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Trebuch LM, Sohier J, Altenburg S, Oyserman BO, Pronk M, Janssen M, Vet LEM, Wijffels RH, Fernandes TV. Enhancing phosphorus removal of photogranules by incorporating polyphosphate accumulating organisms. Water Res 2023; 235:119748. [PMID: 36944303 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Photogranules are a novel wastewater treatment technology that can utilize the sun's energy to treat water with lower energy input and have great potential for nutrient recovery applications. They have been proven to efficiently remove nitrogen and carbon but show lower conversion rates for phosphorus compared to established treatment systems, such as aerobic granular sludge. In this study, we successfully introduced polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs) to an established photogranular culture. We operated photobioreactors in sequencing batch mode with six cycles per day and alternating anaerobic (dark) and aerobic (light) phases. We were able to increase phosphorus removal/recovery by 6 times from 5.4 to 30 mg/L/d while maintaining similar nitrogen and carbon removal compared to photogranules without PAOs. To maintain PAOs activity, alternating anaerobic feast and aerobic famine conditions were required. In future applications, where aerobic conditions are dependent on in-situ oxygenation via photosynthesis, the process will rely on sunlight availability. Therefore, we investigated the feasibility of the process under diurnal cycles with a 12-h anaerobic phase during nighttime and six short cycles during the 12 h daytime. The 12-h anaerobic phase had no adverse effect on the PAOs and phototrophs. Due to the extension of one anaerobic phase to 12 h the six aerobic phases were shortened by 47% and consequently decreased the light hours per day. This resulted in a decrease of phototrophs, which reduced nitrogen removal and biomass productivity up to 30%. Finally, we discuss and suggest strategies to apply PAO-enriched photogranules at large-scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas M Trebuch
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Bioprocess Engineering, AlgaePARC Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jasper Sohier
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sido Altenburg
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ben O Oyserman
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Bioinformatics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mario Pronk
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, Delft, 2629 HZ, The Netherlands; Royal HaskoningDHV, Laan1914 35, Amersfoort, 3800 AL, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Janssen
- Bioprocess Engineering, AlgaePARC Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Louise E M Vet
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - René H Wijffels
- Bioprocess Engineering, AlgaePARC Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, N-8049, Bodø, Norway
| | - Tânia V Fernandes
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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2
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Trebuch LM, Bourceau OM, Vaessen SMF, Neu TR, Janssen M, de Beer D, Vet LEM, Wijffels RH, Fernandes TV. High resolution functional analysis and community structure of photogranules. ISME J 2023; 17:870-879. [PMID: 36997724 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-023-01394-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
AbstractPhotogranules are spherical aggregates formed of complex phototrophic ecosystems with potential for “aeration-free” wastewater treatment. Photogranules from a sequencing batch reactor were investigated by fluorescence microscopy, 16S/18S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, microsensors, and stable- and radioisotope incubations to determine the granules’ composition, nutrient distribution, and light, carbon, and nitrogen budgets. The photogranules were biologically and chemically stratified, with filamentous cyanobacteria arranged in discrete layers and forming a scaffold to which other organisms were attached. Oxygen, nitrate, and light gradients were also detectable. Photosynthetic activity and nitrification were both predominantly restricted to the outer 500 µm, but while photosynthesis was relatively insensitive to the oxygen and nutrient (ammonium, phosphate, acetate) concentrations tested, nitrification was highly sensitive. Oxygen was cycled internally, with oxygen produced through photosynthesis rapidly consumed by aerobic respiration and nitrification. Oxygen production and consumption were well balanced. Similarly, nitrogen was cycled through paired nitrification and denitrification, and carbon was exchanged through photosynthesis and respiration. Our findings highlight that photogranules are complete, complex ecosystems with multiple linked nutrient cycles and will aid engineering decisions in photogranular wastewater treatment.
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Trebuch LM, Schoofs K, Vaessen SMF, Neu TR, Janssen M, Wijffels RH, Vet LEM, Fernandes TV. N 2 -fixation can sustain wastewater treatment performance of photogranules under nitrogen-limiting conditions. Biotechnol Bioeng 2023; 120:1303-1315. [PMID: 36779371 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater characteristics can vary significantly, and in some municipal wastewaters the N:P ratio is as low as 5 resulting in nitrogen-limiting conditions. In this study, the microbial community, function, and morphology of photogranules under nitrogen-replete (N+) and limiting (N-) conditions was assessed in sequencing batch reactors. Photogranules under N- condition were nitrogen deprived 2/3 of a batch cycle duration. Surprisingly, this nitrogen limitation had no adverse effect on biomass productivity. Moreover, phosphorus and chemical oxygen demand removal were similar to their removal under N+ conditions. Although performance was similar, the difference in granule morphology was obvious. While N+ photogranules were dense and structurally confined, N- photogranules showed loose structures with occasional voids. Microbial community analysis revealed high abundance of cyanobacteria capable of N2 -fixation. These were higher at N- (38%) than N+ (29%) treatments, showing that photogranules could adjust and maintain treatment performance and high biomass productivity by means of N2 -fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas M Trebuch
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Bioprocess Engineering, AlgaePARC Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kobe Schoofs
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Bioprocess Engineering, AlgaePARC Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stijn M F Vaessen
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Bioprocess Engineering, AlgaePARC Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas R Neu
- Microbiology of Interfaces, Department River Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Marcel Janssen
- Bioprocess Engineering, AlgaePARC Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - René H Wijffels
- Bioprocess Engineering, AlgaePARC Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
| | - Louise E M Vet
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tânia V Fernandes
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
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4
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de Bruijn JAC, Vet LEM, Smid HM, de Boer JG. Memory extinction and spontaneous recovery shaping parasitoid foraging behavior. Behav Ecol 2021; 32:952-960. [PMID: 34690548 PMCID: PMC8528537 DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arab066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals can alter their foraging behavior through associative learning, where an encounter with an essential resource (e.g., food or a reproductive opportunity) is associated with nearby environmental cues (e.g., volatiles). This can subsequently improve the animal's foraging efficiency. However, when these associated cues are encountered again, the anticipated resource is not always present. Such an unrewarding experience, also called a memory-extinction experience, can change an animal's response to the associated cues. Although some studies are available on the mechanisms of this process, they rarely focus on cues and rewards that are relevant in an animal's natural habitat. In this study, we tested the effect of different types of ecologically relevant memory-extinction experiences on the conditioned plant volatile preferences of the parasitic wasp Cotesia glomerata that uses these cues to locate its caterpillar hosts. These extinction experiences consisted of contact with only host traces (frass and silk), contact with nonhost traces, or oviposition in a nonhost near host traces, on the conditioned plant species. Our results show that the lack of oviposition, after contacting host traces, led to the temporary alteration of the conditioned plant volatile preference in C. glomerata, but this effect was plant species-specific. These results provide novel insights into how ecologically relevant memory-extinction experiences can fine-tune an animal's foraging behavior. This fine-tuning of learned behavior can be beneficial when the lack of finding a resource accurately predicts current, but not future foraging opportunities. Such continuous reevaluation of obtained information helps animals to prevent maladaptive foraging behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A C de Bruijn
- Laboratory of Entomology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Louise E M Vet
- Laboratory of Entomology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans M Smid
- Laboratory of Entomology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jetske G de Boer
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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5
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Gauthier J, Boulain H, van Vugt JJFA, Baudry L, Persyn E, Aury JM, Noel B, Bretaudeau A, Legeai F, Warris S, Chebbi MA, Dubreuil G, Duvic B, Kremer N, Gayral P, Musset K, Josse T, Bigot D, Bressac C, Moreau S, Periquet G, Harry M, Montagné N, Boulogne I, Sabeti-Azad M, Maïbèche M, Chertemps T, Hilliou F, Siaussat D, Amselem J, Luyten I, Capdevielle-Dulac C, Labadie K, Merlin BL, Barbe V, de Boer JG, Marbouty M, Cônsoli FL, Dupas S, Hua-Van A, Le Goff G, Bézier A, Jacquin-Joly E, Whitfield JB, Vet LEM, Smid HM, Kaiser L, Koszul R, Huguet E, Herniou EA, Drezen JM. Author Correction: Chromosomal scale assembly of parasitic wasp genome reveals symbiotic virus colonization. Commun Biol 2021; 4:940. [PMID: 34331006 PMCID: PMC8324771 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02480-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Gauthier
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261 CNRS-Université de Tours, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Parc de Grandmont, 37200, Tours, France.,Geneva Natural History Museum, 1208, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hélène Boulain
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261 CNRS-Université de Tours, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Parc de Grandmont, 37200, Tours, France.,EAWAG, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Joke J F A van Vugt
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lyam Baudry
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Régulation Spatiale des Génomes, UMR 3525, CNRS, Paris, 75015, France.,Sorbonne Université, Collège Doctoral, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Emma Persyn
- Sorbonne Université, INRAE, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Univ. de Paris, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Science of Paris (iEES-Paris), 75005, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marc Aury
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91057, Evry, France
| | - Benjamin Noel
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91057, Evry, France
| | - Anthony Bretaudeau
- IGEPP, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ Rennes, 35000, Rennes, France.,Univ Rennes, Inria, CNRS, IRISA, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Fabrice Legeai
- IGEPP, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ Rennes, 35000, Rennes, France.,Univ Rennes, Inria, CNRS, IRISA, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Sven Warris
- Applied Bioinformatics, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mohamed A Chebbi
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261 CNRS-Université de Tours, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Parc de Grandmont, 37200, Tours, France
| | - Géraldine Dubreuil
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261 CNRS-Université de Tours, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Parc de Grandmont, 37200, Tours, France
| | - Bernard Duvic
- Université Montpellier, INRAE, DGIMI, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Natacha Kremer
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5558, 43 bd du 11 novembre 1918, bat. G. Mendel, 69622, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Philippe Gayral
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261 CNRS-Université de Tours, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Parc de Grandmont, 37200, Tours, France
| | - Karine Musset
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261 CNRS-Université de Tours, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Parc de Grandmont, 37200, Tours, France
| | - Thibaut Josse
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261 CNRS-Université de Tours, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Parc de Grandmont, 37200, Tours, France
| | - Diane Bigot
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261 CNRS-Université de Tours, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Parc de Grandmont, 37200, Tours, France
| | - Christophe Bressac
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261 CNRS-Université de Tours, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Parc de Grandmont, 37200, Tours, France
| | - Sébastien Moreau
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261 CNRS-Université de Tours, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Parc de Grandmont, 37200, Tours, France
| | - Georges Periquet
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261 CNRS-Université de Tours, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Parc de Grandmont, 37200, Tours, France
| | - Myriam Harry
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, IRD, UMR Évolution, Génomes, Comportement et Écologie, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Nicolas Montagné
- Sorbonne Université, INRAE, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Univ. de Paris, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Science of Paris (iEES-Paris), 75005, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Boulogne
- Sorbonne Université, INRAE, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Univ. de Paris, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Science of Paris (iEES-Paris), 75005, Paris, France
| | - Mahnaz Sabeti-Azad
- Sorbonne Université, INRAE, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Univ. de Paris, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Science of Paris (iEES-Paris), 75005, Paris, France
| | - Martine Maïbèche
- Sorbonne Université, INRAE, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Univ. de Paris, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Science of Paris (iEES-Paris), 75005, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Chertemps
- Sorbonne Université, INRAE, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Univ. de Paris, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Science of Paris (iEES-Paris), 75005, Paris, France
| | - Frédérique Hilliou
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, ISA, 06903, Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - David Siaussat
- Sorbonne Université, INRAE, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Univ. de Paris, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Science of Paris (iEES-Paris), 75005, Paris, France
| | - Joëlle Amselem
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, URGI, 78026, Versailles, France
| | - Isabelle Luyten
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, URGI, 78026, Versailles, France
| | - Claire Capdevielle-Dulac
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, IRD, UMR Évolution, Génomes, Comportement et Écologie, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Karine Labadie
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91057, Evry, France
| | - Bruna Laís Merlin
- Insect Interactions Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Acarology, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Valérie Barbe
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91057, Evry, France
| | - Jetske G de Boer
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Evolutionary Genetics, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martial Marbouty
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Régulation Spatiale des Génomes, UMR 3525, CNRS, Paris, 75015, France
| | - Fernando Luis Cônsoli
- Insect Interactions Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Acarology, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Stéphane Dupas
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, IRD, UMR Évolution, Génomes, Comportement et Écologie, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Aurélie Hua-Van
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, IRD, UMR Évolution, Génomes, Comportement et Écologie, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Gaelle Le Goff
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, ISA, 06903, Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Annie Bézier
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261 CNRS-Université de Tours, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Parc de Grandmont, 37200, Tours, France
| | - Emmanuelle Jacquin-Joly
- Sorbonne Université, INRAE, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Univ. de Paris, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Science of Paris (iEES-Paris), 75005, Paris, France
| | - James B Whitfield
- Department of Entomology, 320 Morrill Hall, 505 South Goodwin Avenue, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Louise E M Vet
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans M Smid
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Laure Kaiser
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, IRD, UMR Évolution, Génomes, Comportement et Écologie, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Romain Koszul
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Régulation Spatiale des Génomes, UMR 3525, CNRS, Paris, 75015, France
| | - Elisabeth Huguet
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261 CNRS-Université de Tours, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Parc de Grandmont, 37200, Tours, France
| | - Elisabeth A Herniou
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261 CNRS-Université de Tours, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Parc de Grandmont, 37200, Tours, France
| | - Jean-Michel Drezen
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261 CNRS-Université de Tours, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Parc de Grandmont, 37200, Tours, France.
