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Erickson E, Jason C, Machiorlete H, de la Espriella L, Crone EE, Schultz CB. Using community science to map western monarch butterflies ( Danaus plexippus) in spring. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10766. [PMID: 38152348 PMCID: PMC10752247 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Migratory animals follow seasonal cycles comprising linked phases often with different habitat requirements and demographic processes. Conservation of migratory species therefore must consider the full seasonal cycle to identify points limiting population viability. For western monarch butterflies, which have experienced significant declines, early spring is considered a critical period in the annual population cycle. However, records of western monarchs in early spring, when overall abundance is lowest, have historically been extremely limited. We used a community science initiative, the Western Monarch Mystery Challenge, to collect data on monarch distribution throughout the western United States between February 14th and April 22nd over 3 years. Using data from the Western Monarch Mystery Challenge and iNaturalist, we identified potential breeding habitat for western monarchs in early spring that spanned a large geographic area and several ecoregions. We observed monarchs in early spring that likely eclosed in the current year, suggesting that population expansion from overwintering sites reflects both movement and population growth. The number of records of western monarchs from early spring was higher during the Mystery Challenge (33.0/year) than earlier years (5.1/year). This study demonstrates the potential for and limitations of community science to increase our understanding of species at points in the life cycle when they are rare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Erickson
- Department of Evolution and EcologyUniversity of California DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Christopher Jason
- School of Biological SciencesWashington State UniversityVancouverWashingtonUSA
| | - Hannah Machiorlete
- School of Biological SciencesWashington State UniversityVancouverWashingtonUSA
| | | | - Elizabeth E. Crone
- Department of Evolution and EcologyUniversity of California DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Cheryl B. Schultz
- School of Biological SciencesWashington State UniversityVancouverWashingtonUSA
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2
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Crone EE, Schultz CB. Host plant limitation of butterflies in highly fragmented landscapes. THEOR ECOL-NETH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12080-021-00527-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Freedman MG, Roode JC, Forister ML, Kronforst MR, Pierce AA, Schultz CB, Taylor OR, Crone EE. Are eastern and western monarch butterflies distinct populations? A review of evidence for ecological, phenotypic, and genetic differentiation and implications for conservation. Conservat Sci and Prac 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Micah G. Freedman
- Department of Ecology & Evolution University of Chicago Chicago Illinois USA
- Center for Population Biology University of California, Davis Davis California USA
| | | | | | - Marcus R. Kronforst
- Department of Ecology & Evolution University of Chicago Chicago Illinois USA
| | - Amanda A. Pierce
- United States Environmental Protection Agency Washington District of Columbia USA
| | - Cheryl B. Schultz
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University Vancouver Washington USA
| | - Orley R. Taylor
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Kansas Lawrence Kansas USA
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Crone EE, Schultz CB. Resilience or Catastrophe? A possible state change for monarch butterflies in western North America. Ecol Lett 2021; 24:1533-1538. [PMID: 34110069 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In the western United States, the population of migratory monarch butterflies is on the brink of collapse, having dropped from several million butterflies in the 1980s to ~2000 butterflies in the winter of 2020-2021. At the same time, a resident (non-migratory) monarch butterfly population in urban gardens has been growing in abundance. The new resident population is not sufficient to make up for the loss of the migratory population; there are still orders of magnitude fewer butterflies now than in the recent past. The resident population also probably lacks the demographic capacity to expand its range inland during summer months. Nonetheless, the resident population may have the capacity to persist. This sudden change emphasises the extent to which environmental change can have unexpected consequences, and how quickly these changes can happen. We hope it will provoke discussion about how we define resilience and viability in changing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cheryl B Schultz
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Vancouver, WA, USA
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Diffendorfer JE, Thogmartin WE, Drum R, Schultz CB. Editorial: North American Monarch Butterfly Ecology and Conservation. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.576281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Harvey JA, Heinen R, Armbrecht I, Basset Y, Baxter-Gilbert JH, Bezemer TM, Böhm M, Bommarco R, Borges PAV, Cardoso P, Clausnitzer V, Cornelisse T, Crone EE, Dicke M, Dijkstra KDB, Dyer L, Ellers J, Fartmann T, Forister ML, Furlong MJ, Garcia-Aguayo A, Gerlach J, Gols R, Goulson D, Habel JC, Haddad NM, Hallmann CA, Henriques S, Herberstein ME, Hochkirch A, Hughes AC, Jepsen S, Jones TH, Kaydan BM, Kleijn D, Klein AM, Latty T, Leather SR, Lewis SM, Lister BC, Losey JE, Lowe EC, Macadam CR, Montoya-Lerma J, Nagano CD, Ogan S, Orr MC, Painting CJ, Pham TH, Potts SG, Rauf A, Roslin TL, Samways MJ, Sanchez-Bayo F, Sar SA, Schultz CB, Soares AO, Thancharoen A, Tscharntke T, Tylianakis JM, Umbers KDL, Vet LEM, Visser ME, Vujic A, Wagner DL, WallisDeVries MF, Westphal C, White TE, Wilkins VL, Williams PH, Wyckhuys KAG, Zhu ZR, de Kroon H. International scientists formulate a roadmap for insect conservation and recovery. Nat Ecol Evol 2020; 4:174-176. [PMID: 31907382 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-019-1079-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Harvey
