyriproxyfen treatments, 59.7-89.0% in the fenoxycarb treatments, and 58.4-83.6% in the buprofezin treatments. The leaf residues of the IGRs had no appreciable effects on adults, whereas the residues on glass vial caused significantly lower adult survival than on plant leaves. The residues of pyriproxyfen and fenoxycarb slightly reduced parasitism as compared with buprofezin and controls. However, the rates of parasitoids that became adults were significantly lower, especially in the pyriproxyfen treatments. According to the standards of International Organization of Biological Control (IOBC), pyriproxyfen was harmful, while fenoxycarb and buprofezin were slightly or moderately harmful to larvae and harmless to E. formosa pupae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q L Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, and Key Laboratory of Northwest Loess Plateau Crop Pest Management of Ministry of Agriculture of China, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China (, )
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Wang D, Lü L, He Y, Shi Q, Wang G. Effects of Insecticides on Oviposition and Host Discrimination Behavior in Trichogramma chilonis (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). J Econ Entomol 2016; 109:2380-2387. [PMID: 27986938 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tow220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Trichogramma chilonis Ishii is an important natural enemy of many lepidopterous pests on various crops. Effects of two conventional insecticides on oviposition and host discrimination behavior in T. chilonis were evaluated in the laboratory through video tracking. During the oviposition period, when the number of host eggs was limited (only one host egg), females exposed to beta-cypermethrin LC1 or LC20 exhibited significantly higher feeding and re-drilling rate and significantly longer post-oviposition duration than control females. Spinosad LC20 treatment not only decreased the wasp oviposition rate but also significantly extended the oviposition duration. When the number of host eggs was six, similarly, females exposed to spinosad LC20 exhibited a significantly lower oviposition rate (79.2%) than control ones (100%). In the host discrimination experiment, females exposed to LC20 of both tested insecticides (beta-cypermethrin and spinosad) spent significantly more time on the extra-patch area. The females that survived spinosad LC20 could not discriminate between unparasitized and parasitized host eggs. Our study suggests that even the LC1 and LC20 of the tested insecticides had negative effects on the oviposition and host discrimination behavior of T. chilonis Thus, the use of these two insecticides should be carefully evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510642, China (; ; )
| | - Lihua Lü
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510640, China
| | - Yurong He
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510642, China (; ; )
| | - Qingxing Shi
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510642, China (; ; )
| | - Guohong Wang
- College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350117, China
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Strapasson P, Pinto-Zevallos DM, Da Silva Gomes SM, Zarbin PHG. Volatile Organic Compounds Induced by Herbivory of the Soybean Looper Chrysodeixis includens in Transgenic Glyphosate-Resistant Soybean and the Behavioral Effect on the Parasitoid, Meteorus rubens. J Chem Ecol 2016; 42:806-813. [PMID: 27580612 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-016-0740-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Transgenic soybean plants (RR) engineered to express resistance to glyphosate harbor a variant of the enzyme EPSPS (5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase) involved in the shikimic acid pathway, the biosynthetic route of three aromatic amino acids: phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan. The insertion of the variant enzyme CP4 EPSPS confers resistance to glyphosate. During the process of genetic engineering, unintended secondary effects are likely to occur. In the present study, we quantified volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted constitutively or induced in response to herbivory by the soybean looper Chrysodeixis includens in transgenic soybean and its isogenic (untransformed) line. Since herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) are known to play a role in the recruitment of natural enemies, we assessed whether changes in VOC profiles alter the foraging behavior of the