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6
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de Bruijn JAC, Vosteen I, Vet LEM, Smid HM, de Boer JG. Multi-camera field monitoring reveals costs of learning for parasitoid foraging behaviour. J Anim Ecol 2021; 90:1635-1646. [PMID: 33724445 PMCID: PMC8361673 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic conditions in nature have led to the evolution of behavioural traits that allow animals to use information on local circumstances and adjust their behaviour accordingly, for example through learning. Although learning can improve foraging efficiency, the learned information can become unreliable as the environment continues to change. This could lead to potential fitness costs when memories holding such unreliable information persist. Indeed, persistent unreliable memory was found to reduce the foraging efficiency of the parasitoid Cotesia glomerata under laboratory conditions. Here, we evaluated the effect of such persistent unreliable memory on the foraging behaviour of C. glomerata in the field. This is a critical step in studies of foraging theory, since animal behaviour evolved under the complex conditions present in nature. Existing methods provide little detail on how parasitoids interact with their environment in the field, therefore we developed a novel multi‐camera system that allowed us to trace parasitoid foraging behaviour in detail. With this multi‐camera system, we studied how persistent unreliable memory affected the foraging behaviour of C. glomerata when these memories led parasitoids to plants infested with non‐host caterpillars in a semi‐field set‐up. Our results demonstrate that persistent unreliable memory can lead to maladaptive foraging behaviour in C. glomerata under field conditions and increased the likelihood of oviposition in the non‐host caterpillar Mamestra brassica. Furthermore, these time‐ and egg‐related costs can be context dependent, since they rely on the plant species used. These results provide us with new insight on how animals use previously obtained information in naturally complex and dynamic foraging situations and confirm that costs and benefits of learning depend on the environment animals forage in. Although behavioural studies of small animals in natural habitats remain challenging, novel methods such as our multi‐camera system contribute to understanding the nuances of animal foraging behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A C de Bruijn
- Laboratory of Entomology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ilka Vosteen
- Laboratory of Entomology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Louise E M Vet
- Laboratory of Entomology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans M Smid
- Laboratory of Entomology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jetske G de Boer
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
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7
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Gauthier J, Boulain H, van Vugt JJFA, Baudry L, Persyn E, Aury JM, Noel B, Bretaudeau A, Legeai F, Warris S, Chebbi MA, Dubreuil G, Duvic B, Kremer N, Gayral P, Musset K, Josse T, Bigot D, Bressac C, Moreau S, Periquet G, Harry M, Montagné N, Boulogne I, Sabeti-Azad M, Maïbèche M, Chertemps T, Hilliou F, Siaussat D, Amselem J, Luyten I, Capdevielle-Dulac C, Labadie K, Merlin BL, Barbe V, de Boer JG, Marbouty M, Cônsoli FL, Dupas S, Hua-Van A, Le Goff G, Bézier A, Jacquin-Joly E, Whitfield JB, Vet LEM, Smid HM, Kaiser L, Koszul R, Huguet E, Herniou EA, Drezen JM. Chromosomal scale assembly of parasitic wasp genome reveals symbiotic virus colonization. Commun Biol 2021; 4:104. [PMID: 33483589 PMCID: PMC7822920 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01623-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Endogenous viruses form an important proportion of eukaryote genomes and a source of novel functions. How large DNA viruses integrated into a genome evolve when they confer a benefit to their host, however, remains unknown. Bracoviruses are essential for the parasitism success of parasitoid wasps, into whose genomes they integrated ~103 million years ago. Here we show, from the assembly of a parasitoid wasp genome at a chromosomal scale, that bracovirus genes colonized all ten chromosomes of Cotesia congregata. Most form clusters of genes involved in particle production or parasitism success. Genomic comparison with another wasp, Microplitis demolitor, revealed that these clusters were already established ~53 mya and thus belong to remarkably stable genomic structures, the architectures of which are evolutionary constrained. Transcriptomic analyses highlight temporal synchronization of viral gene expression without resulting in immune gene induction, suggesting that no conflicts remain between ancient symbiotic partners when benefits to them converge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Gauthier
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l’Insecte, UMR 7261 CNRS-Université de Tours, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Parc de Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France ,grid.466902.f0000 0001 2248 6951Geneva Natural History Museum, 1208 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hélène Boulain
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l’Insecte, UMR 7261 CNRS-Université de Tours, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Parc de Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France ,grid.418656.80000 0001 1551 0562EAWAG, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Joke J. F. A. van Vugt
- grid.418375.c0000 0001 1013 0288Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lyam Baudry
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Régulation Spatiale des Génomes, UMR 3525, CNRS, Paris, 75015 France ,grid.462844.80000 0001 2308 1657Sorbonne Université, Collège Doctoral, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Emma Persyn
- grid.462350.6Sorbonne Université, INRAE, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Univ. de Paris, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Science of Paris (iEES-Paris), 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marc Aury
- grid.8390.20000 0001 2180 5818Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91057 Evry, France
| | - Benjamin Noel
- grid.8390.20000 0001 2180 5818Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91057 Evry, France
| | - Anthony Bretaudeau
- grid.410368.80000 0001 2191 9284IGEPP, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ Rennes, 35000 Rennes, France ,grid.420225.30000 0001 2298 7270Univ Rennes, Inria, CNRS, IRISA, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Fabrice Legeai
- grid.410368.80000 0001 2191 9284IGEPP, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ Rennes, 35000 Rennes, France ,grid.420225.30000 0001 2298 7270Univ Rennes, Inria, CNRS, IRISA, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Sven Warris
- grid.4818.50000 0001 0791 5666Applied Bioinformatics, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mohamed A. Chebbi
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l’Insecte, UMR 7261 CNRS-Université de Tours, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Parc de Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Géraldine Dubreuil
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l’Insecte, UMR 7261 CNRS-Université de Tours, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Parc de Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Bernard Duvic
- grid.503158.aUniversité Montpellier, INRAE, DGIMI, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Natacha Kremer
- grid.462854.90000 0004 0386 3493Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5558, 43 bd du 11 novembre 1918, bat. G. Mendel, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Philippe Gayral
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l’Insecte, UMR 7261 CNRS-Université de Tours, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Parc de Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Karine Musset
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l’Insecte, UMR 7261 CNRS-Université de Tours, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Parc de Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Thibaut Josse
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l’Insecte, UMR 7261 CNRS-Université de Tours, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Parc de Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Diane Bigot
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l’Insecte, UMR 7261 CNRS-Université de Tours, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Parc de Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Christophe Bressac
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l’Insecte, UMR 7261 CNRS-Université de Tours, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Parc de Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Sébastien Moreau
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l’Insecte, UMR 7261 CNRS-Université de Tours, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Parc de Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Georges Periquet
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l’Insecte, UMR 7261 CNRS-Université de Tours, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Parc de Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Myriam Harry
- grid.460789.40000 0004 4910 6535Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, IRD, UMR Évolution, Génomes, Comportement et Écologie, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Nicolas Montagné
- grid.462350.6Sorbonne Université, INRAE, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Univ. de Paris, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Science of Paris (iEES-Paris), 75005 Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Boulogne
- grid.462350.6Sorbonne Université, INRAE, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Univ. de Paris, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Science of Paris (iEES-Paris), 75005 Paris, France
| | - Mahnaz Sabeti-Azad
- grid.462350.6Sorbonne Université, INRAE, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Univ. de Paris, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Science of Paris (iEES-Paris), 75005 Paris, France
| | - Martine Maïbèche
- grid.462350.6Sorbonne Université, INRAE, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Univ. de Paris, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Science of Paris (iEES-Paris), 75005 Paris, France
| | - Thomas Chertemps
- grid.462350.6Sorbonne Université, INRAE, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Univ. de Paris, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Science of Paris (iEES-Paris), 75005 Paris, France
| | - Frédérique Hilliou
- grid.435437.20000 0004 0385 8766Université Côte d’Azur, INRAE, CNRS, ISA, 06903 Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - David Siaussat
- grid.462350.6Sorbonne Université, INRAE, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Univ. de Paris, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Science of Paris (iEES-Paris), 75005 Paris, France
| | - Joëlle Amselem
- grid.507621.7Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, URGI, 78026 Versailles, France
| | - Isabelle Luyten
- grid.507621.7Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, URGI, 78026 Versailles, France
| | - Claire Capdevielle-Dulac
- grid.460789.40000 0004 4910 6535Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, IRD, UMR Évolution, Génomes, Comportement et Écologie, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Karine Labadie
- grid.8390.20000 0001 2180 5818Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91057 Evry, France
| | - Bruna Laís Merlin
- grid.11899.380000 0004 1937 0722Insect Interactions Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Acarology, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo 13418-900 Brazil
| | - Valérie Barbe
- grid.8390.20000 0001 2180 5818Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91057 Evry, France
| | - Jetske G. de Boer
- grid.418375.c0000 0001 1013 0288Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands ,grid.4818.50000 0001 0791 5666Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands ,grid.4830.f0000 0004 0407 1981Evolutionary Genetics, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martial Marbouty
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Régulation Spatiale des Génomes, UMR 3525, CNRS, Paris, 75015 France
| | - Fernando Luis Cônsoli
- grid.11899.380000 0004 1937 0722Insect Interactions Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Acarology, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo 13418-900 Brazil
| | - Stéphane Dupas
- grid.460789.40000 0004 4910 6535Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, IRD, UMR Évolution, Génomes, Comportement et Écologie, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Aurélie Hua-Van
- grid.460789.40000 0004 4910 6535Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, IRD, UMR Évolution, Génomes, Comportement et Écologie, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Gaelle Le Goff
- grid.435437.20000 0004 0385 8766Université Côte d’Azur, INRAE, CNRS, ISA, 06903 Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Annie Bézier
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l’Insecte, UMR 7261 CNRS-Université de Tours, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Parc de Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Emmanuelle Jacquin-Joly
- grid.462350.6Sorbonne Université, INRAE, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Univ. de Paris, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Science of Paris (iEES-Paris), 75005 Paris, France
| | - James B. Whitfield
- Department of Entomology, 320 Morrill Hall, 505 South Goodwin Avenue, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| | - Louise E. M. Vet
- grid.418375.c0000 0001 1013 0288Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands ,grid.4818.50000 0001 0791 5666Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans M. Smid
- grid.4818.50000 0001 0791 5666Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Laure Kaiser
- grid.460789.40000 0004 4910 6535Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, IRD, UMR Évolution, Génomes, Comportement et Écologie, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Romain Koszul
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Régulation Spatiale des Génomes, UMR 3525, CNRS, Paris, 75015 France
| | - Elisabeth Huguet
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l’Insecte, UMR 7261 CNRS-Université de Tours, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Parc de Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Elisabeth A. Herniou
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l’Insecte, UMR 7261 CNRS-Université de Tours, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Parc de Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Jean-Michel Drezen
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l’Insecte, UMR 7261 CNRS-Université de Tours, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Parc de Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France
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8
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Kuramae EE, Dimitrov MR, da Silva GHR, Lucheta AR, Mendes LW, Luz RL, Vet LEM, Fernandes TV. On-Site Blackwater Treatment Fosters Microbial Groups and Functions to Efficiently and Robustly Recover Carbon and Nutrients. Microorganisms 2020; 9:E75. [PMID: 33396683 PMCID: PMC7824102 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9010075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Wastewater is considered a renewable resource water and energy. An advantage of decentralized sanitation systems is the separation of the blackwater (BW) stream, contaminated with human pathogens, from the remaining household water. However, the composition and functions of the microbial community in BW are not known. In this study, we used shotgun metagenomics to assess the dynamics of microbial community structure and function throughout a new BW anaerobic digestion system installed at The Netherlands Institute of Ecology. Samples from the influent (BW), primary effluent (anaerobic digested BW), sludge and final effluent of the pilot upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor and microalgae pilot tubular photobioreactor (PBR) were analyzed. Our results showed a decrease in microbial richness and diversity followed by a decrease in functional complexity and co-occurrence along the different modules of the bioreactor. The microbial diversity and function decrease were reflected both changes in substrate composition and wash conditions. Our wastewater treatment system also decreased microbial functions related to pathogenesis. In summary, the new sanitation system studied here fosters microbial groups and functions that allow the system to efficiently and robustly recover carbon and nutrients while reducing pathogenic groups, ultimately generating a final effluent safe for discharge and reuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiko E. Kuramae
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; (M.R.D.); (A.R.L.); (L.W.M.); (R.L.L.)
- Ecology and Biodiversity, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mauricio R. Dimitrov
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; (M.R.D.); (A.R.L.); (L.W.M.); (R.L.L.)
| | - Gustavo H. R. da Silva
- Department of Environmental and Civil Engineering, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru 17033-360, Brazil;
| | - Adriano R. Lucheta
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; (M.R.D.); (A.R.L.); (L.W.M.); (R.L.L.)
| | - Lucas W. Mendes
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; (M.R.D.); (A.R.L.); (L.W.M.); (R.L.L.)
| | - Ronildson L. Luz
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; (M.R.D.); (A.R.L.); (L.W.M.); (R.L.L.)
| | - Louise E. M. Vet
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Tania V. Fernandes
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands;
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9
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de Boer JG, Hollander PJ, Heinen D, Jagger D, van Sliedregt P, Salis L, Kos M, Vet LEM. Do plant volatiles confuse rather than guide foraging behavior of the aphid hyperparasitoid Dendrocerus aphidum? CHEMOECOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00049-020-00321-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMany species of parasitoid wasps use plant volatiles to locate their herbivorous hosts. These volatiles are reliable indicators of host presence when their emission in plants is induced by herbivory. Hyperparasitoids may also use information from lower trophic levels to locate their parasitoid hosts but little is known about the role of volatiles from the plant–host complex in the foraging behavior of hyperparasitoids. Here, we studied how Dendrocerus aphidum (Megaspilidae) responds to plant and host volatiles in a series of experiments. This hyperparasitoid uses aphid mummies as its host and hampers biological control of aphids by parasitoids in greenhouse horticulture. We found that D. aphidum females were strongly attracted to volatiles from mummy-infested sweet pepper plants, but only when clean air was offered as an alternative odor source in the Y-tube olfactometer. Hyperparasitoid females did not have a preference for mummy-infested plants when volatiles from aphid-infested or healthy pepper plants were presented as an alternative. These olfactory responses of D. aphidum were mostly independent of prior experience. Volatiles from the host itself were also highly attractive to D. aphidum, but again hyperparasitoid females only had a preference in the absence of plant volatiles. Our findings suggest that plant volatiles may confuse, rather than guide the foraging behavior of D. aphidum. Mummy hyperparasitoids, such as D. aphidum, can use a wide variety of mummies and are thus extreme generalists at the lower trophic levels, which may explain the limited role of (induced) plant volatiles in their host searching behavior.