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Robin Heinen
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Inge Armbrecht
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | - Yves Basset
- ForestGEO, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
| | | | - T Martijn Bezemer
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Monika Böhm
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, UK
| | - Riccardo Bommarco
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Paulo A V Borges
- cE3c-Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group, University of Azores, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro Cardoso
- Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas-Douwe B Dijkstra
- IUCN SSC Freshwater Conservation Committee, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lee Dyer
- Biology Department, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Jacintha Ellers
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Vrije University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Fartmann
- Department of Biodiversity and Landscape Ecology, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | | | - Michael J Furlong
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Justin Gerlach
- IUCN SSC Terrestrial Invertebrate Red List Authority, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rieta Gols
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dave Goulson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Jan-Christian Habel
- Evolutionary Zoology, Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Nick M Haddad
- Kellogg Biological Station and Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, Hickory Corners, MI, USA
| | - Caspar A Hallmann
- Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marie E Herberstein
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Axel Hochkirch
- Department of Biogeography, Trier University, Trier, Germany
| | - Alice C Hughes
- Centre for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan, China
| | - Sarina Jepsen
- The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation, Portland, OR, USA
| | - T Hefin Jones
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Bora M Kaydan
- Biotechnology Application and Research Centre, Çukurova University, Balcalı, Adana, Turkey
| | - David Kleijn
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Tanya Latty
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Sydney Institute of Agriculture, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Simon R Leather
- Crop & Environment Science, Harper Adams University, Newport, UK
| | - Sara M Lewis
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Bradford C Lister
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - John E Losey
- Entomology Department, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Elizabeth C Lowe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Craig R Macadam
- Buglife - The Invertebrate Conservation Trust, Peterborough, UK
| | | | | | - Sophie Ogan
- Department of Biogeography, Trier University, Trier, Germany
| | - Michael C Orr
- Key Laboratory for Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Thai-Hong Pham
- Vietnam National Museum of Nature & Graduate School of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Simon G Potts
- Centre for Agri-Environmental Research, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, Reading University, Reading, UK
| | - Aunu Rauf
- Department of Plant Protection, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Tomas L Roslin
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Michael J Samways
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa
| | | | - Sim A Sar
- National Agricultural Research Institute, Lae, Papua New Guinea
| | - Cheryl B Schultz
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Vancouver, British Columbia, USA
| | - António O Soares
- cE3c-Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group, University of Azores, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Anchana Thancharoen
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Teja Tscharntke
- Agroecology, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jason M Tylianakis
- Bio-protection Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Kate D L Umbers
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Louise E M Vet
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel E Visser
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ante Vujic
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - David L Wagner
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Michiel F WallisDeVries
- De Vlinderstichting (Dutch Butterfly Conservation) & Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Catrin Westphal
- Functional Agrobiodiversity, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas E White
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Sydney Institute of Agriculture, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Vicky L Wilkins
