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Kim HM, Oh S, Choi CH, Yang JY, Kim S, Kang D, Son KH, Byun K. Attenuation Effect of Radiofrequency Irradiation on UV-B-Induced Skin Pigmentation by Decreasing Melanin Synthesis and through Upregulation of Heat Shock Protein 70. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26247648. [PMID: 34946730 PMCID: PMC8708156 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Excess melanin deposition in the skin causes cosmetic problems. HSP70 upregulation decreases microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) expression, which eventually decreases tyrosinase activity and melanogenesis. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation upregulates p53, which increases the melanocortin receptor (MC1R) and MITF. Furthermore, HSP70 decreases p53 and radiofrequency irradiation (RF) increases HSP70. We evaluated whether RF increased HSP70 and decreased p53, consequently decreasing the MITF/tyrosinase pathway and melanogenesis in UV-B radiated animal skin. Various RF combinations with 50, 100, and 150 ms and 5, 10, and 15 W were performed on the UV-B radiated mouse skin every 2 d for 28 d. When RF was performed with 100 ms/10 W, melanin deposition, evaluated by Fontana–Masson staining, decreased without skin crust formation in the UV-B radiated skin. Thus, we evaluated the effect of RF on decreasing melanogenesis in the HEMn and UV-B radiated skin at a setting of 100 ms/10 W. HSP70 expression was decreased in the UV-B radiated skin but was increased by RF. The expression of p53, MC1R, and MITF increased in the UV-B radiated skin but was decreased by RF. The expression of p53, MC1R, and MITF increased in the α-MSH treated HEMn but was decreased by RF. The decreasing effects of RF on p53, MC1R, CREB and MITF were higher than those of HSP70-overexpressed HEMn. The decreasing effect of RF on p53, MC1R, CREB, and MITF disappeared in the HSP70-silenced HEMn. MC1R, CREB, and MITF were not significantly decreased by the p53 inhibitor in α-MSH treated HEMn. RF induced a greater decrease in MC1R, CREB, and MITF than the p53 inhibitor. Therefore, RF may have decreased melanin synthesis by increasing HSP70 and decreasing p53, thus decreasing MC1R/CREB/MITF and tyrosinase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoung Moon Kim
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon 21936, Korea;
- Functional Cellular Networks Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Graduate School and Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea; (S.O.); (J.Y.Y.)
| | - Seyeon Oh
- Functional Cellular Networks Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Graduate School and Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea; (S.O.); (J.Y.Y.)
| | - Chang Hu Choi
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Korea;
| | - Jin Young Yang
- Functional Cellular Networks Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Graduate School and Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea; (S.O.); (J.Y.Y.)
| | - Sunggeun Kim
- Jeisys Medical Inc., Seoul 08501, Korea; (S.K.); (D.K.)
| | - Donghwan Kang
- Jeisys Medical Inc., Seoul 08501, Korea; (S.K.); (D.K.)
| | - Kuk Hui Son
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Korea;
- Correspondence: (K.H.S.); (K.B.)
| | - Kyunghee Byun
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon 21936, Korea;
- Functional Cellular Networks Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Graduate School and Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea; (S.O.); (J.Y.Y.)
- Correspondence: (K.H.S.); (K.B.)
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Kadiri JJ, Tadayon S, Thapa K, Suominen A, Hollmén M, Rinne P. Melanocortin 1 Receptor Deficiency in Hematopoietic Cells Promotes the Expansion of Inflammatory Leukocytes in Atherosclerotic Mice. Front Immunol 2021; 12:774013. [PMID: 34868038 PMCID: PMC8640177 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.774013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanocortin receptor 1 (MC1-R) is expressed in leukocytes, where it mediates anti-inflammatory actions. We have previously observed that global deficiency of MC1-R signaling perturbs cholesterol homeostasis, increases arterial leukocyte accumulation and accelerates atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E knockout (Apoe-/-) mice. Since various cell types besides leukocytes express MC1-R, we aimed at investigating the specific contribution of leukocyte MC1-R to the development of atherosclerosis. For this purpose, male Apoe-/- mice were irradiated, received bone marrow from either female Apoe-/- mice or MC1-R deficient Apoe-/- mice (Apoe-/- Mc1re/e) and were analyzed for tissue leukocyte profiles and atherosclerotic plaque phenotype. Hematopoietic MC1-R deficiency significantly elevated total leukocyte counts in the blood, bone marrow and spleen, an effect that was amplified by feeding mice a cholesterol-rich diet. The increased leukocyte counts were largely attributable to expanded lymphocyte populations, particularly CD4+ T cells. Furthermore, the number of monocytes was elevated in Apoe-/- Mc1re/e chimeric mice and it paralleled an increase in hematopoietic stem cell count in the bone marrow. Despite robust leukocytosis, atherosclerotic plaque size and composition as well as arterial leukocyte counts were unaffected by MC1-R deficiency. To address this discrepancy, we performed an in vivo homing assay and found that MC1-R deficient CD4+ T cells and monocytes were preferentially entering the spleen rather than homing in peri-aortic lymph nodes. This was mechanistically associated with compromised chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5)-dependent migration of CD4+ T cells and a defect in the recycling capacity of CCR5. Finally, our data demonstrate for the first time that CD4+ T cells also express MC1-R. In conclusion, MC1-R regulates hematopoietic stem cell proliferation and tissue leukocyte counts but its deficiency in leukocytes impairs cell migration via a CCR5-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Kadiri
- Research Centre for Integrative Physiology & Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Drug Research Doctoral Programme (DRDP), University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Sina Tadayon
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Keshav Thapa
- Research Centre for Integrative Physiology & Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Drug Research Doctoral Programme (DRDP), University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Anni Suominen
- Research Centre for Integrative Physiology & Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Drug Research Doctoral Programme (DRDP), University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Maija Hollmén
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Petteri Rinne
- Research Centre for Integrative Physiology & Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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53
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Yoo H, Lee HR, Kim KH, Kim MA, Bang S, Kang YH, Kim WH, Song Y, Chang SE. CRTC3, a sensor and key regulator for melanogenesis, as a tunable therapeutic target for pigmentary disorders. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:9918-9936. [PMID: 34815795 PMCID: PMC8581419 DOI: 10.7150/thno.66378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Although CREB phosphorylation is known to be essential in UVB/cAMP-stimulated melanogenesis, CREB null mice did not show identifiable pigmentation phenotypes. Here, we show that CREB-regulated transcription co-activator 3 (CRTC3) quantitatively regulates and orchestrates melanogenesis by directly targeting microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) and regulating the expression of most key melanogenesis-related genes. Methods: We analyzed CRTC3-null, KRT14-SCF transgenic, and their crossover mice. The molecular basis of CRTC3 effects on pigmentation was investigated by histology, melanin/tyrosinase assay, immunoblotting, shRNA, promoter assay, qRT-PCR, and subcellular localization. These analyses were carried out in primary cultured melanocytes, mouse cell lines, normal human cells, co-cultures, and ex vivo human skin. CRTC/CREB activity screening was performed to identify candidate agents for the regulation of melanogenesis. Results: The coat and skin color of CRTC3-null mice was paler due to a reduction in melanin deposition. Melanogenesis-related genes were reduced in CRTC3-deficient cultured melanocytes and tail skin of CRTC3-null mice. Notably, basal levels of MITF present in CRTC3-null mice were sufficient for melanocytic differentiation/survival. Thus CRTC3-null mice showed a comparable number of epidermal melanocytes compared to control mice. Stem cell factor (SCF) introduction by crossing with KRT14-SCF mice increased epidermal melanocytes and melanin deposition in control and CRTC3-null mice, but the skin color remained still light on the CRTC3-null background. Furthermore, we identified the therapeutic potential of altiratinib to inhibit melanogenesis in human melanocytes and human skin effectively and safely. Conclusion: CRTC3 appears to be a key sensor for melanogenesis and can be used as a reversible and tunable tool for selectively regulating melanogenesis without affecting melanocyte integrity. Thus, CRTC3 can also serve as a screening tool for the discovery of ideal melanogenesis-modulating small molecules.
