1
|
Tollefson J, Gilbert N, Kozlov M, Lenharo M. Trump versus Biden: what the rematch could mean for three key science issues. Nature 2024; 627:254-256. [PMID: 38448536 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-024-00657-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
|
2
|
Saha S. After Affirmative Action - Working toward Equitable Representation in Medicine. N Engl J Med 2023; 389:1817-1821. [PMID: 37937784 DOI: 10.1056/nejmms2308319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Somnath Saha
- From the Department of Medicine and the Center for Health Equity, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hotchkiss PJ. The world's chemical-weapons stockpiles are gone - but a new challenge looms. Nature 2023; 623:459. [PMID: 37964064 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-023-03509-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
|
4
|
Abstract
This Viewpoint discusses a pathway toward individual, institutional, professional, and societal actions to increase the number of underrepresented individuals in medicine within the medical workforce in a “post–affirmative action” landscape.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Utibe R Essien
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Health Services Research, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
- Center for the Study of Healthcare Innovation, Implementation and Policy, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Victor Agbafe
- University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
- Yale Law School, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Keith C Norris
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Health Services Research, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Montgomery Rice V, Elks ML, Howse M. The Supreme Court Decision on Affirmative Action-Fewer Black Physicians and More Health Disparities for Minoritized Groups. JAMA 2023; 330:1035-1036. [PMID: 37624606 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2023.15515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
This Viewpoint discusses the US Supreme Court’s June 2023 ruling on affirmative action and its repercussions for Black physicians and health equity for racial and ethnic minority groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mark Howse
- Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
This Viewpoint reviews how the recent US Supreme Court decision regarding affirmative action affects extant medical school admission policies seeking to enhance diversity of the national medical student body and its derivative national health care workforce.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eli Y Adashi
- Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | | | - I Glenn Cohen
- Harvard Law School, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Petrie-Flom Center for Health Law Policy, Biotechnology, and Bioethics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rubin R. How the SCOTUS Affirmative Action Ruling Could Affect Medical Schools and Health Care. JAMA 2023; 330:492-494. [PMID: 37466968 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2023.13603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
This Medical News feature examines the potential impact of the US Supreme Court’s affirmative action decision on medical schools and health care.
Collapse
|
8
|
Al-Ahdal WM, Farhan NHS, Vishwakarma R, Hashim HA. The moderating role of CEO power on the relationship between environmental, social and governance disclosure and financial performance in emerging market. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:85803-85821. [PMID: 37393591 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28499-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
The study proposes to examine how environmental, social and governance disclosure (ESG) affect the financial performance (FP) of Indian firms. Furthermore, it aims to evaluate the moderation impact of CEO power (CEOP) on the association between ESG on the FP. The study's target population is all firms indexed in NIFTY 100, representing the top one hundred firms by market capitalisation from 2017 to 2021. Data relating to ESG were collected and built based on the available data on Refinitiv Eikon Database. Results reveal that EDI positively and significantly impacts the ROE and TQ of Indian firms. Furthermore, SDI and GDI negatively and significantly affect the ROE and TQ of Indian firms. Moreover, ESG and CEOP have a significant impact on ROE. Nevertheless, ESG has a negative but highly significant impact on ROE, whilst it has a negative and low considerable impact on the TQ of Indian firms. Nonetheless, CEOP does not moderate the association between ESG and FP measured by ROE and TQ. This research contributes to the existing literature by introducing a moderator variable that has not been used in the Indian context; CEO power, which provides stakeholders and regulators with useful findings that would encourage firms to create an ESG committee to enhance ESG disclosure to compete on the world market and reach the United Nations (UN) Sustainable goal 2030. Furthermore, this paper provides insightful recommendations for creating an ESG legal framework for decision-makers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Waleed M Al-Ahdal
- Faculty of Business, Economics and Social Development, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Najib H S Farhan
- Department of Accounting, Arab Open University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rachana Vishwakarma
- Department of Commerce and Management, Inter University Centre for Teacher Education, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Hafiza Aishah Hashim
- Faculty of Business, Economics and Social Development, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Clancy M, Correa D, Dworkin J, Niehaus P, Watney C, Williams H. Want to speed up scientific progress? First understand how science policy works. Nature 2023; 620:724-726. [PMID: 37604998 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-023-02602-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
|
10
|
Steenland MW, Fabi RE, Bellerose M, Desir A, White MS, Wherry LR. State Public Insurance Coverage Policies and Postpartum Care Among Immigrants. JAMA 2023; 330:238-246. [PMID: 37462705 PMCID: PMC10354679 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2023.10249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Importance Professional medical organizations recommend that adults receive routine postpartum care. Yet, some states restrict public insurance coverage for undocumented immigrants and recently documented immigrants (those who received legal documentation status within the past 5 years). Objective To examine the association between public insurance coverage and postpartum care among low-income immigrants and the difference in receipt of postpartum care among immigrants relative to nonimmigrants. Design, Setting, and Participants A pooled, cross-sectional analysis was conducted using data from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System for 19 states and New York City including low-income adults with a live birth between 2012 and 2019. Exposure Giving birth in a state that offered public insurance coverage for postpartum care to recently documented or undocumented immigrants. Main Outcomes and Measures Self-reported receipt of postpartum care by the category of coverage offered (full coverage: states that offered publicly funded postpartum care regardless of immigration status; moderate coverage: states that offered publicly funded postpartum care to lawfully residing immigrants without a 5-year waiting period, but did not offer postpartum care to undocumented immigrants; no coverage: states that did not offer publicly funded postpartum care to lawfully present immigrants before 5 years of legal residence or to undocumented immigrants). Results The study included 72 981 low-income adults (20 971 immigrants [29%] and 52 010 nonimmigrants [71%]). Of the 19 included states and New York City, 6 offered full coverage, 9 offered moderate coverage, and 4 offered no coverage; 1 state (Oregon) switched from offering moderate coverage to offering full coverage. Compared with the states that offered full coverage, receipt of postpartum care among immigrants was 7.0-percentage-points lower (95% CI, -10.6 to -3.4 percentage points) in the states that offered moderate coverage and 11.3-percentage-points lower (95% CI, -13.9 to -8.8 percentage points) in the states that offered no coverage. The differences in the receipt of postpartum care among immigrants relative to nonimmigrants were also associated with the coverage categories. Compared with the states that offered full coverage, there was a 3.3-percentage-point larger difference (95% CI, -5.3 to -1.4 percentage points) in the states that offered moderate coverage and a 7.7-percentage-point larger difference (95% CI, -10.3 to -5.0 percentage points) in the states that offered no coverage. Conclusions and Relevance Compared with states without insurance restrictions, immigrants living in states with public insurance restrictions were less likely to receive postpartum care. Restricting public insurance coverage may be an important policy-driven barrier to receipt of recommended pregnancy care and improved maternal health among immigrants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria W. Steenland
- Population Studies and Training Center, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Rachel E. Fabi
- Center for Bioethics and Humanities, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse
| | - Meghan Bellerose
- School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Arielle Desir
- School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Maggie S. White
- School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Laura R. Wherry
- Robert F. Wagner Graduate School of Public Service, New York University, New York, New York