- IUCN SSC Mid Atlantic Island Invertebrate Specialist Group, IUCN, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Zeng-Rong Zhu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Insect Pests and Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hans de Kroon
- Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Bennion LD, Ferguson JA, New LF, Schultz CB. Community‐level effects of herbicide‐based restoration treatments: structural benefits but at what cost? Restor Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leland D. Bennion
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University Vancouver WA 98686 U.S.A
| | | | - Leslie F. New
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University Vancouver WA 98686 U.S.A
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8
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Schultz CB, Ferguson JA. Demographic costs and benefits of herbicide‐based restoration to enhance habitat for an endangered butterfly and a threatened plant. Restor Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Crone EE, Pelton EM, Brown LM, Thomas CC, Schultz CB. Why are monarch butterflies declining in the West? Understanding the importance of multiple correlated drivers. Ecol Appl 2019; 29:e01975. [PMID: 31310685 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the factors associated with declines of at-risk species is an important first step in setting management and recovery targets. This step can be challenging when multiple aspects of climate and land use are changing simultaneously, and any or all could be contributing to population declines. We analyzed population trends of monarch butterflies in western North America in relation to likely environmental drivers. Unlike the larger eastern monarch population, past analyses of western monarchs have only evaluated the importance of climate (i.e., not land use) factors as drivers of abundance. We used partial least squares regression (PLSR) to evaluate the potential importance of changes in land use and climate variables. Trends in western monarch abundance were more strongly associated with land use variables than climate variables. Conclusions about importance of climate and land use variables were robust to changes in PLSR model structure. However, individual variables were too collinear to unambiguously separate their effects. We compared these conclusions to the more widely used technique of multiple regression, followed by multi-model inference (MRMI). Naïve interpretation of MRMI results could be misleading, if collinearity were not taken into account. MRMI was also highly sensitive to variation in model construction. Our results suggest a two-pronged approach to monarch conservation, specifically, starting efforts now to restore habitat, while also using experiments to more clearly delineate separate effects of climate and land use factors. They also demonstrate the utility of PLSR, a technique that is growing in use but is still relatively under-appreciated in conservation biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth E Crone
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, 200 College Avenue, Medford, Massachusetts, 02155, USA
| | - Emma M Pelton
- Xerces Society, 628 Northeast Broadway Suite 200, Portland, Oregon, 97232, USA
| | - Leone M Brown
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, 200 College Avenue, Medford, Massachusetts, 02155, USA
| | - Cameron C Thomas
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, 14204 Northeast Salmon Creek Avenue, Vancouver, Washington, 98686, USA
| | - Cheryl B Schultz
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, 14204 Northeast Salmon Creek Avenue, Vancouver, Washington, 98686, USA
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Pelton EM, Schultz CB, Jepsen SJ, Black SH, Crone EE. Western Monarch Population Plummets: Status, Probable Causes, and Recommended Conservation Actions. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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11
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Crone EE, Brown LM, Hodgson JA, Lutscher F, Schultz CB. Faster movement in nonhabitat matrix promotes range shifts in heterogeneous landscapes. Ecology 2019; 100:e02701. [PMID: 31087809 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Ecologists often assume that range expansion will be fastest in landscapes composed entirely of the highest-quality habitat. Theoretical models, however, show that range expansion depends on both habitat quality and habitat-specific movement rates. Using data from 78 species in 70 studies, we find that animals typically have faster movement through lower-quality environments (73% of published cases). Therefore, if we want to manage landscapes for range expansion, there is a trade-off between promoting movement with nonhostile matrix, and promoting population growth with high-quality habitat. We illustrate how this trade-off plays out with the use of an exemplar species, the Baltimore checkerspot butterfly. For this species, we calculate that the expected rate of range expansion is fastest in landscapes with ~15% high-quality habitat. Behavioral responses to nonhabitat matrix have often been documented in animal populations, but rarely included in empirical predictions of range expansion. Considering movement behavior could change land-planning priorities from focus on high-quality habitat only to integrating high- and low-quality land cover types, and evaluating the costs and benefits of different matrix land covers for range expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth E Crone
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, 02145, USA
| | - Leone M Brown
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, 02145, USA
| | - Jenny A Hodgson
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behavior, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Frithjof Lutscher