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10
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Leung K, Ras E, Ferguson KB, Ariëns S, Babendreier D, Bijma P, Bourtzis K, Brodeur J, Bruins MA, Centurión A, Chattington SR, Chinchilla-Ramírez M, Dicke M, Fatouros NE, González-Cabrera J, Groot TVM, Haye T, Knapp M, Koskinioti P, Le Hesran S, Lyrakis M, Paspati A, Pérez-Hedo M, Plouvier WN, Schlötterer C, Stahl JM, Thiel A, Urbaneja A, van de Zande L, Verhulst EC, Vet LEM, Visser S, Werren JH, Xia S, Zwaan BJ, Magalhães S, Beukeboom LW, Pannebakker BA. Next-generation biological control: the need for integrating genetics and genomics. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 95:1838-1854. [PMID: 32794644 PMCID: PMC7689903 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Biological control is widely successful at controlling pests, but effective biocontrol agents are now more difficult to import from countries of origin due to more restrictive international trade laws (the Nagoya Protocol). Coupled with increasing demand, the efficacy of existing and new biocontrol agents needs to be improved with genetic and genomic approaches. Although they have been underutilised in the past, application of genetic and genomic techniques is becoming more feasible from both technological and economic perspectives. We review current methods and provide a framework for using them. First, it is necessary to identify which biocontrol trait to select and in what direction. Next, the genes or markers linked to these traits need be determined, including how to implement this information into a selective breeding program. Choosing a trait can be assisted by modelling to account for the proper agro‐ecological context, and by knowing which traits have sufficiently high heritability values. We provide guidelines for designing genomic strategies in biocontrol programs, which depend on the organism, budget, and desired objective. Genomic approaches start with genome sequencing and assembly. We provide a guide for deciding the most successful sequencing strategy for biocontrol agents. Gene discovery involves quantitative trait loci analyses, transcriptomic and proteomic studies, and gene editing. Improving biocontrol practices includes marker‐assisted selection, genomic selection and microbiome manipulation of biocontrol agents, and monitoring for genetic variation during rearing and post‐release. We conclude by identifying the most promising applications of genetic and genomic methods to improve biological control efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelley Leung
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, PO Box 11103, 9700 CC, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erica Ras
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Vienna International Centre, P.O. Box 100, 1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kim B Ferguson
- Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Simone Ariëns
- Group for Population and Evolutionary Ecology, FB 02, Institute of Ecology, University of Bremen, Leobener Str. 5, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | | | - Piter Bijma
- Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kostas Bourtzis
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Vienna International Centre, P.O. Box 100, 1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jacques Brodeur
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Université de Montréal, 4101 Sherbrooke Est, Montréal, Quebec, Canada, H1X 2B2
| | - Margreet A Bruins
- Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alejandra Centurión
- Group for Population and Evolutionary Ecology, FB 02, Institute of Ecology, University of Bremen, Leobener Str. 5, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Sophie R Chattington
- Group for Population and Evolutionary Ecology, FB 02, Institute of Ecology, University of Bremen, Leobener Str. 5, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Milena Chinchilla-Ramírez
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Unidad Mixta Gestión Biotecnológica de Plagas UV-IVIA, Carretera CV-315, Km 10'7, 46113, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nina E Fatouros
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joel González-Cabrera
- Department of Genetics, Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnología i Biomedicina (ERI-BIOTECMED), Unidad Mixta Gestión Biotecnológica de Plagas UV-IVIA, Universitat de València, Dr Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Thomas V M Groot
- Koppert Biological Systems, Veilingweg 14, 2651 BE, Berkel en Rodenrijs, The Netherlands
| | - Tim Haye
- CABI, Rue des Grillons 1, 2800, Delémont, Switzerland
| | - Markus Knapp
- Koppert Biological Systems, Veilingweg 14, 2651 BE, Berkel en Rodenrijs, The Netherlands
| | - Panagiota Koskinioti
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Vienna International Centre, P.O. Box 100, 1400, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500, Larissa, Greece
| | - Sophie Le Hesran
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Koppert Biological Systems, Veilingweg 14, 2651 BE, Berkel en Rodenrijs, The Netherlands
| | - Manolis Lyrakis
- Institut für Populationsgenetik, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria.,Vienna Graduate School of Population Genetics, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Angeliki Paspati
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Unidad Mixta Gestión Biotecnológica de Plagas UV-IVIA, Carretera CV-315, Km 10'7, 46113, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Meritxell Pérez-Hedo
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Unidad Mixta Gestión Biotecnológica de Plagas UV-IVIA, Carretera CV-315, Km 10'7, 46113, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Wouter N Plouvier
- INRA, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254, 400 Route des Chappes, BP 167 06903, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Christian Schlötterer
- Institut für Populationsgenetik, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Judith M Stahl
- CABI, Rue des Grillons 1, 2800, Delémont, Switzerland.,Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center, University of California Berkeley, 9240 South Riverbend Avenue, Parlier, CA, 93648, USA
| | - Andra Thiel
- Group for Population and Evolutionary Ecology, FB 02, Institute of Ecology, University of Bremen, Leobener Str. 5, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Alberto Urbaneja
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Unidad Mixta Gestión Biotecnológica de Plagas UV-IVIA, Carretera CV-315, Km 10'7, 46113, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Louis van de Zande
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, PO Box 11103, 9700 CC, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Eveline C Verhulst
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Louise E M Vet
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Visser
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre CAS, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - John H Werren
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Shuwen Xia
- Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bas J Zwaan
- Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sara Magalhães
- cE3c: Centre for Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Edifício C2, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Leo W Beukeboom
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, PO Box 11103, 9700 CC, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart A Pannebakker
- Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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11
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Trebuch LM, Oyserman BO, Janssen M, Wijffels RH, Vet LEM, Fernandes TV. Impact of hydraulic retention time on community assembly and function of photogranules for wastewater treatment. Water Res 2020; 173:115506. [PMID: 32006806 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Photogranules are dense, spherical agglomerates of cyanobacteria, microalgae and non-phototrophic microorganisms that have considerable advantages in terms of harvesting and nutrient removal rates for light driven wastewater treatment processes. This ecosystem is poorly understood in terms of the microbial community structure and the response of the community to changing abiotic conditions. To get a better understanding, we investigated the effect of hydraulic retention time (HRT) on photogranule formation and community assembly over a period of 148 days. Three laboratory bioreactors were inoculated with field samples from various locations in the Netherlands and operated in sequencing batch mode. The bioreactors were operated at four different HRTs (2.00, 1.00, 0.67, 0.33 days), while retaining the same solid retention time of 7 days. A microbial community with excellent settling characteristics (95-99% separation efficiency) was established within 2-5 weeks. The observed nutrient uptake rates ranged from 24 to 90 mgN L-1 day-1 and from 3.1 to 5.4 mgP L-1 day-1 depending on the applied HRT. The transition from single-cell suspension culture to floccular agglomeration to granular sludge was monitored by microscopy and 16S/18S sequencing. In particular, two important variables for driving aggregation and granulation, and for the structural integrity of photogranules were identified: 1. Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) with high protein to polysaccharide ratio and 2. specific microorganisms. The key players were found to be the cyanobacteria Limnothrix and Cephalothrix, the colony forming photosynthetic eukaryotes within Chlamydomonadaceae, and the biofilm producing bacteria Zoogloea and Thauera. Knowing the makeup of the microbial community and the operational conditions influencing granulation and bioreactor function is crucial for successful operation of photogranular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Trebuch
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Bioprocess Engineering, AlgaePARC Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - B O Oyserman
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Bioinformatics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - M Janssen
- Bioprocess Engineering, AlgaePARC Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - R H Wijffels
- Bioprocess Engineering, AlgaePARC Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, N-8049, Bodø, Norway
| | - L E M Vet
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - T V Fernandes
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Harvey JA, Heinen R, Armbrecht I, Basset Y, Baxter-Gilbert JH, Bezemer TM, Böhm M, Bommarco R, Borges PAV, Cardoso P, Clausnitzer V, Cornelisse T, Crone EE, Dicke M, Dijkstra KDB, Dyer L, Ellers J, Fartmann T, Forister ML, Furlong MJ, Garcia-Aguayo A, Gerlach J, Gols R, Goulson D, Habel JC, Haddad NM, Hallmann CA, Henriques S, Herberstein ME, Hochkirch A, Hughes AC, Jepsen S, Jones TH, Kaydan BM, Kleijn D, Klein AM, Latty T, Leather SR, Lewis SM, Lister BC, Losey JE, Lowe EC, Macadam CR, Montoya-Lerma J, Nagano CD, Ogan S, Orr MC, Painting CJ, Pham TH, Potts SG, Rauf A, Roslin TL, Samways MJ, Sanchez-Bayo F, Sar SA, Schultz CB, Soares AO, Thancharoen A, Tscharntke T, Tylianakis JM, Umbers KDL, Vet LEM, Visser ME, Vujic A, Wagner DL, WallisDeVries MF, Westphal C, White TE, Wilkins VL, Williams PH, Wyckhuys KAG, Zhu ZR, de Kroon H. International scientists formulate a roadmap for insect conservation and recovery. Nat Ecol Evol 2020; 4:174-176. [PMID: 31907382 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-019-1079-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Harvey
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Robin Heinen
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Inge Armbrecht
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | - Yves Basset
- ForestGEO, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
| | | | - T Martijn Bezemer
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Monika Böhm
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, UK
| | - Riccardo Bommarco
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Paulo A V Borges
- cE3c-Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group, University of Azores, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro Cardoso
- Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas-Douwe B Dijkstra
- IUCN SSC Freshwater Conservation Committee, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lee Dyer
- Biology Department, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Jacintha Ellers
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Vrije University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Fartmann
- Department of Biodiversity and Landscape Ecology, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | | | - Michael J Furlong
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Justin Gerlach