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Najdowski CJ. How the "Black criminal" stereotype shapes Black people's psychological experience of policing: Evidence of stereotype threat and remaining questions. Am Psychol 2023; 78:695-713. [PMID: 37079816 DOI: 10.1037/amp0001159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Cultural stereotypes that link Black race to crime in the United States originated with and are perpetuated by policies that result in the disproportionate criminalization and punishment of Black people. The scientific record is replete with evidence that these stereotypes impact perceivers' perceptions, information processing, and decision-making in ways that produce more negative criminal legal outcomes for Black people than White people. However, relatively scant attention has been paid to understanding how situations that present a risk of being evaluated through the lens of crime-related stereotypes also directly affect Black people. In this article, I consider one situation in particular: encounters with police. I draw on social psychological research on stereotype threat generally as well as the few existing studies of crime-related stereotype threat specifically to illuminate how the cultural context creates psychologically distinct experiences of police encounters for Black people as compared to White people. I further consider the potential ramifications of stereotype threat effects on police officers' judgments and treatment of Black people as well as for Black people's safety and well-being in other criminal legal contexts and throughout their lives. Finally, I conclude with a call for increased scholarly attention to crime-related stereotype threat and the role it plays in contributing to racial disparities in policing outcomes, particularly with regard to diverse racial, ethnic, and intersectional identities and personal vulnerability factors, and the systemic changes that might mitigate its deleterious effects. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
Collapse
|
12
|
Khan PA, Johl SK, Kumar A, Luthra S. Hope-hype of green innovation, corporate governance index, and impact on firm financial performance: a comparative study of Southeast Asian countries. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:55237-55254. [PMID: 36882655 PMCID: PMC9991451 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26262-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The current production and conception have impacted the environmental hazards. Green innovation (GI) is the ideal solution for sustainable production, consumption, and ecological conservation. The objective of the study is to compare comprehensive green innovation (green product, process, service, and organization) impact on firm financial performance in Malaysia and Indonesia, along with the first study to measure the moderation role of the corporate governance index. This study has addressed the gap by developing the green innovation and corporate governance index. Collected panel data from the top 188 publicly listed firms for 3 years and analyzed it using the general least square method. The empirical evidence demonstrates that the green innovation practice is better in Malaysia, and the outcome also shows that the significance level is higher in Indonesia. This study also provides empirical evidence that board composition has a positive moderation relationship betwixt GI and business performance in Malaysia but is insignificant in Indonesia. This comparative study provides new insights to the policymakers and practitioners of both countries to monitor and manage green innovation practices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parvez Alam Khan
- Department of Finance, Woxsen Business School, Woxsen University, Hyderabad, Telangana 502345 India
- Department of Management and Humanities, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Satirenjit Kaur Johl
- Department of Management and Humanities, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Anil Kumar
- Guildhall School of Business and Law, London Metropolitan University, London, UK
| | - Sunil Luthra
- ATAL Cell, All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE), New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lewis D. Global scholars decry funding ban on influential Indian research centre. Nature 2023; 616:418-419. [PMID: 37024588 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-023-00995-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
|
14
|
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Reinhart
- From the Department of Anthropology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA; and the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, and the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Chicago Center for Psychoanalysis - both in Chicago
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Affiliation(s)
- Anne G Beckett
- From the Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine (A.G.B.), Partners In Health (L.V., J.M.), the Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School (J.M.), and the Division of Global Health Equity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital (J.M.) - all in Boston; Zanmi Lasante, Port-au-Prince, Haiti (L.V.); Physicians for Human Rights, New York (M.H.); and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, and the University of Michigan School of Public Health - both in Ann Arbor (M.H.)
| | - Loune Viaud
- From the Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine (A.G.B.), Partners In Health (L.V., J.M.), the Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School (J.M.), and the Division of Global Health Equity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital (J.M.) - all in Boston; Zanmi Lasante, Port-au-Prince, Haiti (L.V.); Physicians for Human Rights, New York (M.H.); and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, and the University of Michigan School of Public Health - both in Ann Arbor (M.H.)
| | - Michele Heisler
- From the Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine (A.G.B.), Partners In Health (L.V., J.M.), the Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School (J.M.), and the Division of Global Health Equity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital (J.M.) - all in Boston; Zanmi Lasante, Port-au-Prince, Haiti (L.V.); Physicians for Human Rights, New York (M.H.); and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, and the University of Michigan School of Public Health - both in Ann Arbor (M.H.)
| | - Joia Mukherjee
- From the Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine (A.G.B.), Partners In Health (L.V., J.M.), the Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School (J.M.), and the Division of Global Health Equity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital (J.M.) - all in Boston; Zanmi Lasante, Port-au-Prince, Haiti (L.V.); Physicians for Human Rights, New York (M.H.); and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, and the University of Michigan School of Public Health - both in Ann Arbor (M.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Affiliation(s)
- Luke Hawksbee
- Department of Sociology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Martin McKee
- Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Lawrence King
- Department of Economics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine A McDonald
- Jasmine A. McDonald and Adana A. M. Llanos are with the Mailman School of Public Health, and the Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY. Taylor Morton is with WE ACT for Environmental Justice, New York, NY. Ami R. Zota is with the Milken School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Adana A M Llanos
- Jasmine A. McDonald and Adana A. M. Llanos are with the Mailman School of Public Health, and the Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY. Taylor Morton is with WE ACT for Environmental Justice, New York, NY. Ami R. Zota is with the Milken School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Taylor Morton
- Jasmine A. McDonald and Adana A. M. Llanos are with the Mailman School of Public Health, and the Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY. Taylor Morton is with WE ACT for Environmental Justice, New York, NY. Ami R. Zota is with the Milken School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Ami R Zota
- Jasmine A. McDonald and Adana A. M. Llanos are with the Mailman School of Public Health, and the Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY. Taylor Morton is with WE ACT for Environmental Justice, New York, NY. Ami R. Zota is with the Milken School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Affiliation(s)
- Bhav Jain
- Bhav Jain is with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA. Simar S. Bajaj is with Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Fatima Cody Stanford is with the Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), MGH Weight Center, Departments of Medicine (Division of Endocrinology-Neuroendocrine) and Pediatrics (Division of Endocrinology), and the Nutrition Obesity Research Center at Harvard (NORCH), Boston, MA
| | - Simar S Bajaj
- Bhav Jain is with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA. Simar S. Bajaj is with Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Fatima Cody Stanford is with the Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), MGH Weight Center, Departments of Medicine (Division of Endocrinology-Neuroendocrine) and Pediatrics (Division of Endocrinology), and the Nutrition Obesity Research Center at Harvard (NORCH), Boston, MA
| | - Fatima Cody Stanford
- Bhav Jain is with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA. Simar S. Bajaj is with Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Fatima Cody Stanford is with the Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), MGH Weight Center, Departments of Medicine (Division of Endocrinology-Neuroendocrine) and Pediatrics (Division of Endocrinology), and the Nutrition Obesity Research Center at Harvard (NORCH), Boston, MA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
McCann S. The UK government's migration policy plans will only cause more suffering and death. BMJ 2021; 375:n2962. [PMID: 34848393 PMCID: PMC8631307 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.n2962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
20
|
Affiliation(s)
- Katie Moran-McCabe
- From the Center for Public Health Law Research, Beasley School of Law, Temple University, Philadelphia
| | - Scott Burris
