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Thrul J, Kozak Z, Carducci MA, Garcia-Romeu A, Yaden DB. Innovations in group-based psilocybin-assisted therapy of major depression in patients with cancer. Cancer 2024; 130:1028-1030. [PMID: 38105654 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.35127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Several recent studies have investigated psilocybin as a novel therapeutic compound for the treatment of existential distress in patients with cancer, demonstrating persistent, positive effects on mood. This editorial discusses two articles in the current issue of Cancer that report findings of a group‐based psilocybin‐assisted intervention for treatment of depression in patients diagnosed with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Thrul
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Zofia Kozak
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael A Carducci
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Albert Garcia-Romeu
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center for Psychedelic and Consciousness Research, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David B Yaden
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center for Psychedelic and Consciousness Research, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Waring JJC, Nguyen N, Ling PM, Thrul J. Quantity of cigarettes smoked when co-used with alcohol and cannabis: Consideration of different definitions of co-use based on daily diary data. Drug Alcohol Depend 2024; 258:111264. [PMID: 38547786 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2024.111264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cigarettes are frequently co-used with alcohol and cannabis. However, definitions of co-use vary and the extent to which cigarette use changes on days with different patterns of co-use is unclear. We compared the number of cigarettes smoked on different days based on co-use patterns of cigarettes and alcohol or cannabis. METHODS This study analyzed 2408 smoking days collected in a 30-day smartphone-based daily diary study among 146 young adults (aged 18-26) with an oversample from sexual minority groups. Two separate multilevel models were estimated: one for cigarette and alcohol co-use and the other for cigarette and cannabis co-use. Both models examined day-level associations between the number of cigarettes smoked and 3 different types of days (smoking-only days, same-occasion co-use days, different-occasion co-use days), controlling for demographic characteristics. RESULTS More cigarettes were smoked on same-occasion co-use days compared to cigarette-smoking-only days for both alcohol (b=1.474, SE=0.136, t=10.8, p<.001) and cannabis (b=0.822, SE=0.209, t=3.9, p<.001). There were no significant differences in cigarettes smoked on days with co-use on the same day, but on different occasions, compared to days with smoking only. CONCLUSIONS Compared to days with cigarette smoking only, more cigarettes are smoked on days when cigarettes are co-used with alcohol or cannabis on the same occasion, while the same is not true for days with co-use on different occasions. Conflating different definitions of co-use may impact findings on associations between co-use and smoking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J C Waring
- Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 624 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Nhung Nguyen
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education and Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Pamela M Ling
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education and Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Johannes Thrul
- Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 624 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA; Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia.
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3
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Park S, Thrul J, Cooney EE, Atkins K, Kalb LG, Closser S, McDonald KM, Schneider-Firestone S, Surkan PJ, Rushton CH, Langhinrichsen-Rohling J, Veenema TG. Betrayal-Based Moral Injury and Mental Health Problems Among Healthcare and Hospital Workers Serving COVID-19 Patients. J Trauma Dissociation 2024; 25:202-217. [PMID: 38047579 DOI: 10.1080/15299732.2023.2289195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
One factor potentially driving healthcare and hospital worker (HHW)'s declining mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic is feeling betrayed by institutional leaders, coworkers, and/or others' pandemic-related responses and behaviors. We investigated whether HHWs' betrayal-based moral injury was associated with greater mental distress and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms related to COVID-19. We also examined if these associations varied between clinical and non-clinical staff. From July 2020 to January 2021, cross-sectional online survey data were collected from 1,066 HHWs serving COVID-19 patients in a large urban US healthcare system. We measured betrayal-based moral injury in three groups: institutional leaders, coworkers/colleagues, and people outside of healthcare. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to investigate whether betrayal-based moral injury was associated with mental distress and PTSD symptoms. Approximately one-third of HHWs reported feeling betrayed by institutional leaders, and/or people outside healthcare. Clinical staff were more likely to report feelings of betrayal than non-clinical staff. For all respondents, 49.5% reported mental distress and 38.2% reported PTSD symptoms. Having any feelings of betrayal increased the odds of mental distress and PTSD symptoms by 2.9 and 3.3 times, respectively. These associations were not significantly different between clinical and non-clinical staff. As health systems seek to enhance support of HHWs, they need to carefully examine institutional structures, accountability, communication, and decision-making patterns that can result in staff feelings of betrayal. Building trust and repairing ruptures with HHWs could prevent potential mental health problems, increase retention, and reduce burnout, while likely improving patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soim Park
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Johannes Thrul
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Erin E Cooney
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Atkins
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Luther G Kalb
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Svea Closser
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kathryn M McDonald
- Johns Hopkins School of Nursing, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Pamela J Surkan
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Cynda H Rushton
- Johns Hopkins School of Nursing, Berman Institute of Bioethics, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Tener G Veenema
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Luken A, Rabinowitz JA, Wells JL, Sosnowski DW, Strickland JC, Thrul J, Kirk GD, Maher BS. Designing and Validating a Novel Method for Assessing Delay Discounting Associated With Health Behaviors: Ecological Momentary Assessment Study. JMIR Form Res 2024; 8:e48954. [PMID: 38412027 PMCID: PMC10933719 DOI: 10.2196/48954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Delay discounting quantifies an individual's preference for smaller, short-term rewards over larger, long-term rewards and represents a transdiagnostic factor associated with numerous adverse health outcomes. Rather than a fixed trait, delay discounting may vary over time and place, influenced by individual and contextual factors. Continuous, real-time measurement could inform adaptive interventions for various health conditions. OBJECTIVE The goals of this paper are 2-fold. First, we present and validate a novel, short, ecological momentary assessment (EMA)-based delay discounting scale we developed. Second, we assess this tool's ability to reproduce known associations between delay discounting and health behaviors (ie, substance use and craving) using a convenience-based sample. METHODS Participants (N=97) were adults (age range 18-71 years), recruited on social media. In phase 1, data were collected on participant sociodemographic characteristics, and delay discounting was evaluated via the traditional Monetary Choice Questionnaire (MCQ) and our novel method (ie, 7-item time-selection and 7-item monetary-selection scales). During phase 2 (approximately 6 months later), participants completed the MCQ, our novel delay discounting measures, and health outcomes questions. The correlations between our method and the traditional MCQ within and across phases were examined. For scale reduction, a random number of items were iteratively selected, and the correlation between the full and random scales was assessed. We then examined the association between our time- and monetary-selection scales assessed during phase 2 and the percentage of assessments that participants endorsed using or craving alcohol, tobacco, or cannabis. RESULTS In total, 6 of the 7 individual time-selection items were highly correlated with the full scale (r>0.89). Both time-selection (r=0.71; P<.001) and monetary-selection (r=0.66; P<.001) delay discounting rates had high test-retest reliability across phases 1 and 2. Phase 1 MCQ delay discounting function highly correlated with phase 1 (r=0.76; P<.001) and phase 2 (r=0.45; P<.001) time-selection delay discounting scales. One or more randomly chosen time-selection items were highly correlated with the full scale (r>0.94). Greater delay discounting measured via the time-selection measure (adjusted mean difference=5.89, 95% CI 1.99-9.79), but not the monetary-selection scale (adjusted mean difference=-0.62, 95% CI -3.57 to 2.32), was associated with more past-hour tobacco use endorsement in follow-up surveys. CONCLUSIONS This study evaluated a novel EMA-based scale's ability to validly and reliably assess delay discounting. By measuring delay discounting with fewer items and in situ via EMA in natural environments, researchers may be better able to identify individuals at risk for poor health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Luken
- Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jill A Rabinowitz
- Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jonathan L Wells
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Population Health, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - David W Sosnowski
- Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Justin C Strickland
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Johannes Thrul
- Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Gregory D Kirk
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Brion S Maher
- Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Santiago-Torres M, Mull KE, Sullivan BM, Matthews AK, Skinta MD, Thrul J, Vogel EA, Bricker JB. Do Smartphone Apps Impact Long-Term Smoking Cessation for Sexual and Gender Minority Adults? Exploratory Results from a 2-Arm Randomized Trial Comparing Acceptance and Commitment Therapy with Standard US Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Homosex 2024:1-22. [PMID: 38305816 DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2024.2309491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Sexual and gender minority (SGM) adults face unique challenges in accessing smoking cessation care due to stigma tied to their identities and smoking. While cessation apps show promise in the general population, their efficacy for SGM adults is unclear. This study utilized data from a randomized trial to compare two cessation apps, iCanQuit (Acceptance and Commitment Therapy-based) and QuitGuide (US Clinical Practice Guidelines-based) among 403 SGM adults. The primary outcome was self-reported complete-case 30-day abstinence from cigarette smoking at 12 months. Mediation analyses explored whether interventions operated through acceptance of cues to smoke and app engagement. At 12 months, quit rates did not differ between arms (26% iCanQuit vs. 22% QuitGuide, OR = 1.22; 95% CI: 0.74 to 2.00, p = .43). iCanQuit positively impacted cessation via acceptance of cues to smoke (indirect effect = 0.23; 95% CI: 0.06 to 0.50, p < .001) and demonstrated higher engagement (no. logins, 28.4 vs. 12.1; p < .001) and satisfaction (91% vs. 75%, OR = 4.18; 95% CI: 2.12 to 8.25, p < .001) than QuitGuide. Although quit rates did not differ between arms, acceptance of cues to smoke seemed to play a crucial role in helping SGM adults quit smoking. Future interventions should consider promoting acceptance of cues to smoke in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristin E Mull
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Brianna M Sullivan
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Alicia K Matthews
- Department of Population Health Nursing, College of Nursing, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Matthew D Skinta
- Department of Psychology, Roosevelt University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Johannes Thrul
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Mental Health, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Erin A Vogel
- TSET Health Promotion Research Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Jonathan B Bricker
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Walters KJ, Emery NN, Thrul J, Tomko RL, Gray KM, McClure EA. Temporal associations linking alcohol and cannabis use to cigarette smoking in young adults engaged in a tobacco cessation and relapse monitoring study. Addict Behav 2024; 149:107902. [PMID: 37924584 PMCID: PMC10842007 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2023.107902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Young adulthood remains a developmental period in which cigarette smoking initiation and progression to dependence and regular use is common. Moreover, co-use of alcohol and/or cannabis with tobacco is common in this age group and may have detrimental effects on tobacco use rates and cessation outcomes. Although young adults are interested in quitting smoking, achieving abstinence remains difficult, even with evidence-based treatment strategies. Understanding proximal associations between other substance use (e.g., alcohol and cannabis) and smoking may have important treatment implications. This exploratory analysis investigated the role of alcohol and/or cannabis use in contributing to smoking events on the same day or next day among young adults engaged in a smoking cessation and relapse monitoring study. We used ecological momentary assessment (EMA) data from 43 young adults (ages 18-25; 932 observations) who smoked cigarettes daily and agreed to participate in a 5-week study that included a 2-day smoking quit attempt and provision of tobacco treatment in the form of nicotine replacement therapy, brief cessation counseling, and financial incentives for abstinence (incentives were provided only during the 2-day quit attempt). We tested multilevel time-series models of daily associations between alcohol use, cannabis use, and smoking. Consistent with hypotheses, days on which participants were more likely to drink alcohol predicted increased likelihood of smoking the next day (OR = 2.27, p =.003). This effect was significant after controlling for both the one-day lagged effect of smoking (i.e., autoregression) and the concurrent (i.e., same day) effects of drinking and cannabis use. Although there was a positive concurrent effect of cannabis use on smoking (OR = 12.86, p =.003), the one-day lagged effect of cannabis use and the concurrent effect of drinking was not significant, contrary to hypotheses. Results indicate that alcohol use presents a potential threat to successful smoking cessation that extends to the following day. This suggests a risk-window in which treatment could be supplemented with just-in-time interventions and extending the focus on co-use to include this lagged impact on cessation outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J Walters
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Noah N Emery
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Johannes Thrul
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA; Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Rachel L Tomko
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Kevin M Gray
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Erin A McClure
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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Dowd AN, Thrul J, Czaplicki L, Kennedy RD, Moran MB, Spindle TR. A Cross-Sectional Survey on Oral Nicotine Pouches: Characterizing Use-Motives, Topography, Dependence Levels, and Adverse Events. Nicotine Tob Res 2024; 26:245-249. [PMID: 37712111 PMCID: PMC10803111 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntad179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Oral nicotine pouches (ONPs) contain a crystalized nicotine powder instead of tobacco leaves. ONPs come in a variety of flavors and are often marketed as "tobacco-free," but research on ONP use-motivations and related experiences is limited. AIMS AND METHODS This cross-sectional web-based survey collected self-report data on ONP use-characteristics (eg, frequency), brands and flavors used, use-motivations, dependence (Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence-Smokeless Tobacco [FTND-ST]), and ONP-related adverse events (AEs) experienced. RESULTS The sample included 118 adults who reported current (past 30-day) ONP use. On average (SD), participants reported ONP use on 13 (6) days during the past month. Most participants (% of the sample) also reported the use of tobacco cigarettes (74%) and/or electronic cigarettes (53%) during the past month. Zyn (27%) and Lucy (19%) were the most currently used ONP brands with mint (23%) and tobacco (16%) as the most currently used flavors. The availability of preferred flavors was the most frequently reported (31%) ONP use-motivation. The sample demonstrated significant dependence levels (FTND-ST = 7, SD = 2). Reported AEs included mouth lesions (48%), upset stomach (39%), sore mouth (37%), sore throat (21%), and nausea (9%). Results should be interpreted in the context of study limitations, including using a relatively small and homogeneous online convenience sample. Acknowledging the limitations, this sample was deemed appropriate to include considering the novelty of the findings, the dearth of related research, and the necessity of examining foundational ONP use-characteristics (eg, topography, AEs); however, future research should consider recruiting larger and more generalizable samples. CONCLUSIONS The availability of preferred flavors was a key ONP use-motivation in this sample. Mint and tobacco were the most currently used flavors, with Zyn and Lucy being the most currently used ONP brands. Participants reported dependence and a substantial number of ONP-related AEs. Nationally representative surveys should investigate ONP use along with outcomes included in the current study (eg, AEs) to inform ONP surveillance and policy development efforts. IMPLICATIONS This study is among the first to assess reasons for initiating/maintaining ONP use as well as other relevant use-experiences (eg, AEs, dependence). These results highlight the role of flavors and nicotine dependence in ONP use, which are important considerations for informing ONP regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley N Dowd