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Dodd J, Jordan R, Makhlina M, Pesco Koplowitz L, Koplowitz B, Barnett K, Yang WH, Spana C. Pharmacokinetics of the Melanocortin Type 1 Receptor Agonist PL8177 After Subcutaneous Administration. Drugs R D 2021; 21:431-443. [PMID: 34693509 PMCID: PMC8602434 DOI: 10.1007/s40268-021-00367-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective PL8177 is a selective melanocortin 1 receptor agonist in development for the treatment of various immunologic and inflammatory conditions. Here we describe the pharmacokinetics of PL8177 after subcutaneous (sc) delivery in animals and humans. Methods Mice, rats, and dogs were administered sc PL8177 at single doses of 1.0 and 3.0 mg/kg (mice); 1.0, 5.0, and 25.0 mg/kg/day (rats); or 1.5, 8.0, and 40.0 mg/day (dogs). Blood was collected over 24 h (mice) or 28 days (rats and dogs). Safety and pharmacokinetics of single and multiple sc doses were also examined in human volunteers. Two dose levels were tested in two dosing cohorts of 1.0 and 3.0 mg/day for 7 days. Blood samples were collected through Day 1 and on Days 2 to 6 at peak and trough times based on analysis of the first two single-dose cohorts. Results In mice, 3 mg/kg PL8177 resulted in an area under the plasma concentration–time curve from 0 to infinity (AUC∞) of 1727 ng·h/mL, a maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of 2440 ng/mL, an elimination half-life (t½) of 0.5 h, and a time to maximum concentration (tmax) of 0.25 h. Results for the 1-mg/kg dose were generally proportional. In rats, mean tmax values were independent of dose and ranged from 0.25 to 1.0 h for single and multiple dosing. Cmax values ranged from 516 to 695 ng/mL (1-mg/kg dose) and from 666 to 1180 ng/mL (25-mg/kg dose). In dogs, mean tmax values ranged from 0.4 to 1.3 h for single and multiple dosing. Values for tmax decreased with increasing dose and mean plasma Cmax increased less than dose proportionally (96–129 ng·h/mL [1.5 mg], 275–615 ng·h/mL [8.0 mg], and 633–1280 ng·h/mL [40.0 mg]). In humans, PL8177 was observed in the plasma within 15 min after a single dose and persisted for up to 48 h at higher doses. The tmax was 30–45 min (single dose) and 15–45 min (multiple doses). In multiple-dose studies, maximum steady-state plasma concentration (Cmax,ss) and AUC∞ increased with dose. Geometric mean Cmax,ss values were 20.1 ng/mL (1.0 mg) and 57.2 ng/mL (3.0 mg). AUC∞ values were 54.3 ng·h/mL (1.0 mg) and 199 ng·h/mL (3.0 mg). Unchanged PL8177 excreted in the urine was ≤ 1%, and accumulation was minimal. Conclusion PL8177 administration resulted in a consistent pharmacokinetic profile. The measured exposure levels resulted in pharmacologically active PL8177 concentrations at the targeted MC1R. Rapid absorption was seen in healthy volunteers, and multiple-dose administration over 7 days resulted in pharmacokinetic characteristics similar to those observed after single-dose administration. Results support the continued development of PL8177 to treat immunologic and inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Dodd
- Palatin Technologies, Inc., 4C Cedar Brook Drive, Cranbury, NJ, 08512, USA
| | - Robert Jordan
- Palatin Technologies, Inc., 4C Cedar Brook Drive, Cranbury, NJ, 08512, USA
| | - Marie Makhlina
- Palatin Technologies, Inc., 4C Cedar Brook Drive, Cranbury, NJ, 08512, USA
| | | | - Barry Koplowitz
- Duck Flats Pharma, 84 Park Avenue, Suite G206, Flemington, NJ, 08822, USA
| | - Keith Barnett
- Palatin Technologies, Inc., 4C Cedar Brook Drive, Cranbury, NJ, 08512, USA
| | - Wei H Yang
- Palatin Technologies, Inc., 4C Cedar Brook Drive, Cranbury, NJ, 08512, USA
| | - Carl Spana
- Palatin Technologies, Inc., 4C Cedar Brook Drive, Cranbury, NJ, 08512, USA.
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55
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Ericson MD, Doering SR, Larson CM, Freeman KT, LaVoi TM, Donow HM, Santos RG, Cho RH, Koerperich ZM, Giulianotti MA, Pinilla C, Houghten RA, Haskell-Luevano C. Functional Mixture-Based Positional Scan Identifies a Library of Antagonist Tetrapeptide Sequences (LAtTeS) with Nanomolar Potency for the Melanocortin-4 Receptor and Equipotent with the Endogenous AGRP(86-132) Antagonist. J Med Chem 2021; 64:14860-14875. [PMID: 34592820 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) plays an important role in appetite. Agonist ligands that stimulate the MC4R decrease appetite, while antagonist compounds increase food consumption. Herein, a functional mixture-based positional scan identified novel MC4R antagonist sequences. Mixtures comprising a library of 12,960,000 tetrapeptides were screened in the presence and absence of the NDP-MSH agonist. These results led to the synthesis of 48 individual tetrapeptides, of which 40 were screened for functional activity at the melanocortin receptors. Thirteen compounds were found to possess nanomolar antagonist potency at the MC4R, with the general tetrapeptide sequence Ac-Aromatic-Basic-Aromatic-Basic-NH2. The most notable results include the identification of tetrapeptide 48 [COR1-25, Ac-DPhe(pI)-Arg-Nal(2')-Arg-NH2], an equipotent MC4R antagonist to agouti-related protein [AGRP(86-132)], more potent than miniAGRP(87-120), and possessing 15-fold selectivity for the MC4R versus the MC3R. These tetrapeptides may serve as leads for novel appetite-inducing therapies to treat states of negative energy balance, such as cachexia and anorexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Ericson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Translation Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Skye R Doering
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Translation Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Courtney M Larson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Translation Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Katie T Freeman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Translation Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Travis M LaVoi
- Florida International University, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987, United States
| | - Haley M Donow
- Florida International University, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987, United States
| | - Radleigh G Santos
- Nova Southeastern University, 3301 College Avenue, Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33314, United States
| | - Rachel H Cho
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Translation Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Zoe M Koerperich
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Translation Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Marc A Giulianotti
- Florida International University, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987, United States
| | - Clemencia Pinilla
- Florida International University, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987, United States
| | - Richard A Houghten
- Florida International University, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987, United States
| | - Carrie Haskell-Luevano
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Translation Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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56
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Szpręgiel I, Wronska D. Effect of short-term fasting on the expression of ACTH (cMC2) receptor in the adrenal glands of chicken (Gallus domesticus). ROCZNIKI NAUKOWE POLSKIEGO TOWARZYSTWA ZOOTECHNICZNEGO 2021. [DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0015.5024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
<b>Domestic hen is a full model in terms of stress and adrenal function. The main hormone produced by the hens’ adrenals is corticosterone, synthesized and secreted by stimulating the HPA axis during stress. Direct activation of adrenal activity is conditioned by ACTH, which binds to the melanocortin receptor cMC2 in adrenals. It stimulates the synthesis and release of corticosterone. One of the factors that stimulate the HPA axis activity is the starvation, to which the hen is very sensitive. The purpose of this study was to determine the ACTH receptor cMC2 expression in the hens’ adrenals during the short-term fasting and after restoring the proper level of nutrition (refeeding). The results of the experiment show that 24-hour of food deprivation is stressful for the hen, as indicated by increased concentrations of corticosterone in the adrenals and in blood plasma. Changes in cMC2R expression and level of corticosterone in the adrenals during fasting and refeeding indicate a rapid increase of HPA axis activity in response to differentiated levels of nutrition. The results of this experiment confirm the direct effect of ACTH on the avian adrenals in corticosterone release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Szpręgiel
