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Lewis SM, Jusoh WFA, Walker AC, Fallon CE, Joyce R, Yiu V. Illuminating Firefly Diversity: Trends, Threats and Conservation Strategies. Insects 2024; 15:71. [PMID: 38276820 PMCID: PMC10815995 DOI: 10.3390/insects15010071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Fireflies are a diverse group of bioluminescent beetles belonging to the family Lampyridae. Recent research on their diversity, evolution, behavior and conservation has greatly advanced our scientific understanding of these charismatic insects. In this review, we first summarize new discoveries about their taxonomic and ecological diversity, then focus on recent endeavors to identify and protect threatened fireflies around the world. We outline the main threats linked to recent population declines (habitat loss and degradation, light pollution, pesticide overuse, climate change and tourism) and describe relevant risk factors that predict which species will be particularly vulnerable to these threats. Although global coordination of firefly conservation efforts has begun only recently, considerable progress has already been made. We describe work by the IUCN SSC Firefly Specialist Group to identify species currently facing elevated extinction risks and to devise conservation strategies to protect them. To date, IUCN Red List assessments have been completed for 150 firefly taxa, about 20% of which face heightened extinction risks. The conservation status for many species has yet to be determined due to insufficient information, although targeted surveys and community science projects have contributed valuable new data. Finally, we highlight some examples of successful firefly habitat protection and restoration efforts, and we use the framework of the IUCN SSC Species Conservation Cycle to point out high-priority actions for future firefly conservation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M. Lewis
- IUCN SSC Firefly Specialist Group, Gland, Switzerland; (W.F.A.J.); (C.E.F.)
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Wan F. A. Jusoh
- IUCN SSC Firefly Specialist Group, Gland, Switzerland; (W.F.A.J.); (C.E.F.)
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Anna C. Walker
- IUCN SSC Firefly Specialist Group, Gland, Switzerland; (W.F.A.J.); (C.E.F.)
- New Mexico BioPark Society, Albuquerque, NM 87102, USA
| | - Candace E. Fallon
- IUCN SSC Firefly Specialist Group, Gland, Switzerland; (W.F.A.J.); (C.E.F.)
- The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation, Portland, OR 97232, USA
| | - Richard Joyce
- IUCN SSC Firefly Specialist Group, Gland, Switzerland; (W.F.A.J.); (C.E.F.)
- The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation, Portland, OR 97232, USA
| | - Vor Yiu
- IUCN SSC Firefly Specialist Group, Gland, Switzerland; (W.F.A.J.); (C.E.F.)
- Hong Kong Entomological Society, Hong Kong, China
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Owens ACS, Van den Broeck M, De Cock R, Lewis SM. Behavioral responses of bioluminescent fireflies to artificial light at night. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.946640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioluminescent insects have been the subject of scientific interest and popular wonder for millennia. But in the 21st century, the fireflies, click beetles, and cave glow-worms that brighten our nights are threatened by an unprecedented competitor: anthropogenic light pollution. Artificial lights can obscure the light-based signals on which these and other bioluminescent organisms rely to court mates, deter predators, and attract prey. In the following review we summarize a recent influx of research into the behavioral consequences of artificial light at night for firefly beetles (Coleoptera: Lampyridae), which we organize into four distinct courtship signaling systems. We conclude by highlighting several opportunities for further research to advance this emerging field and by offering a set of up-to-date lighting recommendations that can help land managers and other stakeholders balance public safety and ecological sustainability.
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Owens ACS, Lewis SM. Artificial light impacts the mate success of female fireflies. R Soc Open Sci 2022; 9:220468. [PMID: 35958085 DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.c.6125244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic light pollution is a novel environmental disruption that affects the movement, foraging and mating behaviour of nocturnal animals. Most of these effects are sublethal, and their net impact on reproductive fitness and population persistence is often extrapolated from behavioural data. Without dedicated tracking of wild individuals, however, it is impossible to predict whether populations in light-polluted habitats will decline or, instead, move to shaded refuges. To disentangle these conflicting possibilities, we investigated how artificial light affects mating and movement in North American Photinus, a genus of bioluminescent fireflies known to experience courtship failure under artificial light. The degree to which artificial light reduced mate success depended on the intensity of the light treatment, its environmental context, and the temporal niche of the species in question. In the laboratory, direct exposure to artificial light completely prevented mating in semi-nocturnal Photinus obscurellus. In the field, artificial light had little impact on the movement or mate success of local Photinus pyralis and Photinus marginellus but strongly influenced mate location in Photinus greeni; all three species are relatively crepuscular. Our nuanced results suggest greater appreciation of behavioural diversity will help insect conservationists and dark sky advocates better target efforts to protect at-risk species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avalon C S Owens
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155-5801, USA
| | - Sara M Lewis
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155-5801, USA
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Owens ACS, Lewis SM. Artificial light impacts the mate success of female fireflies. R Soc Open Sci 2022; 9:220468. [PMID: 35958085 PMCID: PMC9364009 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.220468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic light pollution is a novel environmental disruption that affects the movement, foraging and mating behaviour of nocturnal animals. Most of these effects are sublethal, and their net impact on reproductive fitness and population persistence is often extrapolated from behavioural data. Without dedicated tracking of wild individuals, however, it is impossible to predict whether populations in light-polluted habitats will decline or, instead, move to shaded refuges. To disentangle these conflicting possibilities, we investigated how artificial light affects mating and movement in North American Photinus, a genus of bioluminescent fireflies known to experience courtship failure under artificial light. The degree to which artificial light reduced mate success depended on the intensity of the light treatment, its environmental context, and the temporal niche of the species in question. In the laboratory, direct exposure to artificial light completely prevented mating in semi-nocturnal Photinus obscurellus. In the field, artificial light had little impact on the movement or mate success of local Photinus pyralis and Photinus marginellus but strongly influenced mate location in Photinus greeni; all three species are relatively crepuscular. Our nuanced results suggest greater appreciation of behavioural diversity will help insect conservationists and dark sky advocates better target efforts to protect at-risk species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara M. Lewis
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155-5801, USA
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Owens ACS, Dressler CT, Lewis SM. Costs and benefits of "insect friendly" artificial lights are taxon specific. Oecologia 2022; 199:487-497. [PMID: 35650413 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-022-05189-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The expansion of human activity into natural habitats often results in the introduction of artificial light at night, which can disrupt local ecosystems. Recent advances in LED technology have enabled spectral tuning of artificial light sources, which could in theory limit their impact on vulnerable taxa. To date, however, experimental comparisons of ecologically friendly candidate colors have often considered only one type of behavioral impact, sometimes on only single species. Resulting recommendations cannot be broadly implemented if their consequences for other local taxa are unknown. Working at a popular firefly ecotourism site, we exposed the insect community to artificial illumination of three colors (blue, broad-spectrum amber, red) and measured flight-to-light behavior as well as the courtship flash behavior of male Photinus carolinus fireflies. Firefly courtship activity was greatest under blue and red lights, while the most flying insects were attracted to blue and broad-spectrum amber lights. Thus, while impacts of spectrally tuned artificial light varied across taxa, our results suggest that red light, rather than amber light, is least disruptive to insects overall, and therefore more generally insect friendly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avalon C S Owens
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, 200 College Avenue, Medford, MA, 02155, USA.