generalist endoparasitic larval parasitoid, Meteorus rubens in the transgenic line. Additionally, we assessed whether there was a difference in plant quality by measuring the weight gain of the soybean looper. In response to herbivory, several VOCs were induced in both the conventional and the transgenic line; however, larger quantities of a few compounds were emitted by transgenic plants. Meteorus rubens females were able to discriminate between the odors of undamaged and C. includens-damaged plants in both lines, but preferred the odors emitted by herbivore-damaged transgenic plants over those emitted by herbivore-damaged conventional soybean plants. No differences were observed in the weight gain of the soybean looper. Our results suggest that VOC-mediated tritrophic interactions in this model system are not negatively affected. However, as the preference of the wasps shifted towards damaged transgenic plants, the results also suggest that genetic modification affects that tritrophic interactions in multiple ways in this model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Strapasson
- Laboratório de Semioquímicos, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Paraná, P.O. Box 19081, C.E.P. 81531-980, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Delia M Pinto-Zevallos
- Laboratório de Semioquímicos, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Paraná, P.O. Box 19081, C.E.P. 81531-980, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
- Laboratório de Ecologia Química, Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Marechal Rondon, s/n - Jardim Rosa Elze, CEP, São Cristóvão, SE, 49100-000, Brazil
| | - Sandra M Da Silva Gomes
- Laboratório de Semioquímicos, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Paraná, P.O. Box 19081, C.E.P. 81531-980, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Paulo H G Zarbin
- Laboratório de Semioquímicos, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Paraná, P.O. Box 19081, C.E.P. 81531-980, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
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Wallingford AK, Connelly HL, Dore Brind'Amour G, Boucher MT, Mafra-Neto A, Loeb GM. Field Evaluation of an Oviposition Deterrent for Management of Spotted-Wing Drosophila, Drosophila suzukii, and Potential Nontarget Effects. J Econ Entomol 2016; 109:1779-1784. [PMID: 27247303 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tow116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Spotted-wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii Matsumura (Diptera: Drosophilidae), is a polyphagous, invasive pest of small fruits. Current management relies heavily on chemical insecticides, and an effective oviposition deterrent could contribute to alternative management approaches that reduce the need for these chemical insecticides. A novel deployment method for repelling Drosophila suzukii, thereby reducing D. suzukii oviposition in fall-bearing red raspberry, was evaluated in the field. Infestations occurring within 4 d after deployment were significantly lower in 2-m-long plots (Rubus idaeus 'Caroline') treated with the repellent (20% 1-octen-3-ol in specialized pheromone and lure application technology [SPLAT]) compared to control plots (blank SPLAT). Repellent-treated plots had roughly 28.8 and 49.5% fewer offspring reared per gram of fruit than control plots in two experiments, respectively. Nontarget effects were also evaluated in 2-m plot experiments as well as 5- by 5-m plot experiments. There were no differences in the number of parasitic hymenoptera trapped on yellow sticky cards hung in repellent compared to control plots. While there were no differences in the number of visits to raspberry flowers observed by honey bees in repellent versus control plots, the number of visits by bumble bees was greater in repellent plots compared to control plots. Challenges regarding evaporation rates and potential uses for repellents in an integrated pest management program for the control of D. suzukii are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Wallingford
- Cornell University, New York Agricultural Experiment Station, 630 W. North St., Geneva, NY 14456 (; ; ; ; )
| | - Heather L Connelly
- Cornell University, New York Agricultural Experiment Station, 630 W. North St., Geneva, NY 14456 (; ; ; ; )
| | - Gabrielle Dore Brind'Amour
- Cornell University, New York Agricultural Experiment Station, 630 W. North St., Geneva, NY 14456 (; ; ; ; )
| | - Matthew T Boucher
- Cornell University, New York Agricultural Experiment Station, 630 W. North St., Geneva, NY 14456 (; ; ; ; )