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Johannes Thrul
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Lauren Czaplicki
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ryan D Kennedy
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Meghan B Moran
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tory R Spindle
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Adams LB, Watts T, DeVinney A, Haroz EE, Thrul J, Stephens JB, Campbell MN, Antoine D, Lê Cook B, Joe S, Thorpe RJ. Acceptability and Feasibility of a Smartphone-Based Real-Time Assessment of Suicide Among Black Men: Mixed Methods Pilot Study. JMIR Form Res 2024; 8:e48992. [PMID: 38252475 PMCID: PMC10845025 DOI: 10.2196/48992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Suicide rates in the United States have increased recently among Black men. To address this public health crisis, smartphone-based ecological momentary assessment (EMA) platforms are a promising way to collect dynamic, real-time data that can help improve suicide prevention efforts. Despite the promise of this methodology, little is known about its suitability in detecting experiences related to suicidal thoughts and behavior (STB) among Black men. OBJECTIVE This study aims to clarify the acceptability and feasibility of using smartphone-based EMA through a pilot study that assesses the user experience among Black men. METHODS We recruited Black men aged 18 years and older using the MyChart patient portal messaging (the patient-facing side of the Epic electronic medical record system) or outpatient provider referrals. Eligible participants self-identified as Black men with a previous history of STB and ownership of an Android or iOS smartphone. Eligible participants completed a 7-day smartphone-based EMA study. They received a prompt 4 times per day to complete a brief survey detailing their STB, as well as proximal risk factors, such as depression, social isolation, and feeling like a burden to others. At the conclusion of each day, participants also received a daily diary survey detailing their sleep quality and their daily experiences of everyday discrimination. Participants completed a semistructured exit interview of 60-90 minutes at the study's conclusion. RESULTS In total, 10 participants completed 166 EMA surveys and 39 daily diary entries. A total of 4 of the 10 participants completed 75% (21/28) or more of the EMA surveys, while 9 (90%) out of 10 completed 25% (7/28) or more. The average completion rate of all surveys was 58% (20.3/35), with a minimum of 17% (6/35) and maximum of 100% (35/35). A total of 4 (40%) out of 10 participants completed daily diary entries for the full pilot study. No safety-related incidents were reported. On average, participants took 2.08 minutes to complete EMA prompts and 2.72 minutes for daily diary surveys. Our qualitative results generally affirm the acceptability and feasibility of the study procedures, but the participants noted difficulties with the technology and the redundancy of the survey questions. Emerging themes also addressed issues such as reduced EMA survey compliance and diminished mood related to deficit-framed questions related to suicide. CONCLUSIONS Findings from this study will be used to clarify the suitability of EMA for Black men. Overall, our EMA pilot study demonstrated mixed feasibility and acceptability when delivered through smartphone-based apps to Black men. Specific recommendations are provided for managing safety within these study designs and for refinements in future intervention and implementation science research. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) RR2-10.2196/31241.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie B Adams
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Thomasina Watts
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Aubrey DeVinney
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Emily E Haroz
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Johannes Thrul
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Mia N Campbell
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Denis Antoine
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Benjamin Lê Cook
- Department of Psychiatry, Cambridge Health Alliance, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Sean Joe
- George Warren Brown School of Social Work, Washington University at St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Roland J Thorpe
- Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
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9
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Park S, Closser S, Cooney EE, Atkins K, Thrul J, McDonald KM, Langhinrichsen-Rohling J, Veenema TG. "A slap in the face": Institutional betrayal, burnout, and career choice regret among frontline health care workers serving COVID-19 patients. J Trauma Stress 2023; 36:980-992. [PMID: 37671574 DOI: 10.1002/jts.22967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has exacted a physical and mental health toll on health care and hospital workers (HHWs). To provide COVID-19 care, HHWs expected health care institutions to support equipment and resources, ensure safety for patients and providers, and advocate for employees' needs. Failure to do these acts has been defined as institutional betrayal. Using a mixed-methods approach, this study aimed to explore the experience of institutional betrayal in HHWs serving COVID-19 patients and the associations between self-reported institutional betrayal and both burnout and career choice regret. Between July 2020 and January 2021, HHWs working in an urban U.S. health care system participated in an online survey (n = 1,189) and semistructured interview (n = 67). Among 1,075 quantitative participants, 57.8% endorsed institutional betrayal. Qualitative participants described frustration when the institution did not prioritize their safety while reporting they perceived receiving inadequate compensation from the system and felt that leadership did not sufficiently respond to their needs. Participants who endorsed prolonged breaches of trust reported more burnout and stronger intent to quit their job. Quantitatively, institutional betrayal endorsement was associated with 3-fold higher odds of burnout, aOR = 2.94, 95% CI [2.22, 3.89], and 4-fold higher odds of career choice regret, aOR = 4.31, 95% CI [3.15, 5.89], compared to no endorsement. Developing strategies to prevent, address, and repair institutional betrayal in HHWs may be critical to prevent and reduce burnout and increase motivation to work during and after public health emergencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soim Park
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Svea Closser
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Erin E Cooney
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Atkins
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Johannes Thrul
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kathryn M McDonald
- Johns Hopkins School of Nursing, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Tener Goodwin Veenema
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Center for Health Security, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Atkins K, Cooney EE, Park S, Closser S, Surkan PJ, Marker HC, Schneider-Firestone S, Kalb LG, Thrul J, Veenema TG. Day to Day and Environmental Risk Factors for Psychological Distress Among Healthcare Workers: A Mixed Methods Analysis. J Occup Environ Med 2023; 65:e593-e603. [PMID: 37367694 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000002909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite a growing literature on mental health among clinical staff during COVID-19, factors shaping distress for nonclinical staff are understudied and may be driven by inequalities at work. We aimed to discuss the role of workplace factors in shaping psychological distress for a diverse group of clinical, nonclinical, and other health and hospital workers (HHWs). METHODS This convergent parallel mixed-methods study with HHWs in a US hospital system included an online survey ( n = 1127) and interviews ( n = 73) collected from August 2020 to January 2021. We thematically analyzed interviews; findings informed log binomial regression estimating risk factors for severe psychological distress (Patient Health Questionnaire - 4 item version [PHQ-4] scores of 9 or greater). RESULTS Qualitatively, day-to-day stressors fostered fear and anxiety, and concerns about work environments manifest as betrayal and frustration with leadership. Distress was associated with burnout, financial concerns, and feeling betrayed or unsupported by the institution and leadership. Staff in service versus clinical roles had higher risk for severe distress (adjusted prevalence ratio = 2.04, 95% confidence interval = 1.13-2.66); HHWs receiving workplace mental health support had lower risk (adjusted prevalence ratio = 0.52, 95% confidence interval = 0.29-0.92. CONCLUSIONS Our mixed-methods study underscores how the pandemic brought inequalities to the surface to increase distress for vulnerable HHWs. Workplace mental health activities can support HHWs now and during future crises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn Atkins
- From the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland (K.A.); Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland (K.A., E.E.C., S.P., S.C., P.J.S., H.C.M.); Johns Hopkins School of Nursing, Baltimore, Maryland (S.S.-F.); Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health (L.G.K., J.T.); Department of Neuropsychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland (L.G.K.); Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland (T.G.V.); and Center for Health Security, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland (T.G.V.)
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11
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Vilardaga R, Thrul J, DeVito A, Kendzor DE, Sabo P, Khafif TC. Review of strategies to investigate low sample return rates in remote tobacco trials: A call to action for more user-centered design research. Addict Neurosci 2023; 7:100090. [PMID: 37424632 PMCID: PMC10327900 DOI: 10.1016/j.addicn.2023.100090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Remote collection of biomarkers of tobacco use in clinical trials poses significant challenges. A recent meta-analysis and scoping review of the smoking cessation literature indicated that sample return rates are low and that new methods are needed to investigate the underlying causes of these low rates. In this paper we conducted a narrative review and heuristic analysis of the different human factors approaches reported to evaluate and/or improve sample return rates among 31 smoking cessation studies recently identified in the literature. We created a heuristic metric (with scores from 0 to 4) to evaluate the level of elaboration or complexity of the user-centered design strategy reported by researchers. Our review of the literature identified five types of challenges typically encountered by researchers (in that order): usability and procedural, technical (device related), sample contamination (e.g., polytobacco), psychosocial factors (e.g., digital divide), and motivational factors. Our review of strategies indicated that 35% of the studies employed user-centered design methods with the remaining studies relying on informal methods. Among the studies that employed user-centered design methods, only 6% reached a level of 3 in our user-centered design heuristic metric. None of the studies reached the highest level of complexity (i.e., 4). This review examined these findings in the context of the larger literature, discussed the need to address the role of health equity factors more directly, and concluded with a call to action to increase the application and reporting of user-centered design strategies in biomarkers research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Vilardaga
- Access to Behavioral Health for All (ABHA) Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Human Centered Design and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Johannes Thrul
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anthony DeVito
- Access to Behavioral Health for All (ABHA) Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Darla E. Kendzor
- The TSET Health Promotion Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Patricia Sabo
- Access to Behavioral Health for All (ABHA) Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Tatiana Cohab Khafif
- Access to Behavioral Health for All (ABHA) Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Bipolar Disorder Program (PROMAN), Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
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12
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Yuan P, Westmaas JL, Thrul J, Toussaert S, Hilton JF, White JS. Effectiveness of Peer-Support Interventions for Smoking Cessation: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Nicotine Tob Res 2023; 25:1515-1524. [PMID: 37042206 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntad059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Peer support has been recommended to promote smoking cessation, but results from prior meta-analyses have not established its efficacy. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess current evidence and identify potential modifiers of efficacy. METHODS Randomized controlled trials of peer-support interventions with a smoking cessation outcome were identified in January 2022 from PubMed and references listed in identified studies. The meta-analysis outcome measure was mean risk ratio (RR, 95% confidence interval [CI]) for abstinence at the longest follow-up timepoint between 3 and 9 months from baseline. Potential modifiers tested were peer smoking status (former, current, or unknown), follow-up timepoint, abstinence measure, and cumulative engagement time between peers and smokers ("dose"). Studies were assessed for risk of bias and certainty of evidence. RESULTS We identified 16 trials, which varied in abstinence effect size (RR 0.61-3.07), sample size (23-2121), dose (41-207 minutes), and follow-up timepoint (<1-15 months). Across 15 trials with follow-up between 3 and 9 months (N = 8573 participants; 4565 intervention, 4008 control), the pooled Mantel-Haenszel RR was 1.34 (95% CI: 1.11-1.62). Effect sizes were greatest among interventions with formerly smoking peers (RR 1.43, 95% CI 1.17-1.74; five trials). We found positive effects for follow-up timepoints ≥3 months but no effect of intervention dose. The overall quality of evidence was deemed "very low." CONCLUSIONS Peer-support interventions increased smoking abstinence. There remains a lack of consensus about how to define a peer. Intervention features such as peer smoking status appear to have explanatory power. Additional high-quality and more comparable trials are needed. IMPLICATIONS This study reviewed the latest evidence from randomized controlled trials and found that peer-support interventions enhance smoking cessation. Efficacy varies with key intervention features such as peer smoking status and follow-up timepoint, which may be used to facilitate development of more effective peer-support interventions. Future trials and reviews would benefit from careful consideration and clear reporting of peer smoking status, length of follow-up, abstinence measures, and intervention dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Yuan
- Cancer Clinical Trials Office, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - J Lee Westmaas
- Population Science, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Johannes Thrul
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Joan F Hilton
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Justin S White
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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13