- University of Agriculture in Krakow Faculty of Animal Sciences Department of Animal Physiology and Endocrinology
| | - Danuta Wronska
- Katedra Fizjologii i Endokrynologii Zwierząt
Wydział Hodowli i Biologii Zwierząt
Uniwersytet Rolniczy im. Hugona Kołłątaja w Krakowie
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57
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Chen SJ, Hseu YC, Gowrisankar YV, Chung YT, Zhang YZ, Way TD, Yang HL. The anti-melanogenic effects of 3-O-ethyl ascorbic acid via Nrf2-mediated α-MSH inhibition in UVA-irradiated keratinocytes and autophagy induction in melanocytes. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 173:151-169. [PMID: 34314818 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
3-O-ethyl ascorbic acid (EAA) is an ether-derivative of ascorbic acid, known to inhibit tyrosinase activity, and is widely used in skincare formulations. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanisms underlying the EAA's effects are poorly understood. Here, the anti-melanogenic activity of EAA was demonstrated through Nrf2-mediated α-MSH inhibition in UVA-irradiated keratinocytes (HaCaT) and autophagy induction and inhibition of α-MSH-stimulated melanogenesis in melanocytes (B16F10). EAA pretreatment increased the HaCaT cell viability but suppressed ROS-mediated p53/POMC/α-MSH pathways in UVA-irradiated cells. Further, the conditioned medium from EAA-pretreated and UVA-irradiated HaCaT cells suppressed the MITF-CREB-tyrosinase pathways leading to the inhibition of melanin synthesis in B16F10 cells. EAA treatment increased nuclear Nrf2 translocation via the p38, PKC, and ROS pathways leading to HO-1, γ-GCLC, and NQO-1 antioxidant expression in HaCaT cells. However, Nrf2 silencing reduced the EAA-mediated anti-melanogenic activity, evidenced by impaired antioxidant gene expression and uncontrolled ROS (H202) generation following UVA irradiation. In B16F10 cells, EAA-induced autophagy was shown by enhanced LC3-II levels, AVO formation, Beclin-1 upregulation, and activation of p62/SQSTM1. Further, EAA-induced anti-melanogenic activity was substantially decreased in autophagy inhibitor (3-MA) pretreated or LC3 knockdown B16F10 cells. Notably, transmission electron microscopy data showed increased melanosome-engulfing autophagosomes in EAA-treated B16F10 cells. Moreover, EAA also down-regulated MC1R, TRP-1/-2, tyrosinase expressions, and melanin synthesis by suppressing the cAMP-CREB-mediated MITF expression in B16F10 cells stimulated with α-MSH. In vivo studies on the zebrafish model further confirmed that EAA inhibited tyrosinase expression/activity and endogenous pigmentation. In conclusion, 3-O-ethyl ascorbic acid is an effective skin-whitening agent and could be used as a topical agent for cosmetic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siang-Jyun Chen
- Institute of Nutrition, College of Health Care, China Medical University, Taichung, 406040, Taiwan
| | - You-Cheng Hseu
- Department of Cosmeceutics, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, 406040, Taiwan; Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, 413005, Taiwan; Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung, 406040, Taiwan; Research Center of Chinese Herbal Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 406040, Taiwan.
| | | | - Yi-Ting Chung
- Department of Cosmeceutics, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, 406040, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Zhen Zhang
- Department of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, 406040, Taiwan
| | - Tzong-Der Way
- Department of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, 406040, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Ling Yang
- Institute of Nutrition, College of Health Care, China Medical University, Taichung, 406040, Taiwan.
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Deem JD, Faber CL, Morton GJ. AgRP neurons: Regulators of feeding, energy expenditure, and behavior. FEBS J 2021; 289:2362-2381. [PMID: 34469623 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) that express agouti-related peptide (AgRP) govern a critical aspect of survival: the drive to eat. Equally important to survival is the timing at which food is consumed-seeking or eating food to alleviate hunger in the face of a more pressing threat, like the risk of predation, is clearly maladaptive. To ensure optimal prioritization of behaviors within a given environment, therefore, AgRP neurons must integrate signals of internal need states with contextual environmental cues. In this state-of-the-art review, we highlight recent advances that extend our understanding of AgRP neurons, including the neural circuits they engage to regulate feeding, energy expenditure, and behavior. We also discuss key findings that illustrate how both classical feedback and anticipatory feedforward signals regulate this neuronal population and how the integration of these signals may be disrupted in states of energy excess. Finally, we examine both technical and conceptual challenges facing the field moving forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer D Deem
- Department of Medicine, UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Chelsea L Faber
- Department of Medicine, UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Ivy Brain Tumor Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Gregory J Morton
- Department of Medicine, UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Hasenmajer V, Bonaventura I, Minnetti M, Sada V, Sbardella E, Isidori AM. Non-Canonical Effects of ACTH: Insights Into Adrenal Insufficiency. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:701263. [PMID: 34489864 PMCID: PMC8416901 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.701263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is produced from proopiomelanocortin, which is predominantly synthetized in the corticotroph and melanotroph cells of the anterior and intermediate lobes of the pituitary gland and the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. Although ACTH clearly has an effect on adrenal homeostasis and maintenance of steroid hormone production, it also has extra-adrenal effects that require further elucidation. Methods We comprehensively reviewed English language articles, regardless of whether they reported the presence or absence of adrenal and extra-adrenal ACTH effects. Results In the present review, we provide an overview on the current knowledge on adrenal and extra-adrenal effects of ACTH. In the section on adrenal ACTH effects, we focused on corticosteroid rhythmicity and effects on steroidogenesis, mineralocorticoids and adrenal growth. In the section on extra-adrenal effects, we have analyzed the effects of ACTH on the osteoarticular and reproductive systems, adipocytes, immune system, brain and skin. Finally, we focused on adrenal insufficiency. Conclusions The role of ACTH in maintaining the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is well known. Conversely, if we broaden our vision and analyze its role as a potential treatment strategy in other conditions, it will be evident in the literature that researchers seem to have abandoned this aspect in studies conducted several years ago. We believe it is worth re-evaluating the role of ACTH considering its noncanonical effects on the adrenal gland itself and on extra-adrenal organs and tissues; however, this would not have been possible without the recent advances in the pertinent technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Andrea M. Isidori
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome - Policlinico Umberto I Hospital, Rome, Italy
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60
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Guida S, Guida G, Goding CR. MC1R Functions, Expression, and Implications for Targeted Therapy. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 142:293-302.e1. [PMID: 34362555 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The G protein-coupled MC1R is expressed in melanocytes and has a pivotal role in human skin pigmentation, with reduced function in human genetic variants exhibiting a red hair phenotype and increased melanoma predisposition. Beyond its role in pigmentation, MC1R is increasingly recognized as promoting UV-induced DNA damage repair. Consequently, there is mounting interest in targeting MC1R for therapeutic benefit. However, whether MC1R expression is restricted to melanocytes or is more widely expressed remains a matter of debate. In this paper, we review MC1R function and highlight that unbiased analysis suggests that its expression is restricted to melanocytes, granulocytes, and the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Guida