| | | | - Greg M Loeb
- Cornell University, New York Agricultural Experiment Station, 630 W. North St., Geneva, NY 14456 (; ; ; ; )
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Yi CG, Hieu TT, Lee SH, Choi BR, Kwon M, Ahn YJ. Toxicity of Lavandula angustifolia oil constituents and spray formulations to insecticide-susceptible and pyrethroid-resistant Plutella xylostella and its endoparasitoid Cotesia glomerata. Pest Manag Sci 2016; 72:1202-1210. [PMID: 26350499 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plutella xylostella is one of the most serious insect pests of cruciferous crops. This study was conducted to determine the toxicity of 21 constituents from Lavandula angustifolia essential oil (LA-EO) and another 16 previously known LA-EO constituents and the toxicity of six experimental spray formulations containing the oil (1-6 g L(-1) sprays) to susceptible KS-PX and pyrethroid-resistant JJ-PX P. xylostella larvae, as well as to its endoparasitoid Cotesia glomerata adults. RESULTS Linalool and linalool oxide (LC50 = 0.016 mg cm(-3) ) were the most toxic fumigant compounds and were 10.7-fold less toxic than dichlorvos to KS-PX larvae. Either residual or fumigant toxicity of these compounds was almost identical against larvae from either of the two strains. Against C. glomerata, dichlorvos (LC50 = 7 × 10(-6) mg cm(-3) ) was the most toxic insecticide. LA-EO was ∼1430 times less toxic than dichlorvos. The oil applied as 6 g L(-1) spray and emamectin benzoate 21.5 g L(-1) emulsifiable concentrate provided 100% mortality against larvae from either of the two strains. CONCLUSION Reasonable P. xylostella control in greenhouses can be achieved by a spray formulation containing the 6 g L(-1) oil as potential contact-action fumigant. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Geun Yi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tran Trung Hieu
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Biotransformation, Faculty of Biology, Ho Chi Minh City University of Science, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | - Si Hyeock Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Byeoung-Ryeol Choi
- Crop Protection Division, Department of Crop Life Safety, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Min Kwon
- Highland Agriculture Research Institute, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Pyeongchang, South Korea
| | - Young-Joon Ahn
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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Zhang FP, Yang QY, Zhang SB. Dual Effect of Phenolic Nectar on Three Floral Visitors of Elsholtzia rugulosa (Lamiaceae) in SW China. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154381. [PMID: 27105024 PMCID: PMC4841526 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Some plants secrete toxic nectar to appeal to most effective pollinators and deter non-pollinators or nectar thieves; however available information about ecological function of toxic nectar remains scarce. Elsholtzia rugulosa stands out as a plant with toxic nectar recorded in SW China. We focused on the functional significance of the phenolic compound that imparts toxic to the nectar of E. rugulosa. The effects of phenolic nectar were studied in three visitors of the flowers of the winter-blooming E. rugulosa Hemsl. (Lamiaceae) in SW China. The pollinating species Apis cerana Fabricius (Apidae; Asian honey bee) and two occasional visitors, Vespa velutina Lepeletier (Vespidae; yellow-legged Asian hornet) and Bombus eximius Smith (Apidae; a bumble bee) were tested for their preferences for low and high concentrations of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid in hexose and sucrose solutions. The pollinator is important for the plant, which is dependent on pollinator visits to attain a higher seed production and it is most likely that the combination of phenolic toxic nectar and the adaptation to phenolic nectar by A. cerana delivers an evolutionary advantage to both actors. The low and high concentrations of the phenolic acid were nearly totally refused by both occasional visitors V. velutina and B. eximius and were preferred by the pollinator A. cerana. E. rugulosa gains by having a much higher seed production and the pollinating honey bee by having an exclusive and reliable food source during the winter season at high altitudes in SW China. We found that the function of the toxic phenolic compound has dual roles by appealing to legitimate pollinators and deterring non-pollinators of E. rugulosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Ping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Qiu-Yun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Shi-Bao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