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White JS, Salem MK, Toussaert S, Westmaas JL, Raiff BR, Crane D, Warrender E, Lyles C, Abroms L, Thrul J. Developing a Game (Inner Dragon) Within a Leading Smartphone App for Smoking Cessation: Design and Feasibility Evaluation Study. JMIR Serious Games 2023; 11:e46602. [PMID: 37566442 PMCID: PMC10457699 DOI: 10.2196/46602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several stand-alone smartphone apps have used serious games to provide an engaging approach to quitting smoking. So far, the uptake of these games has been modest, and the evidence base for their efficacy in promoting smoking cessation is still evolving. The feasibility of integrating a game into a popular smoking cessation app is unclear. OBJECTIVE The aim of this paper was to describe the design and iterative development of the Inner Dragon game within Smoke Free, a smartphone app with proven efficacy, and the results of a single-arm feasibility trial as part of a broad program that seeks to assess the effectiveness of the gamified app for smoking cessation. METHODS In phase 1, the study team undertook a multistep process to design and develop the game, including web-based focus group discussions with end users (n=15). In phase 2, a single-arm study of Smoke Free users who were trying to quit (n=30) was conducted to assess the feasibility and acceptability of the integrated game and to establish the feasibility of the planned procedures for a randomized pilot trial. RESULTS Phase 1 led to the final design of Inner Dragon, informed by principles from psychology and behavioral economics and incorporating several game mechanics designed to increase user engagement and retention. Inner Dragon users maintain an evolving pet dragon that serves as a virtual avatar for the users' progress in quitting. The phase-2 study established the feasibility of the study methods. The mean number of app sessions completed per user was 13.8 (SD 13.1; median 8; range 1-46), with a mean duration per session of 5.8 (median 1.1; range 0-81.1) minutes. Overall, three-fourths (18/24, 75%) of the participants entered the Inner Dragon game at least once and had a mean of 2.4 (SD 2.4) sessions of game use. The use of Inner Dragon was positively associated with the total number of app sessions (correlation 0.57). The mean satisfaction score of participants who provided ratings (11/24, 46%) was 4.2 (SD 0.6) on a 5-point scale; however, satisfaction ratings for Inner Dragon were only completed by 13% (3/24) of the participants. CONCLUSIONS Findings supported further development and evaluation of Inner Dragon as a beneficial feature of Smoke Free. The next step of this study is to conduct a randomized pilot trial to determine whether the gamified version of the app increases user engagement over a standard version of the app.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin S White
- Philip R Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Health Law, Policy & Management, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Marie K Salem
- Philip R Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | | | - J Lee Westmaas
- Population Science, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Bethany R Raiff
- Department of Psychology, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, United States
| | | | | | - Courtney Lyles
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Lorien Abroms
- Department of Prevention and Community Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Johannes Thrul
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
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14
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Thrul J, Howe CL, Devkota J, Alexander A, Allen AM, Businelle MS, Hébert ET, Heffner JL, Kendzor DE, Ra CK, Gordon JS. A Scoping Review and Meta-analysis of the Use of Remote Biochemical Verification Methods of Smoking Status in Tobacco Research. Nicotine Tob Res 2023; 25:1413-1423. [PMID: 36449414 PMCID: PMC10347976 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntac271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Increasing digital delivery of smoking cessation interventions has resulted in the need to employ novel strategies for remote biochemical verification. AIMS AND METHODS This scoping review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate best practices for remote biochemical verification of smoking status. The scientific literature was searched for studies that reported remotely obtained (not in-person) biochemical confirmation of smoking status (ie, combustible tobacco). A meta-analysis of proportions was conducted to investigate key outcomes, which included rates of returned biological samples and the ratio of biochemically verified to self-reported abstinence rates. RESULTS A total of 82 studies were included. The most common samples were expired air (46%) and saliva (40% of studies), the most common biomarkers were carbon monoxide (48%) and cotinine (44%), and the most common verification methods were video confirmation (37%) and mail-in samples for lab analysis (26%). Mean sample return rates determined by random-effects meta-analysis were 70% for smoking cessation intervention studies without contingency management (CM), 77% for CM studies, and 65% for other studies (eg, feasibility and secondary analyses). Among smoking cessation intervention studies without CM, self-reported abstinence rates were 21%, biochemically verified abstinence rates were 10%, and 47% of individuals who self-reported abstinence were also biochemically confirmed as abstinent. CONCLUSIONS This scoping review suggests that improvements in sample return rates in remote biochemical verification studies of smoking status are needed. Recommendations for reporting standards are provided that may enhance confidence in the validity of reported abstinence rates in remote studies. IMPLICATIONS This scoping review and meta-analysis included studies using remote biochemical verification to determine smoking status. Challenges exist regarding implementation and ensuring high sample return rates. Higher self-reported compared to biochemically verified abstinence rates suggest the possibility that participants in remote studies may be misreporting abstinence or not returning samples for other reasons (eg, participant burden, inconvenience). Remote biochemical confirmation of self-reported smoking abstinence should be included in smoking cessation studies whenever feasible. However, findings should be considered in the context of challenges to sample return rates. Better reporting guidelines for future studies in this area are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Thrul
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Carol L Howe
- University of Arizona Health Sciences Library, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Janardan Devkota
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Adam Alexander
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine and TSET Health Promotion Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Alicia M Allen
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Michael S Businelle
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine and TSET Health Promotion Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Emily T Hébert
- Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Science, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Jaimee L Heffner
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Darla E Kendzor
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine and TSET Health Promotion Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Chaelin K Ra
- Section of Behavioral Sciences, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, NJ, USA
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Luken A, Desjardins MR, Moran MB, Mendelson T, Zipunnikov V, Kirchner TR, Naughton F, Latkin C, Thrul J. Using Smartphone Survey and GPS Data to Inform Smoking Cessation Intervention Delivery: Case Study. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2023; 11:e43990. [PMID: 37327031 PMCID: PMC10337446 DOI: 10.2196/43990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interest in quitting smoking is common among young adults who smoke, but it can prove challenging. Although evidence-based smoking cessation interventions exist and are effective, a lack of access to these interventions specifically designed for young adults remains a major barrier for this population to successfully quit smoking. Therefore, researchers have begun to develop modern, smartphone-based interventions to deliver smoking cessation messages at the appropriate place and time for an individual. A promising approach is the delivery of interventions using geofences-spatial buffers around high-risk locations for smoking that trigger intervention messages when an individual's phone enters the perimeter. Despite growth in personalized and ubiquitous smoking cessation interventions, few studies have incorporated spatial methods to optimize intervention delivery using place and time information. OBJECTIVE This study demonstrates an exploratory method of generating person-specific geofences around high-risk areas for smoking by presenting 4 case studies using a combination of self-reported smartphone-based surveys and passively tracked location data. The study also examines which geofence construction method could inform a subsequent study design that will automate the process of deploying coping messages when young adults enter geofence boundaries. METHODS Data came from an ecological momentary assessment study with young adult smokers conducted from 2016 to 2017 in the San Francisco Bay area. Participants reported smoking and nonsmoking events through a smartphone app for 30 days, and GPS data was recorded by the app. We sampled 4 cases along ecological momentary assessment compliance quartiles and constructed person-specific geofences around locations with self-reported smoking events for each 3-hour time interval using zones with normalized mean kernel density estimates exceeding 0.7. We assessed the percentage of smoking events captured within geofences constructed for 3 types of zones (census blocks, 500 ft2 fishnet grids, and 1000 ft2 fishnet grids). Descriptive comparisons were made across the 4 cases to better understand the strengths and limitations of each geofence construction method. RESULTS The number of reported past 30-day smoking events ranged from 12 to 177 for the 4 cases. Each 3-hour geofence for 3 of the 4 cases captured over 50% of smoking events. The 1000 ft2 fishnet grid captured the highest percentage of smoking events compared to census blocks across the 4 cases. Across 3-hour periods except for 3:00 AM-5:59 AM for 1 case, geofences contained an average of 36.4%-100% of smoking events. Findings showed that fishnet grid geofences may capture more smoking events compared to census blocks. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that this geofence construction method can identify high-risk smoking situations by time and place and has potential for generating individually tailored geofences for smoking cessation intervention delivery. In a subsequent smartphone-based smoking cessation intervention study, we plan to use fishnet grid geofences to inform the delivery of intervention messages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Luken
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Michael R Desjardins
- Spatial Science for Public Health Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Meghan B Moran
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Tamar Mendelson
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Vadim Zipunnikov
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Thomas R Kirchner
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, New York University School of Global Public Health, New York, NY, United States
- Center for Urban Science and Progress, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, New York, NY, United States
| | - Felix Naughton
- Behavioural and Implementation Science Research Group, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Carl Latkin
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Johannes Thrul
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
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Lee J, Olayinka O, Thrul J. Association between pain and e-cigarette use stratified by cigarette smoking status: Results from National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) 2019-2020. Addict Behav 2023; 140:107625. [PMID: 36731225 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2023.107625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous studies have shown frequent co-morbidities between pain and tobacco use. However, the investigation in use of e-cigarettes, a relatively new tobacco product, at the intersection of pain and cigarette smoking is still lacking. This study used a US national dataset to examine associations between pain experience (pain lasting 3 months) and e-cigarette use, stratified by cigarette smoking status. METHODS This study used a pooled dataset of the 2019 and 2020 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) (N = 63,565). We estimated multivariable binomial logistic regressions predicting current e-cigarette use by pain experience, after controlling for survey year, age, sex, race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, education level, health insurance status, other tobacco use, diagnosis of anxiety and depression, use of pain management methods (e.g., physical therapy, behavioral therapy), and prescribed opioid pain reliever use among the overall population, and stratified by cigarette smoking status - never, former, and current cigarette smoking. RESULTS After controlling for covariates, past-3-month pain experience was associated with current e-cigarette use (aOR = 1.26; 95 % CI = 1.08, 1.46) in the overall population. When stratified by current cigarette smoking, pain experience was associated with current e-cigarette use among current combustible cigarette smokers (aOR = 1.62, 95 % CI = 1.20, 2.18). However, there was no significant difference in e-cigarette use by pain experience among non-current cigarette smokers (p = 0.103). CONCLUSIONS We observed a higher likelihood of e-cigarette use among US adults experiencing pain. Future studies are needed to investigate mechanisms linking pain and e-cigarette use to inform smoking/vaping prevention and cessation interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhan Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Olaniyi Olayinka
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Johannes Thrul
- Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA; Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia.
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Thrul J, Rabinowitz JA, Reboussin BA, Maher BS, Anthony JC, Ialongo NS. Longitudinal associations between age 20 problematic substance use and opioid use disorder incidence at age 30 - findings from an urban cohort. J Psychiatr Res 2023; 160:1-7. [PMID: 36764195 PMCID: PMC10023426 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
This study used data from a longitudinal prevention study in an urban cohort to examine associations between nicotine dependence, alcohol, and cannabis use disorder and disorder criteria at age 20, with opioid use disorder (OUD) incidence or criteria onset by age 30. The study sample included 1408 participants (57.5% female, 72.5% African American) drawn from two cohorts of participants in a mid-Atlantic region of the U.S. as part of a series of randomized controlled trials of elementary school-based universal prevention interventions. Lifetime cannabis use disorder (CUD), alcohol use disorder (AUD; both DSM-IV), and current nicotine dependence (Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence, FTND) assessed at age 20 were used to predict (1) DSM-IV lifetime OUD at age 30, and (2) OUD criteria between ages 20 and 30 in multivariable logistic regression models. Covariates for all analyses included sociodemographics (sex, race, and free/reduced-priced lunch status), community disadvantage, and intervention status. Nicotine dependence (FTND≥3) at age 20 predicted age 30 DSM-IV lifetime OUD (aOR = 2.37; 95% CI 1.02,5.54). The number of CUD criteria (aOR = 1.30; 95% CI 1.09,1.57) and nicotine dependence severity scores (aOR = 1.22; 95% CI = 1.05,1.41) at age 20 predicted any OUD criteria between the ages of 20 and 30. Findings are consistent with previous research on opioid use behavior in young adulthood and suggest that nicotine dependence and CUD criteria among urban young people predict onset of OUD and OUD criteria in young adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Thrul
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA; Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Jill A Rabinowitz
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Beth A Reboussin
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Brion S Maher
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - James C Anthony
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Epidemiology & Biostatistics, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Nicholas S Ialongo
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Brenowitz R, Abraham L, Ellis JD, Tsang S, Mun CJ, Thrul J, Finan PH. Pain Catastrophizing And Affect Mediate The Associations Between Opioid/Cannabis Co-Use And Pain Relief. The Journal of Pain 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2023.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
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Dauber S, Beacham A, West A, Devkota J, Barrie K, Thrul J. Ecological Momentary Assessment of Heavy Episodic Drinking in the Early Postpartum Period: A Feasibility Study. Drug and Alcohol Dependence Reports 2023; 7:100146. [PMID: 37012980 PMCID: PMC10066518 DOI: 10.1016/j.dadr.2023.100146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Background Postpartum mothers are at heightened risk for heavy episodic drinking (HED). Research with this population is critical to developing acceptable and effective tailored interventions, but new mothers who use alcohol are often reluctant to engage in research due to stigma and fear of child removal. This study examined feasibility of recruitment and ecological momentary assessment (EMA) in early postpartum mothers with histories of HED. Methods Participants were recruited via Facebook and Reddit and completed 14 days of EMA surveys. Baseline characteristics, recruitment feasibility, and EMA feasibility and acceptability were examined. Participants attended focus groups to further inform quantitative data. Results Reddit yielded a larger proportion of eligible individuals than Facebook, and 86% of the final enroled sample was recruited via Reddit. The average compliance rate of 75% is in line with other studies of similar populations. Half the sample reported alcohol use, and 78% reported the urge to drink at least once, supporting feasibility of EMA for collecting alcohol use data. Participants reported low burden and high acceptability of the study on both quantitative and qualitative measures. Baseline low maternal self-efficacy was associated with greater EMA compliance, and first-time mothers reported lower EMA burden compared to veteran mothers. College graduates, and participants with lower drinking refusal self-efficacy and greater alcohol severity were more likely to report alcohol use on EMA. Conclusions Future studies should consider Reddit as a recruitment strategy. Findings generally support feasibility and acceptability of EMA to assess HED in postpartum mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Dauber
- Partnership to End Addiction, 711 Third Avenue, 5th floor, New York, NY 10017, USA
- Corresponding author.