- Dermatology Unit, Surgical, Medical and Dental Department of Morphological Sciences Related to Transplant, Oncological and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
| | - Gabriella Guida
- Molecular Biology Section, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Colin Ronald Goding
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Cano G, Hernan SL, Sved AF. Centrally Projecting Edinger-Westphal Nucleus in the Control of Sympathetic Outflow and Energy Homeostasis. Brain Sci 2021; 11:1005. [PMID: 34439626 PMCID: PMC8392615 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11081005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The centrally projecting Edinger-Westphal nucleus (EWcp) is a midbrain neuronal group, adjacent but segregated from the preganglionic Edinger-Westphal nucleus that projects to the ciliary ganglion. The EWcp plays a crucial role in stress responses and in maintaining energy homeostasis under conditions that require an adjustment of energy expenditure, by virtue of modulating heart rate and blood pressure, thermogenesis, food intake, and fat and glucose metabolism. This modulation is ultimately mediated by changes in the sympathetic outflow to several effector organs, including the adrenal gland, heart, kidneys, brown and white adipose tissues and pancreas, in response to environmental conditions and the animal's energy state, providing for appropriate energy utilization. Classic neuroanatomical studies have shown that the EWcp receives inputs from forebrain regions involved in these functions and projects to presympathetic neuronal populations in the brainstem. Transneuronal tracing with pseudorabies virus has demonstrated that the EWcp is connected polysynaptically with central circuits that provide sympathetic innervation to all these effector organs that are critical for stress responses and energy homeostasis. We propose that EWcp integrates multimodal signals (stress, thermal, metabolic, endocrine, etc.) and modulates the sympathetic output simultaneously to multiple effector organs to maintain energy homeostasis under different conditions that require adjustments of energy demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Cano
- Department of Neuroscience, A210 Langley Hall, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; (S.L.H.); (A.F.S.)
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62
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Tang L, Xiang Q, Xiang J, Li J, Chen D. A variant in the 3'-untranslated region of the MC2R gene decreases the risk of schizophrenia in a female Han Chinese population. J Int Med Res 2021; 49:3000605211029504. [PMID: 34266338 PMCID: PMC8287359 DOI: 10.1177/03000605211029504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Schizophrenia is a complex mental disorder with high heritability. The
hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, which is the stress system of the
neuroendocrine system, is considered to impact psychotic disorders. We
hypothesized that polymorphisms of HPA axis genes might be involved in the
development of schizophrenia. Methods A case–control study comprising 234 patients with schizophrenia and 399
matched healthy controls was conducted to investigate the association
between the human melanocortin 2 receptor (MC2R) gene and schizophrenia
risk. Seven tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs16941303,
rs16941314, rs2186944, rs28926188, rs7230126, rs948322, and rs948331) of
MC2R were genotyped by direct sequencing. Results No significant associations were observed between any of the alleles,
genotypes, or haplotypes examined within the MC2R gene and the risk of
schizophrenia in the total group or in subgroups stratified by smoking or
alcoholism. However, a subgroup analysis stratified by sex revealed that
under the additive model, the C allele of the MC2R rs948331 SNP
significantly decreased the risk of schizophrenia in females (odds
ratio=0.18). Conclusion The C allele of the MC2R rs948331 locus may be a protective factor, reducing
the risk of schizophrenia in the female Han Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Tang
- Department of Basic Biology, Changsha Medical College, Changsha, China.,Department of Basic Biology, Wuzhou Medical College, Wuzhou, China.,Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, Changsha Medical College, Changsha, China.,Academic Work Station, Changsha Medical College, Changsha, China
| | - Qin Xiang
- Department of Basic Biology, Changsha Medical College, Changsha, China.,Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, Changsha Medical College, Changsha, China.,Academic Work Station, Changsha Medical College, Changsha, China
| | - Ju Xiang
- Department of Basic Biology, Changsha Medical College, Changsha, China.,Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, Changsha Medical College, Changsha, China.,Academic Work Station, Changsha Medical College, Changsha, China
| | - Jianming Li
- Department of Basic Biology, Changsha Medical College, Changsha, China.,Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, Changsha Medical College, Changsha, China.,Academic Work Station, Changsha Medical College, Changsha, China.,Department of Rehabilitation, Xiangya Boai Rehabilitation Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Danna Chen
- Department of Basic Biology, Changsha Medical College, Changsha, China.,Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, Changsha Medical College, Changsha, China.,Academic Work Station, Changsha Medical College, Changsha, China
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63
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Yeo GSH, Chao DHM, Siegert AM, Koerperich ZM, Ericson MD, Simonds SE, Larson CM, Luquet S, Clarke I, Sharma S, Clément K, Cowley MA, Haskell-Luevano C, Van Der Ploeg L, Adan RAH. The melanocortin pathway and energy homeostasis: From discovery to obesity therapy. Mol Metab 2021; 48:101206. [PMID: 33684608 PMCID: PMC8050006 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the past 20 years, insights from human and mouse genetics have illuminated the central role of the brain leptin-melanocortin pathway in controlling mammalian food intake, with genetic disruption resulting in extreme obesity, and more subtle polymorphic variations influencing the population distribution of body weight. At the end of 2020, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved setmelanotide, a melanocortin 4 receptor agonist, for use in individuals with severe obesity due to either pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 1 (PCSK1), or leptin receptor (LEPR) deficiency. SCOPE OF REVIEW Herein, we chart the melanocortin pathway's history, explore its pharmacology, genetics, and physiology, and describe how a neuropeptidergic circuit became an important druggable obesity target. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Unravelling the genetics of the subset of severe obesity has revealed the importance of the melanocortin pathway in appetitive control; coupling this with studying the molecular pharmacology of compounds that bind melanocortin receptors has brought a new obesity drug to the market. This process provides a drug discovery template for complex disorders, which for setmelanotide took 25 years to transform from a single gene into an approved drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giles S H Yeo
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
| | | | - Anna-Maria Siegert
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Zoe M Koerperich
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA 55455.
| | - Mark D Ericson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA 55455.
| | - Stephanie E Simonds
- Metabolism, Diabetes, and Obesity Programme, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Courtney M Larson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA 55455.
| | - Serge Luquet
- Université de Paris, BFA, UMR 8251, CNRS, Paris, France.
| | - Iain Clarke
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | | | - Karine Clément
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Nutrition Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Nutrition and Obesity: Systemic Approaches (NutriOmics) Research Unit, Paris, France.