- * E-mail:
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Unelius CR, Suckling DM, Brown RL, Jósvai JK, El-Sayed AM. Combining odours isolated from phylogenetically diverse sources yields a better lure for yellow jackets. Pest Manag Sci 2016; 72:760-769. [PMID: 26017013 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Invasive wasps have major impacts on bird populations and other biodiversity in New Zealand beech forests, and new solutions are needed for their management. Baits were combined from four phylogenetically diverse sources (protein and carbohydrate) to improve attraction to a level that could be used as the basis for more powerful attract-and-kill systems. Many compounds from honey, scale insect honeydew, fermenting brown sugar and green-lipped mussels were highly attractive and, when combined, outcompeted known attractants. RESULTS The equivolumetric lure (equal parts of 3-methylbut-1-yl acetate, 2-ethyl-1-butanol, 1-octen-3-ol, 3-octanone, methyl phenylacetate and heptyl butanoate), gave a 5-10-fold improvement over the known attractant, octyl butanoate, and other previously patented lures. An economically optimised lure of the same compounds, but in a ratio of 2:1.6:1:1:2:2.4, was equally attractive as the equal-ratio lure. Pilot mass trapping attempts with this latter lure revealed that >400 wasps trap(-1) day(-1) could be caught at the peak of the season. CONCLUSION The new lures are comprised of compounds from animals, plants and fungi, thus targeting the omnivorous behaviour of these wasps.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Rikard Unelius
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd, Canterbury Agriculture and Science Centre, Christchurch, New Zealand
- School of Natural Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - D Maxwell Suckling
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd, Canterbury Agriculture and Science Centre, Christchurch, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Robert L Brown
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd, Canterbury Agriculture and Science Centre, Christchurch, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Julia K Jósvai
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ashraf M El-Sayed
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd, Canterbury Agriculture and Science Centre, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Pease CE, López-Olguín JF, Pérez-Moreno I, Marco-Mancebón V. Effects of Kaolin on Lobesia botrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and Its Compatibility With the Natural Enemy, Trichogramma cacoeciae (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). J Econ Entomol 2016; 109:740-745. [PMID: 26803817 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tov400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Lobesia botrana (Denis and Schiffermüller) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is an important grapevine pest in Europe recently encountered in America. Trichogramma cacoeciae Marchal (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) is amongst the most effective parasitoids for Lepidopteran species. Studies to evaluate the effect of kaolin, an inert, nontoxic mineral, on oviposition, egg hatch, and neonate mortality of these species were carried out. Efficacy on L. botrana neonate larvae, oviposition, and egg hatch was evaluated. Effects of kaolin on parasitism and emergence of T. cacoeciae from L. botrana and Ephestia kuehniella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) eggs were also evaluated. Lobesia botrana egg hatch and oviposition rates were reduced, and neonate larvae mortality was significantly greater in kaolin-treated arenas and when included in synthetic neonate larvae diet. Kaolin had no effect on T. cacoeciae parasitism in both hosts. There was only a slight but statistically insignificant effect on T. cacoeciae progeny emergence from L. botrana eggs and no effect from E. kuehniella. The results involving reductions in L. botrana oviposition and egg hatch and increase in larval mortality with kaolin suggest this compound may contribute to reduction in population densities and can be considered in rational integrated pest management strategies for L. botrana. Due to the laboratory results presented on parasitoid emergence, even though field bioassays would give a more exhaustive evaluation, it appears kaolin can be compatible with T. cacoeciae in L. botrana management.