- From the Center for Public Health Law Research, Beasley School of Law, Temple University, Philadelphia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ceballos G, Zarza H, González-Maya JF, de la Torre JA, Arias-Alzate A, Alcerreca C, Barcenas HV, Carreón-Arroyo G, Chávez C, Cruz C, Medellín D, García A, Antonio-García M, Lazcano-Barrero MA, Medellín RA, Moctezuma-Orozco O, Ruiz F, Rubio Y, Luja VH, Torres-Romero EJ. Beyond words: From jaguar population trends to conservation and public policy in Mexico. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255555. [PMID: 34613994 PMCID: PMC8494370 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The jaguar (Panthera onca) is one of the most threatened carnivores in the Americas. Despite a long history of research on this charismatic species, to date there have been few systematic efforts to assess its population size and status in most countries across its distribution range. We present here the results of the two National Jaguar Surveys for Mexico, the first national censuses in any country within the species distribution. We estimated jaguar densities from field data collected at 13 localities in 2008-2010 (2010 hereafter) and 11 localities in 2016-2018 (2018 hereafter). We used the 2010 census results as the basis to develop a National Jaguar Conservation Strategy that identified critical issues for jaguar conservation in Mexico. We worked with the Mexican government to implement the conservation strategy and then evaluated its effectivity. To compare the 2010 and 2018 results, we estimated the amount of jaguar-suitable habitat in the entire country based on an ecological niche model for both periods. Suitable jaguar habitat covered ~267,063 km2 (13.9% of the country's territory) in 2010 and ~ 288,890 km2 (~14.8% of the country's territory) in 2018. Using the most conservative density values for each priority region, we estimated jaguar densities for both the high and low suitable habitats. The total jaguar population was estimated in ~4,000 individuals for 2010 census and ~4,800 for the 2018 census. The Yucatan Peninsula was the region with the largest population, around 2000 jaguars, in both censuses. Our promising results indicate that the actions we proposed in the National Jaguar Conservation Strategy, some of which have been implemented working together with the Federal Government, other NGO's, and land owners, are improving jaguar conservation in Mexico. The continuation of surveys and monitoring programs of the jaguar populations in Mexico will provide accurate information to design and implement effective, science-based conservation measures to try to ensure that robust jaguar populations remain a permanent fixture of Mexico's natural heritage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Ceballos
- Laboratorio de Ecología y Conservación de Fauna Silvestre, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Heliot Zarza
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Lerma, CBS, Lerma de Villada, México
| | - José F. González-Maya
- Laboratorio de Ecología y Conservación de Fauna Silvestre, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, México
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Lerma, CBS, Lerma de Villada, México
- Proyecto de Conservación de Aguas y Tierras, ProCAT Colombia/Costa Rica, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - J. Antonio de la Torre
- Laboratorio de Ecología y Conservación de Vertebrados Terrestres, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, México
- Bioconciencia A.C., Ciudad de México, México
| | - Andrés Arias-Alzate
- Universidad CES, Facultad de Ciencias y Biotecnología, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
| | | | - Horacio V. Barcenas
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, México
| | | | - Cuauhtémoc Chávez
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Lerma, CBS, Lerma de Villada, México
| | - Carlos Cruz
- Laboratorio de Ecología y Conservación de Fauna Silvestre, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, México
- Universidad de Alicante, Campus San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, España
| | - Daniela Medellín
- Laboratorio de Ecología y Conservación de Fauna Silvestre, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Andres García
- Estación de Biología Chamela, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, San Patricio-Melaque, La Huerta, Jalisco, México
| | - Marco Antonio-García
- Facultad de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, México
| | | | - Rodrigo A. Medellín
- Proyecto de Conservación de Aguas y Tierras, ProCAT Colombia/Costa Rica, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Fernando Ruiz
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Ciudad del Conocimiento, Col. Carboneras, Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo, México
| | - Yamel Rubio
- Facultad de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Ciudad Universitaria, Culiacán, Sinaloa, México
| | - Victor H. Luja
- Unidad Academica de Turismo, Universidad Autonoma de Nayarit, Ciudad de la Cultura, Tepic, Nayarit
| | - Erik Joaquín Torres-Romero
- Laboratorio de Ecología y Conservación de Fauna Silvestre, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, México
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ni'Man M, Lemos NP. Covid-19 and the criminalisation of viral transmission. Med Sci Law 2021; 61:315-317. [PMID: 34092148 DOI: 10.1177/00258024211010931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ni'Man
- Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Nikolas P Lemos
- Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Thrul J, Riehm KE, Cohen JE, Alexander GC, Vernick JS, Mojtabai R. Tobacco control policies and smoking cessation treatment utilization: A moderated mediation analysis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0241512. [PMID: 34460821 PMCID: PMC8405013 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tobacco policies, including clean indoor air laws and cigarette taxes, increase smoking cessation in part by stimulating the use of cessation treatments. We explored whether the associations between tobacco policies and treatment use varies across sociodemographic groups. METHODS We used data from 62,165 U.S. adult participants in the 2003 and 2010/11 Tobacco Use Supplement to the Current Population Survey (TUS-CPS) who reported smoking cigarettes during the past-year. We built on prior structural equation models used to quantify the degree to which smoking cessation treatment use (prescription medications, nicotine replacement therapy, counseling/support groups, quitlines, and internet resources) mediated the association between clean indoor air laws, cigarette excise taxes, and recent smoking cessation. In the current study, we added selected moderators to each model to investigate whether associations between tobacco polices and smoking cessation treatment use varied by sex, race/ethnicity, education, income, and health insurance status. RESULTS Associations between clean indoor air laws and the use of prescription medication and nicotine replacement therapies varied significantly between racial/ethnic, age, and education groups in 2003. However, none of these moderation effects remained significant in 2010/11. Higher cigarette excise taxes in 2010/2011 were associated with higher odds of using counseling among older adults and higher odds of using prescription medications among younger adults. No other moderator reached statistical significance. Smoking cessation treatments did not mediate the effect of taxes on smoking cessation in 2003 and were not included in these analyses. CONCLUSIONS Sociodemographic differences in associations between clean indoor air laws and smoking cessation treatment use have decreased from 2003 to 2010/11. In most cases, policies appear to stimulate smoking cessation treatment use similarly across varied sociodemographic groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Thrul
- Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kira E. Riehm
- Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Joanna E. Cohen
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Institute for Global Tobacco Control, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - G. Caleb Alexander
- Center for Drug Safety and Effectiveness, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jon S. Vernick
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ramin Mojtabai
- Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
A crucial question in relation to support designed to enable the legal capacity of people with mental disabilities concerns when support constitutes undue influence. This article addresses this question in order to facilitate the development of law and policy in England and Wales, by providing a normative analysis of the different approaches to undue influence across decisions about property, contracts, health, finances, and accommodation. These are all potential contexts for supporting legal capacity, and, in doing so, the article compares approaches to undue influence that are rarely considered together. Drawing on the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, third sector and public body documents, and law in England and Wales, the analysis identifies six models that conceptualise undue influence in terms of: modes of influence; an overborne will; an inference from the situation; an overborne will understood as a mental incapacity; an overborne will in connection with vulnerability; and impaired discursive control. This final approach is a novel proposal for understanding undue influence. The analysis highlights key policy-relevant issues that distinguish the models, and generates a deliberative framework for navigating them, with the 'overborne will', 'inference-based', and 'discursive control' models identified as potentially fitting for the support context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jillian Craigie
- Centre of Medical Law and Ethics, Dickson Poon School of Law, King’s College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Affiliation(s)
- N Ewen Wang
- From the Department of Emergency Medicine (N.E.W.), and the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (R.M.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Academic General Pediatrics, Montefiore Medical Center; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; and Terra Firma: Healthcare and Justice for Immigrant Children - all in New York (A.S.)
| | - Ryan Matlow
- From the Department of Emergency Medicine (N.E.W.), and the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (R.M.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Academic General Pediatrics, Montefiore Medical Center; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; and Terra Firma: Healthcare and Justice for Immigrant Children - all in New York (A.S.)