| | - Michael A Cowley
- Metabolism, Diabetes, and Obesity Programme, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Carrie Haskell-Luevano
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA 55455.
| | | | - Roger A H Adan
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMCU Brain Centre, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
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64
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Lescoat A, Varga J, Matucci-Cerinic M, Khanna D. New promising drugs for the treatment of systemic sclerosis: pathogenic considerations, enhanced classifications, and personalized medicine. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2021; 30:635-652. [PMID: 33909517 PMCID: PMC8292968 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2021.1923693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Systemic sclerosis (SSc), also known as scleroderma, is a complex orphan disease characterized by early inflammatory features, vascular hyper-reactivity, and fibrosis of the skin and internal organs. Although substantial progress has been made in the understanding of the pathogenesis of SSc, there is still no disease-modifying drug that could significantly impact the natural history of the disease.Areas covered: This review discusses the rationale, preclinical evidence, first clinical eevidence,and pending issues concerning new promising therapeutic options that are under investigation in SSc. The search strategy was based on PubMed database and clinical trial.gov, highlighting recent key pathogenic aspects and phase I or II trials of investigational drugs in SSc.Expert opinion: The identification of new molecular entities that potentially impact inflammation and fibrosis may constitute promising options for a disease modifying-agent in SSc. The early combinations of antifibrotic drugs (such as pirfenidone) with immunomodulatory agents (such as mycophenolate mofetil) may also participate to achieve such a goal. A more refined stratification of patients, based on clinical features, molecular signatures, and identification of subpopulations with distinct clinical trajectories, may also improve management strategies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Lescoat
- Department of internal medicine, Division of rheumatology and Michigan Scleroderma Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of internal medicine, Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut De Recherche En Santé, Environnement Et Travail) - UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France
| | - John Varga
- Department of internal medicine, Division of rheumatology and Michigan Scleroderma Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Marco Matucci-Cerinic
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Dinesh Khanna
- Department of internal medicine, Division of rheumatology and Michigan Scleroderma Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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65
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Israeli H, Degtjarik O, Fierro F, Chunilal V, Gill AK, Roth NJ, Botta J, Prabahar V, Peleg Y, Chan LF, Ben-Zvi D, McCormick PJ, Niv MY, Shalev-Benami M. Structure reveals the activation mechanism of the MC4 receptor to initiate satiation signaling. Science 2021; 372:808-814. [PMID: 33858992 DOI: 10.1126/science.abf7958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a global epidemic that causes morbidity and impaired quality of life. The melanocortin receptor 4 (MC4R) is at the crux of appetite, energy homeostasis, and body-weight control in the central nervous system and is a prime target for anti-obesity drugs. Here, we present the cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of the human MC4R-Gs signaling complex bound to the agonist setmelanotide, a cyclic peptide recently approved for the treatment of obesity. The work reveals the mechanism of MC4R activation, highlighting a molecular switch that initiates satiation signaling. In addition, our findings indicate that calcium (Ca2+) is required for agonist, but not antagonist, efficacy. These results fill a gap in the understanding of MC4R activation and could guide the design of future weight-management drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadar Israeli
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Oksana Degtjarik
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Fabrizio Fierro
- The Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel
- The Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Vidicha Chunilal
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary, University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, UK
| | - Amandeep Kaur Gill
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary, University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, UK
| | - Nicolas J Roth
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary, University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, UK
| | - Joaquin Botta
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary, University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, UK
| | - Vadivel Prabahar
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Yoav Peleg
- Structural Proteomics Unit (SPU), Life Sciences Core Facilities (LSCF), Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Li F Chan
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary, University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, UK
| | - Danny Ben-Zvi
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Peter J McCormick
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary, University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, UK.
| | - Masha Y Niv
- The Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel.
- The Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Moran Shalev-Benami
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
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Tsunoi T, Noju K, Eto T, Suzuki H. A 1-bp deletion in Mc1r in a Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus) from Sado Island, Japan gives rise to a yellowish color variant: an insight into mammalian MC1R variants. Genes Genet Syst 2021; 96:89-97. [PMID: 33994400 DOI: 10.1266/ggs.20-00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The melanocortin-1 receptor gene (MC1R) controls production of the pigments eumelanin and pheomelanin. Changes in MC1R lead to variation in coat color in mammals, which can range from entirely black (melanism) to yellowish. In this study, we report a case of a wild-caught Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus) from Sado Island, Japan with a yellowish coat color. Upon sequencing the whole coding region of the Mc1r gene (954 bp), we found a 1-bp deletion at site 337 (c.337del), indicative of a frameshift mutation, which was characterized as a severe loss-of-function or null mutation. A spectrophotometer was used to measure coat color, revealing that the rat had a distinctly lighter coat, based on lightness score, than mice with homozygous similar loss-of-function mutations. This implies that loss-of-function mutations can yield different phenotypes in murine rodents. The loss-of-function-mutant rat exhibited a contrasting coat pattern consisting of darker and lighter colors along its dorsal and ventral sides, respectively. Similar patterns have been observed in homozygous MC1R-deficient mutants in other mammals, implying that the countershading pattern can still be expressed despite the absence of MC1R in the melanocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeru Tsunoi
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University
| | - Koki Noju
- Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University
| | - Takeshi Eto
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus
| | - Hitoshi Suzuki
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University
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67
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Pignatti E, Flück CE. Adrenal cortex development and related disorders leading to adrenal insufficiency. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 527:111206. [PMID: 33607267 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The adult human adrenal cortex produces steroid hormones that are crucial for life, supporting immune response, glucose homeostasis, salt balance and sexual maturation. It consists of three histologically distinct and functionally specialized zones. The fetal adrenal forms from mesodermal material and produces predominantly adrenal C19 steroids from its fetal zone, which involutes after birth. Transition to the adult cortex occurs immediately after birth for the formation of the zona glomerulosa and fasciculata for aldosterone and cortisol production and continues through infancy until the zona reticularis for adrenal androgen production is formed with adrenarche. The development of this indispensable organ is complex and not fully understood. This article gives an overview of recent knowledge gained of adrenal biology from two perspectives: one, from basic science studying adrenal development, zonation and homeostasis; and two, from adrenal disorders identified in persons manifesting with various isolated or syndromic forms of primary adrenal insufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Pignatti
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Bern and Department of BioMedical Research, University Hospital Inselspital, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Christa E Flück
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Bern and Department of BioMedical Research, University Hospital Inselspital, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland.