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Nakasu EY, Karamaouna F, Partsinevelos GK, Abd El Halim HM, Fitches EC, Pyati P, Gatehouse JA, Gatehouse AM, Edwards MG. Sublethal effects of the insecticidal fusion protein ω-ACTX-Hv1a/GNA on the parasitoid Eulophus pennicornis via its host Lacanobia oleracea. Pest Manag Sci 2016; 72:585-590. [PMID: 25914218 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neurotoxin peptide ω-ACTX-Hv1a, fused to the carrier molecule GNA, presents potential for insect control as a biopesticide, being orally toxic to insect pests from different orders. However, thorough evaluation is required to assure its safety towards non-target invertebrates. Effects of this novel biopesticide on the parasitoid Eulophus pennicornis via its host Lacanobia oleracea are presented. RESULTS Hv1a/GNA did not cause mortality when injected or fed to fifth-stage L. oleracea, but caused up to 39% reduction in mean larval weight (P < 0.05) and increased developmental time when injected. When fed, GNA, but not Hv1a/GNA, caused ∼35% reduction in larval weight, indicating that host quality was not affected by the fusion protein. Although GNA and Hv1a/GNA were internalised by the hosts following ingestion, and thus were available to higher trophic levels, no significant changes in the rate of E. pennicornis parasitism occurred. Number of parasitoid pupae per host, adult emergence and sex ratio were unaffected by GNA- or Hv1a/GNA-treated hosts (P > 0.05). The fusion protein was degraded by parasitoid larvae, rendering it non-toxic. CONCLUSION Hv1a/GNA has negligible effects on the parasitoid, even under worst-case scenarios. This low toxicity to these insects is of interest in terms of biopesticide specificity and safety to non-target organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erich Yt Nakasu
- Newcastle Institute for Research on Environment and Sustainability, School of Biology, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
- Capes Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasília, Brazil
| | | | | | - Hesham M Abd El Halim
- Newcastle Institute for Research on Environment and Sustainability, School of Biology, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
- Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Elaine C Fitches
- The Food and Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York, UK
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - Prashant Pyati
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - John A Gatehouse
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - Angharad Mr Gatehouse
- Newcastle Institute for Research on Environment and Sustainability, School of Biology, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Martin G Edwards
- Newcastle Institute for Research on Environment and Sustainability, School of Biology, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
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Turchen LM, Golin V, Butnariu AR, Guedes RNC, Pereira MJB. Lethal and Sublethal Effects of Insecticides on the Egg Parasitoid Telenomus podisi (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae). J Econ Entomol 2016; 109:84-92. [PMID: 26352754 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tov273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Insecticide use remains controversial, and subjected to increasing environmental and health concerns, even when recent insecticide groups are considered. Neonicotinoids and even bioinsecticides are in the forefront of discussions regarding their nontarget safety. The ubiquitous focus on the lethal effects of insecticides on nontarget species has been expanding to sublethal effects, as sublethal exposure extends for a longer time and affects a broader range of (nontarget) species. Here we explored the lethal and sublethal effects of a lambda-cyhalothrin + thiamethoxan mixture, the neonicotinoid imidacloprid, and the bioinsecticide azadirachtin on the egg parasitoid Telenomus podisi Ashmead, an important parasitoid of stink bug Euschistus heros (F.), a key soybean pest in neotropical America. Contact with dry insecticide residue on glass surface and (parasitized and healthy) host egg immersion exposure bioassays were performed, assessing their acute lethal effects, and their potential sublethal impairment of parasitism, adult emergence, and fertility of the egg parasitoid. Both imidacloprid and the insecticide mixture exhibited high acute lethal activity toward the parasitoid under contact with dry insecticide residue. These insecticides compromised parasitism and wasp emergence when exposure took place before parasitism. In contrast, azadirachtin did not affect adult survival. However, this bioinsecticide compromised parasitism and progeny production, impairing the female parasitoid reproductive potential. Our results indicate strong negative effects of imidacloprid, and specially of the mixture lambda-cyhalthrin + thiamethoxan. However, even azadirachtin, which exhibited low acute lethality, exhibited significant negative sublethal effects on parasitism and population growth of egg parasitoid, cautioning against their use and the need of semifield and field assessments to confirm such an impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Turchen
- Department of Agronomy, Universidade do Estado do Mato Grosso, Tangará da Serra, MT 78300-000, Brazil (; ; ),
| | - V Golin
- Department of Zoology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR 81531-980, Brazil , and
| | - A R Butnariu
- Department of Agronomy, Universidade do Estado do Mato Grosso, Tangará da Serra, MT 78300-000, Brazil (; ; )
| | - R N C Guedes
- Department of Entomology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-000, Brazil
| | - M J B Pereira
- Department of Agronomy, Universidade do Estado do Mato Grosso, Tangará da Serra, MT 78300-000, Brazil (; ; )