| | - Caroline T Dressler
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, 200 College Avenue, Medford, MA, 02155, USA.,Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Brown University, 80 Waterman Street, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Sara M Lewis
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, 200 College Avenue, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
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Lewis SM, Thancharoen A, Wong CH, López‐Palafox T, Santos PV, Wu C, Faust L, De Cock R, Owens ACS, Lemelin RH, Gurung H, Jusoh WFA, Trujillo D, Yiu V, López PJ, Jaikla S, Reed JM. Firefly tourism: Advancing a global phenomenon toward a brighter future. Conservat Sci and Prac 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sara M. Lewis
- IUCN Firefly Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Department of Biology Tufts University Medford Massachusetts USA
| | - Anchana Thancharoen
- IUCN Firefly Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Entomology Kasetsart University Bangkok Thailand
| | - Choong Hay Wong
- IUCN Firefly Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Malaysian Nature Society Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Tania López‐Palafox
- IUCN Firefly Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX Mexico
| | - Paola Velasco Santos
- IUCN Firefly Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Institute for Anthropological Research, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX Mexico
| | - Chiahsiung Wu
- IUCN Firefly Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- TreeGarden Taipei City Taiwan
| | - Lynn Faust
- IUCN Firefly Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Emory River Land Company Knoxville Tennessee USA
| | - Raphaël De Cock
- IUCN Firefly Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Department of Biology University of Antwerp Antwerp Belgium
| | - Avalon C. S. Owens
- IUCN Firefly Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Department of Biology Tufts University Medford Massachusetts USA
| | | | - Hum Gurung
- BirdLife International Cambridge United Kingdom
| | - Wan F. A. Jusoh
- IUCN Firefly Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum National University of Singapore Singapore
| | - Daniel Trujillo
- IUCN Firefly Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Tujlux Ecoviajes TourAgency, San Sebastián Atlahapa Tlaxcala Mexico
| | - Vor Yiu
- IUCN Firefly Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Hong Kong Entomological Society Hong Kong
| | - Pablo Jaramillo López
- IUCN Firefly Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad CONACYT Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Morelia Michoacán Mexico
| | - Soraya Jaikla
- IUCN Firefly Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Department of Entomology Kasetsart University Nakhon Pathom Thailand
| | - J. Michael Reed
- IUCN Firefly Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Department of Biology Tufts University Medford Massachusetts USA
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Owens ACS, Lewis SM. Effects of artificial light on growth, development, and dispersal of two North American fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae). J Insect Physiol 2021; 130:104200. [PMID: 33607160 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2021.104200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Holometabolous insects exhibit complex life cycles in which both morphology and ecological niche change dramatically during development. In the larval stage, many insects have soft, slow-moving bodies and poor vision, limiting their ability to respond to environmental threats. Artificial light at night (ALAN) is an environmental perturbation known to severely impact the fitness of adult insects by disrupting both temporal and spatial orientation. The impact of ALAN on earlier life stages, however, is largely unknown. We conducted a series of laboratory experiments to investigate how two distinct forms of ALAN affect the development and movement of immature Photuris sp. and Photinus obscurellus fireflies. Although long-term exposure to dim light at night (dLAN), akin to urban skyglow, did not impact overall survivorship or duration of egg, larval, and pupal stages in either species, it did accelerate weight gain in early-instar Photuris larvae. Late-instar Photuris exposed to point sources of ALAN at the start of their nightly foraging period were also significantly more likely to burrow beneath the soil surface, rather than disperse across it. ALAN may therefore impede dispersal of firefly larvae away from illuminated areas, which could have downstream consequences for the reproductive fitness of adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avalon C S Owens
- Tufts University, Department of Biology, 200 College Avenue, Medford, MA 02155, United States.
| | - Sara M Lewis
- Tufts University, Department of Biology, 200 College Avenue, Medford, MA 02155, United States
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Jaikla S, Lewis SM, Thancharoen A, Pinkaew N. Distribution, abundance, and habitat characteristics of the congregating firefly, Pteroptyx Olivier (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) in Thailand. Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japb.2020.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Lewis SM, Wong CH, Owens ACS, Fallon C, Jepsen S, Thancharoen A, Wu C, De Cock R, Novák M, López-Palafox T, Khoo V, Reed JM. Corrigendum: A Global Perspective on Firefly Extinction Threats. Bioscience 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biaa026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Lewis
- Firefly Specialist Group of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature Species Survival Commission (IUCN SSC)
- Department of Biology, Tufts University
| | - Choong Hay Wong
- Firefly Specialist Group of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature Species Survival Commission (IUCN SSC)
- Malaysia Nature Society, in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Avalon C S Owens
- Firefly Specialist Group of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature Species Survival Commission (IUCN SSC)
- Department of Biology, Tufts University
| | - Candace Fallon
- Firefly Specialist Group of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature Species Survival Commission (IUCN SSC)
- The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation, Portland, Oregon
| | - Sarina Jepsen
- Firefly Specialist Group of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature Species Survival Commission (IUCN SSC)
- The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation, Portland, Oregon
| | - Anchana Thancharoen
- Firefly Specialist Group of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature Species Survival Commission (IUCN SSC)
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, in Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chiahsiung Wu
- Firefly Specialist Group of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature Species Survival Commission (IUCN SSC)
- Huafan University, in Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Raphael De Cock
- Firefly Specialist Group of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature Species Survival Commission (IUCN SSC)
- Department of Biology's Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Martin Novák
- Firefly Specialist Group of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature Species Survival Commission (IUCN SSC)
- Department of Ecology, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tania López-Palafox
- Firefly Specialist Group of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature Species Survival Commission (IUCN SSC)
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México
| | - Veronica Khoo
- Firefly Specialist Group of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature Species Survival Commission (IUCN SSC)
- Forest Biodiversity Division of the Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - J Michael Reed
- Firefly Specialist Group of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature Species Survival Commission (IUCN SSC)
- Department of Biology, Tufts University
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Harvey JA, Heinen R, Armbrecht I, Basset Y, Baxter-Gilbert JH, Bezemer TM, Böhm M, Bommarco R, Borges PAV, Cardoso P, Clausnitzer V, Cornelisse T, Crone EE, Dicke M, Dijkstra KDB, Dyer L, Ellers J, Fartmann T, Forister ML, Furlong MJ, Garcia-Aguayo A, Gerlach J, Gols R, Goulson D, Habel JC, Haddad NM, Hallmann CA, Henriques S, Herberstein ME, Hochkirch A, Hughes AC, Jepsen S, Jones TH, Kaydan BM, Kleijn D, Klein AM, Latty T, Leather SR, Lewis SM, Lister BC, Losey JE, Lowe EC, Macadam CR, Montoya-Lerma J, Nagano CD, Ogan S, Orr MC, Painting CJ, Pham TH, Potts SG, Rauf A, Roslin TL, Samways MJ, Sanchez-Bayo F, Sar SA, Schultz CB, Soares AO, Thancharoen A, Tscharntke T, Tylianakis JM, Umbers KDL, Vet LEM, Visser ME, Vujic A, Wagner DL, WallisDeVries MF, Westphal C, White TE, Wilkins VL, Williams PH, Wyckhuys KAG, Zhu ZR, de Kroon H. International scientists formulate a roadmap for insect conservation and recovery. Nat Ecol Evol 2020; 4:174-176. [PMID: 31907382 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-019-1079-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Harvey
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Robin Heinen
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Inge Armbrecht
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | - Yves Basset
- ForestGEO, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
| | | | - T Martijn Bezemer
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Monika Böhm
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, UK
| | - Riccardo Bommarco
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Paulo A V Borges
- cE3c-Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group, University of Azores, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro Cardoso
- Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas-Douwe B Dijkstra
- IUCN SSC Freshwater Conservation Committee, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lee Dyer
- Biology Department, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Jacintha Ellers
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Vrije University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Fartmann