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68
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Doering SR, Freeman K, Debevec G, Geer P, Santos RG, Lavoi TM, Giulianotti MA, Pinilla C, Appel JR, Houghten RA, Ericson MD, Haskell-Luevano C. Discovery of Nanomolar Melanocortin-3 Receptor (MC3R)-Selective Small Molecule Pyrrolidine Bis-Cyclic Guanidine Agonist Compounds Via a High-Throughput "Unbiased" Screening Campaign. J Med Chem 2021; 64:5577-5592. [PMID: 33886285 PMCID: PMC8552302 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The central melanocortin-3 and melanocortin-4 receptors (MC3R, MC4R) are key regulators of body weight and energy homeostasis. Herein, the discovery and characterization of first-in-class small molecule melanocortin agonists with selectivity for the melanocortin-3 receptor over the melanocortin-4 receptor are reported. Identified via "unbiased" mixture-based high-throughput screening approaches, pharmacological evaluation of these pyrrolidine bis-cyclic guanidines resulted in nanomolar agonist activity at the melanocortin-3 receptor. The pharmacological profiles at the remaining melanocortin receptor subtypes tested indicated similar agonist potencies at both the melanocortin-1 and melanocortin-5 receptors and antagonist or micromolar agonist activities at the melanocortin-4 receptor. This group of small molecules represents a new area of chemical space for the melanocortin receptors with mixed receptor pharmacology profiles that may serve as novel lead compounds to modulate states of dysregulated energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skye R Doering
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Katie Freeman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Ginamarie Debevec
- Florida International University, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987, United States
| | - Phaedra Geer
- Florida International University, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987, United States
| | - Radleigh G Santos
- Nova Southeastern University, 3301 College Avenue, Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33314, United States
| | - Travis M Lavoi
- Florida International University, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987, United States
| | - Marc A Giulianotti
- Florida International University, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987, United States
| | - Clemencia Pinilla
- Florida International University, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987, United States
| | - Jon R Appel
- Florida International University, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987, United States
| | - Richard A Houghten
- Florida International University, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987, United States
| | - Mark D Ericson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Carrie Haskell-Luevano
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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69
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Benko AL, Wright AD, Sunyer T, Kovacs WJ, Olsen NJ. Pituitary neuropeptides and B lymphocyte function. Scand J Immunol 2021; 94:e13041. [PMID: 33817820 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses the accumulated evidence that pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) gene products as well as other pituitary neuropeptides derived from related genes (Proenkephalin, PENK; Prodynorphin, PDYN, and Pronociceptin, PNOC) can exert direct effects on B lymphocytes to modulate their functions. We also review the available data on receptor systems that might be involved in the transmission of such hormonal signals to B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann L Benko
- Division of Rheumatology, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| | | | | | - William J Kovacs
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Nancy J Olsen
- Division of Rheumatology, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA
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70
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Kindl GH, D'Orazio JA. Pharmacologic manipulation of skin pigmentation. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2021; 34:777-785. [PMID: 33666358 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Skin complexion is among the most recognizable phenotypes between individuals and is mainly determined by the amount and type of melanin pigment deposited in the epidermis. Persons with dark skin complexion have more of a brown/black pigment known as eumelanin in their epidermis whereas those with fair skin complexions have less. Epidermal eumelanin acts as a natural sunblock by preventing incoming UV photons from penetrating into the skin and therefore protects against UV mutagenesis. By understanding the signaling pathways and regulation of pigmentation, strategies can be developed to manipulate skin pigmentation to improve UV resistance and to diminish skin cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel H Kindl
- The University of Kentucky College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,The Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - John A D'Orazio
- The University of Kentucky College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,The Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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71
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Chang M, Chen B, Shaffner J, Dworkin LD, Gong R. Melanocortin System in Kidney Homeostasis and Disease: Novel Therapeutic Opportunities. Front Physiol 2021; 12:651236. [PMID: 33716796 PMCID: PMC7943476 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.651236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanocortin peptides, melanocortin receptors, melanocortin receptor accessory proteins, and endogenous antagonists of melanocortin receptors are the key components constituting the melanocortin hormone system, one of the most complex and important hormonal systems in our body. A plethora of evidence suggests that melanocortins possess a protective activity in a variety of kidney diseases in both rodent models and human patients. In particular, the steroidogenic melanocortin peptide adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), has been shown to exert a beneficial effect in a number of kidney diseases, possibly via a mechanism independent of its steroidogenic activity. In patients with steroid-resistant nephrotic glomerulopathy, ACTH monotherapy is still effective in inducing proteinuria remission. This has inspired research on potential implications of the melanocortin system in glomerular diseases. However, our understanding of the role of the melanocortinergic pathway in kidney disease is very limited, and there are still huge unknowns to be explored. The most controversial among these is the identification of effector cells in the kidney as well as the melanocortin receptors responsible for conveying the renoprotective action. This review article introduces the melanocortin hormone system, summarizes the existing evidence for the expression of melanocortin receptors in the kidney, and evaluates the potential strategy of melanocortin therapy for kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyang Chang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Bohan Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - James Shaffner
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Lance D Dworkin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Rujun Gong
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, OH, United States
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72
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Ericson MD, Haslach EM, Schnell SM, Freeman KT, Xiang ZM, Portillo FP, Speth R, Litherland SA, Haskell-Luevano C. Discovery of Molecular Interactions of the Human Melanocortin-4 Receptor (hMC4R) Asp189 (D189) Amino Acid with the Endogenous G-Protein-Coupled Receptor (GPCR) Antagonist Agouti-Related Protein (AGRP) Provides Insights to AGRP's Inverse Agonist Pharmacology at the hMC4R. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:542-556. [PMID: 33470098 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The melanocortin receptors (MCRs) are important for numerous biological pathways, including feeding behavior and energy homeostasis. In addition to endogenous peptide agonists, this receptor family has two naturally occurring endogenous antagonists, agouti and agouti-related protein (AGRP). At the melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R), the AGRP ligand functions as an endogenous inverse agonist in the absence of agonist and as a competitive antagonist in the presence of agonist. At the melanocortin-3 receptor (MC3R), AGRP functions solely as a competitive antagonist in the presence of agonist. The molecular interactions that differentiate AGRP's inverse agonist activity at the MC4R have remained elusive until the findings reported herein. Upon the basis of homology molecular modeling approaches, we previously postulated a unique interaction between the D189 position of the hMC4R and Asn114 of AGRP. To further test this hypothesis, six D189 mutant hMC4Rs (D189A, D189E, D189N, D189Q, D189S, and D189K) were generated and pharmacologically characterized resulting in the discovery of differences in inverse agonist activity of AGRP and an 11 macrocyclic compound library. These data support the hypothesized interaction between the hMC4R D189 position and Asn114 residue of AGRP and define critical ligand-receptor molecular interactions responsible for the inverse agonist activity of AGRP at the hMC4R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D. Ericson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, 308 Harvard Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Erica M. Haslach
- Departments of Pharmacodynamics and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Sathya M. Schnell
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, 308 Harvard Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Katie T. Freeman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, 308 Harvard Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Zhimin M. Xiang
- Departments of Pharmacodynamics and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Frederico P. Portillo
- Departments of Pharmacodynamics and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Robert Speth
- College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33328, United States
- College of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
| | - Sally A. Litherland
- Translational Research, Florida Hospital Cancer Institute, Orlando, Florida 32804, United States
| | - Carrie Haskell-Luevano
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, 308 Harvard Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Departments of Pharmacodynamics and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