| | - Alan Shapiro
- From the Department of Emergency Medicine (N.E.W.), and the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (R.M.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Academic General Pediatrics, Montefiore Medical Center; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; and Terra Firma: Healthcare and Justice for Immigrant Children - all in New York (A.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Sánchez-Romero LM, Zavala-Arciniega L, Reynales-Shigematsu LM, de Miera-Juárez BS, Yuan Z, Li Y, Lau YK, Fleischer NL, Meza R, Thrasher JF, Levy DT. The Mexico SimSmoke tobacco control policy model: Development of a simulation model of daily and nondaily cigarette smoking. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248215. [PMID: 34153063 PMCID: PMC8216521 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nondaily smoking has been on the rise, especially in Mexico. While Mexico has strengthened its tobacco control policies, their effects on nondaily smokers have gone largely unexamined. We developed a simulation model to estimate the impact of tobacco control policies on daily and nondaily smoking in Mexico. METHODS A previously validated Mexico SimSmoke model that estimated overall trends in smoking prevalence from 2002 through 2013 was extended to 2018 and adapted to distinguish daily and nondaily smoking prevalence. The model was then validated using data from Mexican surveys through 2016. To gauge the potential effects of policies, we compared the trends in smoking under current policies with trends from policies kept at their 2002 levels. RESULTS Between 2002 and 2016, Mexico SimSmoke underestimated the reduction in male and female daily smoking rates. For nondaily smoking, SimSmoke predicted a decline among both males and females, while survey rates showed increasing rates in both genders, primarily among ages 15-44. Of the total reduction in smoking rates predicted by the model by 2018, tax policies account for more than 55%, followed by health warnings, cessation treatment, smoke-free air laws, and tobacco control spending. CONCLUSIONS Although Mexico SimSmoke did not successfully explain trends in daily and nondaily smoking, it helps to identify gaps in surveillance and policy evaluation for nondaily smokers. Future research should consider appropriate measures of nondaily smoking prevalence, trajectories between daily and nondaily smoking, and the separate impact of tobacco control policies on each group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luz María Sánchez-Romero
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Luis Zavala-Arciniega
- Tobacco Research Department, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, México
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | | | | | - Zhe Yuan
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Yameng Li
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Yan Kwan Lau
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Nancy L. Fleischer
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Rafael Meza
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - James F. Thrasher
- Tobacco Research Department, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, México
- Department of Health Promotion, Education & Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - David T. Levy
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Kaimann D, Tanneberg I. What containment strategy leads us through the pandemic crisis? An empirical analysis of the measures against the COVID-19 pandemic. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253237. [PMID: 34153058 PMCID: PMC8216519 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since January 2020, the COVID-19 outbreak has been progressing at a rapid pace. To keep the pandemic at bay, countries have implemented various measures to interrupt the transmission of the virus from person to person and prevent an overload of their health systems. We analyze the impact of these measures implemented against the COVID-19 pandemic by using a sample of 68 countries, Puerto Rico and the 50 federal states of the United States of America, four federal states of Australia, and eight federal states of Canada, involving 6,941 daily observations. We show that measures are essential for containing the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. After controlling for daily COVID-19 tests, we find evidence to suggest that school closures, shut-downs of non-essential business, mass gathering bans, travel restrictions in and out of risk areas, national border closures and/or complete entry bans, and nationwide curfews decrease the growth rate of the coronavirus and thus the peak of daily confirmed cases. We also find evidence to suggest that combinations of these measures decrease the daily growth rate at a level outweighing that of individual measures. Consequently, and despite extensive vaccinations, we contend that the implemented measures help contain the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic and ease the overstressed capacity of the healthcare systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kaimann
- Department of Management, Paderborn University, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Ilka Tanneberg
- Department of Management, Paderborn University, Paderborn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
|
29
|
Titus AR, Gamarel KE, Thrasher JF, Meza R, Fleischer NL. State-Level Structural Stigma and Smoking Among Sexual Minority Adults in the USA, 2012-2014. Ann Behav Med 2021; 55:557-570. [PMID: 33196079 PMCID: PMC8171797 DOI: 10.1093/abm/kaaa086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to structural stigma (i.e., societal norms and policies that constrain access to resources) may help explain poor health outcomes among sexual minority (SM) individuals in the USA. PURPOSE We examined the relationship between structural stigma and smoking prevalence among U.S. SM and heterosexual adults. METHODS We adapted an index to capture multiple state-level structural stigma indicators, including attitudes toward same-sex marriage; the geographical density of same-sex couples; and state-level policies toward SMs. The outcome variable was current smoking, derived from the National Adult Tobacco Survey (2012-2014). Poisson regression models stratified by SM status were used to assess the relationship between structural stigma and the prevalence ratio (PR) of current smoking. We included a squared term for stigma to explore nonlinear relationships between stigma and smoking. Interaction terms were used to examine effect modification by sex. RESULTS Adjusted models suggested a curvilinear PR relationship between stigma and smoking for both SM (linear PR = 1.03 [0.97-1.08]; quadratic PR = 0.98 [0.97-1.00]) and heterosexual (linear PR = 1.00 [0.99-1.02]; quadratic PR = 0.99 [0.988-0.995]) adults. The quadratic term was significant (p < .05) for both SM and heterosexual respondents, however, the change in probability of smoking associated with structural stigma was more pronounced among SM individuals. Specifically, the highest and lowest exposures to stigma were associated with the lowest probabilities of smoking. There was no apparent effect modification by sex. CONCLUSIONS Findings lend support to addressing SM structural stigma as a driver of smoking, particularly among SM adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea R Titus
- Center for Social Epidemiology & Population Health and Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kristi E Gamarel
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - James F Thrasher
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
- Department of Tobacco Research, Center for Population Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Rafael Meza
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Nancy L Fleischer
- Center for Social Epidemiology & Population Health and Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Kusi-Ampofo O. Negotiating Change: Ideas, Institutions, and Political Actors in Tobacco Control Policy Making in Mauritius. J Health Polit Policy Law 2021; 46:435-465. [PMID: 33647948 DOI: 10.1215/03616878-8893543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT This article explains the policy process that occasioned the development of comprehensive tobacco control policies in Mauritius from 1980 to 2019. It does so by drawing theoretical insights from John Kingdon's streams framework, historical institutionalism, and ideational perspectives to explicate how tobacco control rose to the status of government policy agenda. METHODS The main sources of data are government documents, media reports, archival studies, grey literature, and published books and articles. These sources were supplemented by key informant interviews with government officials, civil society groups, and other vested interest groups. FINDINGS This article finds that the prevalence of noncommunicable diseases in the late 1980s, the political commitment of Mauritius's Labour government to comprehensive tobacco control, the institutional legacies of Mauritius's Public Health Act of 1925, and the administrative capacity of Mauritius's Ministry of Health and Quality of Life are the primary factors that drove tobacco control policies in Mauritius. CONCLUSION The findings from this study will enrich our understanding of policy change and the politics of tobacco control in the global south. Future research should investigate why some countries in Africa have failed to adopt comprehensive tobacco control policies despite ratifying the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control.