- Department of Biodiversity and Landscape Ecology, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | | | - Michael J Furlong
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Justin Gerlach
- IUCN SSC Terrestrial Invertebrate Red List Authority, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rieta Gols
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dave Goulson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Jan-Christian Habel
- Evolutionary Zoology, Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Nick M Haddad
- Kellogg Biological Station and Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, Hickory Corners, MI, USA
| | - Caspar A Hallmann
- Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marie E Herberstein
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Axel Hochkirch
- Department of Biogeography, Trier University, Trier, Germany
| | - Alice C Hughes
- Centre for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan, China
| | - Sarina Jepsen
- The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation, Portland, OR, USA
| | - T Hefin Jones
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Bora M Kaydan
- Biotechnology Application and Research Centre, Çukurova University, Balcalı, Adana, Turkey
| | - David Kleijn
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Tanya Latty
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Sydney Institute of Agriculture, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Simon R Leather
- Crop & Environment Science, Harper Adams University, Newport, UK
| | - Sara M Lewis
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Bradford C Lister
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - John E Losey
- Entomology Department, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Elizabeth C Lowe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Craig R Macadam
- Buglife - The Invertebrate Conservation Trust, Peterborough, UK
| | | | | | - Sophie Ogan
- Department of Biogeography, Trier University, Trier, Germany
| | - Michael C Orr
- Key Laboratory for Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Thai-Hong Pham
- Vietnam National Museum of Nature & Graduate School of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Simon G Potts
- Centre for Agri-Environmental Research, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, Reading University, Reading, UK
| | - Aunu Rauf
- Department of Plant Protection, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Tomas L Roslin
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Michael J Samways
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa
| | | | - Sim A Sar
- National Agricultural Research Institute, Lae, Papua New Guinea
| | - Cheryl B Schultz
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Vancouver, British Columbia, USA
| | - António O Soares
- cE3c-Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group, University of Azores, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Anchana Thancharoen
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Teja Tscharntke
- Agroecology, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jason M Tylianakis
- Bio-protection Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Kate D L Umbers
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Louise E M Vet
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel E Visser
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ante Vujic
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - David L Wagner
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Michiel F WallisDeVries
- De Vlinderstichting (Dutch Butterfly Conservation) & Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Catrin Westphal
- Functional Agrobiodiversity, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas E White
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Sydney Institute of Agriculture, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Vicky L Wilkins
- IUCN SSC Mid Atlantic Island Invertebrate Specialist Group, IUCN, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Zeng-Rong Zhu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Insect Pests and Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hans de Kroon
- Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Lewis SM, Wong CH, Owens ACS, Fallon C, Jepsen S, Thancharoen A, Wu C, De Cock R, Novák M, López-Palafox T, Khoo V, Reed JM. A Global Perspective on Firefly Extinction Threats. Bioscience 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biz157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Insect declines and their drivers have attracted considerable recent attention. Fireflies and glowworms are iconic insects whose conspicuous bioluminescent courtship displays carry unique cultural significance, giving them economic value as ecotourist attractions. Despite evidence of declines, a comprehensive review of the conservation status and threats facing the approximately 2000 firefly species worldwide is lacking. We conducted a survey of experts from diverse geographic regions to identify the most prominent perceived threats to firefly population and species persistence. Habitat loss, light pollution, and pesticide use were regarded as the most serious threats, although rankings differed substantially across regions. Our survey results accompany a comprehensive review of current evidence concerning the impact of these stressors on firefly populations. We also discuss risk factors likely to increase the vulnerability of certain species to particular threats. Finally, we highlight the need to establish monitoring programs to track long-term population trends for at-risk firefly taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Candace Fallon
- The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation, Portland, Oregon
| | - Sarina Jepsen
- The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation, Portland, Oregon
| | - Anchana Thancharoen
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Raphael De Cock
- Department of Biology's Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Martin Novák
- Department of Ecology, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tania López-Palafox
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México
| | - Veronica Khoo
- Forest Biodiversity Division of the Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
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Franklin AM, Marshall J, Feinstein AD, Bok MJ, Byrd AD, Lewis SM. Differences in signal contrast and camouflage among different colour variations of a stomatopod crustacean, Neogonodactylus oerstedii. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1236. [PMID: 31988305 PMCID: PMC6985165 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57990-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal colouration is often a trade-off between background matching for camouflage from predators, and conspicuousness for communication with con- or heterospecifics. Stomatopods are marine crustaceans known to use colour signals during courtship and contests, while their overall body colouration may provide camouflage. However, we have little understanding of how stomatopods perceive these signals in their environment or whether overall body coloration does provide camouflage from predators. Neogonodactylus oerstedii assess meral spot colour during contests, and meral spot colour varies depending on local habitat. By calculating quantum catch for N. oerstedii's 12 photoreceptors associated with chromatic vision, we found that variation in meral spot total reflectance does not function to increase signal contrast in the local habitat. Neogonodactylus oerstedii also show between-habitat variation in dorsal body colouration. We used visual models to predict a trichromatic fish predator's perception of these colour variations. Our results suggest that sandy and green stomatopods are camouflaged from a typical fish predator in rubble fields and seagrass beds, respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate signal contrast and camouflage in a stomatopod. These results provide new insight into the function and evolution of colouration in a species with a complex visual system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Franklin
- Biology Department, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA. .,School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
| | - Justin Marshall
- Sensory Neurobiology Group, Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | | | - Michael J Bok
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Anya D Byrd
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA
| | - Sara M Lewis
- Biology Department, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
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Lewis SM, Owens AC. A critique of Firebaugh & Haynes (2019) — Light pollution may create demographic traps for nocturnal insects. Basic Appl Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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14
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Esser MR, Rowe JJ, McCann ML, Nicholas-Alexander M, Helck EP, Lewis SM. Abstract P6-14-02: Withdrawn. Cancer Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs18-p6-14-02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
This abstract was withdrawn by the authors.
Citation Format: Esser MR, Rowe JJ, McCann ML, Nicholas-Alexander M, Helck EP, Lewis SM. Withdrawn [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P6-14-02.
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Affiliation(s)
- MR Esser
- Young Survival Coalition, New York, NY
| | - JJ Rowe
- Young Survival Coalition, New York, NY
| | - ML McCann
- Young Survival Coalition, New York, NY
| | | | - EP Helck
- Young Survival Coalition, New York, NY
| | - SM Lewis
- Young Survival Coalition, New York, NY
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15
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Esser MR, Rowe JJ, McCann ML, Nicholas-Alexander M, Helck EP, Lewis SM. Abstract P6-14-05: Withdrawn. Cancer Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs18-p6-14-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
This abstract was withdrawn by the authors.
Citation Format: Esser MR, Rowe JJ, McCann ML, Nicholas-Alexander M, Helck EP, Lewis SM. Withdrawn [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P6-14-05.