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Cheryl B Schultz
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Vancouver, Washington, 98686, USA
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Abstract
The number of insect species at risk of population decline and extinction is increasing rapidly. Yet we know almost nothing about the ecology of these species, except for at-risk butterflies. A growing body of literature shows how butterfly vital rates, including demography and movement, are essential for guiding conservation and recovery. History has shown us that without these data, conservation decisions often weaken, rather than enhance, population viability. This is especially true in changing landscapes. We review knowledge of vital rates across all at-risk butterflies. We have information on movement for 17 of 283 butterfly species and information on demography for 19 species. We find that habitat-specific movement behavior is key to understanding how to connect populations, and habitat-specific demography is central to managing habitats. Methods and analyses worked out for butterflies can provide a scaffold around which to build studies for the conservation of other at-risk insects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nick M Haddad
- Kellogg Biological Station, Michigan State University, Hickory Corners, Michigan 49060, USA
| | - Erica H Henry
- North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
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Himes Boor GK, Schultz CB, Crone EE, Morris WF. Mechanism matters: the cause of fluctuations in boom-bust populations governs optimal habitat restoration strategy. Ecol Appl 2018; 28:356-372. [PMID: 29164716 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Many populations exhibit boom-bust dynamics in which abundance fluctuates dramatically over time. Past research has focused on identifying whether the cause of fluctuations is primarily exogenous, e.g., environmental stochasticity coupled with weak density dependence, or endogenous, e.g., over-compensatory density dependence. Far fewer studies have addressed whether the mechanism responsible for boom-bust dynamics matters with respect to at-risk species management. Here, we ask whether the best strategy for restoring habitat across a landscape differs under exogenously vs. endogenously driven boom-bust dynamics. We used spatially explicit individual-based models to assess how butterfly populations governed by the two mechanisms would respond to habitat restoration strategies that varied in the level of resource patchiness, from a single large patch to multiple patches spaced at different distances. Our models showed that the restoration strategy that minimized extinction risk and boom-bust dynamics would be markedly different depending on the governing mechanism. Exogenously governed populations fared best in a single large habitat patch, whereas for endogenously driven populations, boom-bust dynamics were dampened and extinction risk declined when the total restored area was split into multiple patches with low to moderate inter-patch spacing. Adding environmental stochasticity to the endogenous model did not alter this result. Habitat fragmentation lowered extinction risk in the endogenously driven populations by reducing their growth rate, precluding both "boom" phases and, more importantly, "bust" phases. Our findings suggest that (1) successful restoration will depend on understanding the causes of fluctuations in at-risk populations, (2) the level and pattern of spatiotemporal environmental heterogeneity will also affect the ideal management approach, and (3) counterintuitively, for at-risk species with endogenously governed boom-bust dynamics, lowering the intrinsic population growth rate may decrease extinction risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina K Himes Boor
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708, USA
| | - Cheryl B Schultz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Washington State University Vancouver, Vancouver, Washington, 98686, USA
| | - Elizabeth E Crone
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, 02155, USA
| | - William F Morris
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708, USA
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Warchola N, Crone EE, Schultz CB. Balancing ecological costs and benefits of fire for population viability of disturbance-dependent butterflies. J Appl Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Schultz CB, Pe'er BG, Damiani C, Brown L, Crone EE. Does movement behaviour predict population densities? A test with 25 butterfly species. J Anim Ecol 2017; 86:384-393. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl B. Schultz
- Washington State University; School of Biological Sciences; Vancouver WA 98686 USA
| | - B. Guy Pe'er
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ; Leipzig Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhiannon C. Thomas
- Washington State University; 14204 NE Salmon Creek Avenue; Vancouver WA 98686 USA
| | - Cheryl B. Schultz
- School of Biological Sciences; Washington State University; 14204 NE Salmon Creek Avenue Vancouver WA 98686 USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl B. Schultz
- Washington State University; 14204 NE Salmon Creek Ave Vancouver 98686 WA USA
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Schultz CB, Russell C, Wynn L. Restoration, Reintroduction, and captive Propagation for at-risk Butterflies: A review of British and American Conservation Efforts. Isr J Ecol Evol 2013. [DOI: 10.1560/ijee.54.1.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl B Schultz
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Vancouver, WA 98686, USA.