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Aqueel MA, Raza ABM, Balal RM, Shahid MA, Mustafa I, Javaid MM, Leather SR. Tritrophic interactions between parasitoids and cereal aphids are mediated by nitrogen fertilizer. Insect Sci 2015; 22:813-820. [PMID: 24623663 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Host plant nutritional quality can directly and indirectly affect the third trophic levels. The aphid-parasitoid relationship provides an ideal system to investigate tritrophic interactions (as the parasitoids are completely dependent for their development upon their hosts) and assess the bottom up forces operating at different concentrations of nitrogen applications. The effects of varying nitrogen fertilizer on the performance of Aphidius colemani (V.) reared on Sitobion avenae (F.) and Aphidius rhopalosiphi (D.) reared on Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) were measured. Parasitism and percent emergence of parasitoids were positively affected by nitrogen fertilizer treatments while developmental duration (egg, larval, and pupal stages) was not affected by increasing nitrogen inputs. In males and females of both parasitoid species, adult longevity increased with the increasing nitrogen fertilizer. Hind tibia length and mummy weight of both parasitoid species increased with nitrogen fertilizer concentrations, as a result of larger aphids. This study showed that nitrogen application to the soil can have important consequences for aboveground multitrophic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad A Aqueel
- Division of Biology, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, SL5 7PY, UK
- University College of Agriculture
| | | | | | | | - Irfan Mustafa
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Sargodha, Pakistan
| | | | - Simon R Leather
- Division of Biology, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, SL5 7PY, UK
- Department of Crop and Environment Sciences, Harper Adams University, Shropshire, TF10 8NB, UK
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Khan MA, Khan H, Ruberson JR. Lethal and behavioral effects of selected novel pesticides on adults of Trichogramma pretiosum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Pest Manag Sci 2015; 71:1640-1648. [PMID: 25580715 DOI: 10.1002/ps.3972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growing demand for reduced chemical inputs in agricultural systems requires more effective integration of biological control with pesticides. The egg parasitoid Trichogramma pretiosum Riley is an important natural enemy of lepidopteran pests, used in biological control. In an investigation of the interaction of T. pretiosum and pesticides, we studied the acute toxicity of 19 pesticides (insecticides, miticides, fungicides and herbicides) to adult parasitoids and the behavioral effects of 11 pesticides on foraging parasitoid females, including host antennation, stinging and host feeding. RESULTS At recommended field doses, fipronil, dinotefuran, spinetoram, tolfenpyrad and abamectin induced nearly 100% adult mortality within 24 h of exposure to treated cotton leaves by comparison with controls. Acetamiprid was also toxic, but significantly less so than the former materials. The other pesticides had no significant toxic effects. Only glufosinate ammonium exhibited increased toxicity among the non-toxic materials when increased two- or fourfold over recommended rates. The foraging behavior of parasitoids was affected only by tolfenpyrad among the materials tested. CONCLUSION Most novel pesticides, except for several insecticides, exhibited little to no acute toxicity to the parasitoid. Parasitoid foraging behavior was only affected by tolfenpyrad, indicating that parasitoids could successfully forage on eggs treated with most pesticides evaluated. Therefore, many of these pesticides may have good compatibility with Trichogramma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ashraf Khan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Hizbullah Khan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - John R Ruberson
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
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Mahdavi V, Saber M, Rafiee-Dastjerdi H, Kamita SG. Lethal and Demographic Impact of Chlorpyrifos and Spinosad on the Ectoparasitoid Habrobracon hebetor (Say) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Neotrop Entomol 2015; 44:626-633. [PMID: 26280986 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-015-0319-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The appropriate use of biological agents and chemical compounds is necessary to establish successful integrated pest management (IPM) programs. Thus, the off-target effects of pesticides on biological control agents are essential considerations of IPM. In this study, the effects of lethal and sublethal concentrations of chlorpyrifos and spinosad on the demographic parameters of Habrobracon hebetor (Say) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) were assessed. Bioassays were carried out on immature and adult stages by using dipping and contact exposure of dry pesticide residue on an inert material, respectively. The lethal concentration (LC)50 values of chlorpyrifos and spinosad were 3.69 and 151.37 ppm, respectively, on the larval stage and 1.75 and 117.37 ppm, respectively, on adults. Hazard quotient (HQ) values for chlorpyrifos and spinosad were 400 and 2.2, respectively, on the larval stage and 857.14 and 2.84, respectively, on adults. A low lethal concentration (LC30) was used to assess the sublethal effects of both pesticides on the surviving females. In each treatment, 25 survivors were randomly selected and transferred into 6-cm Petri dishes. Adults were provided daily with last instars of Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller) as a host until all of the females died. The number of eggs laid, percent of larvae hatched, longevity, and sex ratio were recorded. Stable population growth parameters were estimated by the Jackknife method. In control, chlorpyrifos, and spinosad treatments, the intrinsic rates of increase (r m) values were 0.23, 0.10, and 0.21, respectively. The results of this study suggest a relative compatibility between spinosad use and H. hebetor. Finally, further studies should be conducted under natural conditions to verify the compatibility of spinosad with H. hebetor in IPM programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Mahdavi
- Dept of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Univ of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran.