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Affiliation(s)
- MR Esser
- Young Survival Coalition, New York, NY
| | - JJ Rowe
- Young Survival Coalition, New York, NY
| | - ML McCann
- Young Survival Coalition, New York, NY
| | | | - EP Helck
- Young Survival Coalition, New York, NY
| | - SM Lewis
- Young Survival Coalition, New York, NY
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16
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Hilz EN, Lewis SM, Park S, Monfils MH, Lee HJ. Extinction to amphetamine-associated context in female rats is dependent upon conditioned orienting. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:507-515. [PMID: 30343363 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-5073-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Females are considered more susceptible to the reinforcing effects of drugs and subsequently at increased risk for drug abuse and relapse after treatment. Estrogen is known to facilitate drug effects in females. However, other factors which contribute to the incidence of drug abuse are important to identify in order to recognize early risk factors and develop effective prevention and treatment schemes. Cue-directed behavior (aka sign tracking) has been implicated as a behavioral phenotype which identifies populations susceptible to drug abuse, partly due to its association with impulsivity and heightened dopamine function. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS In this study, we investigate the viability of conditioned orienting (a form of cue-directed behavior) as a potential phenotype which predicts drug proclivity in female rats. In addition, we examine any influence endogenous female hormones across the estrous cycle may have on conditioned orienting and drug proclivity. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Utilizing an amphetamine-conditioned place preference task, results suggest that the orienting phenotype is an effective predictor of drug proclivity in females. Rats exhibiting enhanced orienting behavior show more robust preference for an amphetamine-associated context and are more resistant to extinction of this preference than nonorienting counterparts. Furthermore, both conditioned orienting behavior and conditioned place preference are minimally influenced by the estrous cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- E N Hilz
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, 108 E. Dean Keeton Stop A8000, Austin, TX, 78712-1043, USA
| | - S M Lewis
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - S Park
- Institute for Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - M H Monfils
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, 108 E. Dean Keeton Stop A8000, Austin, TX, 78712-1043, USA.,Institute for Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.,Institute for Mental Health Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - H J Lee
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, 108 E. Dean Keeton Stop A8000, Austin, TX, 78712-1043, USA. .,Institute for Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
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Owens ACS, Lewis SM. The impact of artificial light at night on nocturnal insects: A review and synthesis. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:11337-11358. [PMID: 30519447 PMCID: PMC6262936 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, advances in lighting technology have precipitated exponential increases in night sky brightness worldwide, raising concerns in the scientific community about the impact of artificial light at night (ALAN) on crepuscular and nocturnal biodiversity. Long-term records show that insect abundance has declined significantly over this time, with worrying implications for terrestrial ecosystems. The majority of investigations into the vulnerability of nocturnal insects to artificial light have focused on the flight-to-light behavior exhibited by select insect families. However, ALAN can affect insects in other ways as well. This review proposes five categories of ALAN impact on nocturnal insects, highlighting past research and identifying key knowledge gaps. We conclude with a summary of relevant literature on bioluminescent fireflies, which emphasizes the unique vulnerability of terrestrial light-based communication systems to artificial illumination. Comprehensive understanding of the ecological impacts of ALAN on diverse nocturnal insect taxa will enable researchers to seek out methods whereby fireflies, moths, and other essential members of the nocturnal ecosystem can coexist with humans on an increasingly urbanized planet.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara M. Lewis
- Department of BiologyTufts UniversityMedfordMassachusetts
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18
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Fallon TR, Lower SE, Chang CH, Bessho-Uehara M, Martin GJ, Bewick AJ, Behringer M, Debat HJ, Wong I, Day JC, Suvorov A, Silva CJ, Stanger-Hall KF, Hall DW, Schmitz RJ, Nelson DR, Lewis SM, Shigenobu S, Bybee SM, Larracuente AM, Oba Y, Weng JK. Firefly genomes illuminate parallel origins of bioluminescence in beetles. eLife 2018; 7:e36495. [PMID: 30324905 PMCID: PMC6191289 DOI: 10.7554/elife.36495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Fireflies and their luminous courtships have inspired centuries of scientific study. Today firefly luciferase is widely used in biotechnology, but the evolutionary origin of bioluminescence within beetles remains unclear. To shed light on this long-standing question, we sequenced the genomes of two firefly species that diverged over 100 million-years-ago: the North American Photinus pyralis and Japanese Aquatica lateralis. To compare bioluminescent origins, we also sequenced the genome of a related click beetle, the Caribbean Ignelater luminosus, with bioluminescent biochemistry near-identical to fireflies, but anatomically unique light organs, suggesting the intriguing hypothesis of parallel gains of bioluminescence. Our analyses support independent gains of bioluminescence in fireflies and click beetles, and provide new insights into the genes, chemical defenses, and symbionts that evolved alongside their luminous lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R Fallon
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical ResearchCambridgeUnited States
- Department of BiologyMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeUnited States
| | - Sarah E Lower
- Department of Molecular Biology and GeneticsCornell UniversityIthacaUnited States
- Department of BiologyBucknell UniversityLewisburgUnited States
| | - Ching-Ho Chang
- Department of BiologyUniversity of RochesterRochesterUnited States
| | - Manabu Bessho-Uehara
- Department of Environmental BiologyChubu UniversityKasugaiJapan
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural SciencesNagoya UniversityNagoyaJapan
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research InstituteMoss LandingUnited States
| | - Gavin J Martin
- Department of BiologyBrigham Young UniversityProvoUnited States
| | - Adam J Bewick
- Department of GeneticsUniversity of GeorgiaAthensUnited States
| | - Megan Behringer
- Biodesign Center for Mechanisms of EvolutionArizona State UniversityTempeUnited States
| | - Humberto J Debat
- Center of Agronomic Research, National Institute of Agricultural TechnologyCórdobaArgentina
| | - Isaac Wong
- Department of BiologyUniversity of RochesterRochesterUnited States
| | - John C Day
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH)WallingfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Anton Suvorov
- Department of BiologyBrigham Young UniversityProvoUnited States
| | - Christian J Silva
- Department of BiologyUniversity of RochesterRochesterUnited States
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of California DavisDavisUnited States
| | | | - David W Hall
- Department of GeneticsUniversity of GeorgiaAthensUnited States
| | | | - David R Nelson
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and BiochemistryUniversity of Tennessee HSCMemphisUnited States
| | - Sara M Lewis
- Department of BiologyTufts UniversityMedfordUnited States
| | - Shuji Shigenobu
- NIBB Core Research FacilitiesNational Institute for Basic BiologyOkazakiJapan
| | - Seth M Bybee
- Department of BiologyBrigham Young UniversityProvoUnited States
| | | | - Yuichi Oba
- Department of Environmental BiologyChubu UniversityKasugaiJapan
| | - Jing-Ke Weng
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical ResearchCambridgeUnited States
- Department of BiologyMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeUnited States
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Loeliger EA, Besselaar AMHPVD, Lewis SM. Reliability and Clinical Impact of the Normalization of the Prothrombin Times in Oral Anticoagulant Control. Thromb Haemost 2018. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1661257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
SummaryIn 1983, the World Health Organization (WHO) published recommendations for normalization, in oral anticoagulant control, of the prothrombin time (PT). The common denominator is the International Sensitivity Index (ISI) of a thromboplastin, obtained by means of thromboplastin calibration. The common scale is that of the International Normalized Ratio (INR). The INR is the PT ratio Patient PT/normal PT which would have been found normal PT with the WHO primary international reference preparation (IRP) 67/40. The reliability of the INR depends on the extent of calibration precision, patient-specific influences, as well as interlaboratory variation in the PT determination. Under well-controlled conditions the overall coefficient of variation (CV) of the INR is 11-13.5%, if thromboplastins of ISI ≃ 1 are used. For so-called low-sensitivity thromboplastins (ISI ≃ 2-2.5), the overall variation is larger due to a large between-laboratory variation of the measured PT-ratiosThe user of thromboplastin will be provided with a chart or graph enabling him to convert the conventional terms used for expressing PTs into INRs. For quality assurance, and to prepare his own calibration chart if necessary, he should check normalization by means of control plasmas to which INRs have been assigned.There is sufficient clinical evidence to express optimal therapeutic ranges in terms of INR. Manufacturers should revise and adapt their inserts where necessary in order to conform to these requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Loeliger
- The Thrombosis and Haemostasis Research Unit, Department of Haematology, University Hospital Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - A M H P van den Besselaar
- The Thrombosis and Haemostasis Research Unit, Department of Haematology, University Hospital Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - S M Lewis
- The Department of Haematology, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
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20
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Besselaar AMHPVD, Lewis SM, Mannucci PM, Poller L. Status of Present and Candidate International Reference Preparations (IRP) of Thromboplastin for the Prothrombin Time. Thromb Haemost 2018. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1651553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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21
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Erne P, Wardle J, Sanders K, Lewis SM, Maseri A. Mean Platelet Volume and Size Distribution and Their Sensitivity to Agonists in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease and Congestive Heart Failure. Thromb Haemost 2018. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1642766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