- IUCN SSC Terrestrial Invertebrate Red List Authority, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rieta Gols
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dave Goulson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Jan-Christian Habel
- Evolutionary Zoology, Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Nick M Haddad
- Kellogg Biological Station and Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, Hickory Corners, MI, USA
| | - Caspar A Hallmann
- Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marie E Herberstein
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Axel Hochkirch
- Department of Biogeography, Trier University, Trier, Germany
| | - Alice C Hughes
- Centre for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan, China
| | - Sarina Jepsen
- The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation, Portland, OR, USA
| | - T Hefin Jones
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Bora M Kaydan
- Biotechnology Application and Research Centre, Çukurova University, Balcalı, Adana, Turkey
| | - David Kleijn
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Tanya Latty
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Sydney Institute of Agriculture, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Simon R Leather
- Crop & Environment Science, Harper Adams University, Newport, UK
| | - Sara M Lewis
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Bradford C Lister
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - John E Losey
- Entomology Department, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Elizabeth C Lowe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Craig R Macadam
- Buglife - The Invertebrate Conservation Trust, Peterborough, UK
| | | | | | - Sophie Ogan
- Department of Biogeography, Trier University, Trier, Germany
| | - Michael C Orr
- Key Laboratory for Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Thai-Hong Pham
- Vietnam National Museum of Nature & Graduate School of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Simon G Potts
- Centre for Agri-Environmental Research, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, Reading University, Reading, UK
| | - Aunu Rauf
- Department of Plant Protection, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Tomas L Roslin
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Michael J Samways
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa
| | | | - Sim A Sar
- National Agricultural Research Institute, Lae, Papua New Guinea
| | - Cheryl B Schultz
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Vancouver, British Columbia, USA
| | - António O Soares
- cE3c-Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group, University of Azores, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Anchana Thancharoen
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Teja Tscharntke
- Agroecology, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jason M Tylianakis
- Bio-protection Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Kate D L Umbers
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Louise E M Vet
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel E Visser
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ante Vujic
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - David L Wagner
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Michiel F WallisDeVries
- De Vlinderstichting (Dutch Butterfly Conservation) & Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Catrin Westphal
- Functional Agrobiodiversity, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas E White
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Sydney Institute of Agriculture, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Vicky L Wilkins
- IUCN SSC Mid Atlantic Island Invertebrate Specialist Group, IUCN, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Zeng-Rong Zhu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Insect Pests and Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hans de Kroon
- Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Veen GF, Wubs ERJ, Bardgett RD, Barrios E, Bradford MA, Carvalho S, De Deyn GB, de Vries FT, Giller KE, Kleijn D, Landis DA, Rossing WAH, Schrama M, Six J, Struik PC, van Gils S, Wiskerke JSC, van der Putten WH, Vet LEM. Applying the Aboveground-Belowground Interaction Concept in Agriculture: Spatio-Temporal Scales Matter. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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14
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Kruidhof HM, Kostenko O, Smid HM, Vet LEM. Integrating Parasitoid Olfactory Conditioning in Augmentative Biological Control: Potential Impact, Possibilities, and Challenges. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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15
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de Bruijn JAC, Vet LEM, Smid HM. Costs of Persisting Unreliable Memory: Reduced Foraging Efficiency for Free-Flying Parasitic Wasps in a Wind Tunnel. Front Ecol Evol 2018. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2018.00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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16
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de Bruijn JAC, Vet LEM, Jongsma MA, Smid HM. Automated high-throughput individual tracking system for insect behavior: Applications on memory retention in parasitic wasps. J Neurosci Methods 2018; 309:208-217. [PMID: 30227145 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insects are important models to study learning and memory formation in both an ecological and neuroscience context due to their small size, behavioral flexibility and ecological diversity. Measuring memory retention is often done through simple time-consuming set-ups, producing only a single parameter for conditioned behavior. We wished to obtain higher sample sizes with fewer individuals to measure olfactory memory retention more efficiently. NEW METHOD The high-throughput individual T-maze uses commercially available tracking software, Ethovision XT®, in combination with a Perspex stack of plates as small as 18 × 18 cm, which accommodates 36 olfactory T-mazes, where each individual wasp could choose between two artificial odors. Various behavioral parameters, relevant to memory retention, were acquired in this set-up; first choice, residence time, giving up time and zone entries. From these parameters a performance index was calculated as a measure of memory retention. Groups of 36 wasps were simultaneously tested within minutes, resulting in efficient acquisition of sufficiently high sample sizes. RESULTS This system was tested with two very different parasitic wasp species, the larval parasitoid Cotesia glomerata and the pupal parasitoid Nasonia vitripennis, and has proven to be highly suitable for testing memory retention in both these species. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS Unlike other bioassays, this system allows for both high-throughput and recording of detailed individual behavior. CONCLUSIONS The high-throughput individual T-maze provides us with a standardized high-throughput, labor-efficient and cost-effective method to test various kinds of behavior, offering excellent opportunities for comparative studies of various aspects of insect behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A C de Bruijn
- Laboratory of Entomology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Louise E M Vet
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten A Jongsma
- Plant Research International, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Hans M Smid
- Laboratory of Entomology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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17
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Vasconcelos Fernandes T, Shrestha R, Sui Y, Papini G, Zeeman G, Vet LEM, Wijffels RH, Lamers P. Closing Domestic Nutrient Cycles Using Microalgae. Environ Sci Technol 2015; 49:12450-12456. [PMID: 26389714 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b02858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study demonstrates that microalgae can effectively recover all P and N from anaerobically treated black water (toilet wastewater). Thus, enabling the removal of nutrients from the black water and the generation of a valuable algae product in one step. Screening experiments with green microalgae and cyanobacteria showed that all tested green microalgae species successfully grew on anaerobically treated black water. In a subsequent controlled experiment in flat-panel photobioreactors, Chlorella sorokiniana was able to remove 100% of the phosphorus and nitrogen from the medium. Phosphorus was depleted within 4 days while nitrogen took 12 days to reach depletion. The phosphorus and nitrogen removal rates during the initial linear growth phase were 17 and 122 mg·L(-1)·d(-1), respectively. After this initial phase, the phosphorus was depleted. The nitrogen removal rate continued to decrease in the second phase, resulting in an overall removal rate of 80 mg·L(-1)·d(-1). The biomass concentration at the end of the experiment was 11.5 g·L(-1), with a P content of approximately 1% and a N content of 7.6%. This high algal biomass concentration, together with a relatively short P recovery time, is a promising finding for future post-treatment of black water while gaining valuable algal biomass for further application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tânia Vasconcelos Fernandes
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW) , P.O. Box 50, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rabin Shrestha
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW) , P.O. Box 50, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yixing Sui
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW) , P.O. Box 50, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gustavo Papini
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW) , P.O. Box 50, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Grietje Zeeman
- Sub-department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University , P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Louise E M Vet
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW) , P.O. Box 50, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rene H Wijffels
- Bioprocess Engineering, AlgaePARC, Wageningen University , P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- University of Nordland , Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, N-8049, Bodø, Norway
| | - Packo Lamers
- Bioprocess Engineering, AlgaePARC, Wageningen University , P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
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18
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van Vugt JJFA, Hoedjes KM, van de Geest HC, Schijlen EWGM, Vet LEM, Smid HM. Differentially expressed genes linked to natural variation in long-term memory formation in Cotesia parasitic wasps. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 9:255. [PMID: 26557061 PMCID: PMC4617343 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Even though learning and memory are universal traits in the Animal Kingdom, closely related species reveal substantial variation in learning rate and memory dynamics. To determine the genetic background of this natural variation, we studied two congeneric parasitic wasp species, Cotesia glomerata and C. rubecula, which lay their eggs in caterpillars of the large and small cabbage white butterfly. A successful egg laying event serves as an unconditioned stimulus (US) in a classical conditioning paradigm, where plant odors become associated with the encounter of a suitable host caterpillar. Depending on the host species, the number of conditioning trials and the parasitic wasp species, three different types of transcription-dependent long-term memory (LTM) and one type of transcription-independent, anesthesia-resistant memory (ARM) can be distinguished. To identify transcripts underlying these differences in memory formation, we isolated mRNA from parasitic wasp heads at three different time points between induction and consolidation of each of the four memory types, and for each sample three biological replicates, where after strand-specific paired-end 100 bp deep sequencing. Transcriptomes were assembled de novo and differential expression was determined for each memory type and time point after conditioning, compared to unconditioned wasps. Most differentially expressed (DE) genes and antisense transcripts were only DE in one of the LTM types. Among the DE genes that were DE in two or more LTM types, were many protein kinases and phosphatases, small GTPases, receptors and ion channels. Some genes were DE in opposing directions between any of the LTM memory types and ARM, suggesting that ARM in Cotesia requires the transcription of genes inhibiting LTM or vice versa. We discuss our findings in the context of neuronal functioning, including RNA splicing and transport, epigenetic regulation, neurotransmitter/peptide synthesis and antisense transcription. In conclusion, these brain transcriptomes provide candidate genes that may be involved in the observed natural variation in LTM in closely related Cotesia parasitic wasp species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joke J F A van Vugt