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Schultz CB. Malignant persecution of doctors by the HPCSA. S Afr Med J 2011; 102:10. [PMID: 22273125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
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Schultz CB, Henry E, Carleton A, Hicks T, Thomas R, Potter A, Collins M, Linders M, Fimbel C, Black S, Anderson HE, Diehl G, Hamman S, Gilbert R, Foster J, Hays D, Wilderman D, Davenport R, Steel E, Page N, Lilley PL, Heron J, Kroeker N, Webb C, Reader B. Conservation of Prairie-Oak Butterflies in Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia. Northwest Science 2011. [DOI: 10.3955/046.085.0221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Abstract
Understanding movement in heterogeneous environments is central to predicting how landscape changes affect animal populations. Several recent studies point out an intriguing and distinctive looping behavior by butterflies at habitat patch edges and hypothesize that this behavior requires a new framework for analyzing animal movement. We show that this looping behavior could be caused by a longstanding movement model, biased correlated random walk, with bias toward habitat patches. The ability of this longstanding model to explain recent observations reinforces the point that butterflies respond to habitat heterogeneity and do not move randomly through heterogeneous environments. We discuss the implications of different movement models for predicting butterfly responses to landscape change, and our rationale for retaining longstanding movement models, rather than developing new modeling frameworks for looping behavior at patch edges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth E Crone
- Wildlife Biology Program, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812 USA.
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Bar-David S, Segev O, Peleg N, Hill N, Templeton AR, Schultz CB, Blaustein L. Long-Distance Movements by Fire Salamanders (Salamandra Infraimmaculata) and Implications for Habitat Fragmentation. Isr J Ecol Evol 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/15659801.2007.10639579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Winfree R, Dushoff J, Crone EE, Schultz CB, Budny RV, Williams NM, Kremen C. Testing simple indices of habitat proximity. Am Nat 2005; 165:707-17. [PMID: 15937750 DOI: 10.1086/430009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2004] [Accepted: 02/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Simple measures of habitat proximity made primarily on the basis of land cover are widely used in the ecological literature to infer habitat connectivity, or the potential for animal movement among resource patches. However, such indices rarely have been tested against observations of animal movement or against more detailed biological models. We developed a priori expectations as to the types of study systems and organisms for which various habitat proximity indices would be best suited. We then used data from three study systems and four species to test which, if any, of the indices were good predictors of population-level responses. Our a priori expectations about index performance were not upheld. The indices that consider both habitat area and distance from the focal patch were highly correlated with each other, suggesting that they do index similar quantities. However, none of the indices performed well in predicting population response variables. The results suggest that the pattern of habitat cover alone may be insufficient to predict the process of animal movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Winfree
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA.
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Schultz CB. Using Invertebrates to Assess Sustainable Farming. Conserv Biol 2000; 14:1929-1930. [PMID: 35701915 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.01465-4.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl B Schultz
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California, 735 State Street, Suite 300, Santa Barbara, CA 93101-3351, U.S.A., email
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Abstract
As grassland habitats become degraded, declines in juvenile and adult food resources may limit populations of rare insects. Fender's blue butterfly (Icaricia icarioides fenderi), a species proposed for listing as endangered under the US Endangered Species Act, survives in remnants of upland prairie in western Oregon. We investigated the effects of limited larval hostplants and adult nectar sources on butterfly population size at four sites that encompass a range of resource densities. We used coarse and detailed estimates of resource abundance to test hypotheses relating resource quantity to population size. Coarse estimates of resources (percent cover of hostplant and density of nectar flowers) suggest that butterfly population size is not associated with resource availability. However, more detailed estimates of resources (density of hostplant leaves and quantity of nectar from native nectar sources) suggest that butterfly population size is strongly associated with resource availability. The results of this study suggest that restoring degraded habitat by augmenting adult and larval resources will play an important role in managing populations of this rare butterfly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl B Schultz
- Department of Zoology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA, , , , , , US
| | - Katrina M Dlugosch
- Department of Zoology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA, , , , , , US
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Schultz CB. Statutory classification of cocaine as a narcotic: an illogical anachronism. Am J Law Med 1983; 9:225-245. [PMID: 6670663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Although cocaine is pharmacologically not a narcotic, federal and state drug control laws have classified it as one from 1922 through the present. In many states and under federal law, the classification is part of a statutory scheme that imposes substantially more severe penalties for offenses involving cocaine than for offenses involving other nonnarcotic drugs. This Note examines the circumstances surrounding the adoption and maintenance of the legal classification of cocaine as a narcotic. It then reviews two of the many cases that have rejected claims that the classification is unconstitutional. The Note concludes that, despite its constitutionality, the inaccurate classification is not only illogical and unnecessary to a legislative goal of strictly penalizing cocaine offenses, but is counterproductive as well.