SummaryMean platelet volume was related to platelet count in patients with myocardial infarction (n = 55) and patients with congestive heart failure (n = 9). 18 patients with acute myocardial infarction were tested at admission and 4-7 days later, together with 13 patients with chronic stable angina and 10 patients with chest pain which was not related to coronary artery disease. In citrated blood a relative reduced frequency of large platelets (>13 fl) occured in patients with acute myocardial infarction at admission but was not seen during recovery or in patients with chronic stable angina. This suggests consumption of large platelets at time of thrombus formation. No relation was found between plasma catecholamine levels and mean platelet volumes. Effects of serotonine, adrenaline and CGP 28392, a calcium agonist, on platelet volume distributions were determined. Sensitivity of platelets to adrenaline was increased in patients with acute myocardial infarction on admission and reduced 4-7 days later, while in patients with congestive heart failure reactivity to both serotonine and adrenaline were reduced. This indicates a fast down-regulation during the early recovery phase of myocardial infarction and chronically in congestive heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Erne
- The Cardiovascular Research Unit, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - J Wardle
- Department of Haematology, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - K Sanders
- Department of Haematology, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - S M Lewis
- Department of Haematology, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - A Maseri
- The Cardiovascular Research Unit, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
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23
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Brubaker BM, Zhong L, Gurevich YV, Cahn SB, Lamoreaux SK, Simanovskaia M, Root JR, Lewis SM, Al Kenany S, Backes KM, Urdinaran I, Rapidis NM, Shokair TM, van Bibber KA, Palken DA, Malnou M, Kindel WF, Anil MA, Lehnert KW, Carosi G. First Results from a Microwave Cavity Axion Search at 24 μeV. Phys Rev Lett 2017; 118:061302. [PMID: 28234529 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.061302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We report on the first results from a new microwave cavity search for dark matter axions with masses above 20 μeV. We exclude axion models with two-photon coupling g_{aγγ}≳2×10^{-14} GeV^{-1} over the range 23.55<m_{a}<24.0 μeV. These results represent two important achievements. First, we have reached cosmologically relevant sensitivity an order of magnitude higher in mass than any existing limits. Second, by incorporating a dilution refrigerator and Josephson parametric amplifier, we have demonstrated total noise approaching the standard quantum limit for the first time in an axion search.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Brubaker
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - L Zhong
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - Y V Gurevich
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - S B Cahn
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - S K Lamoreaux
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - M Simanovskaia
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - J R Root
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - S M Lewis
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - S Al Kenany
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - K M Backes
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - I Urdinaran
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - N M Rapidis
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - T M Shokair
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - K A van Bibber
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - D A Palken
- JILA and the Department of Physics, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - M Malnou
- JILA and the Department of Physics, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - W F Kindel
- JILA and the Department of Physics, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - M A Anil
- JILA and the Department of Physics, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - K W Lehnert
- JILA and the Department of Physics, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - G Carosi
- Physics Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
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Al-Wathiqui N, Fallon TR, South A, Weng JK, Lewis SM. Molecular characterization of firefly nuptial gifts: a multi-omics approach sheds light on postcopulatory sexual selection. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38556. [PMID: 28004739 PMCID: PMC5177949 DOI: 10.1038/srep38556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Postcopulatory sexual selection is recognized as a key driver of reproductive trait evolution, including the machinery required to produce endogenous nuptial gifts. Despite the importance of such gifts, the molecular composition of the non-gametic components of male ejaculates and their interactions with female reproductive tracts remain poorly understood. During mating, male Photinus fireflies transfer to females a spermatophore gift manufactured by multiple reproductive glands. Here we combined transcriptomics of both male and female reproductive glands with proteomics and metabolomics to better understand the synthesis, composition and fate of the spermatophore in the common Eastern firefly, Photinus pyralis. Our transcriptome of male glands revealed up-regulation of proteases that may enhance male fertilization success and activate female immune response. Using bottom-up proteomics we identified 208 functionally annotated proteins that males transfer to the female in their spermatophore. Targeted metabolomic analysis also provided the first evidence that Photinus nuptial gifts contain lucibufagin, a firefly defensive toxin. The reproductive tracts of female fireflies showed increased gene expression for several proteases that may be involved in egg production. This study offers new insights into the molecular composition of male spermatophores, and extends our understanding of how nuptial gifts may mediate postcopulatory interactions between the sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Timothy R Fallon
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Adam South
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jing-Ke Weng
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Sara M Lewis
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
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25
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Lewis SM. Book Review: Therapists' Manual for Secondary Prevention of Alcohol Problems. Br J Occup Ther 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/030802268504801121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S M Lewis
- Psychiatric Day Hospital, Halton General Hospital
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26
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Al-Wathiqui N, Dopman EB, Lewis SM. Postmating transcriptional changes in the female reproductive tract of the European corn borer moth. Insect Mol Biol 2016; 25:629-645. [PMID: 27329655 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Mating triggers a cascade of physiological and behavioural responses in females that persist after copulation. In insects, seminal fluid proteins contained within male ejaculates are known to initiate some responses, but our understanding of how females mediate these reactions remains limited. Few studies have examined postmating transcriptional changes within ejaculate-receiving organs within females or how these changes might depend on the identity of the male. Furthermore, whereas males of many insects transfer packaged ejaculates, transcriptional dynamics have mainly been examined in dipterans, in which males transfer a free ejaculate. To identify genes that may be important in mediating female physiological responses in a spermatophore-producing species, we sequenced the transcriptomes of the ejaculate-receiving organs and examined postmating gene expression within and between pheromone strains of the European corn borer (ECB) moth, Ostrinia nubilalis. After within-strain mating, significant differential expression of 978 transcripts occurred in the female bursa or its associated bursal gland, including peptidases, transmembrane transporters, and hormone processing genes; such genes may potentially play a role in postmating male-female interactions. We also identified 14 transcripts from the bursal gland that were differentially expressed after females mated with cross-strain males, representing candidates for previously observed postmating reproductive isolation between ECB strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Al-Wathiqui
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - E B Dopman
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - S M Lewis
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Lewis
- Royal Postgraduate Medical School, London W12, and National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex
| | - P R Stuart
- Royal Postgraduate Medical School, London W12, and National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Lewis
- Royal Postgraduate Medical School Du Cane Road, London W12 OHS
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29
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Franklin AM, Marshall NJ, Lewis SM. Multimodal signals: ultraviolet reflectance and chemical cues in stomatopod agonistic encounters. R Soc Open Sci 2016; 3:160329. [PMID: 27853613 PMCID: PMC5108963 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.160329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Complex signals are commonly used during intraspecific contests over resources to assess an opponent's fighting ability and/or aggressive state. Stomatopod crustaceans may use complex signals when competing aggressively for refuges. Before physical attacks, stomatopods assess their opponents using chemical cues and perform threat displays showing a coloured patch, the meral spot. In some species, this spot reflects UV. However, despite their complex visual system with up to 20 photoreceptor classes, we do not know if stomatopods use chromatic or achromatic signals in contests. In a field study, we found that Neogonodactylus oerstedii meral spot luminance varies with sex, habitat and, more weakly, body length. Next, we conducted an experimental manipulation which demonstrated that both chemical cues and chromatic signals are used during contests. In the absence of chemical cues, stomatopods approached an occupied refuge more quickly and performed offensive behaviours at a lower rate. When UV reflectance was absent, stomatopods performed offensive behaviours more frequently and contest duration trended towards shorter fights. These results provide new evidence that UV reflectance and/or visible spectrum luminance is used to amplify threat displays. Our results are the first to demonstrate that chemical and chromatic cues comprise a multimodal signal in stomatopod contests.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - N. Justin Marshall
- Sensory Neurobiology Group, Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Sara M. Lewis
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
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Lewis SM, Vahed K, Koene JM, Engqvist L, Bussière LF, Perry JC, Gwynne D, Lehmann GUC. Emerging issues in the evolution of animal nuptial gifts. Biol Lett 2015; 10:rsbl.2014.0336. [PMID: 25030043 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2014.0336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Uniquely positioned at the intersection of sexual selection, nutritional ecology and life-history theory, nuptial gifts are widespread and diverse. Despite extensive empirical study, we still have only a rudimentary understanding of gift evolution because we lack a unified conceptual framework for considering these traits. In this opinion piece, we tackle several issues that we believe have substantively hindered progress in this area. Here, we: (i) present a comprehensive definition and classification scheme for nuptial gifts (including those transferred by simultaneous hermaphrodites), (ii) outline evolutionary predictions for different gift types, and (iii) highlight some research directions to help facilitate progress in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Lewis