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW) Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Katja M Hoedjes
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Elio W G M Schijlen
- Applied Bioinformatics, Plant Research International Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Louise E M Vet
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW) Wageningen, Netherlands ; Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Hans M Smid
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University Wageningen, Netherlands
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19
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Kruidhof HM, Roberts AL, Magdaraog P, Muñoz D, Gols R, Vet LEM, Hoffmeister TS, Harvey JA. Habitat complexity reduces parasitoid foraging efficiency, but does not prevent orientation towards learned host plant odours. Oecologia 2015; 179:353-61. [PMID: 26001606 PMCID: PMC4568006 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-015-3346-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that many parasitic wasps use herbivore-induced plant odours (HIPVs) to locate their inconspicuous host insects, and are often able to distinguish between slight differences in plant odour composition. However, few studies have examined parasitoid foraging behaviour under (semi-)field conditions. In nature, food plants of parasitoid hosts are often embedded in non-host-plant assemblages that confer both structural and chemical complexity. By releasing both naïve and experienced Cotesia glomerata females in outdoor tents, we studied how natural vegetation surrounding Pieris brassicae-infested Sinapis arvensis and Barbarea vulgaris plants influences their foraging efficiency as well as their ability to specifically orient towards the HIPVs of the host plant species on which they previously had a positive oviposition experience. Natural background vegetation reduced the host-encounter rate of naïve C. glomerata females by 47 %. While associative learning of host plant HIPVs 1 day prior to foraging caused a 28 % increase in the overall foraging efficiency of C. glomerata, it did not reduce the negative influence of natural background vegetation. At the same time, however, females foraging in natural vegetation attacked more host patches on host-plant species on which they previously had a positive oviposition experience. We conclude that, even though the presence of natural vegetation reduces the foraging efficiency of C. glomerata, it does not prevent experienced female wasps from specifically orienting towards the host-plant species from which they had learned the HIPVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Kruidhof
- Population and Evolutionary Ecology Group, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany. .,Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands. .,Wageningen UR Greenhouse Horticulture, Bleiswijk, The Netherlands.
| | - A L Roberts
- Population and Evolutionary Ecology Group, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.,Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - P Magdaraog
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Applied Entomology, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - D Muñoz
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - R Gols
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - L E M Vet
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - T S Hoffmeister
- Population and Evolutionary Ecology Group, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - J A Harvey
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Hoedjes KM, Smid HM, Schijlen EGWM, Vet LEM, van Vugt JJFA. Learning-induced gene expression in the heads of two Nasonia species that differ in long-term memory formation. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:162. [PMID: 25888126 PMCID: PMC4440501 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1355-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cellular processes underlying memory formation are evolutionary conserved, but natural variation in memory dynamics between animal species or populations is common. The genetic basis of this fascinating phenomenon is poorly understood. Closely related species of Nasonia parasitic wasps differ in long-term memory (LTM) formation: N. vitripennis will form transcription-dependent LTM after a single conditioning trial, whereas the closely-related species N. giraulti will not. Genes that were differentially expressed (DE) after conditioning in N. vitripennis, but not in N. giraulti, were identified as candidate genes that may regulate LTM formation. Results RNA was collected from heads of both species before and immediately, 4 or 24 hours after conditioning, with 3 replicates per time point. It was sequenced strand-specifically, which allows distinguishing sense from antisense transcripts and improves the quality of expression analyses. We determined conditioning-induced DE compared to naïve controls for both species. These expression patterns were then analysed with GO enrichment analyses for each species and time point, which demonstrated an enrichment of signalling-related genes immediately after conditioning in N. vitripennis only. Analyses of known LTM genes and genes with an opposing expression pattern between the two species revealed additional candidate genes for the difference in LTM formation. These include genes from various signalling cascades, including several members of the Ras and PI3 kinase signalling pathways, and glutamate receptors. Interestingly, several other known LTM genes were exclusively differentially expressed in N. giraulti, which may indicate an LTM-inhibitory mechanism. Among the DE transcripts were also antisense transcripts. Furthermore, antisense transcripts aligning to a number of known memory genes were detected, which may have a role in regulating these genes. Conclusion This study is the first to describe and compare expression patterns of both protein-coding and antisense transcripts, at different time points after conditioning, of two closely related animal species that differ in LTM formation. Several candidate genes that may regulate differences in LTM have been identified. This transcriptome analysis is a valuable resource for future in-depth studies to elucidate the role of candidate genes and antisense transcription in natural variation in LTM formation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1355-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja M Hoedjes
- Laboratory of Entomology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University, P.O. box 8031, 6700AP, Wageningen, The Netherlands. .,Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Le Biophore, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Hans M Smid
- Laboratory of Entomology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University, P.O. box 8031, 6700AP, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Elio G W M Schijlen
- PRI Bioscience, Plant Research International, P.O. box 619, 6700AP, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Louise E M Vet
- Laboratory of Entomology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University, P.O. box 8031, 6700AP, Wageningen, The Netherlands. .,Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), P.O. Box 50, 6700 AB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Joke J F A van Vugt
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), P.O. Box 50, 6700 AB, Wageningen, The Netherlands. .,Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Utrecht, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Fortuna TM, Eckert S, Harvey JA, Vet LEM, Müller C, Gols R. Variation in plant defences among populations of a range-expanding plant: consequences for trophic interactions. New Phytol 2014; 204:989-999. [PMID: 25138432 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Although plant-herbivore-enemy interactions have been studied extensively in cross-continental plant invasions, little is known about intra-continental range expanders, despite their rapid spread globally. Using an ecological and metabolomics approach, we compared the insect performance of a generalist and specialist herbivore and a parasitoid, as well as plant defence traits, among native, exotic invasive and exotic non-invasive populations of the Turkish rocket, Bunias orientalis, a range-expanding species across parts of Eurasia. In the glasshouse, the generalist herbivore, Mamestra brassicae, and its parasitoid, Microplitis mediator, performed better on non-native than on native plant populations. Insect performance did not differ between the two non-native origins. By contrast, the specialist herbivore, Pieris brassicae, developed poorly on all populations. Differences in trichome densities and in the metabolome, particularly in the family-specific secondary metabolites (i.e. glucosinolates), may explain population-related variation in the performance of the generalist herbivore and its parasitoid. Total glucosinolate concentrations were significantly induced by herbivory, particularly in native populations. Native populations of B. orientalis are generally better defended than non-native populations. The role of insect herbivores and dietary specialization as a selection force on defence traits in the range-expanding B. orientalis is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiadjana M Fortuna
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), PO Box 50, 6700 AB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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22
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Mathur V, Tytgat TOG, Hordijk CA, Harhangi HR, Jansen JJ, Reddy AS, Harvey JA, Vet LEM, van Dam NM. An ecogenomic analysis of herbivore-induced plant volatiles in Brassica juncea. Mol Ecol 2013; 22:6179-96. [PMID: 24219759 DOI: 10.1111/mec.12555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Upon herbivore feeding, plants emit complex bouquets of induced volatiles that may repel insect herbivores as well as attract parasitoids or predators. Due to differences in the temporal dynamics of individual components, the composition of the herbivore-induced plant volatile (HIPV) blend changes with time. Consequently, the response of insects associated with plants is not constant either. Using Brassica juncea as the model plant and generalist Spodoptera spp. larvae as the inducing herbivore, we investigated herbivore and parasitoid preference as well as the molecular mechanisms behind the temporal dynamics in HIPV emissions at 24, 48 and 72 h after damage. In choice tests, Spodoptera litura moth preferred undamaged plants, whereas its parasitoid Cotesia marginiventris favoured plants induced for 48 h. In contrast, the specialist Plutella xylostella and its parasitoid C. vestalis preferred plants induced for 72 h. These preferences matched the dynamic changes in HIPV blends over time. Gene expression analysis suggested that the induced response after Spodoptera feeding is mainly controlled by the jasmonic acid pathway in both damaged and systemic leaves. Several genes involved in sulphide and green leaf volatile synthesis were clearly up-regulated. This study thus shows that HIPV blends vary considerably over a short period of time, and these changes are actively regulated at the gene expression level. Moreover, temporal changes in HIPVs elicit differential preferences of herbivores and their natural enemies. We argue that the temporal dynamics of HIPVs may play a key role in shaping the response of insects associated with plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vartika Mathur
- Department of Zoology, Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi, Benito Juarez Marg, Dhaula kuan, New Delhi, 11002, India
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23
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Poelman EH, Harvey JA, van Loon JJA, Vet LEM, Dicke M. Variation in herbivore-induced plant volatiles corresponds with spatial heterogeneity in the level of parasitoid competition and parasitoid exposure to hyperparasitism. Funct Ecol 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Erik H. Poelman
- Laboratory of Entomology; Wageningen University; PO Box 8031; 6700; EH Wageningen; The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey A. Harvey
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology; Netherlands Institute of Ecology; Droevendaalsesteeg 10; 6708; PB Wageningen; The Netherlands
| | - Joop J. A. van Loon
- Laboratory of Entomology; Wageningen University; PO Box 8031; 6700; EH Wageningen; The Netherlands
| | | | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology; Wageningen University; PO Box 8031; 6700; EH Wageningen; The Netherlands