Collapse
|
31
|
Cook WK, Li L, Greenfield TK, Patterson D, Naimi T, Xuan Z, Karriker-Jaffe KJ. State Alcohol Policies, Binge Drinking Prevalence, Socioeconomic Environments and Alcohol's Harms to Others: A Mediation Analysis. Alcohol Alcohol 2021; 56:360-367. [PMID: 32790857 PMCID: PMC8085366 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agaa073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Alcohol policy effects on alcohol's harms due to others' drinking (AHTO) and contextual factors that may mediate such policy effects have been understudied. This study examines state binge drinking prevalence as a mediator of the relationship between state alcohol policy and socioeconomic environments and individual-level AHTO. METHODS A nationally representative sample of US adults (N = 32,401; 13,873 males, 18,528 females) from the 2000, 2005, 2010 and 2015 National Alcohol Surveys and the 2015 National Alcohol's Harm to Others Survey, administered in telephone interviews and based on random digit dialed sampling, were linked with state-level Alcohol Policy Scale (APS) scores, binge drinking prevalence and socioeconomic status (SES) data. Three 12-month AHTO measures were family/marriage difficulties, assault or vandalism and riding with drunk driver or having traffic accident. Three-level mediation analyses were conducted, controlling for gender, race, education, marital status, family problem-drinking history and state policing rate. RESULTS The effects of the APS on reduced risks for assault/vandalism and drinking-driving harms were significantly mediated by reduced state binge drinking prevalence. The APS had no direct or indirect effect on family/marital trouble. State SES had significant indirect effects on increased risks for assault/vandalism and driving-related harm through increased state binge drinking prevalence and a direct effect on reduced family/marital problems. CONCLUSIONS A more stringent alcohol policy environment could reduce assault/vandalism and driving-related harm due to another drinker by lowering state binge drinking rates. Alcohol policies may not be effective in reducing family problems caused by another drinker more prevalent in low-SES states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Won Kim Cook
- Public Health Institute, Alcohol Research Group, 6001 Shellmound St. Suite 450, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Libo Li
- Public Health Institute, Alcohol Research Group, 6001 Shellmound St. Suite 450, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Thomas K Greenfield
- Public Health Institute, Alcohol Research Group, 6001 Shellmound St. Suite 450, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Deidre Patterson
- Public Health Institute, Alcohol Research Group, 6001 Shellmound St. Suite 450, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Timothy Naimi
- Boston University Schools of Medicine and Public Health, 801 Massachusetts Ave., 2 Floor, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Ziming Xuan
- Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany St. Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Katherine J Karriker-Jaffe
- Public Health Institute, Alcohol Research Group, 6001 Shellmound St. Suite 450, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Griffith CH, de Beer F, Edwards RL, Smith C, Colvin G, Karpf M. Addressing Kentucky's Physician Shortage While Securing a Network for a Research-Intensive, Referral Academic Medical Center: Where Public Policy Meets Effective Clinical Strategic Planning. Acad Med 2021; 96:375-380. [PMID: 33661849 DOI: 10.1097/acm.0000000000003582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A critical shortage of physicians is looming in the United States. The situation in Kentucky is especially dire, especially in rural areas. Class size constraints have resulted in the University of Kentucky College of Medicine (UK COM) unable to admit over 100 qualified Kentuckians each year. This article describes how leadership at University of Kentucky committed to addressing the state physician shortage while simultaneously strengthening relationships with critical partners through the establishment of two 4-year UK COM regional medical campuses. Based on criteria (such as a commitment to educating physicians, ample patients, sufficient willing physician preceptors, etc.), partners selected were Med Center Health, the leading health care system in southwestern Kentucky, and St. Elizabeth Healthcare, the predominant health care system in northern Kentucky. These regional campuses allow UK COM to expand its class size to 201 and total enrollment to 804, increasing from historically 70 to currently 120 graduates per year expected to practice in Kentucky. Critical to the success of this expansion is the buy-in of leadership and the Admissions Committee to consider students with a wider range of Medical College Admission Test scores. The regional clinical partners have substantially increased their teaching opportunities, with a greater ability to attract physicians. Both partners have made substantial financial contributions in support of the regional campuses. These relationships have energized UK COM engagement with its area alumni and have resulted in fewer Kentuckians referred out of state for advanced specialty care. Partnerships are also occurring with UK COM to increase graduate medical education offerings at the regional sites, fulfilling the vision of "training Kentuckians in Kentucky to practice in Kentucky."
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles H Griffith
- C.H. Griffith III is vice dean for education and professor of internal medicine and pediatrics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Fred de Beer
- F. de Beer is dean emeritus and professor of internal medicine, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Robert L Edwards
- R.L. Edwards is associate vice president, Health System Administration, and chief external affairs officer, UK HealthCare, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Connie Smith
- C. Smith is president and chief executive officer, Med Center Health, Bowling Green, Kentucky
| | - Garren Colvin
- G. Colvin is president and chief executive officer, St. Elizabeth Healthcare, Edgewood, Kentucky
| | - Michael Karpf
- M. Karpf is advisor to the president and professor of internal medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Park SO, Hassairi N. What predicts legislative success of early care and education policies?: Applications of machine learning and Natural Language Processing in a cross-state early childhood policy analysis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246730. [PMID: 33571216 PMCID: PMC7877598 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the pioneering efforts of a federal Head Start program, U.S. state policymakers have rapidly expanded access to Early Care and Education (ECE) programs with strong bipartisan support. Within the past decade the enrollment of 4 year-olds has roughly doubled in state-funded preschool. Despite these public investments, the content and priorities of early childhood legislation-enacted and failed-have rarely been examined. This study integrates perspectives from public policy, political science, developmental science, and machine learning in examining state ECE bills in identifying key factors associated with legislative success. Drawing from the Early Care and Education Bill Tracking Database, we employed Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA), a statistical topic identification model, to examine 2,396 ECE bills across the 50 U.S. states during the 2015-2018. First, a six-topic solution demonstrated the strongest fit theoretically and empirically suggesting two meta policy priorities: 'ECE finance' and 'ECE services'. 'ECE finance' comprised three dimensions: (1) Revenues, (2) Expenditures, and (3) Fiscal Governance. 'ECE services' also included three dimensions: (1) PreK, (2) Child Care, and (3) Health and Human Services (HHS). Further, we found that bills covering a higher proportion of HHS, Fiscal Governance, or Expenditures were more likely to pass into law relative to bills focusing largely on PreK, Child Care, and Revenues. Additionally, legislative effectiveness of the bill's primary sponsor was a strong predictor of legislative success, and further moderated the relation between bill content and passage. Highly effective legislators who had previously passed five or more bills had an extremely high probability of introducing a legislation that successfully passed regardless of topic. Legislation with expenditures as policy priorities benefitted the most from having an effective legislator. We conclude with a discussion of the empirical findings within the broader context of early childhood policy literature and suggest implications for future research and policy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soojin Oh Park
- Department of Learning Sciences and Human Development, College of Education, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Nail Hassairi
- College of Education, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
Substantial global effort has been devoted to curtailing the tobacco epidemic over the past two decades, especially after the adoption of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control1 by the World Health Organization in 2003. In 2015, in recognition of the burden resulting from tobacco use, strengthened tobacco control was included as a global development target in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development2. Here we show that comprehensive tobacco control policies-including smoking bans, health warnings, advertising bans and tobacco taxes-are effective in reducing smoking prevalence; amplified positive effects are seen when these policies are implemented simultaneously within a given country. We find that if all 155 countries included in our counterfactual analysis had adopted smoking bans, health warnings and advertising bans at the strictest level and raised cigarette prices to at least 7.73 international dollars in 2009, there would have been about 100 million fewer smokers in the world in 2017. These findings highlight the urgent need for countries to move toward an accelerated implementation of a set of strong tobacco control practices, thus curbing the burden of smoking-attributable diseases and deaths.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luisa S Flor