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Karim Vahed
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Derby, Derby DE22 1GB, UK
| | - Joris M Koene
- Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Leif Engqvist
- Evolutionary Biology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld 33615, Germany Department of Behavioural Ecology, University of Bern, Hinterkappelen 3032, Switzerland
| | - Luc F Bussière
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Jennifer C Perry
- Edward Grey Institute, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK Jesus College, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3DW, UK
| | - Darryl Gwynne
- Department of Zoology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Ontario, Canada L5L 1C6
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Lewis SM, Treacher DF, Edgeworth J, Mahalingam G, Brown CS, Mare TA, Stacey M, Beale R, Brown KA. Expression of CD11c and EMR2 on neutrophils: potential diagnostic biomarkers for sepsis and systemic inflammation. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 182:184-94. [PMID: 26153037 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a need for cellular biomarkers to differentiate patients with sepsis from those with the non-infectious systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). In this double-blind study we determined whether the expression of known (CD11a/b/c, CD62L) and putative adhesion molecules [CD64, CD97 and epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like molecule containing mucin-like hormone receptor (EMR2)] on blood neutrophils could serve as useful biomarkers of infection and of non-infectious SIRS in critically ill patients. We studied 103 patients with SIRS, 83 of whom had sepsis, and 50 healthy normal subjects, using flow cytometry to characterize neutrophils phenotypically in whole blood samples. Patients with SIRS had an increased prevalence of neutrophils expressing CD11c, CD64 and EMR2 in comparison with healthy subjects (P < 0.001), but normal expression of CD11a, CD11b, CD62L and CD97. An increase in the percentage of neutrophils bearing CD11c was associated with sepsis, EMR2 with SIRS and CD64 with sepsis and SIRS. Neutrophils expressing CD11c had the highest sensitivity (81%) and specificity (80%) for the detection of sepsis, and there was an association between the percentage of neutrophils expressing EMR2 and the extent of organ failure (P < 0.05). Contrary to other reports, we did not observe an abnormal expression of CD11b or CD62L on neutrophils from patients with SIRS, and suggest that this discrepancy is due to differences in cell processing protocols. We propose that blood neutrophils expressing CD11c and EMR2 be considered as potential biomarkers for sepsis and SIRS, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Lewis
- Intensive Care Unit, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London.,Department of Vascular Immunology, Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, King's College London
| | - D F Treacher
- Intensive Care Unit, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London
| | - J Edgeworth
- Department of Infection, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, University of Leeds, London, UK
| | - G Mahalingam
- Department of Vascular Immunology, Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, King's College London
| | - C S Brown
- Intensive Care Unit, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London
| | - T A Mare
- Intensive Care Unit, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London.,Department of Vascular Immunology, Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, King's College London
| | - M Stacey
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, London, UK
| | - R Beale
- Intensive Care Unit, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London.,Department of Vascular Immunology, Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, King's College London
| | - K A Brown
- Intensive Care Unit, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London.,Department of Vascular Immunology, Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, King's College London
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Al-Wathiqui N, Lewis SM, Dopman EB. Using RNA sequencing to characterize female reproductive genes between Z and E Strains of European Corn Borer moth (Ostrinia nubilalis). BMC Genomics 2014; 15:189. [PMID: 24621199 PMCID: PMC4007636 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Reproductive proteins often evolve rapidly and are thought to be subject to strong sexual selection, and thus may play a key role in reproductive isolation and species divergence. However, our knowledge of reproductive proteins has been largely limited to males and model organisms with sequenced genomes. With advances in sequencing technology, Lepidoptera are emerging models for studies of sexual selection and speciation. By profiling the transcriptomes of the bursa copulatrix and bursal gland from females of two incipient species of moth, we characterize reproductive genes expressed in the primary reproductive tissues of female Lepidoptera and identify candidate genes contributing to a one-way gametic incompatibility between Z and E strains of the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis). Results Using RNA sequencing we identified transcripts from ~37,000 and ~36,000 loci that were expressed in the bursa copulatrix or the bursal gland respectively. Of bursa copulatrix genes, 8% were significantly differentially expressed compared to the female thorax, and those that were up-regulated or specific to the bursa copulatrix showed functional biases toward muscle activity and/or organization. In the bursal gland, 9% of genes were differentially expressed compared to the thorax, with many showing reproduction or gamete production functions. Of up-regulated bursal gland genes, 46% contained a transmembrane region and 16% possessed secretion signal peptides. Divergently expressed genes in the bursa copulatrix were exclusively biased toward protease-like functions and 51 proteases or protease inhibitors were divergently expressed overall. Conclusions This is the first comprehensive characterization of female reproductive genes in any lepidopteran system. The transcriptome of the bursa copulatrix supports its role as a muscular sac that is the primary site for disruption of the male ejaculate. We find that the bursal gland acts as a reproductive secretory body that might also interact with male ejaculate. In addition, differential expression of proteases between strains supports a potential role for these tissues in contributing to reproductive isolation. Our study provides new insight into how male ejaculate is processed by female Lepidoptera, and paves the way for future work on interactions between post-mating sexual selection and speciation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-189) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Brown KA, Lewis SM. Neutrophils: the dawn of a new era? Preface. Int Immunopharmacol 2013; 17:1165-6. [PMID: 24309583 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Abstract
We report the experimental demonstration of a gyrotron traveling-wave-tube amplifier at 250 GHz that uses a photonic band gap (PBG) interaction circuit. The gyrotron amplifier achieved a peak small signal gain of 38 dB and 45 W output power at 247.7 GHz with an instantaneous -3 dB bandwidth of 0.4 GHz. The amplifier can be tuned for operation from 245-256 GHz. The widest instantaneous -3 dB bandwidth of 4.5 GHz centered at 253.25 GHz was observed with a gain of 24 dB. The PBG circuit provides stability from oscillations by supporting the propagation of transverse electric (TE) modes in a narrow range of frequencies, allowing for the confinement of the operating TE03-like mode while rejecting the excitation of oscillations at nearby frequencies. This experiment achieved the highest frequency of operation for a gyrotron amplifier; at present, there are no other amplifiers in this frequency range that are capable of producing either high gain or high output power. This result represents the highest gain observed above 94 GHz and the highest output power achieved above 140 GHz by any conventional-voltage vacuum electron device based amplifier.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Nanni
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - S M Lewis
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M A Shapiro
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - R G Griffin
- Department of Chemistry and the Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - R J Temkin
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Tigreros N, Sass EM, Lewis SM. Sex-specific response to nutrient limitation and its effects on female mating success in a gift-giving butterfly. Evol Ecol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-013-9647-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Fu X, South A, Lewis SM. Sexual dimorphism, mating systems, and nuptial gifts in two Asian fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae). J Insect Physiol 2012; 58:1485-1492. [PMID: 22985863 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Many insect taxa show conspicuous sexual dimorphism in which females lack functional wings and are therefore incapable of flight. In fireflies, this loss of female flight is correlated with male production of spermatophore nuptial gifts, with species with flightless females also lacking gift production. In this study we further examined the relationship between sexual dimorphism and nuptial gifts by examining the reproductive ecology of two Asian fireflies, the sexually monomorphic Aquatica ficta (Luciolinae) and dimorphic Pyrocoelia pectoralis (Lampyrinae). We describe the reproductive anatomy of P. pectoralis males and females, and the time course of A. ficta spermatophore transfer. Through a series of mating experiments, we determined the effect of the number of matings on female fecundity, egg hatching success and female lifespan. The spermatophore-producing A. ficta was found to be monandrous, and female lifespan doubled as a result of that single mating. P. pectoralis was found to lack spermatophores but females were polyandrous and fecundity and egg hatching success both increased with additional matings. These results contradict patterns known from North American firefly species and provide insight into the role of male-derived substances in mating systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhua Fu
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
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Abstract
Because females often mate with multiple males, it is critical to expand our view of sexual selection to encompass pre-, peri- and post-copulatory episodes to understand how selection drives trait evolution. In Photinus fireflies, females preferentially respond to males based on their bioluminescent courtship signals, but previous work has shown that male paternity success is negatively correlated with flash attractiveness. Here, we experimentally manipulated both the attractiveness of the courtship signal visible to female Photinus greeni fireflies before mating and male nuptial gift size to determine how these traits might each influence mate acceptance and paternity share. We also measured pericopulatory behaviours to examine their influence on male reproductive success. Firefly males with larger spermatophores experienced dual benefits in terms of both higher mate acceptance and increased paternity share. We found no effect of courtship signal attractiveness or pericopulatory behaviour on male reproductive success. Taken together with previous results, this suggests a possible trade-off for males between producing an attractive courtship signal and investing in nuptial gifts. By integrating multiple episodes of sexual selection, this study extends our understanding of sexual selection in Photinus fireflies and provides insight into the evolution of male traits in other polyandrous species.