| | - Alexa Beacham
- Partnership to End Addiction, 711 Third Avenue, 5th floor, New York, NY 10017, USA
| | - Allison West
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Janardan Devkota
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kadjatu Barrie
- Partnership to End Addiction, 711 Third Avenue, 5th floor, New York, NY 10017, USA
| | - Johannes Thrul
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
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20
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Nguyen N, Thrul J, Neilands TB, Ling PM. Associations Between Product Type and Intensity of Tobacco and Cannabis Co-use on the Same Day Among Young Adult Smokers: Smartphone-Based Daily-Diary Study. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2023; 11:e40736. [PMID: 36806440 PMCID: PMC9989918 DOI: 10.2196/40736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Co-use of tobacco and cannabis is highly prevalent among young US adults. Same-day co-use of tobacco and cannabis (ie, use of both substances on the same day) may increase the extent of use and negative health consequences among young adults. However, much remains unknown about same-day co-use of tobacco and cannabis, in part due to challenges in measuring this complex behavior. Nuanced understanding of tobacco and cannabis co-use in terms of specific products and intensity (ie, quantity of tobacco and cannabis use within a day) is critical to inform prevention and intervention efforts. OBJECTIVE We used a daily-diary data collection method via smartphone to capture occurrence of tobacco and cannabis co-use within a day. We examined (1) whether the same route of administration would facilitate co-use of 2 substances on the same day and (2) whether participants would use more tobacco on a day when they use more cannabis. METHODS This smartphone-based study collected 2891 daily assessments from 147 cigarette smokers (aged 18-26 years, n=76, 51.7% female) during 30 consecutive days. Daily assessments measured type (ie, cigarette, cigarillo, or e-cigarette) and intensity (ie, number of cigarettes or cigarillos smoked or number of times vaping e-cigarettes per day) of tobacco use and type (ie, combustible, vaporized, or edible) and intensity (ie, number of times used per day) of cannabis use. We estimated multilevel models to examine day-level associations between types of cannabis use and each type of tobacco use, as well as day-level associations between intensities of using cannabis and tobacco. All models controlled for demographic covariates, day-level alcohol use, and time effects (ie, study day and weekend vs weekday). RESULTS Same-day co-use was reported in 989 of the total 2891 daily assessments (34.2%). Co-use of cigarettes and combustible cannabis (885 of the 2891 daily assessments; 30.6%) was most commonly reported. Participants had higher odds of using cigarettes (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.92, 95% CI 1.31-2.81) and cigarillos (AOR 244.29, 95% CI 35.51-1680.62) on days when they used combustible cannabis. Notably, participants had higher odds of using e-cigarettes on days when they used vaporized cannabis (AOR 23.21, 95% CI 8.66-62.24). Participants reported a greater intensity of using cigarettes (AOR 1.35, 95% CI 1.23-1.48), cigarillos (AOR 2.04, 95% CI 1.70-2.46), and e-cigarettes (AOR 1.48, 95% CI 1.16-1.88) on days when they used more cannabis. CONCLUSIONS Types and intensities of tobacco and cannabis use within a day among young adult smokers were positively correlated, including co-use of vaporized products. Prevention and intervention efforts should address co-use and pay attention to all forms of use and timeframes of co-use (eg, within a day or at the same time), including co-use of e-cigarettes and vaporized cannabis, to reduce negative health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhung Nguyen
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Division of General Internal Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Johannes Thrul
- Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Torsten B Neilands
- Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, Division of Prevention Science, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Pamela M Ling
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Division of General Internal Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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21
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Kozak Z, Ciccarone D, Thrul J, Cole TO, Pappas AL, Greenblatt AD, Welsh C, Yoon M, Gann D, Artigiani EE, Wish ED, Belcher AM. Harm reduction behaviors are associated with carrying naloxone among patients on methadone treatment. Harm Reduct J 2023; 20:17. [PMID: 36788601 PMCID: PMC9928141 DOI: 10.1186/s12954-023-00745-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the widespread availability of naloxone, US opioid overdose rates continue to rise. The "Cascade of Care" (CoC) is a public health approach that identifies steps in achieving specific outcomes and has been used to identify gaps in naloxone carriage among individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD). We sought to apply this framework to a treatment-seeking population with OUD that may be more inclined to engage in harm reduction behaviors. METHODS Patients were recruited from an urban methadone program to complete a survey. We assessed naloxone familiarity, availability, obtainability, training, and possession, as well as naloxone carriage rates, demographics, and harm reduction behaviors. A multivariable logistic regression examined associations between naloxone carriage and individual-level factors. RESULTS Participants (n = 97) were majority male (59%), with a mean age of 48 (SD = 12), 27% had college education or higher, 64% indicated injection drug use, and 84% reported past naloxone training. All participants endorsed familiarity with naloxone, but only 42% regularly carried naloxone. The following variables were associated with carrying naloxone: White race (aOR = 2.94, 95% CI 1.02-8.52), college education (aOR = 8.11, 95% CI 1.76-37.47), and total number of self-reported harm reduction behaviors (aOR = 1.45, 95% CI 1.00-2.11). CONCLUSION We found low rates of naloxone carriage among methadone-treated patients. Methadone programs provide opportunities for naloxone interventions and should target racial/ethnic minorities and individuals with lower education. The spectrum of harm reduction behaviors should be encouraged among these populations to enhance naloxone carriage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zofia Kozak
- grid.411024.20000 0001 2175 4264Division of Addiction Research and Treatment, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 1001 W. Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD 21223 USA
| | - Daniel Ciccarone
- grid.266102.10000 0001 2297 6811Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Johannes Thrul
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA ,grid.280502.d0000 0000 8741 3625Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD USA ,grid.1018.80000 0001 2342 0938Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Thomas O. Cole
- grid.411024.20000 0001 2175 4264Division of Addiction Research and Treatment, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 1001 W. Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD 21223 USA
| | - Alexander L. Pappas
- grid.411024.20000 0001 2175 4264Division of Addiction Research and Treatment, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 1001 W. Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD 21223 USA ,grid.478157.8Present Address: Venice Family Clinic, Venice, CA USA
| | - Aaron D. Greenblatt
- grid.411024.20000 0001 2175 4264Division of Addiction Research and Treatment, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 1001 W. Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD 21223 USA
| | - Christopher Welsh
- grid.411024.20000 0001 2175 4264Division of Addiction Research and Treatment, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 1001 W. Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD 21223 USA
| | - Mark Yoon
- grid.411024.20000 0001 2175 4264Division of Addiction Research and Treatment, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 1001 W. Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD 21223 USA ,grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Division of Medical Psychology, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, 21287 USA
| | - Donald Gann
- grid.411024.20000 0001 2175 4264Division of Addiction Research and Treatment, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 1001 W. Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD 21223 USA
| | - E. Erin Artigiani
- grid.164295.d0000 0001 0941 7177Center for Substance Abuse Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD USA
| | - Eric D. Wish
- grid.164295.d0000 0001 0941 7177Center for Substance Abuse Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD USA
| | - Annabelle M. Belcher
- grid.411024.20000 0001 2175 4264Division of Addiction Research and Treatment, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 1001 W. Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD 21223 USA
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22
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Jalan M, Riehm K, Agarwal S, Gibson D, Labrique A, Thrul J. Burden of mental distress in the US associated with trust in media for COVID-19 information. Health Promot Int 2022; 37:6835391. [DOI: 10.1093/heapro/daac162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Summary
During the COVID-19 pandemic, news and social media outlets have played a major role in dissemination of information. This analysis aimed to study the association between trust in social and traditional media and experiences of mental distress among a representative sample of US adults. Data for this study came from National Pandemic Pulse, a cross-sectional, nationally representative survey that sampled participants on the Dynata platform. Participants included 6435 adults surveyed between 15–23 December 2020. Ordinal logistic regression analyses examined the associations of trust in (i) social media, (ii) print media, (iii) broadcast TV and (iv) cable TV, for COVID-19-related information with self-reported mental distress (4-item Patient Health Questionnaire), controlling for sociodemographics and census region. Compared with those who distrusted social media, those who trusted social media had 2.09 times (95% CI = 1.84–2.37) greater adjusted odds of being in a more severe category of mental distress. In contrast, compared with those who distrusted print media, those who trusted print media had 0.80 times (95% CI = 0.69–0.93) lower adjusted odds of being in a more severe category of mental distress. No significant associations were found between mental distress and trust in broadcast or cable TV for accessing news about COVID-19. Trust in different news outlets may be associated with mental distress during public health emergencies like the COVID-19 pandemic. Future studies should explore mechanisms behind these associations, including adherence to best practices for crisis reporting among different media sources and exposure of individuals to misinformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhu Jalan
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Kira Riehm
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Smisha Agarwal
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Dustin Gibson
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Alain Labrique
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Johannes Thrul
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore, MD , USA
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins , Baltimore, MD , USA
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University , Melbourne , Australia
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23
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Rabinowitz JA, Reboussin BA, Thrul J, Drabick DAG, Kahn G, Green KM, Ialongo NS, Huhn AS, Maher BS. Early Childhood Behavioral and Academic Antecedents of Lifetime Opioid Misuse among Urban Youth. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 2022; 51:864-876. [PMID: 33688771 PMCID: PMC8977050 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2021.1875324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Opioid misuse has become an epidemic in the United States. In the present study, we examine potential malleable early childhood predictors of opioid misuse including whether childhood achievement, aggressive behavior, attention problems, and peer social preference/likability in first grade predicted opioid misuse and whether these relationships differed depending on participant sex. METHOD Data are drawn from three cohorts of participants (N = 1,585; 46.7% male) recruited in first grade as part of a series of elementary school-based, universal preventive interventions conducted in a Mid-Atlantic region of the US. In first grade, participants completed standardized achievement tests, teachers reported on attention problems, and peers nominated their classmates with respect to their aggressive behavior and social preference/likability. At approximately age 20, participants reported on their misuse of opioids defined as lifetime use of heroin or misuse of prescription opioids. RESULTS Higher levels of peer nominations for aggressive behavior in first grade predicted a greater likelihood of opioid misuse. An interaction between participant sex and attention problems was observed such that females higher in attention problems were more likely to misuse opioids, particularly prescription opioids, than females lower in attention problems. An interaction was also found between participant sex and peer likability such that males lower in peer-nominated likability were more likely to misuse opioids relative to males higher in likability. CONCLUSION Given the malleable nature of attention problems, aggression, and social skills in early childhood, prevention programs that target these behaviors during this developmental period may attenuate risk for opioid misuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill A Rabinowitz
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
| | - Beth A Reboussin
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest School of Medicine
| | - Johannes Thrul
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
| | | | - Geoffrey Kahn
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
| | | | - Nicholas S Ialongo
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
| | - Andrew S Huhn
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Services, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
| | - Brion S Maher
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
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24
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Mun CJ, Nordeck C, Goodell EMA, Vandrey R, Zipunnikov V, Dunn KE, Finan PH, Thrul J. Real-Time Monitoring of Cannabis and Prescription Opioid Co-Use Patterns, Analgesic Effectiveness, and the Opioid-Sparing Effect of Cannabis in Individuals With Chronic Pain. J Pain 2022; 23:1799-1810. [PMID: 35817255 PMCID: PMC9938711 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2022.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite a rapid expansion of cannabis use for pain management, how cannabis and prescription opioids are co-used and whether co-use improves analgesia and promotes reduction of opioid use in the daily lives of individuals with chronic pain is poorly understood. Based upon ecological momentary assessment (EMA), the present study examined 1) how pain and use of opioids and/or cannabis in the previous moment is associated with individuals' choice of opioids and/or cannabis in the next moment, 2) the effects of co-use on pain severity and pain relief, and 3) whether daily total opioid consumption differs on days when people only used opioids versus co-used. Adults with chronic pain (N = 46) using both opioids and cannabis who were recruited online completed a 30-day EMA. Elevated pain did not increase the likelihood of co-use in subsequent momentary assessments. Switching from sole use of either opioids and cannabis to co-use was common. Neither co-use nor sole use of either cannabis or opioids were associated with reductions in pain in the next moment. However, participants reported the highest daily perceived pain relief from co-use compared to cannabis and opioid use only. Post hoc analysis suggested recall bias as a potential source of this discrepant findings between momentary versus retrospective assessment. Lastly, there was no evidence of an opioid-sparing effect of cannabis in this sample. The present study shows preliminary evidence on cannabis and opioid co-use patterns, as well as the effects of co-use on pain and opoid dose in the real-world setting. PERSPECTIVE: This article presents the overall patterns and effects of co-using cannabis and prescription opioids among individuals with chronic pain employing ecological momentary assessment. There were conflicting findings on the association between co-use and analgesia. Co-use was not associated with a reduction in daily opioid consumption in this sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung Jung Mun
- Edson College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona; Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Courtney Nordeck
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Erin M Anderson Goodell
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ryan Vandrey
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Vadim Zipunnikov
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kelly E Dunn
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Patrick H Finan
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Johannes Thrul
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland; Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
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25
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Latkin C, Dayton L, Scherkoske M, Countess K, Thrul J. What predicts climate change activism?: An examination of how depressive symptoms, climate change distress, and social norms are associated with climate change activism. J Clim Chang Health 2022; 8:100146. [PMID: 36777085 PMCID: PMC9910281 DOI: 10.1016/j.joclim.2022.100146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current and future harms caused by climate change are highly distressing. Different theoretical models suggest diverse impacts of distress on behavior. We examined how psychological distress, climate change distress, and social norms may foster or impede climate change activism. METHODS As part of an ongoing online longitudinal study in the US beginning in March 2020, respondents were assessed on their depressive symptoms (CES-D 10), climate change distress, climate change mitigation social norms, and six outcomes of the climate change activism behaviors of writing letters, e-mailing, or phoning government officials; voting for candidates who support measures to reduce climate change; signing petitions; volunteering with organizations; donating money to organizations; and attending protests. RESULTS Of the 775 respondents, 53% were female, 72% white, 12% Black, 7% Hispanic, and 6% Asian. Climate change social norms predicted all six climate change actions in the bivariate and multivariable cross-sectional logistic regression models. A similar finding was observed with the brief climate change distress scale (BCCDS), except it was not associated with volunteering in the multivariable model. Depressive symptoms were associated with greater odds of contacting government officials and signing petitions in the bivariate models but did not retain significance in the multivariable models. Longitudinal models indicated a weak association between depressive symptoms and climate change activism. CONCLUSIONS Climate change distress and social norms are positively associated with climate change activism. Although climate change distress may not usually impede climate change activism, organizations addressing climate change should consider providing social support to members and assisting those with high levels of psychological and climate change distress. Social norms around climate change activism should be fostered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Latkin
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Maryland
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Maryland
- Corresponding author. (C. Latkin)
| | - Lauren Dayton
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Maryland
| | - Melissa Scherkoske
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Maryland
| | - Kennedy Countess
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Maryland
| | - Johannes Thrul
- Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Maryland
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Maryland
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26
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Jalan M, Riehm K, Nekkanti M, Agarwal S, Gibson DG, Labrique A, Thrul J. Burden of mental distress in the United States is associated with delayed medical visits and missed prescription refills during the COVID-19 pandemic. Prev Med 2022; 163:107195. [PMID: 35964776 PMCID: PMC9371769 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2022.107195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has contributed to poor health due to a decrease in healthcare utilization and those with mental health problems may be impacted. For this analysis, data came from a cross-sectional, nationally representative December 2020 survey. Logistic regression analyses examined associations between (1) mental distress and delayed medical visits, (2) mental distress and missed prescription refills, controlling for sociodemographics, pre-existing chronic conditions, and access to health insurance. We found that, compared to those that exhibited normal levels of mental distress, those with mild (aOR = 2.83, 95% CI = 2.47-3.24), moderate (aOR = 3.43, 95% CI = 2.95-3.99), and severe (aOR = 4.96, 95% CI = 4.21-5.84) mental distress showed greater odds of delaying medical visits. Similarly, compared to those that exhibited normal levels of mental distress, those with mild (aOR =3.93, 95% CI = 3.04-5.09), moderate (aOR =6.52, 95% CI = 5.07-8.43), and severe (aOR =8.69, 95% CI = 6.71-11.32) mental distress showed greater odds of missing prescription refills. Our study shows that individuals who showed signs of mental distress had increased odds of delayed medical visits and missed prescription refills, compared to those that showed normal levels of mental distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhu Jalan
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America.