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Department of Health Metrics Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Marissa B Reitsma
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Department of Health Metrics Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Vinay Gupta
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Department of Health Metrics Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Marie Ng
- IBM Watson Health, San Jose, CA, USA
| | - Emmanuela Gakidou
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Department of Health Metrics Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Greenfield TK, Cook WK, Karriker-Jaffe KJ, Li L, Room R. Are Countries' Drink-Driving Policies Associated With Harms Involving Another Driver's Impairment? Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2021; 45:429-435. [PMID: 33277939 PMCID: PMC7887042 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION International drink-driving policy research generally focuses on aggregate outcomes (e.g., rates of crashes, fatalities) without emphasizing secondhand alcohol-related vehicular harms. In contrast, we investigate associations between drink-driving policies and harms involving another driver's impairment. METHODS Alcohol's harms to others (AHTO) survey data from 12 countries (analytic N = 29,616) were linked to national alcohol policy data from the World Health Organization. We examined separately associations of two 12-month driving-related AHTOs (passenger with an impaired driver; vehicular crash involving someone else's drink driving) with 3 national drinking-driving policies-legal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) limits, use of random breath testing, use of sobriety checkpoints, and comprehensive penalties for drink-driving (community service, detention, fines, ignition interlocks, license suspension/revocation, mandatory alcohol treatment, vehicle impoundment, and penalty point system), plus 2 alcohol tax variables (having excise taxes and value-added tax [VAT] rate). Multilevel logistic regression addressed clustering of individuals within countries and subnational regions, while adjusting for individuals' gender, age, marital status, risky drinking, and regional drinking culture (% male risky drinkers in sub-national region). RESULTS Controlling for national-, regional-, and individual-level covariates, comprehensive penalties were significantly and negatively associated with both outcomes; other vehicular policy variables were not significantly associated with either outcome. A society's VAT rate was negatively associated with riding with a drunk driver. Regional male drinking culture was positively associated with riding with an impaired driver, but was not significantly associated with being in a vehicular crash due to someone else's drinking. In both models, being male, being younger, and engaging in risky drinking oneself each were positively associated with vehicular harms due to someone else's drinking. CONCLUSIONS Although results are associational and not causal, comprehensive penalties may be promising policies for mitigating driving-related harms due to another drinker. Higher VAT rate might reduce riding with a drunk driver.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Won K. Cook
- Public Health Institute, Alcohol Research Group, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | | | - Libo Li
- Public Health Institute, Alcohol Research Group, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Robin Room
- La Trobe University, Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Social Research on Alcohol and Drugs, Department of Public Health Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
Lauren Paremoer and colleagues call for action to create a fairer and more sustainable post-covid world
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Paremoer
- Political Studies, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sulakshana Nandi
- People's Health Movement, Delhi, India
- Public Health Resource Network Chhattisgarh, Raipur, India
| | - Hani Serag
- Center for Global and Community Health, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston
| | - Fran Baum
- People's Health Movement, Delhi, India
- Southgate Institute for Health, Society and Equity, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
|
38
|
Affiliation(s)
- Frederick P Rivara
- The Firearm Injury and Policy Research Program, Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle
- Departments of Pediatrics and Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle
| | | | - Ali Rowhani-Rahbar
- The Firearm Injury and Policy Research Program, Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle
- Departments of Pediatrics and Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Piersanti V, Consalvo F, Signore F, Del Rio A, Zaami S. Surrogacy and "Procreative Tourism". What Does the Future Hold from the Ethical and Legal Perspectives? Medicina (Kaunas) 2021; 57:47. [PMID: 33429930 PMCID: PMC7827900 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Background and objectives: To explore the ethical and legal complexities arising from the controversial issue of surrogacy, particularly in terms of how they affect fundamental rights of children and parents. Surrogacy is a form of medically-assisted procreation (MAP) in which a woman "lends" her uterus to carry out a pregnancy on behalf of a third party. There are pathological conditions, such as uterine agenesis or hysterectomy outcomes, that may prevent prospective mothers from becoming pregnant or carry a pregnancy to term; such patients may consider finding a surrogate mother. Many issues relating to surrogacy remain unresolved, with significant disagreements and controversy within the scientific community and public opinion. There are several factors called into play and multiple parties and stakeholders whose objectives and interests need to somehow be reconciled. First and foremost, the authors contend, it is essential to prioritize and uphold the rights of children born through surrogacy and heterologous MAP. Materials and methods: To draw a parallel between Italy and the rest of the world, the legislation in force in twelve European countries was analyzed, eleven of which are part of the European Union (France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Greece, Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, Lithuania, Czech Republic and Portugal) and three non-members of the same (United Kingdom, Ukraine and Russia), as well as that of twelve non-European countries considered exemplary (United States, Canada, Australia, India, China, Thailand, Israel, Nigeria and South Africa); in particular, legislative sources and legal databases were drawn upon, in order to draw a comparison with the Italian legislation currently in force and map out the evolution of the Italian case law on the basis of the judgments issued by Italian courts, including the Constitutional and Supreme Courts and the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR); search engines such as PubMed and Google Scholar were also used, by entering the keywords "surrogacy" and "surrogate motherhood", to find scientific articles concerning assisted reproduction techniques with a close focus on surrogacy. Results: SM is a prohibited and sanctioned practice in Italy; on the other hand, it is allowed in other countries of the world, which leads Italian couples, or couples from other countries where it is banned, to often contact foreign centers in order to undertake a MAP pathway which includes surrogacy; in addition, challenges may arise from the legal status of children born through surrogacy abroad: to date, in most countries, there is no specific legislation aimed at regulating their legal registration and parental status. Conclusion: With reference to the Italian context, despite the scientific and legal evolution on the subject, a legislative intervention aimed at filling the regulatory gaps in terms of heterologous MAP and surrogacy has not yet come to fruition. Considering the possibility of "fertility tourism", i.e., traveling to countries where the practice is legal, as indeed already happens in a relatively significant number of cases, the current legislation, although integrated by the legal interpretation, does not appear to be effective in avoiding the phenomenon of procreative tourism. Moreover, to overcome some contradictions currently present between law 40 and law 194, it would be appropriate to outline an organic and exhaustive framework of rules, which should take into account the multiplicity of interests at stake, in keeping with a fair and sustainable balance when regulating such practices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Piersanti
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic, and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University, 00198 Rome, Italy; (V.P.); (F.C.); (S.Z.)
| | - Francesca Consalvo
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic, and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University, 00198 Rome, Italy; (V.P.); (F.C.); (S.Z.)
| | - Fabrizio Signore
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Sant’Eugenio Hospital, 00144 Rome, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Del Rio
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic, and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University, 00198 Rome, Italy; (V.P.); (F.C.); (S.Z.)
| | - Simona Zaami
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic, and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University, 00198 Rome, Italy; (V.P.); (F.C.); (S.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Crosby SS, Sonis L, Annas GJ. The Boston Medical Center Immigrant Task Force: An Alternative to Teaching Immigration Law to Health Care Providers. J Law Med Ethics 2021; 49:59-63. [PMID: 33966656 DOI: 10.1017/jme.2021.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
As healthcare providers engage in the politics of reforming and humanizing our immigration and asylum "system" it is critical that they are able to refer their patients whose health is directly impacted by our immigration laws and policies to experts who can help them navigate the system and obtain the healthcare they need.