| | - M Saber
- Dept of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Univ of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran
| | - H Rafiee-Dastjerdi
- Dept of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Univ of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - S G Kamita
- Dept of Entomology, Univ of California, Davis, CA, USA
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50
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Fonseca APP, Marques EJ, Torres JB, Silva LM, Siqueira HÁA. Lethal and sublethal effects of lufenuron on sugarcane borer Diatraea flavipennella and its parasitoid Cotesia flavipes. Ecotoxicology 2015; 24:1869-1879. [PMID: 26250937 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-015-1523-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The combination of chemical and biological controls is a historic goal of integrated pest management, but has rarely been achieved due to lethal and sublethal impact of insecticides on natural enemies altering their performance. In this context, the susceptibility of the yellow sugarcane borer, Diatraea flavipennella (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), to the insect growth regulator lufenuron and the consequent effects upon its endoparasitoid Cotesia flavipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) encountering exposed but surviving larvae were studied. Neonate and 10-day-old larvae were subjected to one of seven concentrations of lufenuron (1.56, 3.12, 6.25, 12.5, 25.0, 50.0 and 100 mg a.i./L). Further, effects of lufenuron to the host larvae and to the parasitoid were assessed using low lethal LC20 and LC50. Lufenuron at concentrations up to 12.5 mg a.i./L allowed partial survival of borer larvae; and concentrations over 12.5 mg a.i./L caused 100 % larval mortality before pupation in both ages. Neonate larvae exhibited lower pupal weights only at concentrations 12.5 mg a.i./L; while 10-day-old larvae treated with the LC50 exhibited delayed development. Egg viability was reduced for adult borers from surviving larvae of both ages treated with low lethal concentrations. The parasitoid C. flavipes successfully parasitized surviving low lethal treated larvae. Among the studied life history characteristics of C. flavipes, only a delayed development was observed. The results showed that lufenuron can be effective against D. flavipennella at concentrations over 25 mg a.i./L, and that surviving larvae can be successfully parasitized by C. flavipes. The insecticide lufenuron and the parasitoid C. flavipes seem to be compatible for sugarcane borer control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Pereira Fonseca
- Departamento de Agronomia - Entomologia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros, s/n, Dois Irmãos, Recife, PE, 52171-900, Brazil
| | - Edmilson Jacinto Marques
- Departamento de Agronomia - Entomologia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros, s/n, Dois Irmãos, Recife, PE, 52171-900, Brazil
| | - Jorge Braz Torres
- Departamento de Agronomia - Entomologia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros, s/n, Dois Irmãos, Recife, PE, 52171-900, Brazil.
| | - Liliane Marques Silva
- Departamento de Agronomia - Entomologia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros, s/n, Dois Irmãos, Recife, PE, 52171-900, Brazil
| | - Herbert Álvaro Abreu Siqueira
- Departamento de Agronomia - Entomologia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros, s/n, Dois Irmãos, Recife, PE, 52171-900, Brazil
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