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Mathur V, Wagenaar R, Caissard JC, Reddy AS, Vet LEM, Cortesero AM, Van Dam NM. A novel indirect defence in Brassicaceae: structure and function of extrafloral nectaries in Brassica juncea. Plant Cell Environ 2013; 36:528-41. [PMID: 22889298 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2012.02593.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
While nectaries are commonly found in flowers, some plants also form extrafloral nectaries on stems or leaves. For the first time in the family Brassicaceae, here we report extrafloral nectaries in Brassica juncea. The extrafloral nectar (EFN) was secreted from previously amorphic sites on stems, flowering stalks and leaf axils from the onset of flowering until silique formation. Transverse sections at the point of nectar secretion revealed a pocket-like structure whose opening was surrounded by modified stomatal guard cells. The EFN droplets were viscous and up to 50% of the total weight was sugars, 97% of which was sucrose in the five varieties of B. juncea examined. Threonine, glutamine, arginine and glutamate were the most abundant amino acids. EFN droplets also contained glucosinolates, mainly gluconapin and sinigrin. Nectar secretion was increased when the plants were damaged by chewing above- and belowground herbivores and sap-sucking aphids. Parasitoids of each herbivore species were tested for their preference, of which three parasitoids preferred EFN and sucrose solutions over water. Moreover, the survival and fecundity of parasitoids were positively affected by feeding on EFN. We conclude that EFN production in B. juncea may contribute to the indirect defence of this plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vartika Mathur
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), PO Box 50, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Kos M, Houshyani B, Overeem AJ, Bouwmeester HJ, Weldegergis BT, van Loon JJA, Dicke M, Vet LEM. Genetic engineering of plant volatile terpenoids: effects on a herbivore, a predator and a parasitoid. Pest Manag Sci 2013; 69:302-311. [PMID: 22933413 DOI: 10.1002/ps.3391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most insect-resistant transgenic crops employ toxins to control pests. A novel approach is to enhance the effectiveness of natural enemies by genetic engineering of the biosynthesis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Before the commercialisation of such transgenic plants can be pursued, detailed fundamental studies of their effects on herbivores and their natural enemies are necessary. The linalool/nerolidol synthase gene FaNES1 was constitutively expressed from strawberry in three Arabidopsis thaliana accessions, and the behaviour of the aphid Brevicoryne brassicae L., the parasitoid Diaeretiella rapae McIntosh and the predator Episyrphus balteatus de Geer was studied. RESULTS Transgenic FaNES1-expressing plants emitted (E)-nerolidol and larger amounts of (E)-DMNT and linalool. Brevicoryne brassicae was repelled by the transgenic lines of two of the accessions, whereas its performance was not affected. Diaeretiella rapae preferred aphid-infested transgenic plants over aphid-infested wild-type plants for two of the accessions. In contrast, female E. balteatus predators did not differentiate between aphid-infested transgenic or wild-type plants. CONCLUSION The results indicate that the genetic engineering of plants to modify their emission of VOCs holds considerable promise for facilitating biological control of herbivores. Validation for crop plants is a necessary next step to assess the usefulness of modified volatile emission in integrated pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Kos
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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26
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Kruidhof HM, de Rijk M, Hoffmann D, Harvey JA, Vet LEM, Soler R. Effect of belowground herbivory on parasitoid associative learning of plant odours. OIKOS 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2012.00142.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Mathur V, Tytgat TOG, de Graaf RM, Kalia V, Sankara Reddy A, Vet LEM, van Dam NM. Dealing with double trouble: consequences of single and double herbivory in Brassica juncea. CHEMOECOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00049-012-0120-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Harvey JA, Gols R, Vet LEM, Marjolein Kruidhof H. Development of a hyperparasitoid wasp in different stages of its primary parasitoid and secondary herbivore hosts. J Insect Physiol 2012; 58:1463-1468. [PMID: 22939901 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2012.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Revised: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Parasitoid wasps are model organisms for exploring constraints on life history and development strategies in arthropods. Koinobiont parasitoids attack hosts that may vary considerably in size at parasitation. Thus far, studies exploring koinobiont development in hosts of different size have been exclusively done with primary parasitoids attacking insect herbivores. However, the larvae of primary koinobiont parasitoids may in turn be attacked by koinobiont hyperparasitoids. We examined development of the gregarious hyperparasitoid Baryscapus galactopus in different stages of its primary parasitoid host, Cotesia glomerata, itself developing in different stages of caterpillars of the cabbage butterfly, Pieris brassicae. This is the first study exploring hyperparasitoid development in different stages of a primary and secondary host. Second instar (L2) larvae of P. brassicae were parasitized by C. glomerata, and separate cohorts of L3 to L5 P. brassicae containing different stages of C. glomerata were then presented to B. galactopus females. B. galactopus was able to parasitize tiny larvae of C. glomerata in L3 caterpillars of P. brassicae, but hyperparasitism efficiency increased in later instars of both C. glomerata and P. brassicae. Development time of B. galactopus was extended in younger C. glomerata/P. brassicae hosts, whereas adult mass was largest when C. glomerata was attacked in L3 through early L5 P. brassicae. Our results show that B. galactopus adjusts its development rate in accordance with the size of both its primary and secondary hosts, in order to ensure survival. Adaptive responses to phylogenetic constraints on the development of primary hyperparasitoids are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Harvey
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Droevendalsesteeg 10, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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29
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Hoedjes KM, Steidle JLM, Werren JH, Vet LEM, Smid HM. High-throughput olfactory conditioning and memory retention test show variation in Nasonia parasitic wasps. Genes Brain Behav 2012; 11:879-87. [PMID: 22804968 PMCID: PMC3492908 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2012.00823.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Revised: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Most of our knowledge on learning and memory formation results from extensive studies on a small number of animal species. Although features and cellular pathways of learning and memory are highly similar in this diverse group of species, there are also subtle differences. Closely related species of parasitic wasps display substantial variation in memory dynamics and can be instrumental to understanding both the adaptive benefit of and mechanisms underlying this variation. Parasitic wasps of the genus Nasonia offer excellent opportunities for multidisciplinary research on this topic. Genetic and genomic resources available for Nasonia are unrivaled among parasitic wasps, providing tools for genetic dissection of mechanisms that cause differences in learning. This study presents a robust, high-throughput method for olfactory conditioning of Nasonia using a host encounter as reward. A T-maze olfactometer facilitates high-throughput memory retention testing and employs standardized odors of equal detectability, as quantified by electroantennogram recordings. Using this setup, differences in memory retention between Nasonia species were shown. In both Nasonia vitripennis and Nasonia longicornis, memory was observed up to at least 5 days after a single conditioning trial, whereas Nasonia giraulti lost its memory after 2 days. This difference in learning may be an adaptation to species-specific differences in ecological factors, for example, host preference. The high-throughput methods for conditioning and memory retention testing are essential tools to study both ultimate and proximate factors that cause variation in learning and memory formation in Nasonia and other parasitic wasp species.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Hoedjes
- Laboratory of Entomology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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30
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Kruidhof HM, Pashalidou FG, Fatouros NE, Figueroa IA, Vet LEM, Smid HM, Huigens ME. Reward value determines memory consolidation in parasitic wasps. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39615. [PMID: 22936971 PMCID: PMC3425566 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Animals can store learned information in their brains through a series of distinct memory forms. Short-lasting memory forms can be followed by longer-lasting, consolidated memory forms. However, the factors determining variation in memory consolidation encountered in nature have thus far not been fully elucidated. Here, we show that two parasitic wasp species belonging to different families, Cotesia glomerata (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and Trichogramma evanescens (Hymenoptera; Trichogrammatidae), similarly adjust the memory form they consolidate to a fitness-determining reward: egg-laying into a host-insect that serves as food for their offspring. Protein synthesis-dependent long-term memory (LTM) was consolidated after single-trial conditioning with a high-value host. However, single-trial conditioning with a low-value host induced consolidation of a shorter-lasting memory form. For Cotesia glomerata, we subsequently identified this shorter-lasting memory form as anesthesia-resistant memory (ARM) because it was not sensitive to protein synthesis inhibitors or anesthesia. Associative conditioning using a single reward of different value thus induced a physiologically different mechanism of memory formation in this species. We conclude that the memory form that is consolidated does not only change in response to relatively large differences in conditioning, such as the number and type of conditioning trials, but is also sensitive to more subtle differences, such as reward value. Reward-dependent consolidation of exclusive ARM or LTM provides excellent opportunities for within-species comparison of mechanisms underlying memory consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Marjolein Kruidhof
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, NIOO-KNAW, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Wajnberg E, Coquillard P, Vet LEM, Hoffmeister T. Optimal resource allocation to survival and reproduction in parasitic wasps foraging in fragmented habitats. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38227. [PMID: 22701614 PMCID: PMC3368906 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Expansion and intensification of human land use represents the major cause of habitat fragmentation. Such fragmentation can have dramatic consequences on species richness and trophic interactions within food webs. Although the associated ecological consequences have been studied by several authors, the evolutionary effects on interacting species have received little research attention. Using a genetic algorithm, we quantified how habitat fragmentation and environmental variability affect the optimal reproductive strategies of parasitic wasps foraging for hosts. As observed in real animal species, the model is based on the existence of a negative trade-off between survival and reproduction resulting from competitive allocation of resources to either somatic maintenance or egg production. We also asked to what degree plasticity along this trade-off would be optimal, when plasticity is costly. We found that habitat fragmentation can indeed have strong effects on the reproductive strategies adopted by parasitoids. With increasing habitat fragmentation animals should invest in greater longevity with lower fecundity; yet, especially in unpredictable environments, some level of phenotypic plasticity should be selected for. Other consequences in terms of learning ability of foraging animals were also observed. The evolutionary consequences of these results are discussed.