Collapse
|
41
|
Freckelton I. COVID-19 Curfews: Kenyan and Australian Litigation and Pandemic Protection. J Law Med 2020; 28:117-131. [PMID: 33415895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Historically and etymologically, curfews are public health measures imposed to guard against risks to health and safety. On occasion they have been deployed oppressively, disproportionately and without proper regard to their ramifications. It is important that they not be used during a pandemic unless there is sufficient medico-scientific reason to conclude that they will serve a constructive purpose and that they are the least restrictive available governmental response. Inevitably, they impact adversely on a variety of human rights, particularly freedom of movement. They isolate and inhibit human connection. However, in the context of a worldwide pandemic causing terrible loss of life, there are occasions where they may be a necessary adjunct to these restrictions. This article identifies a variety of scenarios in which curfews have been imposed on different populations and identifies legal challenges that have been made to them. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic it reviews the Kenyan judgment of Law Society of Kenya v Mutyambai [2020] eKLR and the Victorian Supreme Court judgment of Loielo v Giles [2020] VSC 722. It contends that the carefully reasoned decisions in each instance constitute an important reassurance that decision-making about a lengthy curfew in order to reduce the spread of the COVID-19 virus was reasoned, rights-aware and suitably responsive to the risks posed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian Freckelton
- Barrister, Castan Chambers, Melbourne; Judge, Supreme Court of the Republic of Nauru; Professorial Fellow of Law and Psychiatry, University of Melbourne; Adjunct Professor of Forensic Medicine, Monash University; Adjunct Professor, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Komro KA, Dunlap P, Sroczynski N, Livingston MD, Kelly MA, Pepin D, Markowitz S, Rentmeester S, Wagenaar AC. Anti-poverty policy and health: Attributes and diffusion of state earned income tax credits across U.S. states from 1980 to 2020. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242514. [PMID: 33216767 PMCID: PMC7678980 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The U.S. federal Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) is often considered the most effective antipoverty program for families in the U.S., leading to a variety of improved outcomes such as educational attainment, work incentives, economic activity, income, and health benefits for mothers, infants and children. State EITC supplements to the federal credit can significantly enhance the magnitude of this intervention. In this paper we advance EITC and health research by: 1) describing the diffusion of state EITC policies over 40 years, 2) presenting patterns in important EITC policy dimensions across space and time, and 3) disseminating a robust data set to advance future research by policy analysts and scientists. METHODS We used current public health law research methods to systematically collect, conduct textual legal analysis, and numerically code all EITC legislative changes from 1980 through 2020 in the 50 states and Washington, D.C. RESULTS First, the pattern of diffusion across states and time shows initial introductions during the 1990s in the Midwest, then spreading to the Northeast, with more recent expansions in the West and South. Second, differences by state and time of important policy dimensions are evident, including size of credit and refundability. Third, state EITC benefits vary considerably by household structure. CONCLUSION Continued research on health outcomes is warranted to capture the full range of potential beneficial effects of EITCs on family and child wellbeing. Lawyers and policy analysts can collaborate with epidemiologists and economists on other high-quality empirical studies to assess the many dimensions of policy and law that potentially affect the social determinants of health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelli A. Komro
- Department of Behavioral, Social, and Health Education Sciences, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Phenesse Dunlap
- Department of Behavioral, Social, and Health Education Sciences, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Nolan Sroczynski
- Department of Behavioral, Social, and Health Education Sciences, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Melvin D. Livingston
- Department of Behavioral, Social, and Health Education Sciences, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Megan A. Kelly
- Policy Research, Analysis, and Development Office, Office of the Associate Director for Policy and Strategy, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Dawn Pepin
- Policy Research, Analysis, and Development Office, Office of the Associate Director for Policy and Strategy, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Sara Markowitz
- Department of Economics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Shelby Rentmeester
- Department of Behavioral, Social, and Health Education Sciences, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Alexander C. Wagenaar
- Department of Behavioral, Social, and Health Education Sciences, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Ricoca Peixoto V, Vieira A, Aguiar P, Carvalho C, Rhys Thomas D, Abrantes A. Initial Assessment of the Impact of the Emergency State Lockdown Measures on the 1st Wave of the COVID-19 Epidemic in Portugal. ACTA MEDICA PORT 2020; 33:733-741. [PMID: 33160423 DOI: 10.20344/amp.14129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Portugal took early action to control the COVID-19 epidemic, initiating lockdown measures on March 16th when it recorded only 62 cases of COVID-19 per million inhabitants and reported no deaths. The Portuguese public complied quickly, reducing their overall mobility by 80%. The aim of this study was to estimate the initial impact of the lockdown in Portugal in terms of the reduction of the burden on the healthcare system. MATERIAL AND METHODS We forecasted epidemic curves for: Cases, hospital inpatients (overall and in intensive care), and deaths without lockdown, assuming that the impact of containment measures would start 14 days after initial lockdown was implemented. We used exponential smoothing models for deaths, intensive care and hospitalizations and an ARIMA model for number of cases. Models were selected considering fitness to the observed data up to the 31st March 2020. We then compared observed (with intervention) and forecasted curves (without intervention). RESULTS Between April 1st and April 15th, there were 146 fewer deaths (-25%), 5568 fewer cases (-23%) and, as of April 15th, there were 519 fewer intensive care inpatients (-69%) than forecasted without the lockdown. On April 15th, the number of intensive care inpatients could have reached 748, three times higher than the observed value (229) if the intervention had been delayed. DISCUSSION If the lockdown had not been implemented in mid-March, Portugal intensive care capacity (528 beds) would have likely been breached during the first half of April. The lockdown seems to have been effective in reducing transmission of SARS-CoV-2, serious COVID-19 disease, and associated mortality, thus decreasing demand on health services. CONCLUSION An early lockdown allowed time for the National Health Service to mobilize resources and acquire personal protective equipment, increase testing, contact tracing and hospital and intensive care capacity and to promote broad prevention and control measures. When lifting more stringent measures, strong surveillance and communication strategies that mobilize individual prevention efforts are necessary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vasco Ricoca Peixoto
- Public Health Research Centre. NOVA National School of Public Health. Universidade NOVA de Lisboa. Lisboa; Public Health Unit. North Lisbon Health Centers. Lisbon; European Programme for Intervention Epidemiology Training (EPIET). European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). Stockholm. Sweden. Portugal
| | - André Vieira
- Public Health Research Centre. NOVA National School of Public Health. Universidade NOVA de Lisboa. Lisboa. Portugal
| | - Pedro Aguiar
- Public Health Research Centre. NOVA National School of Public Health. Universidade NOVA de Lisboa. Lisboa. Portugal
| | - Carlos Carvalho
- Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine. Abel Salazar Institute of Biomedical Sciences. Universidade do Porto. Porto. Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre. Public Health Wales. Cardiff. United Kingdom. Portugal
| | - Daniel Rhys Thomas
- European Programme for Intervention Epidemiology Training (EPIET). European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). Stockholm. Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre. Public Health Wales. Cardiff. United Kingdom. Sweden
| | - Alexandre Abrantes
- Public Health Research Centre. NOVA National School of Public Health. Universidade NOVA de Lisboa. Lisboa. Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Herrera Amul GG. Alcohol Advertising, Promotion, and Sponsorship: A Review of Regulatory Policies in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2020; 81:697-709. [PMID: 33308397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The expansion of transnational alcohol corporations (TACs) in Southeast Asia has been suggested as a possible contributor to increased alcohol advertising, promotion, and sponsorship (AAPS), which in turn may have contributed to increasing rates of alcohol consumption and alcohol-related problems. The aim of this scoping review is to document the growth of TACs in the region and to critically evaluate the development of alcohol policies to regulate AAPS in 10 Southeast Asian nations. METHOD National policies related to AAPS were reviewed using data from the Global Information System on Alcohol and Health, following the framework of the WHO Global Strategy to reduce the harmful use of alcohol. The policy review was supplemented with data from corporate annual reports, press releases, four databases of academic literature, market research from Euromonitor International, and news articles. RESULTS Four TACs--Carlsberg, Diageo, Heineken, and San Miguel--have been expanding operations in Southeast Asia by setting up new breweries, acquiring local alcohol companies as subsidiaries, and entering into joint ventures. In contrast, policies for regulating AAPS vary across Southeast Asia and range from nonexistent to strong control of AAPS. There is strong control of AAPS in countries with existing legislation ranging from a complete ban (Brunei) to almost comprehensive bans (Indonesia, Myanmar, Laos) and partial bans (Thailand). Nonexistent to weak control of AAPS is observed in the Philippines, Singapore, Cambodia, Malaysia, and Vietnam, which mostly rely on voluntary regulation. CONCLUSIONS The study's findings point to the growing power of TACs in the region and call for the need for stronger measures based on scientific evidence of effectiveness that are implemented without interference from commercial interests.