| | - Kira Riehm
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Manali Nekkanti
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Smisha Agarwal
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Dustin G Gibson
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Alain Labrique
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Johannes Thrul
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America; Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, United States of America; Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
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27
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Montag C, Thrul J, van Rooij AJ. Social media companies or their users-which party needs to change to reduce online time? Addiction 2022; 117:2363-2364. [PMID: 35546792 DOI: 10.1111/add.15946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Montag
- Department of Molecular Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Johannes Thrul
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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28
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Rivera YM, Moran MB, Thrul J, Joshu C, Smith KC. When Engagement Leads to Action: Understanding the Impact of Cancer (Mis)information among Latino/a Facebook Users. Health Commun 2022; 37:1229-1241. [PMID: 34256676 PMCID: PMC8755854 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2021.1950442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Latinos/as - the largest minority group in the U.S. - are avid Facebook users, making this an opportune tool to educate on the uptake of cancer prevention and screening behaviors. However, there is a dearth in scholarship exploring how Latinos/as engage with and act upon health content encountered on social media, which may be influenced by cultural values. This qualitatively-driven, mixed-methods study explores how Latinos/as engage with and act upon cancer prevention and screening information (CPSI) on Facebook. During one-on-one, in-depth interviews, participants (n = 20) logged onto their Facebook account alongside the researcher and discussed cancer-related posts they engaged with during the past 12 months. Interview questions included the reasons for engagement, and whether engagement triggered further action. Interviews were analyzed thematically. In parallel, a content analysis of the CPSI posts identified during the interviews was conducted. The majority of CPSI posts participants engaged with contained food-related content and visual imagery. Engagement was most common when individuals had personal relationships to the poster, when posts included videos/images, and when posts contained content promoting the curative properties of popular Latin American foods. Engagement often led to information-seeking and sharing, discussing content with others, and/or changing health behaviors. Findings highlight the importance of adequately contextualizing how cultural values influence the ways in which Latinos/as engage with and act upon CPSI on Facebook, which may lead individuals to bypass evidence-based procedures. Multi-pronged efforts are necessary to adequately leverage social media to empower Latinos/as to partake in behaviors that effectively reduce cancer health disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonaira M Rivera
- Department of Communication, School of Communication & Information, Rutgers University
| | - Meghan B Moran
- Department of Health, Behavior & Society, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health
| | - Johannes Thrul
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health
| | - Corinne Joshu
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health
| | - Katherine C Smith
- Department of Health, Behavior & Society, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health
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Rabinowitz JA, Jin J, Kuo SIC, Campos AI, Rentería ME, Huhn AS, Thrul J, Reboussin BA, Benke K, Domingue B, Ialongo NS, Maher BS, Kertes D, Troiani V, Uhl G. Positive associations between cannabis and alcohol use polygenic risk scores and phenotypic opioid misuse among African-Americans. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266384. [PMID: 35395044 PMCID: PMC8993003 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study examined whether polygenic risk scores (PRS) for lifetime cannabis and alcohol use were associated with misusing opioids, and whether sex differences existed in these relations in an urban, African-American sample. METHODS Data were drawn from three cohorts of participants (N = 1,103; 45% male) who were recruited in first grade as part of a series of elementary school-based, universal preventive intervention trials conducted in a Mid-Atlantic region of the U.S. In young adulthood, participants provided a DNA sample and reported on whether they had used heroin or misused prescription opioids in their lifetime. Three substance use PRS were computed based on prior GWAS: lifetime cannabis use from Pasman et al. (2018), heavy drinking indexed via maximum number of drinks from Gelernter et al. (2019), and alcohol consumption from Kranzler et al. (2019). RESULTS Higher PRS for lifetime cannabis use, greater heavy drinking, and greater alcohol consumption were associated with heightened risk for misusing opioids among the whole sample. Significant sex by PRS interactions were also observed such that higher PRS for heavy drinking and alcohol consumption were associated with a greater likelihood of opioid misuse among males, but not females. CONCLUSION Our findings further elucidate the genetic contributions to misusing opioids by showing that the genetics of cannabis and alcohol consumption are associated with lifetime opioid misuse among young adults, though replication of our findings is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill A. Rabinowitz
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Jin Jin
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Sally I-Chun Kuo
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States of America
| | - Adrian I. Campos
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Miguel E. Rentería
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Andrew S. Huhn
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Johannes Thrul
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Beth A. Reboussin
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States of America
| | - Kelly Benke
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Domingue
- Graduate School of Education, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Nicholas S. Ialongo
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Brion S. Maher
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Darlene Kertes
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | | | - George Uhl
- New Mexico VA HealthCare System, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
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Rivera YM, Moran MB, Thrul J, Joshu C, Smith KC. Contextualizing Engagement With Health Information on Facebook: Using the Social Media Content and Context Elicitation Method. J Med Internet Res 2022; 24:e25243. [PMID: 35254266 PMCID: PMC8933799 DOI: 10.2196/25243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Most of what is known regarding health information engagement on social media stems from quantitative methodologies. Public health literature often quantifies engagement by measuring likes, comments, and/or shares of posts within health organizations’ Facebook pages. However, this content may not represent the health information (and misinformation) generally available to and consumed by platform users. Furthermore, some individuals may prefer to engage with information without leaving quantifiable digital traces. Mixed methods approaches may provide a way of surpassing the constraints of assessing engagement with health information by using only currently available social media metrics.
Objective
This study aims to discuss the limitations of current approaches in assessing health information engagement on Facebook and presents the social media content and context elicitation method, a qualitatively driven, mixed methods approach to understanding engagement with health information and how engagement may lead to subsequent actions.
Methods
Data collection, management, and analysis using the social media content and context elicitation method are presented. This method was developed for a broader study exploring how and why US Latinos and Latinas engage with cancer prevention and screening information on Facebook. The study included 20 participants aged between 40 and 75 years without cancer who participated in semistructured, in-depth interviews to discuss their Facebook use and engagement with cancer information on the platform. Participants accessed their Facebook account alongside the researcher, typed cancer in the search bar, and discussed cancer-related posts they engaged with during the previous 12 months. Engagement was defined as liking, commenting, and/or sharing a post; clicking on a post link; reading an article in a post; and/or watching a video within a post. Content engagement prompted questions regarding the reasons for engagement and whether engagement triggered further action. Data were managed using MAXQDA (VERBI GmbH) and analyzed using thematic and content analyses.
Results
Data emerging from the social media content and context elicitation method demonstrated that participants mainly engaged with cancer prevention and screening information by viewing and/or reading content (48/66, 73%) without liking, commenting, or sharing it. This method provided rich content regarding how US Latinos and Latinas engage with and act upon cancer prevention and screening information on Facebook. We present 2 emblematic cases from the main study to exemplify the additional information and context elicited from this methodology, which is currently lacking from quantitative approaches.