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Soler R, Van der Putten WH, Harvey JA, Vet LEM, Dicke M, Bezemer TM. Root herbivore effects on aboveground multitrophic interactions: patterns, processes and mechanisms. J Chem Ecol 2012; 38:755-67. [PMID: 22467133 PMCID: PMC3375011 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-012-0104-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In terrestrial food webs, the study of multitrophic interactions traditionally has focused on organisms that share a common domain, mainly above ground. In the last two decades, it has become clear that to further understand multitrophic interactions, the barrier between the belowground and aboveground domains has to be crossed. Belowground organisms that are intimately associated with the roots of terrestrial plants can influence the levels of primary and secondary chemistry and biomass of aboveground plant parts. These changes, in turn, influence the growth, development, and survival of aboveground insect herbivores. The discovery that soil organisms, which are usually out of sight and out of mind, can affect plant-herbivore interactions aboveground raised the question if and how higher trophic level organisms, such as carnivores, could be influenced. At present, the study of above-belowground interactions is evolving from interactions between organisms directly associated with the plant roots and shoots (e.g., root feeders - plant - foliar herbivores) to interactions involving members of higher trophic levels (e.g., parasitoids), as well as non-herbivorous organisms (e.g., decomposers, symbiotic plant mutualists, and pollinators). This multitrophic approach linking above- and belowground food webs aims at addressing interactions between plants, herbivores, and carnivores in a more realistic community setting. The ultimate goal is to understand the ecology and evolution of species in communities and, ultimately how community interactions contribute to the functioning of terrestrial ecosystems. Here, we summarize studies on the effects of root feeders on aboveground insect herbivores and parasitoids and discuss if there are common trends. We discuss the mechanisms that have been reported to mediate these effects, from changes in concentrations of plant nutritional quality and secondary chemistry to defense signaling. Finally, we discuss how the traditional framework of fixed paired combinations of root- and shoot-related organisms feeding on a common plant can be transformed into a more dynamic and realistic framework that incorporates community variation in species, densities, space and time, in order to gain further insight in this exciting and rapidly developing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxina Soler
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8031, 6700 EH, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Kos M, Houshyani B, Wietsma R, Kabouw P, Vet LEM, van Loon JJA, Dicke M. Effects of glucosinolates on a generalist and specialist leaf-chewing herbivore and an associated parasitoid. Phytochemistry 2012; 77:162-70. [PMID: 22281379 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Revised: 12/28/2011] [Accepted: 01/02/2012] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Glucosinolates (GLS) are secondary plant metabolites that as a result of tissue damage, for example due to herbivory, are hydrolysed into toxic compounds that negatively affect generalist herbivores. Specialist herbivores have evolved specific adaptations to detoxify GLS or inhibit the formation of toxic hydrolytic products. Although rarely studied, GLS and their breakdown products may also affect parasitoids. The objectives were to test the effects of GLS in a multitrophic system consisting of the generalist herbivore Spodoptera exigua, the specialist herbivore Pieris rapae, and the endoparasitoid Hyposoter ebeninus. Three ecotypes of Arabidopsis thaliana that differ in their GLS composition and concentrations and one transformed line that constitutively produces higher concentrations of aliphatic GLS were used, the latter allowing a direct assessment of the effects of aliphatic GLS on insect performance. Feeding by the generalist S. exigua and the specialist P. rapae induced both higher aliphatic and indole GLS concentrations in the A. thaliana ecotypes, although induction was stronger for indole than aliphatic GLS. For both herbivores a negative correlation between performance and aliphatic GLS concentrations was observed. This suggests that the specialist, despite containing a nitrile-specifier protein (NSP) that diverts GLS degradation from toxic isothiocyanates to less toxic nitriles, cannot completely inhibit the formation of toxic GLS hydrolytic products, or that the costs of this mechanism are higher at higher GLS concentrations. Surprisingly, performance of the parasitoid was positively correlated with higher concentrations of aliphatic GLS in the plant, possibly caused by negative effects on host immune responses. Our study indicates that GLS can not only confer resistance against herbivores directly, but also indirectly by increasing the performance of the parasitoids of these herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Kos
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, 6700 EH Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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34
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Kos M, Houshyani B, Achhami BB, Wietsma R, Gols R, Weldegergis BT, Kabouw P, Bouwmeester HJ, Vet LEM, Dicke M, van Loon JJA. Herbivore-mediated effects of glucosinolates on different natural enemies of a specialist aphid. J Chem Ecol 2012. [PMID: 22258357 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-012-0065-62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The cabbage aphid Brevicoryne brassicae is a specialist herbivore that sequesters glucosinolates from its host plant as a defense against its predators. It is unknown to what extent parasitoids are affected by this sequestration. We investigated herbivore-mediated effects of glucosinolates on the parasitoid wasp Diaeretiella rapae and the predator Episyrphus balteatus. We reared B. brassicae on three ecotypes of Arabidopsis thaliana that differ in glucosinolate content and on one genetically transformed line with modified concentrations of aliphatic glucosinolates. We tested aphid performance and the performance and behavior of both natural enemies. We correlated this with phloem and aphid glucosinolate concentrations and emission of volatiles. Brevicoryne brassicae performance correlated positively with concentrations of both aliphatic and indole glucosinolates in the phloem. Aphids selectively sequestered glucosinolates. Glucosinolate concentration in B. brassicae correlated negatively with performance of the predator, but positively with performance of the parasitoid, possibly because the aphids with the highest glucosinolate concentrations had a higher body weight. Both natural enemies showed a positive performance-preference correlation. The predator preferred the ecotype with the lowest emission of volatile glucosinolate breakdown products in each test combination, whereas the parasitoid wasp preferred the A. thaliana ecotype with the highest emission of these volatiles. The study shows that there are differential herbivore-mediated effects of glucosinolates on a predator and a parasitoid of a specialist aphid that selectively sequesters glucosinolates from its host plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Kos
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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35
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Kos M, Houshyani B, Achhami BB, Wietsma R, Gols R, Weldegergis BT, Kabouw P, Bouwmeester HJ, Vet LEM, Dicke M, van Loon JJA. Herbivore-mediated effects of glucosinolates on different natural enemies of a specialist aphid. J Chem Ecol 2012; 38:100-15. [PMID: 22258357 PMCID: PMC3268984 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-012-0065-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Revised: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The cabbage aphid Brevicoryne brassicae is a specialist herbivore that sequesters glucosinolates from its host plant as a defense against its predators. It is unknown to what extent parasitoids are affected by this sequestration. We investigated herbivore-mediated effects of glucosinolates on the parasitoid wasp Diaeretiella rapae and the predator Episyrphus balteatus. We reared B. brassicae on three ecotypes of Arabidopsis thaliana that differ in glucosinolate content and on one genetically transformed line with modified concentrations of aliphatic glucosinolates. We tested aphid performance and the performance and behavior of both natural enemies. We correlated this with phloem and aphid glucosinolate concentrations and emission of volatiles. Brevicoryne brassicae performance correlated positively with concentrations of both aliphatic and indole glucosinolates in the phloem. Aphids selectively sequestered glucosinolates. Glucosinolate concentration in B. brassicae correlated negatively with performance of the predator, but positively with performance of the parasitoid, possibly because the aphids with the highest glucosinolate concentrations had a higher body weight. Both natural enemies showed a positive performance-preference correlation. The predator preferred the ecotype with the lowest emission of volatile glucosinolate breakdown products in each test combination, whereas the parasitoid wasp preferred the A. thaliana ecotype with the highest emission of these volatiles. The study shows that there are differential herbivore-mediated effects of glucosinolates on a predator and a parasitoid of a specialist aphid that selectively sequesters glucosinolates from its host plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Kos
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Kos M, Broekgaarden C, Kabouw P, Oude Lenferink K, Poelman EH, Vet LEM, Dicke M, van Loon JJA. Relative importance of plant-mediated bottom-up and top-down forces on herbivore abundance on Brassica oleracea. Funct Ecol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2011.01871.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Vet LEM. Learning from nature: need, challenge and implementation of eco-technology. Commun Agric Appl Biol Sci 2011; 76:85-88. [PMID: 21404942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
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Hoedjes KM, Kruidhof HM, Huigens ME, Dicke M, Vet LEM, Smid HM. Natural variation in learning rate and memory dynamics in parasitoid wasps: opportunities for converging ecology and neuroscience. Proc Biol Sci 2010; 278:889-97. [PMID: 21106587 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2010.2199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the neural and genetic pathways underlying learning and memory formation seem strikingly similar among species of distant animal phyla, several more subtle inter- and intraspecific differences become evident from studies on model organisms. The true significance of such variation can only be understood when integrating this with information on the ecological relevance. Here, we argue that parasitoid wasps provide an excellent opportunity for multi-disciplinary studies that integrate ultimate and proximate approaches. These insects display interspecific variation in learning rate and memory dynamics that reflects natural variation in a daunting foraging task that largely determines their fitness: finding the inconspicuous hosts to which they will assign their offspring to develop. We review bioassays used for oviposition learning, the ecological factors that are considered to underlie the observed differences in learning rate and memory dynamics, and the opportunities for convergence of ecology and neuroscience that are offered by using parasitoid wasps as model species. We advocate that variation in learning and memory traits has evolved to suit an insect's lifestyle within its ecological niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja M Hoedjes