Collapse
|
45
|
Newall PW, Russell AM, Sharman S, Walasek L. Associations between recalled use of legal UK youth gambling products and adult disordered gambling. J Behav Addict 2020; 9:863-868. [PMID: 32817588 PMCID: PMC8943655 DOI: 10.1556/jba-9-863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The UK allows a number of gambling products to be legally used by people under the age of 18. The aim of this study was to explore associations between recalled legal usage of five youth gambling products and adult disordered gambling. METHODS A retrospective cross-sectional study of 1,057 adult UK gamblers, aged 18-40. Recalled legal use of five youth gambling products (category D fruit machines, coin push machines, crane grab machines, the National Lottery, and National Lottery scratchcards) was correlated with adult disordered gambling symptoms as measured by the Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI). RESULTS Recalled rates of legal engagement with each product ranged from 50.9% for Category D fruit machines to 96.6% for coin push machines. For category D fruit machines, the National Lottery, and National Lottery scratchcards, merely having legally engaged with these products as a child was associated with adult disordered gambling. Furthermore, higher levels of recalled legal youth usage with each of the five products was also associated with adult disordered gambling. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS These results relate to recent government proposals to increase the National Lottery scratchcard legal age to 18, and add to a wider literature on youth gambling and subsequent gambling-related harm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip W.S. Newall
- Experimental Gambling Research Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, 120 Spencer St, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Alex M.T. Russell
- Experimental Gambling Research Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Steve Sharman
- National Addictions Centre, King's College London, London, SE5 8AF, UK
- School of Psychology, University of East London, London, E15 4LZ, UK
| | - Lukasz Walasek
- Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Affiliation(s)
- Gregg Gonsalves
- Public Health Modeling Unit and Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Gavin Yamey
- Center for Policy Impact in Global Health, Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Kavanagh MM. US elections and a foreign policy for pandemics. Lancet Public Health 2020; 5:e517-e518. [PMID: 33007206 PMCID: PMC7524511 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-2667(20)30211-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M Kavanagh
- Department of International Health and O'Neill Institute for National & Global Health Law, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20001, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Rasmussen ML, Southerton C, Fela G, Marshall D, Cover R, Aggleton P. Playing Recognition Politics: Queer Theoretical Reflections on Lesbian, Gay, and Queer Youth Social Policy in Australia in the 1980s and 1990s. Arch Sex Behav 2020; 49:2341-2352. [PMID: 32623541 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-020-01751-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This article provides a queer theoretical reflection on the emergence of lesbian, gay, and queer (LGQ) youth as subjects of policy attention in Australia in the late twentieth century. In particular, it focuses on the ways in which specific forms of social, bureaucratic, and organizational recognition have given shape to LGQ youth as categorical policy objects. To this end, this article critically interrogates social policy related to the provision of funding for LGQ youth support during the 1980s and 1990s in two Australian states: New South Wales and Western Australia. More specifically, it focuses on some of the ways in which LGQ youth have been discursively shaped and materially supported in three different organizations, two of which continue to be strongly associated with support of LGQ youth in Australia. This study of the emergence of these organizations, resourced by three different sectors-the state, the church, and the LGQ community itself-necessarily draws on ephemeral resources, reflecting the conditions of possibility in which this work was being enacted. We conclude with an analysis of the necessity for situating policy recognitions within specific contexts to examine the implications for LGQ youth as the subjects such recognitions simultaneously seek to constitute and serve.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Lou Rasmussen
- School of Sociology, Research School of Social Sciences Building 22, Haydon Allen Building, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.
| | - Clare Southerton
- Vitalities Lab, Social Policy Research Centre and Centre for Social Research in Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Geraldine Fela
- School of Philosophical, Historical, and International Studies, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Daniel Marshall
- School of Communication and Creative Arts, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Rob Cover
- School of Media and Communication, RMIT, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Peter Aggleton
- School of Sociology, Research School of Social Sciences Building 22, Haydon Allen Building, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- Centre for Social Research in Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
McQuoid-Mason DJ. Is the COVID-19 regulation that prohibits parental visits to their children who are patients in hospital invalid in terms of the Constitution? What should hospitals do? S Afr Med J 2020; 110:1086-1087. [PMID: 33403983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This article deals with whether the COVID-19 regulation that prohibits parental visits to their children who are patients in hospital is invalid in terms of the Constitution of South Africa. The article contends that the ban on visits by parents to their children in hospital is a violation of the children's rights provisions of the Constitution regarding the 'best interests of the child', and the 'best interests standard' in the Children's Act 38 of 2005. The article also points out that the regulations are not saved by the limitations clause of the Constitution, because the restriction is not 'reasonable and justifiable' and a 'less restrictive means' can be used to achieve the same purpose of preventing the spread of the COVID-19 virus. The article concludes that the relevant regulation is legally invalid, and hospitals would be fully justified in allowing parental visits to child patients provided proper precautions are taken to contain the virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D J McQuoid-Mason
- Centre for Socio-Legal Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Hodge JG, Wetter S, Carey E, Pendergrass E, Reeves CM, Reinke H. Legal "Tug-of-Wars" During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Public Health v. Economic Prosperity. J Law Med Ethics 2020; 48:603-607. [PMID: 33021176 DOI: 10.1177/1073110520958888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- James G Hodge
- James G. Hodge, Jr., J.D., LL.M., is the Peter Kiewit Foundation Professor of Law and Director, Center for Public Health Law and Policy, Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law, Arizona State University (ASU). Sarah Wetter, J.D., M.P.H., is a Law Fellow, O'Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law, Georgetown University Law Center. Emily Carey, Elyse Pendergrass, Claudia M. Reeves, and Hanna Reinke are Legal Researchers, Center for Public Health Law and Policy, and J.D. Candidates, Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law, ASU
| | - Sarah Wetter
- James G. Hodge, Jr., J.D., LL.M., is the Peter Kiewit Foundation Professor of Law and Director, Center for Public Health Law and Policy, Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law, Arizona State University (ASU). Sarah Wetter, J.D., M.P.H., is a Law Fellow, O'Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law, Georgetown University Law Center. Emily Carey, Elyse Pendergrass, Claudia M. Reeves, and Hanna Reinke are Legal Researchers, Center for Public Health Law and Policy, and J.D. Candidates, Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law, ASU
| | - Emily Carey
- James G. Hodge, Jr., J.D., LL.M., is the Peter Kiewit Foundation Professor of Law and Director, Center for Public Health Law and Policy, Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law, Arizona State University (ASU). Sarah Wetter, J.D., M.P.H., is a Law Fellow, O'Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law, Georgetown University Law Center. Emily Carey, Elyse Pendergrass, Claudia M. Reeves, and Hanna Reinke are Legal Researchers, Center for Public Health Law and Policy, and J.D. Candidates, Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law, ASU
| | - Elyse Pendergrass
- James G. Hodge, Jr., J.D., LL.M., is the Peter Kiewit Foundation Professor of Law and Director, Center for Public Health Law and Policy, Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law, Arizona State University (ASU). Sarah Wetter, J.D., M.P.H., is a Law Fellow, O'Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law, Georgetown University Law Center. Emily Carey, Elyse Pendergrass, Claudia M. Reeves, and Hanna Reinke are Legal Researchers, Center for Public Health Law and Policy, and J.D. Candidates, Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law, ASU
| | - Claudia M Reeves
- James G. Hodge, Jr., J.D., LL.M., is the Peter Kiewit Foundation Professor of Law and Director, Center for Public Health Law and Policy, Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law, Arizona State University (ASU). Sarah Wetter, J.D., M.P.H., is a Law Fellow, O'Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law, Georgetown University Law Center. Emily Carey, Elyse Pendergrass, Claudia M. Reeves, and Hanna Reinke are Legal Researchers, Center for Public Health Law and Policy, and J.D. Candidates, Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law, ASU
| | - Hanna Reinke
- James G. Hodge, Jr., J.D., LL.M., is the Peter Kiewit Foundation Professor of Law and Director, Center for Public Health Law and Policy, Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law, Arizona State University (ASU). Sarah Wetter, J.D., M.P.H., is a Law Fellow, O'Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law, Georgetown University Law Center. Emily Carey, Elyse Pendergrass, Claudia M. Reeves, and Hanna Reinke are Legal Researchers, Center for Public Health Law and Policy, and J.D. Candidates, Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law, ASU
| |
Collapse
|