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Affiliation(s)
- A South
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
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Osei-Bimpong A, McLean R, Bhonda E, Lewis SM. The use of the white cell count and haemoglobin in combination as an effective screen to predict the normality of the full blood count. Int J Lab Hematol 2012; 34:91-7. [PMID: 21883968 PMCID: PMC3298644 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-553x.2011.01365.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The utility of the full blood count (FBC) is vast with each parameter serving as a tool to aid diagnosis and monitor disease progression. However, the effectiveness of the test is hampered because of increased workload and lack of interpretation. In the effort to redress this issue, the combined use of the white blood cell count (WBC) and haemoglobin in predicting the normality of the FBC is evaluated. METHOD FBC data were collated from 2191 patients and classified into two groups depending on whether the WBC and the haemoglobin were within the reference range. Blood films were examined on the abnormal FBC samples in each group and graded on morphology. RESULTS The FBC was normal in 89.6% of cases in the presence of a normal WBC and haemoglobin with subtle abnormalities in the remainder; 1+ grading of abnormal morphology in 93%. However, when the WBC and/or haemoglobin was abnormal, the remaining FBC was significantly abnormal (P < 0.05) and the corresponding blood films were grossly abnormal; 2+/3+ grading in 96% of cases. CONCLUSION We concluded that in the presence of a normal WBC and haemoglobin, the FBC is normal in almost all cases and measuring these two parameters could be used as an effective screen to predict FBC normality.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Osei-Bimpong
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Department of Haematology & WHO Collaboration Centre for Haematology Technology, London, UK.
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Abstract
Although the primary function of mating is gamete transfer, male ejaculates contain numerous other substances that are produced by accessory glands and transferred to females during mating. Studies with several model organisms have shown that these substances can exert diverse behavioural and physiological effects on females, including altered longevity and reproductive output, yet a comprehensive synthesis across taxa is lacking. Here we use a meta-analytic approach to synthesize quantitatively extensive experimental work examining how male ejaculate quantity affects different components of female fitness. We summarize effect sizes for female fecundity (partial and lifetime) and longevity from 84 studies conducted on 70 arthropod species that yielded a total of 130 comparisons of female fecundity and 61 comparisons of female longevity. In response to greater amounts of ejaculate, arthropod females demonstrate enhanced fecundity (both partial and lifetime) but reduced longevity, particularly for Diptera and Lepidoptera. Across taxa, multiply mated females show particularly large fecundity increases compared to singly mated females, indicating that single matings do not maximize female fitness. This fecundity increase is balanced by a slight negative effect on lifespan, with females that received more ejaculate through polyandrous matings showing greater reductions in lifespan compared with females that have mated repeatedly with the same male. We found no significant effect size differences for either female fecundity or longevity between taxa that transfer sperm packaged into spermatophores compared to taxa that transfer ejaculates containing free sperm. Furthermore, females that received relatively larger or more spermatophores demonstrated greater lifetime fecundity, indicating that these seminal nuptial gifts provide females with a net fitness benefit. These results contribute to our understanding of the evolutionary origin and maintenance of non-sperm ejaculate components, and provide insight into female mate choice and optimal mating patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam South
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
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Abstract
In several insect species, seminal fluid proteins (SFPs) have been demonstrated to be key regulators of male and female fitness through their ability to alter female physiology and behaviour. Tribolium castaneum is an economically important pest species and a model system for sexual selection research, but little is known about SFPs in this insect. To create a foundation for the study of T. castaneum SFPs, we used mass spectrometry to identify putative SFPs by comparing proteins detected in the male reproductive glands with those found in the reproductive tracts of virgin and mated females. Fourteen putative SFPs, thirteen with male biased expression, were identified through this approach. We also used reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) to examine expression levels across different tissue types. We found strongly male-biased expression in 13 genes, nine of which were expressed only in male accessory gland tissue. This represents the first proteomic-based method of identifying putative SFPs in any coleopteran species, and is the first study in this species to identify putative SFPs that are likely transferred to the female. This work could lead to functional analyses of the role of SFPs in sexual selection, sexual conflict and potential control of a pest species.
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Affiliation(s)
- A South
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
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Abstract
We calculated voxel-by-voxel pairwise crosscorrelations between prewhitened resting-state BOLD fMRI time series recorded from 60 cortical areas (30 per hemisphere) in 18 human subjects (nine women and nine men). Altogether, more than a billion-and-a-quarter pairs of BOLD time series were analyzed. For each pair, a crosscorrelogram was computed by calculating 21 crosscorrelations, namely at zero lag ± 10 lags of 2 s duration each. For each crosscorrelogram, in turn, the crosscorrelation with the highest absolute value was found and its sign, value, and lag were retained for further analysis. In addition, the crosscorrelations at zero lag (irrespective of the location of the peak) were also analyzed as a special case. Based on known varying density of anatomical connectivity, we distinguished four general brain groups for which we derived summary statistics of crosscorrelations between voxels within an area (group I), between voxels of paired homotopic areas across the two hemispheres (group II), between voxels of an area and all other voxels in the same (ipsilateral) hemisphere (group III), and voxels of an area and all voxels in the opposite (contralateral) hemisphere (except those in the homotopic area) (group IV). We found the following. (a) Most of the crosscorrelogram peaks occurred at zero lag, followed by ± 1 lag; (b) over all groups, positive crosscorrelations were much more frequent than negative ones; (c) average crosscorrelation was highest for group I, and decreased progressively for groups II-IV; (d) the ratio of positive over negative crosscorrelations was highest for group I and progressively smaller for groups II-IV; (e) the highest proportion of positive crosscorrelations (with respect to all positive ones) was observed at zero lag; and (f) the highest proportion of negative crosscorrelations (with respect to all negative ones) was observed at lag = 2. These findings reveal a systematic pattern of crosscorrelations with respect to their sign, magnitude, lag and brain group, as defined above. Given that these groups were defined along a qualitative gradient of known overall anatomical connectivity, our results suggest that functional interactions between two voxels may simply reflect the density of such anatomical connectivity between the areas to which the voxels belong.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Christova
- Brain Sciences Center, Veterans Affairs Health Care System 11B, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA
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Edwards KL, Lemke AA, Trinidad SB, Lewis SM, Starks H, Quinn Griffin MT, Wiesner GL. Attitudes toward genetic research review: results from a survey of human genetics researchers. Public Health Genomics 2011; 14:337-45. [PMID: 21487211 PMCID: PMC3221257 DOI: 10.1159/000324931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Researchers often relate personal experiences of difficulties and challenges with Institutional Review Board (IRB) review of their human genetic research protocols. However, there have been no studies that document the range and frequency of these concerns among researchers conducting human genetic/genomic studies. METHODS An online anonymous survey was used to collect information from human genetic researchers regarding views about IRB review of genetic protocols. Logistic regression was used to test specific hypotheses. Results from the national online survey of 351 human genomic researchers are summarized in this report. RESULTS Issues involving considerable discussion with IRBs included reconsent of subjects (51%), protection of participants' personal information (39%) and return of results to participants (34%). Over half of the participants had experienced one or more negative consequences of the IRB review process and approximately 25% had experienced one or more positive consequences. Respondents who had served on an IRB were about 80% more likely to report positive consequences of IRB review than their colleagues who had never served on an IRB (p = 0.03). Survey responses were mixed on the need for reconsent before data sharing and risks related to participant reidentification from genomic data. CONCLUSION The results from this study provide important perspectives of researchers regarding genetic research review and show lack of consensus on key research ethics issues in genomic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Edwards
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98115, USA.