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Schultz CB, Di Vesta FJ. Effects of expert endorsement of beliefs on problem-solving behavior of high and low dogmatics. J Educ Psychol 1972; 63:194-201. [PMID: 5030382 DOI: 10.1037/h0032515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Skager RW, Schultz CB, Klein SP. The Multidimensional Scaling Of A Set Of Artistic Drawings : Perceived Structure And Scale Correlates. Multivariate Behav Res 1966; 1:425-436. [PMID: 26820704 DOI: 10.1207/s15327906mbr0104_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Product-centered research on creativity approaches the criterion problem of what is to be the referent for creativity through the analysis of tangible products such as a r t objects, writing, or scientific achievements. The present research is concerned with the evaluation and study of artist drawings contributed by sophomore students a t the Rhode Island School of Design. Multi-dimensional scaling methods were applied to similarity judgments obtained from art experts on two separate sets of 26 drawings. Three similarity dimensions accounted for the interstimulus distances for each set of drawings. Although no statistical test was available, the dimensions from the two seta appeared to correspond. Scale values of 4 drawings common to the two sets were consistent, and the dimensions appeared to define very similar stimulus characteristics. It was concluded that multidimensional scaling procedures provided a means for differentiating among a set of complex, esthetic products. Scale values of drawings on the three dimensions also correlated differentially with cognitive and achievement measures available on the students, suggesting that product dimensions identified via similarity judgments were related to characteristics of individuals producing the products. Hypotheses were developed as to the psychological meaning of the three product dimensions.
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Abstract
Research on the creative product may provide an analytical tool for generating and testing hypotheses about psychological variables related to level and style of creative achievement. Evaluations of products should be analyzed to determine (1) whether more than one point of view about quality is held among a heterogeneous group of judges and (2) whether personality, academic, and background characteristics of Ss producing the products relate differentially to quality as defined by different points of view. In a study of artistic creativity, drawings were collected from 191 sophomore students at a school of design and rated for esthetic quality by 28 artist and non-artist judges. Four points of view about quality were identified by factor analysis of correlations between judges. Evidence is presented that psychological, achievement, and background characteristics of Ss are differentially related to quality of their drawings as defined by the four points of view. In particular, choice of major, scores on certain aptitude tests, academic performance in the fine arts courses, and measures of wealth of cultural background showed differential correlations with the points of view. Finally, characteristics of drawings rated high or low according to at least two of the judgmental viewpoints may be useful in the generation of hypotheses about psychological variables related to creativity.
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Schultz CB, Tanner LG, Whitmore FC, Ray LL, Crawford EC. Paleontologic Investigations at Big Bone Lick State Park, Kentucky: A Preliminary Report. Science 1963; 142:1167-9. [PMID: 17744108 DOI: 10.1126/science.142.3596.1167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The Big Bone Lick area in Kentucky, the first widely known collecting locality for vertebrate fossils in North America, is being investigated for further faunal and geologic evidence. Mammal bones, ranging in age from Wisconsin (Tazewell?) to Recent, were recovered in 1962 from four different faunal zones in two terrace fills.
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Schultz CB, Reed EC, Lugn AL. The Red Cloud Sand and Gravel, a New Pleistocene Formation in Nebraska. Science 1951; 114:547-9. [PMID: 17838053 DOI: 10.1126/science.114.2969.547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Elias MK, Frye JC, Hibbard CW, Reed EC, Schultz CB. Blancan as a Time Term in the Central Great Plains. Science 1945; 101:270-1. [PMID: 17751177 DOI: 10.1126/science.101.2620.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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