Conclusions
The social media content and context elicitation method allows a better representation and deeper contextualization of how people engage with and act upon health information and misinformation encountered on social media. This method may be applied to future studies regarding how to best communicate health information on social media, including how these affect assessments of message credibility and accuracy, which can influence health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonaira M Rivera
- Department of Communication, School of Communication & Information, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brusnwick, NJ, United States
| | - Meghan B Moran
- Department of Health, Behavior & Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Johannes Thrul
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Corinne Joshu
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Katherine C Smith
- Department of Health, Behavior & Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
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31
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Kaufman MR, Wright K, Simon J, Edwards G, Thrul J, DuBois DL. Mentoring in the Time of COVID-19: An Analysis of Online Focus Groups with Mentors to Youth. Am J Community Psychol 2022; 69:33-45. [PMID: 34318506 PMCID: PMC8426756 DOI: 10.1002/ajcp.12543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This study explored the experiences of mentors to youth during the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic. The study aims were to examine (1) the role of the pandemic on mentor-mentee interactions and relationships and (2) the ways in which mentors could be supported during the health crisis to better meet youth needs. Six online focus groups were conducted with 39 mentors. Mentor participants included 26 females and 11 males (two did not disclose gender), and 51% identified as white. Any mentor currently in a mentoring relationship, regardless of type, was eligible. Using Facebook groups, moderators posted questions and prompts, and mentor participants responded using textual comments. The text from each group was recorded, extracted, and coded and analyzed using thematic analysis. As mentors transitioned to a primarily online format, text and video chat became the most common communication methods. Mentees' access to technology and privacy were the biggest challenges faced. Mentor concerns for their mentees varied, including mental health, school, family finances, and access to instrumental support and food. Mentor help involved routinely connecting with mentees and providing academic support. Mentors requested ideas and resources for connecting with mentees and an online mentor support group. During the early weeks of the pandemic, mentors continued to engage with mentees, offering valuable support during a confusing and scary time. Mentoring programs can broaden their approach, intentionally integrating online connecting in an effort to provide safe, appropriate, and continued support to both mentors and mentees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle R. Kaufman
- Department of Health, Behavior & SocietyJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Kate Wright
- Department of Health, Behavior & SocietyJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMDUSA
| | | | - Giselle Edwards
- Department of Mental HealthJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Johannes Thrul
- Department of Mental HealthJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMDUSA
- Centre for Alcohol Policy ResearchLa Trobe UniversityMelbourneVicAustralia
| | - David L. DuBois
- Department of PsychologySchool of Public Health and Institute for Health Research and PolicyUniversity of Illinois ChicagoChicagoILUSA
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Smail EJ, Riehm KE, Veldhuis CB, Johnson RM, Holingue C, Stuart EA, Kalb LG, Thrul J. Associations of household structure and presence of children in the household with mental distress during the early stages of the U.S. COVID-19 pandemic. Fam Syst Health 2022; 40:46-59. [PMID: 34941298 PMCID: PMC8940685 DOI: 10.1037/fsh0000657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objectives of the current study were to (1) assess associations between household structure (i.e., living with spouse compared to living alone, with children, or with a spouse and children), presence of children, and mental distress in April 2020 and change in mental distress (between April and August 2020); and (2) determine whether these associations are moderated by income or sex. PARTICIPANTS A total of 2,214 adults aged 25-55 from the April and August 2020 waves of the Understanding America study were included in the analytic sample. STUDY METHOD Multivariable, survey-weighted linear regression models were used to examine associations between explanatory variables (i.e., household structure and number of children) and outcome variables (mental distress in April and change in mental distress), measured via the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)-4. RESULTS In adjusted models, each additional child under the age of 12 was associated with lower mental distress in April 2020 (β = -.30, p = .002). Having children aged 13 to 18 and household structure were not significantly associated with mental distress. In interaction models, living with children only was associated with decreased mental distress among individuals reporting low income (interaction β = -1.28, p = .016) but not high income. Similarly, living with children only was associated with decreased mental distress in females (interaction β = -1.09, p = .025) but not males. CONCLUSION This study supports prior literature that demonstrates the positive association of child rearing with psychological well-being and suggests that these benefits may be present even under stay-at-home orders in the early stages of the U.S. COVID-19 pandemic. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J. Smail
- Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University
| | - Kira E. Riehm
- Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University
| | | | - Renee M. Johnson
- Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University
| | - Calliope Holingue
- Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University
- Department of Neuropsychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins University
| | - Elizabeth A. Stuart
- Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University
| | - Luke G. Kalb
- Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University
- Department of Neuropsychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins University
| | - Johannes Thrul
- Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University
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Meacham MC, Nobles AL, Tompkins DA, Thrul J. "I got a bunch of weed to help me through the withdrawals": Naturalistic cannabis use reported in online opioid and opioid recovery community discussion forums. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263583. [PMID: 35134074 PMCID: PMC8824349 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of research has reported on the potential opioid-sparing effects of cannabis and cannabinoids, but less is known about specific mechanisms. The present research examines cannabis-related posts in two large online communities on the Reddit platform (“subreddits”) to compare mentions of naturalistic cannabis use by persons self-identifying as actively using opioids versus persons in recovery. We extracted all posts mentioning cannabis-related keywords (e.g., “weed”, “cannabis”, “marijuana”) from December 2015 through August 2019 from an opioid use subreddit and an opioid recovery subreddit. To investigate how cannabis is discussed at-scale, we identified and compared the most frequent phrases in cannabis-related posts in each subreddit using term-frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF) weighting. To contextualize these findings, we also conducted a qualitative content analysis of 200 random posts (100 from each subreddit). Cannabis-related posts were about twice as prevalent in the recovery subreddit (n = 908; 5.4% of 16,791 posts) than in the active opioid use subreddit (n = 4,224; 2.6% of 159,994 posts, p < .001). The most frequent phrases from the recovery subreddit referred to time without using opioids and the possibility of using cannabis as a “treatment.” The most frequent phrases from the opioid subreddit referred to concurrent use of cannabis and opioids. The most common motivations for using cannabis were to manage opioid withdrawal symptoms in the recovery subreddit, often in conjunction with anti-anxiety and GI-distress “comfort meds,” and to enhance the “high” when used in combination with opioids in the opioid subreddit. Despite limitations in generalizability from pseudonymous online posts, this examination of reports of naturalistic cannabis use in relation to opioid use identified withdrawal symptom management as a common motivation. Future research is warranted with more structured assessments that examines the role of cannabis and cannabinoids in addressing both somatic and affective symptoms of opioid withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith C. Meacham
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Alicia L. Nobles
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - D. Andrew Tompkins
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Johannes Thrul
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
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Nordeck CD, Riehm KE, Smail EJ, Holingue C, Kane JC, Johnson RM, Veldhuis CB, Kalb LG, Stuart EA, Kreuter F, Thrul J. Changes in drinking days among United States adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. Addiction 2022; 117:331-340. [PMID: 34159674 PMCID: PMC8441933 DOI: 10.1111/add.15622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To examine changes in drinking behavior among United States (US) adults between March 10 and July 21, 2020, a critical period during the COVID-19 pandemic. DESIGN Longitudinal, internet-based panel survey. SETTING The Understanding America Study (UAS), a nationally representative panel of US adults age 18 or older. PARTICIPANTS A total of 4298 US adults who reported alcohol use. MEASUREMENTS Changes in number of reported drinking days from March 11, 2020 through July 21, 2020 in the overall sample and stratified by sex, age, race/ethnicity, household structure, poverty status, and census region. FINDINGS Compared with March 11, the number of drinking days per week was significantly higher on April 1 by an average of 0.36 days (95% CI = 0.30, 0.43), on May 1 by an average of 0.55 days (95% CI = 0.47, 0.63), on June 1 by an average of 0.41 days (95% CI = 0.33, 0.49), and on July 1 by an average of 0.39 days (95% CI = 0.31, 0.48). Males, White participants, and older adults reported sustained increases in drinking days, whereas female participants and individuals living under the federal poverty line had attenuated drinking days in the latter part of the study period. CONCLUSIONS Between March and mid-July 2020, adults in the United States reported increases in the number of drinking days, with sustained increases observed among males, White participants, and older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney D. Nordeck
- Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public HealthJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Kira E. Riehm
- Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public HealthJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Emily J. Smail
- Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public HealthJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Calliope Holingue
- Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public HealthJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMDUSA
- Department of Neuropsychology, Kennedy Krieger InstituteJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Jeremy C. Kane
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public HealthColumbia UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Renee M. Johnson
- Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public HealthJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMDUSA
| | | | - Luther G. Kalb
- Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public HealthJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMDUSA
- Department of Neuropsychology, Kennedy Krieger InstituteJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Elizabeth A. Stuart
- Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public HealthJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Frauke Kreuter
- Joint Program in Survey MethodologyUniversity of MarylandMDUSA
- Department of StatisticsLudwig Maximilian University of MunichMunichGermany
- Statistical Methods GroupInstitute for Employment ResearchNurembergGermany
| | - Johannes Thrul
- Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public HealthJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMDUSA
- Centre for Alcohol Policy ResearchLa Trobe UniversityBundooraVICAustralia
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Brenneke SG, Nordeck CD, Riehm KE, Schmid I, Tormohlen KN, Smail EJ, Johnson RM, Kalb LG, Stuart EA, Thrul J. Trends in cannabis use among U.S. adults amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Drug Policy 2022; 100:103517. [PMID: 34894469 PMCID: PMC8653409 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic has had an impact on mental health and alcohol use in the US, however there is little research on its impacts on cannabis use. Considering the role of cannabis as a coping strategy or self-medicating behavior, there is a need to understand how individuals who use cannabis have adapted their use amid the pandemic. Therefore, this study examined changes in self-reported cannabis use among US adults in the context of COVID-19 pandemic by (1) describing trends of use during the first 8 months of the pandemic among adults who used cannabis in this period; and (2) characterizing trends of use within sociodemographic subgroups and by state cannabis policy status. METHODS The sample consisted of 1,761 US adults who used cannabis at least once during the 8-month study period from the nationally representative Understanding America Study. Linear mixed-effect models were used to model changes in the number of days of past-week cannabis use across 16 waves from March 10, 2020, to November 11, 2020. RESULTS Compared to early March, the number of days cannabis was used per week was significantly higher at the start of April (β=0.11, 95% CI=0.03, 0.18) and May (β=0.21,95% CI=0.05, 0.36). In subsequent months (June - November), the number of days of cannabis use attenuated to levels comparable to March. Trends of cannabis use across the study period generally did not differ across sociodemographic characteristics and state cannabis policy status. CONCLUSION Though increases in use were marginal among many groups, the evolving pandemic and the growing concern for the mental health of segments of the U.S. population warrant close monitoring of coping behaviors, including substance use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savannah G Brenneke
- Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 624N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Courtney D Nordeck
- Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 624N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Kira E Riehm
- Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 624N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Ian Schmid
- Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 624N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Kayla N Tormohlen
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 624N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Emily J Smail
- Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 624N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Renee M Johnson
- Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 624N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Luther G Kalb
- Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 624N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neuropsychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins University, 1750 E Fairmount Ave, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Stuart
- Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 624N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Johannes Thrul
- Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 624N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA; Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
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Dauber S, Beacham A, Hammond C, West A, Thrul J. Adaptive Text Messaging for Postpartum Risky Drinking: Conceptual Model and Protocol for an Ecological Momentary Assessment Study (Preprint). JMIR Res Protoc 2022; 11:e36849. [PMID: 35373778 PMCID: PMC9016512 DOI: 10.2196/36849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Risky drinking is prevalent among women of childbearing age. Although many women reduce their drinking during pregnancy, more than half return to prepregnancy levels during the early postpartum period. Risky drinking in new mothers may be associated with negative child and maternal health outcomes; however, new mothers are unlikely to seek treatment for risky drinking because of stigma and fear of child protective service involvement. SMS text messaging is a promising approach for reaching non–treatment-seeking new mothers at risk because of risky drinking. SMS text messaging interventions (TMIs) are empirically supported for alcohol use, but a tailored intervention for new mothers does not exist. This study aims to fill this gap by developing a just-in-time adaptive TMI for postpartum risky drinking. Objective The objectives of this paper are to present a preliminary conceptual model of postpartum risky drinking and describe the protocol for conducting an ecological momentary assessment (EMA) study with new mothers to inform the refinement of the conceptual model and development of the TMI. Methods This paper presents a preliminary conceptual model of postpartum risky drinking based on the motivational model of alcohol use, social cognitive theory, and temporal self-regulation theory. The model proposes three primary intervention targets: motivation, self-efficacy, and self-regulation. Theoretical and empirical literature in support of the conceptual model is described. The paper also describes procedures for a study that will collect EMA data from 30 participants recruited via social media and the perinatal Central Intake system of New Jersey. Following the baseline assessment, EMA surveys will be sent 5 times per day for 14 days. The assessment instruments and data analysis procedures are described. Results Recruitment is scheduled to begin in January 2022 and is anticipated to conclude in March 2022. Study results are estimated to be published in July 2022. Conclusions The study findings will enhance our understanding of daily and momentary fluctuations in risk and protective factors for risky drinking during the early postpartum period. The findings will be used to refine the conceptual model and inform the development of the TMI. The next steps for this work include the development of intervention components via an iterative participatory design process and testing of the resulting intervention in a pilot microrandomized trial. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) PRR1-10.2196/36849