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Tai X, Xue S, Zhang C, Liu Y, Chen J, Han Y, Lin G, Zhang C. Pharmacological evaluation of MRAP proteins on Xenopus neural melanocortin signaling. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:6344-6361. [PMID: 33521982 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Melanocortin-3 receptor (MC3R) and melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R), two neural G protein-coupled receptors are known to be functionally critical for energy balance in vertebrates. As allosteric regulators of melanocortin receptors, melanocortin accessory proteins (MRAPs) are also involved in energy homeostasis. The interaction of MRAPs and melanocortin signaling was previously shown in mammals and zebrafish, but nothing had been reported in amphibians. As the basal class of tetrapods, amphibians occupy a phylogenetic transition between teleosts and terrestrial animals. Here we examined the evolutionary conservation of MC3R, MC4R, and MRAPs between diploid Xenopus tropicalis (xt-) and other chordates and investigated the pharmacological regulatory properties of MRAPs on the neural MC3R and MC4R signaling. Our results showed that xtMRAP and xtMRAP2 both exerted robust potentiation effect on agonist (α-MSH and adrenocorticotropin [ACTH]) induced activation and modulated the basal activity and cell surface translocation of xtMC3R and xtMC4R. In addition, the presence of two accessory proteins could convert xtMC3R and xtMC4R into ACTH-preferred receptors. These findings suggest that the presence of MRAPs exhibits fine control over the pharmacological activities of the neuronal MC3R and MC4R signaling in the Xenopus tropicalis, which is physiologically relevant with the complicated transition of feeding behaviors during their life history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolu Tai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Song Xue
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cong Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Orthopedic Department of Tongji Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Han
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gufa Lin
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Orthopedic Department of Tongji Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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Goud TS, Upadhyay RC, Pichili VBR, Onteru SK, Chadipiralla K. Molecular characterization of coat color gene in Sahiwal versus Karan Fries bovine. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2021; 19:22. [PMID: 33512595 PMCID: PMC7846656 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-021-00117-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanocortin-1-receptor gene (MC1R) plays a significant role in signaling cascade of melanin production. In cattle, the coat colors, such as red and black, are an outcome of eumelanin and pheomelanin pigments, respectively. The coat colors have become critical factors in the animal selection process. This study is therefore aimed at the molecular characterization of reddish-brown coat-colored Sahiwal cattle in comparison to the black and white-colored Karan Fries. RESULTS The Sequence length of the MC1R gene was 954 base pairs in Sahiwal cattle. The sequences were examined and submitted to GenBank Acc.No. MG373575 to MG373605. Alignment of both (Sahiwal and Karan Fries) protein sequences by applying ClustalO multiple sequence alignment programs revealed 99.8-96.8% sequence similarity within the bovine. MC1R gene phylogenetic studies were analyzed by MEGA X. The gene MC1R tree, protein confines, and hereditary difference of cattle were derived from Ensemble Asia Cow Genome Browser 97. One unique single-nucleotide polymorphism (c.844C>A) (SNP) was distinguished. Single amino acid changes were detected in the seventh transmembrane structural helix region, with SNP at p.281 T>N of MC1R gene in Karan Fries cattle. CONCLUSIONS In this current research, we first distinguished the genomic sequence of the MC1R gene regions that showed evidence of coat variation between Indian indigenous Sahiwal cattle breed correlated with crossbreed Karan Fries. These variations were found in the Melanocortin 1 receptor coding regions of the diverse SNPs. The conclusions of this research provide new insights into understanding the coat color variation in crossbreed compared to the Indian Sahiwal cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talla Sridhar Goud
- Climate Resilient Live Stock Research Centre, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana 132001 India
- Department of Biotechnology, Vikrama Simhapuri University, Andhrapradesh, Nellore, 524320 India
| | - Ramesh Chandra Upadhyay
- Climate Resilient Live Stock Research Centre, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana 132001 India
| | | | - Suneel Kumar Onteru
- Molecular Endocrinology, Functional Genomics and Structural Biology, Animal Biochemistry Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana 132001 India
| | - Kiranmai Chadipiralla
- Department of Biotechnology, Vikrama Simhapuri University, Andhrapradesh, Nellore, 524320 India
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Ericson MD, Shaikh R, Larson CM, Freeman KT, Haskell-Luevano C. Multiresidue Tetrapeptide Substitutions Yield a 140-fold Selective Melanocortin-3 over Melanocortin-4 Receptor Agonist. ACS Med Chem Lett 2021; 12:115-120. [PMID: 33488972 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The five melanocortin receptors regulate numerous physiological functions. Although many ligands have been developed for the melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R), the melanocortin-3 receptor (MC3R) has been less-well characterized, in part due to the lack of potent, selective tool compounds. Previously an Ac-His-Arg-(pI)DPhe-Tic-NH2 scaffold, inverting the Phe-Arg motif of the native melanocortin signal sequence, was identified to possess mMC3R over mMC4R selective agonist activity. In this study, a library of 12 compounds derived from this scaffold was synthesized and assayed at the mouse melanocortin receptors (MCRs), utilizing substitutions previously shown to increase mMC3R agonist potency and/or selectivity. One compound (8, Ac-Val-Gln-DBip-DTic-NH2) was identified as greater than 140-fold selective for the mMC3R over the mMC4R, possessed 70 nM potency at the mMC3R, and partially stimulated the mMC4R at 100 μM concentrations without antagonist activity. This pharmacological profile may be useful in developing new tool and therapeutic ligands that selective signal through the MC3R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D. Ericson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Romessa Shaikh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Courtney M. Larson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Katie T. Freeman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Carrie Haskell-Luevano
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Dinparastisaleh R, Mirsaeidi M. Antifibrotic and Anti-Inflammatory Actions of α-Melanocytic Hormone: New Roles for an Old Player. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14010045. [PMID: 33430064 PMCID: PMC7827684 DOI: 10.3390/ph14010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The melanocortin system encompasses melanocortin peptides, five receptors, and two endogenous antagonists. Besides pigmentary effects generated by α-Melanocytic Hormone (α-MSH), new physiologic roles in sexual activity, exocrine secretion, energy homeostasis, as well as immunomodulatory actions, exerted by melanocortins, have been described recently. Among the most common and burdensome consequences of chronic inflammation is the development of fibrosis. Depending on the regenerative capacity of the affected tissue and the quality of the inflammatory response, the outcome is not always perfect, with the development of some fibrosis. Despite the heterogeneous etiology and clinical presentations, fibrosis in many pathological states follows the same path of activation or migration of fibroblasts, and the differentiation of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts, which produce collagen and α-SMA in fibrosing tissue. The melanocortin agonists might have favorable effects on the trajectories leading from tissue injury to inflammation, from inflammation to fibrosis, and from fibrosis to organ dysfunction. In this review we briefly summarized the data on structure, receptor signaling, and anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic properties of α-MSH and proposed that α-MSH analogues might be promising future therapeutic candidates for inflammatory and fibrotic diseases, regarding their favorable safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshan Dinparastisaleh
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA;
| | - Mehdi Mirsaeidi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33146, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-305-243-1377
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Dores RM, Chapa E. Hypothesis and Theory: Evaluating the Co-Evolution of the Melanocortin-2 Receptor and the Accessory Protein MRAP1. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:747843. [PMID: 34790168 PMCID: PMC8591103 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.747843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The melanocortin receptors (MCRs) and the MRAP accessory proteins belong to distinct gene families that are unique to the chordates. During the radiation of the chordates, the melancortin-2 receptor paralog (MC2R) and the MRAP1 paralog (melanocortin-2 receptor accessory protein 1) have co-evolved to form a heterodimer interaction that can influence the ligand selectivity and trafficking properties of MC2R. This apparently spontaneous interaction may have begun with the ancestral gnathostomes and has persisted in both the cartilaginous fishes and the bony vertebrates. The ramifications of this interaction had profound effects on the hypothalamus/anterior pituitary/adrenal-interrenal axis of bony vertebrates resulting in MC2R orthologs that are exclusively selective for the anterior pituitary hormone, ACTH, and that are dependent on MRAP1 for trafficking to the plasma membrane. The functional motifs within the MRAP1 sequence and their potential contact sites with MC2R are discussed. The ramifications of the MC2R/MRAP1 interaction for cartilaginous fishes are also discussed, but currently the effects of this interaction on the hypothalamus/pituitary/interrenal axis is less clear. The cartilaginous fish MC2R orthologs have apparently retained the ability to be activated by either ACTH or MSH-sized ligands, and the effect of MRAP1 on trafficking varies by species. In this regard, the possible origin of the dichotomy between cartilaginous fish and bony vertebrate MC2R orthologs with respect to ligand selectivity and trafficking properties is discussed in light of the evolution of functional amino acid motifs within MRAP1.