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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van Dam NM, Qiu BL, Hordijk CA, Vet LEM, Jansen JJ. Identification of biologically relevant compounds in aboveground and belowground induced volatile blends. J Chem Ecol 2010; 36:1006-16. [PMID: 20737198 PMCID: PMC2941087 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-010-9844-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2010] [Revised: 07/18/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Plants under attack by aboveground herbivores emit complex blends of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Specific compounds in these blends are used by parasitic wasps to find their hosts. Belowground induction causes shifts in the composition of aboveground induced VOC blends, which affect the preference of parasitic wasps. To identify which of the many volatiles in the complex VOC blends may explain parasitoid preference poses a challenge to ecologists. Here, we present a case study in which we use a novel bioinformatics approach to identify biologically relevant differences between VOC blends of feral cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.). The plants were induced aboveground or belowground with jasmonic acid (JA) and shoot feeding caterpillars (Pieris brassicae or P. rapae). We used Partial Least Squares--Discriminant Analysis (PLSDA) to integrate and visualize the relation between plant-emitted VOCs and the preference of female Cotesia glomerata. Overall, female wasps preferred JA-induced plants over controls, but they strongly preferred aboveground JA-induced plants over belowground JA-induced plants. PLSDA revealed that the emission of several monoterpenes was enhanced similarly in all JA-treated plants, whereas homoterpenes and sesquiterpenes increased exclusively in aboveground JA-induced plants. Wasps may use the ratio between these two classes of terpenes to discriminate between aboveground and belowground induced plants. Additionally, it shows that aboveground applied JA induces different VOC biosynthetic pathways than JA applied to the root. Our bioinformatic approach, thus, successfully identified which VOCs matched the preferences of the wasps in the various choice tests. Additionally, the analysis generated novel hypotheses about the role of JA as a signaling compound in aboveground and belowground induced responses in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M van Dam
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Institute for Water and Wetland Research (IWWR), PO Box 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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van den Berg M, Verbaarschot P, Hontelez S, Vet LEM, Dicke M, Smid HM. CREB expression in the brains of two closely related parasitic wasp species that differ in long-term memory formation. Insect Mol Biol 2010; 19:367-379. [PMID: 20236366 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2010.00997.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The cAMP/PKA signalling pathway and transcription factor cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) play key roles in long-term memory (LTM) formation. We used two closely related parasitic wasp species, Cotesia glomerata and Cotesia rubecula, which were previously shown to be different in LTM formation, and sequenced at least nine different CREB transcripts in both wasp species. The splicing patterns, functional domains and amino acid sequences were similar to those found in the CREB genes of other organisms. The predicted amino acid sequences of the CREB isoforms were identical in both wasp species. Using real-time quantitative PCR we found that two low abundant CREB transcripts are differentially expressed in the two wasps, whereas the expression levels of high abundant transcripts are similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- M van den Berg
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Harvey JA, Biere A, Fortuna T, Vet LEM, Engelkes T, Morriën E, Gols R, Verhoeven K, Vogel H, Macel M, Heidel-Fischer HM, Schramm K, van der Putten WH. Ecological fits, mis-fits and lotteries involving insect herbivores on the invasive plant, Bunias orientalis. Biol Invasions 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-010-9696-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Poelman EH, Oduor AMO, Broekgaarden C, Hordijk CA, Jansen JJ, Van Loon JJA, Van Dam NM, Vet LEM, Dicke M. Field parasitism rates of caterpillars onBrassica oleraceaplants are reliably predicted by differential attraction ofCotesiaparasitoids. Funct Ecol 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2009.01570.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kos M, van Loon JJA, Dicke M, Vet LEM. Transgenic plants as vital components of integrated pest management. Trends Biotechnol 2009; 27:621-7. [PMID: 19783315 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2009.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2009] [Revised: 08/05/2009] [Accepted: 08/13/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Although integrated pest management (IPM) strategies have been developed worldwide, further improvement of IPM effectiveness is required. The use of transgenic technology to create insect-resistant plants can offer a solution to the limited availability of highly insect-resistant cultivars. Commercially available insect-resistant transgenic crops show clear benefits for agriculture and there are many exciting new developments such as transgenic plants that enhance biological control. Effective evaluation tools are needed to ascertain that transgenic plants do not result in undesired non-target effects. If these conditions are met, there will be ample opportunities for transgenic plants to become key components of environmentally benign and durable pest management systems. Here we discuss the potential and challenges for incorporating transgenic plants in IPM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Kos
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, 6700 EH Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Vet LEM, Lenteren JC. The parasite-host relationship between Encarsia formosa Gah. (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) and Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westw.) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0418.1981.tb04488.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Vet LEM, Lenteren JC, Woets J. The parasite-host relationship between Encarsia formosa (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) and Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0418.1980.tb03499.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Meyer KM, Vos M, Mooij WM, Gera Hol WH, Termorshuizen AJ, Vet LEM, van der Putten WH. Quantifying the impact of above- and belowground higher trophic levels on plant and herbivore performance by modeling1. OIKOS 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2009.17220.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Qiu BL, Harvey JA, Raaijmakers CE, Vet LEM, van Dam NM. Nonlinear effects of plant root and shoot jasmonic acid application on the performance ofPieris brassicaeand its parasitoidCotesia glomerata. Funct Ecol 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2008.01516.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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de Boer JG, Ode PJ, Rendahl AK, Vet LEM, Whitfield JB, Heimpel GE. Experimental support for multiple-locus complementary sex determination in the parasitoid Cotesia vestalis. Genetics 2008; 180:1525-35. [PMID: 18791258 PMCID: PMC2581954 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.107.083907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2007] [Accepted: 08/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite its fundamental role in development, sex determination is highly diverse among animals. Approximately 20% of all animals are haplodiploid, with haploid males and diploid females. Haplodiploid species exhibit diverse but poorly understood mechanisms of sex determination. Some hymenopteran insect species exhibit single-locus complementary sex determination (sl-CSD), where heterozygosity at a polymorphic sex locus initiates female development. Diploid males are homozygous at the sex locus and represent a genetic load because they are inviable or sterile. Inbreeding depression associated with CSD is therefore expected to select for other modes of sex determination resulting in fewer or no diploid males. Here, we investigate an alternative, heretofore hypothetical, mode of sex determination: multiple-locus CSD (ml-CSD). Under ml-CSD, diploid males are predicted to develop only from zygotes that are homozygous at all sex loci. We show that inbreeding for eight generations in the parasitoid wasp Cotesia vestalis leads to increasing proportions of diploid males, a pattern that is consistent with ml-CSD but not sl-CSD. The proportion of diploid males (0.27 +/- 0.036) produced in the first generation of inbreeding (mother-son cross) suggests that two loci are likely involved. We also modeled diploid male production under CSD with three linked loci. Our data visually resemble CSD with linked loci because diploid male production in the second generation was lower than that in the first. To our knowledge, our data provide the first experimental support for ml-CSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jetske G de Boer
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA.
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van Leur H, Vet LEM, van der Putten WH, van Dam NM. Barbarea vulgaris glucosinolate phenotypes differentially affect performance and preference of two different species of lepidopteran herbivores. J Chem Ecol 2008; 34:121-31. [PMID: 18213497 PMCID: PMC2239252 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-007-9424-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2007] [Revised: 12/05/2007] [Accepted: 12/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The composition of secondary metabolites and the nutritional value of a plant both determine herbivore preference and performance. The genetically determined glucosinolate pattern of Barbarea vulgaris can be dominated by either glucobarbarin (BAR-type) or by gluconasturtiin (NAS-type). Because of the structural differences, these glucosinolates may have different effects on herbivores. We compared the two Barbarea chemotypes with regards to the preference and performance of two lepidopteran herbivores, using Mamestra brassicae as a generalist and Pieris rapae as a specialist. The generalist and specialist herbivores did not prefer either chemotype for oviposition. However, larvae of the generalist M. brassicae preferred to feed and performed best on NAS-type plants. On NAS-type plants, 100% of the M. brassicae larvae survived while growing exponentially, whereas on BAR-type plants, M. brassicae larvae showed little growth and a mortality of 37.5%. In contrast to M. brassicae, the larval preference and performance of the specialist P. rapae was unaffected by plant chemotype. Total levels of glucosinolates, water soluble sugars, and amino acids of B. vulgaris could not explain the poor preference and performance of M. brassicae on BAR-type plants. Our results suggest that difference in glucosinolate chemical structure is responsible for the differential effects of the B. vulgaris chemotypes on the generalist herbivore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanneke van Leur
- Department of Multitrophic Interactions, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Centre for Terrestrial Ecology, Heteren, The Netherlands.
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