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Dauber
- Partnership to End Addiction, New York, NY, United States
| | - Alexa Beacham
- Partnership to End Addiction, New York, NY, United States
| | - Cori Hammond
- Partnership to End Addiction, New York, NY, United States
| | - Allison West
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Johannes Thrul
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
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Palmer AM, Toll BA, Carpenter MJ, Donny EC, Hatsukami DK, Rojewski AM, Smith TT, Sofuoglu M, Thrul J, Benowitz NL. Reappraising Choice in Addiction: Novel Conceptualizations and Treatments for Tobacco Use Disorder. Nicotine Tob Res 2022; 24:3-9. [PMID: 34270729 PMCID: PMC8666123 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntab148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of alternative nicotine and tobacco products (such as e-cigarettes, heat-not-burn devices, nicotine pouches) warrants an updated framework from which to conceptualize tobacco use disorder (TUD). The following review provides considerations for TUD within the context of novel products. Historically, the tobacco industry falsely claimed that cigarettes were not addictive or harmful and that those who smoked simply chose to do so. This generated an inaccurate lay perception that smoking is a free or informed choice. Research on nicotine pharmacology demonstrates the powerful addictive potential of nicotine, which is shaped by dose, speed of delivery, and other constituents generated. In addition, non-pharmacologic reinforcers motivate and maintain tobacco use behaviors for both traditional cigarettes and novel products. The negative consequences of combustible tobacco use are well known; however, these outcomes may differ for alternative products. Strategies used for combustible product cessation may be adapted for novel products, and treatment recommendations for TUD should be made within the context of a harm reduction framework wherein alternative product use may be the desired outcome. Providers must therefore be willing to modify their perceptions of products and treatment recommendations accordingly. Better public health outcomes are accomplished through promotion of abstinence from combustible smoking. For those who cannot wean from nicotine entirely, switching to less risky modes of delivery might be a secondary goal, with an eventual aim of stopping use of the alternative product. Implications: Given the advent of novel, alternative tobacco products, tobacco use disorder (TUD) must be conceptualized within a contemporary framework that includes harm reduction and alternative outcomes. The unique contributions of nicotine pharmacology, non-pharmacologic reinforcers, and consequences of use can be used to inform treatments for TUD with the ultimate goal of improving the health of individuals who use tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Palmer
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Benjamin A Toll
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Matthew J Carpenter
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Eric C Donny
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | | | - Alana M Rojewski
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Tracy T Smith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Mehmet Sofuoglu
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Johannes Thrul
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Neal L Benowitz
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Serious mental illness places a considerable burden on the mental health service system in the United States. To date, no research has examined the availability of psychiatric emergency walk-in and crisis services. The goal of this study was to examine temporal trends, geographic variation, and characteristics of psychiatric facilities that provide emergency psychiatric walk-in and crisis services across the United States. METHODS The authors used cross-sectional, annually collected data covering the 2014-2018 period from the National Mental Health Services Survey (N-MHSS), a representative survey of both public and private mental health treatment facilities in the United States. RESULTS Overall, 42.6% of all U.S. mental health facilities did not offer any mental health crisis services between 2014 and 2018. A third of all facilities (33.5%) offered emergency psychiatric walk-in services, and just under one-half (48.3%) provided crisis services. When examining population-adjusted estimates, the authors noted a 15.8% (1.52-1.28 per 100,000 U.S. adults) and 7.5% (2.01-1.86 per 100,000 U.S. adults) decrease in walk-in and crisis services, respectively, from 2014 to 2018. Large geographic variation in service availability was also observed. CONCLUSION A large proportion of psychiatric facilities in the United States do not provide psychiatric walk-in or crisis services. Availability of these services either has stayed flat or is declining. Disparities, particularly around U.S. borders and coasts, suggest policy efforts would be valuable for ensuring equitable service availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luther G. Kalb
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Calliope Holingue
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Emma K. Stapp
- Genetic Epidemiology Research Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kathryn Van Eck
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Johannes Thrul
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Thrul J, Kalb LG, Finan PH, Prager Z, Naslund JA. Web3 and digital mental health: Opportunities to scale sustainable mental health promotion and peer support. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:945830. [PMID: 35935408 PMCID: PMC9354459 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.945830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Thrul
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Luther G Kalb
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Center for Autism & Related Disorders, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Patrick H Finan
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | | | - John A Naslund
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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Joyal-Desmarais K, Stojanovic J, Kennedy EB, Enticott JC, Boucher VG, Vo H, Košir U, Lavoie KL, Bacon SL, Granana N, Losada AV, Boyle J, Shawon SR, Dawadi S, Teede H, Kautzky-Willer A, Dash A, Cornelio ME, Karsten M, Matte DL, Reichert F, Abou-Setta A, Aaron S, Alberga A, Barnett T, Barone S, Bélanger-Gravel A, Bernard S, Birch LM, Bondy S, Booij L, Da Silva RB, Bourbeau J, Burns R, Campbell T, Carlson L, Charbonneau É, Corace K, Drouin O, Ducharme F, Farhadloo M, Falk C, Fleet R, Fournier M, Garber G, Gauvin L, Gordon J, Grad R, Gupta S, Hellemans K, Herba C, Hwang H, Jedwab J, Kakinami L, Kim S, Liu J, Norris C, Pelaez S, Pilote L, Poirier P, Presseau J, Puterman E, Rash J, Ribeiro PAB, Sadatsafavi M, Chaudhuri PS, Suarthana E, Tse S, Vallis M, Caceres NB, Ortiz M, Repetto PB, Lemos-Hoyos M, Kassianos A, Rod NH, Beraneck M, Ninot G, Ditzen B, Kubiak T, Codjoe S, Kpobi L, Laar A, Skoura T, Francis DL, Devi NK, Meitei S, Nethan ST, Pinto L, Saraswathy KN, Tumu D, Lestari S, Wangge G, Byrne M, Durand H, McSharry J, Meade O, Molloy G, Noone C, Levine H, Zaidman-Zait A, Boccia S, Hoxhaj I, Paduano S, Raparelli V, Zaçe D, Aburub A, Akunga D, Ayah R, Barasa C, Godia PM, Kimani-Murage EW, Mutuku N, Mwoma T, Naanyu V, Nyamari J, Oburu H, Olenja J, Ongore D, Ziraba A, Bandawe C, Yim L, Ajuwon A, Shar NA, Usmani BA, Martínez RMB, Creed-Kanashiro H, Simão P, Rutayisire PC, Bari AZ, Vojvodic K, Nagyova I, Bantjes J, Barnes B, Coetzee B, Khagee A, Mothiba T, Roomaney R, Swartz L, Cho J, Lee MG, Berman A, Stattin NS, Fischer S, Hu D, Kara Y, Şimşek C, Üzmezoğlu B, Isunju JB, Mugisha J, Byrne-Davis L, Griffiths P, Hart J, Johnson W, Michie S, Paine N, Petherick E, Sherar L, Bilder RM, Burg M, Czajkowski S, Freedland K, Gorin SS, Holman A, Lee J, Lopez G, Naar S, Okun M, Powell L, Pressman S, Revenson T, Ruiz J, Sivaram S, Thrul J, Trudel-Fitzgerald C, Yohannes A, Navani R, Ranakombu K, Neto DH, Ben-Porat T, Dragomir A, Gagnon-Hébert A, Gemme C, Jamil M, Käfer LM, Vieira AM, Tasbih T, Woods R, Yousefi R, Roslyakova T, Priesterroth L, Edelstein S, Snir R, Uri Y, Alyami M, Sanuade C, Crescenzi O, Warkentin K, Grinko K, Angne L, Jain J, Mathur N, Mithe A, Nethan S. How well do covariates perform when adjusting for sampling bias in online COVID-19 research? Insights from multiverse analyses. Eur J Epidemiol 2022; 37:1233-1250. [PMID: 36335560 PMCID: PMC9638233 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-022-00932-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 research has relied heavily on convenience-based samples, which-though often necessary-are susceptible to important sampling biases. We begin with a theoretical overview and introduction to the dynamics that underlie sampling bias. We then empirically examine sampling bias in online COVID-19 surveys and evaluate the degree to which common statistical adjustments for demographic covariates successfully attenuate such bias. This registered study analysed responses to identical questions from three convenience and three largely representative samples (total N = 13,731) collected online in Canada within the International COVID-19 Awareness and Responses Evaluation Study ( www.icarestudy.com ). We compared samples on 11 behavioural and psychological outcomes (e.g., adherence to COVID-19 prevention measures, vaccine intentions) across three time points and employed multiverse-style analyses to examine how 512 combinations of demographic covariates (e.g., sex, age, education, income, ethnicity) impacted sampling discrepancies on these outcomes. Significant discrepancies emerged between samples on 73% of outcomes. Participants in the convenience samples held more positive thoughts towards and engaged in more COVID-19 prevention behaviours. Covariates attenuated sampling differences in only 55% of cases and increased differences in 45%. No covariate performed reliably well. Our results suggest that online convenience samples may display more positive dispositions towards COVID-19 prevention behaviours being studied than would samples drawn using more representative means. Adjusting results for demographic covariates frequently increased rather than decreased bias, suggesting that researchers should be cautious when interpreting adjusted findings. Using multiverse-style analyses as extended sensitivity analyses is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keven Joyal-Desmarais
- Department of Health, Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H4B 1R6 Canada ,Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS-NIM, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jovana Stojanovic
- Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS-NIM, Montreal, Canada ,Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Eric B. Kennedy
- Disaster and Emergency Management, York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Joanne C. Enticott
- Department of General Practice, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia ,Monash Partners, Advanced Health Research and Translation Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Hung Vo
- Austin Health, Victoria, Australia
| | - Urška Košir
- Department of Health, Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H4B 1R6 Canada ,Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS-NIM, Montreal, Canada
| | - Kim L. Lavoie
- Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS-NIM, Montreal, Canada ,Département de Psychologie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Simon L. Bacon
- Department of Health, Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H4B 1R6 Canada ,Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS-NIM, Montreal, Canada
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Dauber S, West A, Hammond C, Cohen I, Thrul J. Postpartum heavy episodic drinking: A survey to inform development of a text messaging intervention. Drug Alcohol Rev 2022; 41:182-187. [PMID: 34192391 PMCID: PMC8716644 DOI: 10.1111/dar.13341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Text messaging interventions (TMI) are promising for addressing heavy episodic drinking (HED) in non-treatment-seeking postpartum women. Their anonymous delivery can overcome fear of consequences that often prevents postpartum women from seeking treatment for HED. We assessed feasibility and acceptability of text messaging to inform the development of a tailored TMI for postpartum HED. METHODS We surveyed 165 postpartum women recruited via a national Qualtrics panel on their drinking behaviours, mobile technology use and TMI preferences. RESULTS Twenty-five percent of the sample (N = 41) were classified as heavy episodic drinkers, with significant drinking reported before, during and after pregnancy, supporting the need for intervention. Feasibility of text messaging was supported by nearly universal mobile phone ownership and text messaging. Attitudes and intervention preferences varied, with 30% of HEDs likely to participate in an intervention asking them to receive automated messages, and 46% likely to participate in an intervention that included live texting with a counsellor. Respondents were more likely to participate in a study that asked them to respond to messages about mood and stress (63%) than daily drinking behaviours (35%), and were most interested in a TMI that included live texting with a counsellor. Nearly half the sample endorsed fear of child removal as a significant barrier to participation. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Findings support the feasibility of text messaging as an intervention approach for postpartum HEDs. Postpartum women may have unique concerns and preferences that differ from other groups of HEDs, making a user-centred design approach critical.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Allison West
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
| | | | - Ilana Cohen
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Johannes Thrul
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, USA,Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
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42
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Goldmann E, Hagen D, Khoury EE, Owens M, Misra S, Thrul J. An examination of racial and ethnic disparities in mental health during the Covid-19 pandemic in the U.S. South. J Affect Disord 2021; 295:471-478. [PMID: 34507228 PMCID: PMC8424176 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mental health of racial/ethnic minority groups in the United States may be disproportionately impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic due to greater experience of peri-pandemic stressors. Yet, few studies have systematically examined racial/ethnic differences in mental health outcomes in this context. METHODS Data came from the COVID-19 Southern Cities Study, a probability-based, cross-sectional study conducted in May/June 2020 among adults living in the metropolitan statistical areas of Atlanta, Austin, Dallas, Houston, and New Orleans. Unadjusted and adjusted associations between racial/ethnic identity and past-week depression and/or anxiety symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire-2 score ≥ 3 or Generalized Anxiety Disorder-2 score ≥ 3), trouble sleeping, physical reactions when thinking about COVID-19, and self-rated worsened mental health due to the pandemic were estimated in separate logistic regression models. RESULTS Over 30% of respondents reported depression and/or anxiety symptoms, 21% reported physical reactions, 25% had trouble sleeping, and 33% worsened mental health since the pandemic began. Adjusting for sociodemographic and health-related characteristics and pandemic-related stressors, odds of anxiety symptoms (odds ratio (OR) 0.53, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.30-0.95) and worsened mental health (OR 0.58, 95% CI 0.36-0.94) were lower among non-Hispanic Black vs. non-Hispanic white respondents. LIMITATIONS No diagnostic assessments were used, and results may not be generalizable to later phases of the pandemic and the entire U.S. South. CONCLUSIONS Despite greater pandemic-related stressor experience, poor mental health outcomes were not more common among racial/ethnic minority individuals. However, interventions to reduce disparities in stressor experience and promote mental health are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Goldmann
- Department of Epidemiology, New York University School of Global Public Health, 708 Broadway, 7th Floor, New York, NY 10003, USA.
| | - Daniel Hagen
- Department of Epidemiology, New York University School of Global Public Health, 708 Broadway, 7th Floor, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Estelle El Khoury
- Department of Epidemiology, New York University School of Global Public Health, 708 Broadway, 7th Floor, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Mark Owens
- Department of Political Science, College of Arts and Sciences, The University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX, USA
| | - Supriya Misra
- Department of Public Health, College of Health and Social Sciences, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Johannes Thrul
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA,Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
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Lee J, Thrul J. Trends in opioid misuse by cigarette smoking status among US adolescents: Results from National Survey on Drug Use and Health 2015-2018. Prev Med 2021; 153:106829. [PMID: 34624387 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Increasing rates of opioid-related emergency department visits and deaths among adolescents in the United States are a public health concern. Adolescent cigarette smoking may be a risk factor for opioid misuse; though, there is a paucity of research on adolescents' cigarette smoking and opioid misuse. This study investigates current trends and the association between cigarette smoking and opioid misuse among US adolescents. Using pooled youth samples (ages 12-17) from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) 2015-2018 (N = 54,866), we calculated weighted estimates of past-year opioid misuse by cigarette smoking status across years. We further estimated a multivariable logistic regression model to examine the past-year opioid misuse by ever-cigarette-smoking, controlling for sociodemographics and other substance use. While there was a significant reduction in opioid misuse among the entire sample and among never-smokers over time (2.5% in 2015 to 1.9% in 2018), this trend was not significant among ever-smokers (14.2% in 2015 to 11.1% in 2018). Multivariable logistic regression showed ever-smokers (vs. never-smokers) had higher odds of past-year opioid misuse (aOR = 2.01; 95% CI = 1.66, 2.43). Findings suggest that comprehensive tobacco control policies and opioid misuse prevention programs are warranted to curb opioid misuse among adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhan Lee
- Department of Health Behavior, College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, USA.
| | - Johannes Thrul
- Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, USA; Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA; Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia.