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Jou JM, Lewis SM, Briggs C, Lee SH, De La Salle B, McFadden S. ICSH review of the measurement of the erythocyte sedimentation rate. Int J Lab Hematol 2011; 33:125-32. [PMID: 21352508 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-553x.2011.01302.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In recognition of the need for a standardization of the measurement of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), the International Council for Standardization in Haematology makes the following recommendations: (i) The reference method for measurement of the ESR should be based on the Westergren method, which is a specific test for the ESR, with modifications, (ii) The reference method for measurement of the ESR should use either whole blood anticoagulated with EDTA and later diluted with sodium citrate or saline (4 : 1) or whole blood anticoagulated with sodium citrate (4 : 1) in Westergren pipettes, (iii) The ESR pipettes can be of glass or plastic (with specific characteristics). It must be colourless; a minimum sedimentation scale of 200 mm, a minimum bore of 2.55 mm, which should be constant within 5%. A protocol for the evaluation of alternative methodologies against the reference method is outlined: The new technologies must be tested over a range of ESR values of 2-120 mm. In this comparison, 95% of the differences should be 5 mm or less, with larger differences associated with higher ESR values. A minimum of 40 samples should be tested in 3 different groups of values: 1-20, 21-60 and more than 60 mm. The statistical methods recommended for ESR evaluations are the coefficient of correlation, the Passing-Bablock regression and the Bland-Altman statistical method. This reference method replaces all earlier standardized and reference methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Jou
- Haemotherapy and Haemostais Service, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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Abstract
Sexual size dimorphism (SSD) is a conspicuous yet poorly understood pattern across many organisms. Although artificial selection is an important tool for studying the evolution of SSD, previous studies have applied selection to only a single sex or to both sexes in the same direction. In nature, however, SSD likely arises through sex-specific selection on body size. Here, we use Tribolium castaneum flour beetles to investigate the evolution of SSD by subjecting males and females to sexually antagonistic selection on body size (sexes selected in opposite directions). Additionally, we examined correlated responses to body size selection in larval growth rates and development time. After seven generations, SSD remained unchanged in all selected lines; this observed lack of response to short-term selection may be attributed to evolutionary constraints arising from between-sex body size correlations. Developmental traits showed complex correlated responses under different selection treatments. These results suggest that sex-specific larval development patterns may facilitate the evolution of SSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Tigreros
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA.
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South A, Stanger-Hall K, Jeng ML, Lewis SM. Correlated evolution of female neoteny and flightlessness with male spermatophore production in fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae). Evolution 2010; 65:1099-113. [PMID: 21108637 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01199.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The beetle family Lampyridae (fireflies) encompasses ∼100 genera worldwide with considerable diversity in life histories and signaling modes. Some lampyrid males use reproductive accessory glands to produce spermatophores, which have been shown to increase female lifetime fecundity. Sexual dimorphism in the form of neotenic and flightless females is also common in this family. A major goal of this study was to test a hypothesized link between female flight ability and male spermatophore production. We examined macroevolutionary patterns to test for correlated evolution among different levels of female neoteny (and associated loss of flight ability), male accessory gland number (and associated spermatophore production), and sexual signaling mode. Trait reconstruction on a molecular phylogeny indicated that flying females and spermatophores were ancestral traits and that female neoteny increased monotonically and led to flightlessness within multiple lineages. In addition, male spermatophore production was lost multiple times. Our evolutionary trait analysis revealed significant correlations between increased female neoteny and male accessory gland number, as well as between flightlessness and spermatophore loss. In addition, female flightlessness was positively correlated with the use of glows as female sexual signal. Transition probability analysis supported an evolutionary sequence of female flightlessness evolving first, followed by loss of male spermatophores. These results contribute to understanding how spermatophores have evolved and how this important class of seminal nuptial gifts is linked to other traits, providing new insights into sexual selection and life-history evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam South
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155 Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 National Museum of Natural Science, Taichung, Taiwan E-mail:
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Engdahl B, Leuthold AC, Tan HRM, Lewis SM, Winskowski AM, Dikel TN, Georgopoulos AP. Post-traumatic stress disorder: a right temporal lobe syndrome? J Neural Eng 2010; 7:066005. [PMID: 20980718 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2560/7/6/066005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In a recent paper (Georgopoulos et al 2010 J. Neural Eng. 7 016011) we reported on the power of the magnetoencephalography (MEG)-based synchronous neural interactions (SNI) test to differentiate post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) subjects from healthy control subjects and to classify them with a high degree of accuracy. Here we show that the main differences in cortical communication circuitry between these two groups lie in the miscommunication of temporal and parietal and/or parieto-occipital right hemispheric areas with other brain areas. This lateralized temporal-posterior pattern of miscommunication was very similar but was attenuated in patients with PTSD in remission. These findings are consistent with observations (Penfield 1958 Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 44 51-66, Penfield and Perot 1963 Brain 86 595-696, Gloor 1990 Brain 113 1673-94, Banceaud et al 1994 Brain 117 71-90, Fried 1997 J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 9 420-8) that electrical stimulation of the temporal cortex in awake human subjects, mostly in the right hemisphere, can elicit the re-enactment and re-living of past experiences. Based on these facts, we attribute our findings to the re-experiencing component of PTSD and hypothesize that it reflects an involuntarily persistent activation of interacting neural networks involved in experiential consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Engdahl
- Psychology Section, US Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center (116B), Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA
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Ming QL, Lewis SM. Pheromone production by male Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) is influenced by diet quality. J Econ Entomol 2010; 103:1915-1919. [PMID: 21061996 DOI: 10.1603/ec10110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), the red flour beetle, is a common cosmopolitan pest exploiting a variety of stored products. We experimentally manipulated diet nutritional quality by using non-nutritive filler to examine how this influenced pheromone production and olfactory attractiveness of T. castaneum adult males. Volatiles released by individual males reared on high versus low nutrition diets were collected using solid phase microextraction, and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry was used to identify and quantify the Tribolium aggregation pheromone 4, 8-dimethyldecanal (DMD). Males kept on high nutrition diet showed a three-fold increase in daily DMD production, which suggests the possibility that this pheromone could act as a condition-dependent mating signal. In pitfall trap assays, there was no significant difference in the mean response of virgin females to discs kept with low versus high nutrition males, although discs carrying male cues were significantly more attractive than blank discs. These results suggest that DMD production rates by T. castaneum males will depend on the nutritional quality of various stored products, but such differences may not alter males' ability to attract females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Lei Ming
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Randi D. Rotjan
- Research Department, New England Aquarium, Boston, MA 02110, USA
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Jeffrey R. Chabot
- Applied Quantitative Genotheropeutics, Research Technology Center, Pfizer, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sara M. Lewis
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
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Georgopoulos AP, Tan HRM, Lewis SM, Leuthold AC, Winskowski AM, Lynch JK, Engdahl B. The synchronous neural interactions test as a functional neuromarker for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): a robust classification method based on the bootstrap. J Neural Eng 2010; 7:16011. [PMID: 20086271 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2560/7/1/016011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic experiences can produce post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) which is a debilitating condition and for which no biomarker currently exists (Institute of Medicine (US) 2006 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Diagnosis and Assessment (Washington, DC: National Academies)). Here we show that the synchronous neural interactions (SNI) test which assesses the functional interactions among neural populations derived from magnetoencephalographic (MEG) recordings (Georgopoulos A P et al 2007 J. Neural Eng. 4 349-55) can successfully differentiate PTSD patients from healthy control subjects. Externally cross-validated, bootstrap-based analyses yielded >90% overall accuracy of classification. In addition, all but one of 18 patients who were not receiving medications for their disease were correctly classified. Altogether, these findings document robust differences in brain function between the PTSD and control groups that can be used for differential diagnosis and which possess the potential for assessing and monitoring disease progression and effects of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Georgopoulos
- Brain Sciences Center, US Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center (11B), Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA.
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