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Anderson Goodell EM, Nordeck C, Finan PH, Vandrey R, Dunn KE, Thrul J. Feasibility and acceptability of using smartphone-based EMA to assess patterns of prescription opioid and medical cannabis use among individuals with chronic pain. Internet Interv 2021; 26:100460. [PMID: 34646751 PMCID: PMC8501678 DOI: 10.1016/j.invent.2021.100460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intensive longitudinal studies are needed to examine the co-use of prescription opioid medication and medical cannabis and their effects on chronic pain. The current study sought to investigate the feasibility and participant compliance with a smartphone-based Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) data collection protocol among individuals who use multiple substances and suffer from chronic pain. METHODS A total of 46 participants (mean age = 44.8 years; 78% female; 85% Non-Hispanic White) were recruited online and completed a 30-day EMA phase where they responded to prompted surveys (four random past-hour surveys and one daily diary per day) about opioid medication use, medical cannabis use, and pain symptoms. Qualitative follow-up interviews were conducted with a subset of 10 participants. Linear and logistic regression models were used to examine baseline participant characteristics in relation to EMA compliance. Qualitative indicators of participant study experience were extracted from interviews. RESULTS Participants responded to an average of 70% of past-hour surveys and 92% of daily diaries. Female participants were more likely to complete all daily diaries and at least one past-hour survey per day on all 30 days, respectively (OR = 5.60, 95% CI: 1.02-30.77, p < .05; OR = 7.08, 95% CI: 1.28-39.16, p < .05). Female participants were also more likely to complete at least 75% of their prompted past-hour surveys (OR = 4.67, 95% CI: 1.00-21.69, p < .05). Interview participants reported a positive study experience overall, although some mentioned problems related to smartphone notifications, redundant questions, or being prompted when they were not feeling well. Participants also mentioned problems with reporting the amount of medical cannabis used (e.g., milliliters of vaping liquid). CONCLUSIONS Study results demonstrate both feasibility and acceptability of using EMA methodology to examine use patterns of medical cannabis and prescription opioid medication among individuals with chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M. Anderson Goodell
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Courtney Nordeck
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Patrick H. Finan
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ryan Vandrey
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kelly E. Dunn
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Johannes Thrul
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
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45
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Johnson RM, Crifasi C, Anderson Goodell EM, Wiśniowski A, Sakshaug JW, Thrul J, Owens M. Differences in beliefs about COVID-19 by gun ownership: a cross-sectional survey of Texas adults. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e048094. [PMID: 34824107 PMCID: PMC8627366 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-048094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We investigated the association between gun ownership and perceptions about COVID-19 among Texas adults as the pandemic emerged. We considered perceived likelihood that the pandemic would lead to civil unrest, perceived importance of taking precautions to prevent transmission and perceptions that the threat of COVID-19 has been exaggerated. METHODS Data were collected from 5 to 12 April 2020, shortly after Texas' stay-at-home declaration. We generated a sample using random digit dial methods for a telephone survey (n=77, response rate=8%) and by randomly selecting adults from an ongoing panel to complete the survey online (n=1120, non-probability sample). We conducted a logistic regression to estimate differences in perceptions by gun ownership. To account for bias associated with use of a non-probability sample, we used Bayesian data integration and ran linear regression models to produce more accurate measures of association. RESULTS Among the 60% of Texas adults who reported gun ownership, estimates of past 7-day gun purchases, ammunition purchases and gun carrying were 15% (n=78), 20% (n=100) and 24% (n=130), respectively. We found no evidence of an association between gun ownership with perceived importance of taking precautions to prevent transmission or with perceived likelihood of civil unrest. Results from the logistic regression (OR 1.27, 95% CI 0.99 to 1.63) and the linear regression (β=0.18, 95% CI 0.07 to 0.29) suggest that gun owners may be more likely to believe the threat of COVID-19 was exaggerated. CONCLUSIONS Compared with those without guns, gun owners may have been inclined to downplay the threat of COVID-19 early in the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee M Johnson
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Cassandra Crifasi
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Center for Gun Violence Prevention and Policy, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Erin M Anderson Goodell
- Mental Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Joseph W Sakshaug
- Department of Statistical Methods, Institute for Employment Research, Nuremberg, Germany
- Statistical Methods Research, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munchen, Germany
| | - Johannes Thrul
- Mental Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Mark Owens
- Department of Political Science, University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, Texas, USA
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Kuntsche E, Wright CJC, Thrul J. Beyond self-reports: Ways to obtain more comprehensive insights into substance use events. Drug Alcohol Rev 2021; 40:1108-1111. [PMID: 34761835 DOI: 10.1111/dar.13398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Kuntsche
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Cassandra J C Wright
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
- Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Australia
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Johannes Thrul
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
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Adams L, Igbinedion G, DeVinney A, Azasu E, Nestadt P, Thrul J, Joe S. Assessing the Real-time Influence of Racism-Related Stress and Suicidality Among Black Men: Protocol for an Ecological Momentary Assessment Study. JMIR Res Protoc 2021; 10:e31241. [PMID: 34668869 PMCID: PMC8567147 DOI: 10.2196/31241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Suicide is the third leading cause of death among Black adults aged 18-35 years. Although men represent a majority of suicide deaths among Black adults, less is known regarding the extent to which unique cultural stressors, such as racism-related stress (eg, racial discrimination), are salient in exacerbating suicide risk among Black men. Moreover, few studies examine the daily influence of racism-related stressors on suicide outcomes using real-time smartphone-based approaches. Smartphone-based mobile health approaches using ecological momentary assessments (EMA) provide an opportunity to assess and characterize racism-related stressors as a culturally sensitive suicide risk factor among Black young adult men. OBJECTIVE The goal of this study is to describe a protocol development process that aims to capture real-time racism-related stressors and suicide outcomes using a smartphone-based EMA platform (MetricWire). METHODS Guided by the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide (ITS), we developed a brief EMA protocol using a multiphased approach. First, we conducted a literature review to identify brief measures previously used in EMA studies, with special emphasis on studies including Black participants. The identified measures were then shortened to items with the highest construct validity (eg, factor loadings) and revised to reflect momentary or daily frequency. Feasibility and acceptability of the study protocol will be assessed using self-report survey and qualitative responses. To protect participants from harm, a three-tier safety protocol was developed to identify participants with moderate, elevated, and acute risk based on EMA survey response to trigger outreach by the study coordinator. RESULTS The final EMA protocol, which will be completed over a 7-day period, is comprised of 15 questions administered 4 times per day and a daily questionnaire of 22 items related to sleep-related impairment and disruption, as well as racism-related stress. Study recruitment is currently underway. We anticipate the study will be completed in February 2023. Dissemination will be conducted through peer-reviewed publications and conference presentations. CONCLUSIONS This protocol will address gaps in our understanding of Black men's suicide outcomes in the social contexts that they regularly navigate and will clarify the temporal role of racism-related stressors that influence suicidal outcomes. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) PRR1-10.2196/31241.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Adams
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Godwin Igbinedion
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Aubrey DeVinney
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Enoch Azasu
- Washington University at St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Paul Nestadt
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Johannes Thrul
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, Melbourne, Australia.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Sean Joe
- Washington University at St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
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Kalb LG, Badillo‐Goicoechea E, Holingue C, Riehm KE, Thrul J, Stuart EA, Smail EJ, Law K, White‐Lehman C, Fallin D. Psychological distress among caregivers raising a child with autism spectrum disorder during the COVID-19 pandemic. Autism Res 2021; 14:2183-2188. [PMID: 34363330 PMCID: PMC8420467 DOI: 10.1002/aur.2589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic may disproportionately impact parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Loss of services and supports, heightened fears about increased infection rates, and disruption of daily routines likely adversely affect the well-being of children with ASD and their families. The goal of this study was to examine differences in psychological distress-as defined by symptoms of anxiety, depression, loneliness, and hyperarousal-between parents raising a child with ASD and parents in the US as a whole during the early stages of the pandemic (March-April 2020). Parents raising a child with ASD (n = 3556) were recruited through SPARK, a national ASD research registry, whereas a representative sample of parents in the US (n = 5506) were recruited from the Pew Research Center's American Trends Panel. All data were captured via online surveys. Descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regressions examined psychological distress at the item and summary score level. Parents of children with ASD reported higher levels of overall psychological distress (48% vs. 25%; aOR = 1.60, 95% CI: 1.32, 1.84, p < 0.001). Hyperarousal, or feelings of panic when thinking about COVID-19, was particularly prevalent among parents of children with ASD compared to parents in the US (25% vs. 9%; aOR = 2.38, 95% CI: 1.83, 3.07, p < 0.001). Findings highlight the importance of considering the policies and practices that contribute to poor mental health in parents, particularly those raising a child with ASD, to ensure mental health services remain accessible. LAY SUMMARY: This study examined the mental health of parents raising a child with ASD during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. Results demonstrated substantially higher levels of psychological distress, particularly those related to feelings of panic, among parents raising a child with ASD when compared to parents in the US as a whole. These data suggest the need for ensuring mental health services are accessible to parents, particularly those raising a child with ASD, during and after the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luther G. Kalb
- Kennedy Krieger InstituteBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Department of Mental HealthJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | | | - Calliope Holingue
- Kennedy Krieger InstituteBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Department of Mental HealthJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Kira E. Riehm
- Department of Mental HealthJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Johannes Thrul
- Department of Mental HealthJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Elizabeth A. Stuart
- Department of Mental HealthJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Emily J. Smail
- Department of Mental HealthJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Kiely Law
- Kennedy Krieger InstituteBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | | | - Daniele Fallin
- Department of Mental HealthJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
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49
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Westmaas JL, Strollo SE, Newton CC, Carter BD, Diver WR, Flanders WD, Stevens VL, Patel AV, Alcaraz KI, Thrul J, Jacobs EJ. Association between Smoking Cannabis and Quitting Cigarettes in a Large American Cancer Society Cohort. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2021; 30:1956-1964. [PMID: 34348959 PMCID: PMC9398124 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-20-1810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabis use is increasing, including among smokers, an at-risk population for cancer. Research is equivocal on whether using cannabis inhibits quitting cigarettes. The current longitudinal study investigated associations between smoking cannabis and subsequently quitting cigarettes. METHODS Participants were 4,535 adult cigarette smokers from a cohort enrolled in the American Cancer Society's Cancer Prevention Study-3 in 2009-2013. Cigarette quitting was assessed on a follow-up survey in 2015-2017, an average of 3.1 years later. Rates of quitting cigarettes at follow-up were examined by retrospectively assessed baseline cannabis smoking status (never, former, recent), and by frequency of cannabis smoking among recent cannabis smokers (low: ≤3 days/month; medium: 4-19 days/month; high: ≥20 days/month). Logistic regression models adjusted for sociodemographic factors, smoking- and health-related behaviors, and time between baseline and follow-up. RESULTS Adjusted cigarette quitting rates at follow-up did not differ significantly by baseline cannabis smoking status [never 36.2%, 95% confidence interval (CI), 34.5-37.8; former 34.1%, CI, 31.4-37.0; recent 33.6%, CI, 30.1-37.3], nor by frequency of cannabis smoking (low 31.4%, CI, 25.6-37.3; moderate 36.7%, CI, 30.7-42.3; high 34.4%, CI, 28.3-40.2) among recent baseline cannabis smokers. In cross-sectional analyses conducted at follow-up, the proportion of cigarette smokers intending to quit smoking cigarettes in the next 30 days did not differ by cannabis smoking status (P = 0.83). CONCLUSIONS Results do not support the hypothesis that cannabis smoking inhibits quitting cigarette smoking among adults. IMPACT Future longitudinal research should include follow-ups of >1 year, and assess effects of intensity/frequency of cannabis use and motivation to quit on smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Johannes Thrul
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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50
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Amin-Esmaeili M, Susukida R, Johnson RM, Farokhnia M, Crum RM, Thrul J, Mojtabai R. Patterns of reduced use and abstinence in multi-site randomized controlled trials of pharmacotherapies for cocaine and methamphetamine use disorders. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 226:108904. [PMID: 34304121 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many individuals with cocaine or methamphetamine use disorders who enter treatment do not achieve abstinence but reduce their use of the target drug. We aimed to compare change in pattern of drug use (i.e., achieving "abstinence", "reduced use" or no reduction in use) among participants in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of treatment of cocaine and methamphetamine use disorder, irrespective of the type of treatment. METHODS The data were drawn from 10 multi-site pharmacotherapy RCTs of cocaine (n = 1,134) and methamphetamine (n = 555) use disorders. The outcome patterns and their sociodemographic and clinical correlates were compared in cocaine and methamphetamine RCTs, using multinomial logistic regression models. Analyses were adjusted for missing data, clustering within RCTs, socio-demographic and baseline clinical characteristics, and treatment arms. RESULTS Those in cocaine RCTs were more likely to experience reduced use compared to participants in methamphetamine RCTs (20.6% vs. 13.2%, respectively), but less likely to experience "abstinence" (7.6% vs. 20.3%; Chi-squared = 14.20, df = 2, P < 0.001). Differences in "abstinence" persisted after adjustment for baseline covariates. Association of sociodemographic and clinical correlates with outcomes differed in cocaine and methamphetamine RCTs. CONCLUSION A sizeable proportion of individuals in RCTs of pharmacological treatment for stimulant use disorder who do not attain "abstinence" nevertheless reduce their use. The outcome patterns of drug use are different for cocaine and methamphetamine use disorders and reliance on abstinence as the sole outcome may obscure these differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Amin-Esmaeili
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA; Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1336616357, Iran.
| | - Ryoko Susukida
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Renee M Johnson
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Mehdi Farokhnia
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA; Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Rosa M Crum
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe St. Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
| | - Johannes Thrul
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Ramin Mojtabai
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe St. Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
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