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Zhang B, He M, Rachmin I, Yu X, Kim S, Fisher DE, Hsu YC. Melanocortin 1 receptor is dispensable for acute stress induced hair graying in mice. Exp Dermatol 2020; 30:572-577. [PMID: 33382172 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Stress is a risk factor for many skin conditions, but the cellular and molecular mechanisms of its impacts have only begun to be revealed. In mice, acute stress induces loss of melanocyte stem cells (MeSCs) and premature hair greying. Our previous work demonstrated that the loss of MeSCs upon acute stress is caused by the hyperactivation of the sympathetic nervous system. Stress also induces the secretion of stress hormones from the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis; however, whether stress hormones are involved in the hair greying process has not been fully examined. In particular, the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is released from the pituitary glands upon stress. ACTH is a ligand for the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R), which plays critical roles in regulating MeSC migration and skin pigmentation. We investigated whether the MC1R pathway is required for the stress-induced hair greying. We confirmed that MC1R is the major melanocortin receptor expressed in MeSCs. However, induction of acute stress via resiniferatoxin (RTX) injection still leads to hair greying in Mc1r mutant mice, suggesting that the ACTH-MC1R pathway is not a major contributor in acute stress-induced premature hair greying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zhang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Megan He
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Molecules, Cells, and Organisms PhD Program, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Inbal Rachmin
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Xiaoling Yu
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Seungtea Kim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David E Fisher
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Ya-Chieh Hsu
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Micioni Di Bonaventura E, Botticelli L, Tomassoni D, Tayebati SK, Micioni Di Bonaventura MV, Cifani C. The Melanocortin System behind the Dysfunctional Eating Behaviors. Nutrients 2020; 12:E3502. [PMID: 33202557 PMCID: PMC7696960 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The dysfunction of melanocortin signaling has been associated with obesity, given the important role in the regulation of energy homeostasis, food intake, satiety and body weight. In the hypothalamus, the melanocortin-3 receptor (MC3R) and melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) contribute to the stability of these processes, but MC3R and MC4R are also localized in the mesolimbic dopamine system, the region that responds to the reinforcing properties of highly palatable food (HPF) and where these two receptors seem to affect food reward and motivation. Loss of function of the MC4R, resulting from genetic mutations, leads to overeating in humans, but to date, a clear understanding of the underlying mechanisms and behaviors that promote overconsumption of caloric foods remains unknown. Moreover, the MC4R demonstrated to be a crucial modulator of the stress response, factor that is known to be strictly related to binge eating behavior. In this review, we will explore the preclinical and clinical studies, and the controversies regarding the involvement of melanocortin system in altered eating patterns, especially binge eating behavior, food reward and motivation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luca Botticelli
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (E.M.D.B.); (L.B.); (S.K.T.); (C.C.)
| | - Daniele Tomassoni
- School of Bioscience and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy;
| | - Seyed Khosrow Tayebati
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (E.M.D.B.); (L.B.); (S.K.T.); (C.C.)
| | | | - Carlo Cifani
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (E.M.D.B.); (L.B.); (S.K.T.); (C.C.)
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Anderson H, Honkanen L, Ruotanen P, Mathlin J, Donner J. Comprehensive genetic testing combined with citizen science reveals a recently characterized ancient MC1R mutation associated with partial recessive red phenotypes in dog. Canine Med Genet 2020; 7:16. [PMID: 33292722 PMCID: PMC7643265 DOI: 10.1186/s40575-020-00095-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Melanocortin 1 Receptor (MC1R) plays a central role in regulation of coat color determination in various species and is commonly referred to as the “E (extension) Locus”. Allelic variation of the MC1R gene is associated with coat color phenotypes EM (melanistic mask), EG (grizzle/domino) and e1–3 (recessive red) in dogs. In addition, a previous study of archeological dog specimens over 10,000 years of age identified a variant p.R301C in the MC1R gene that may have influenced coat color of early dogs. Results Commercial genotyping of 11,750 dog samples showed the R301C variant of the MC1R gene was present in 35 breeds or breed varieties, at an allele frequency of 1.5% in the tested population. We detected no linkage disequilibrium between R301C and other tested alleles of the E locus. Based on current convention we propose that R301C should be considered a novel allele of the E locus, which we have termed eA for “e ancient red”. Phenotype analysis of owner-provided dog pictures reveals that the eA allele has an impact on coat color and is recessive to wild type E and dominant to the e alleles. In dominant black (KB/*) dogs it can prevent the phenotypic expression of the K locus, and the expressed coat color is solely determined by the A locus. In the absence of dominant black, eA/eA and eA/e genotypes result in the coat color patterns referred to in their respective breed communities as domino in Alaskan Malamute and other Spitz breeds, grizzle in Chihuahua, and pied in Beagle. Conclusions This study demonstrates a large genotype screening effort to identify the frequency and distribution of the MC1R R301C variant, one of the earliest mutations captured by canine domestication, and citizen science empowered characterization of its impact on coat color. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40575-020-00095-7.
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Kasprzak-Filipek K, Sawicka-Zugaj W, Litwińczuk Z, Chabuz W, Šveistienė R, Bulla J. Polymorphism of the Melanocortin 1 Receptor ( MC1R) Gene and its Role in Determining the Coat Colour of Central European Cattle Breeds. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E1878. [PMID: 33066670 PMCID: PMC7602488 DOI: 10.3390/ani10101878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There are many genes responsible for the appearance of different coat colours, among which the melanocortin 1 receptor gene (MC1R) plays an important role. The aim of the study was to characterize genetic variation in Central European cattle breeds based on polymorphism of the MC1R gene and factors determining their coat colour. The study was conducted on 290 individuals of the following breeds: Polish White-Backed (PW), Lithuanian White-Backed (LW), Polish Red (PR), Lithuanian Red (LR), Carpathian Brown (CB), Ukrainian Grey (UG), and Slovak Pinzgau (SP). Polymorphism at the MC1R gene locus was analysed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) using two restriction enzymes: Cfr10I and SsiI. The proportions of alleles and genotypes in the MC1R locus indicates a strong relationship between polymorphism and the coat colour of cattle: The ED allele proved to be characteristic for the breeds with a white-backed coat (PW and LW), while the dominant allele in the red breeds (PR and LR) was E+. It is noteworthy that coat colour in the SP population was determined only by the recessive e allele, which resulted in the formation of a separate clade in the phylogenetic tree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Kasprzak-Filipek
- Sub-Department of Cattle Breeding and Genetic Resources Conservation, Institute of Animal Breeding and Biodiversity Conservation, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (K.K.-F.); (Z.L.); (W.C.)
| | - Wioletta Sawicka-Zugaj
- Sub-Department of Cattle Breeding and Genetic Resources Conservation, Institute of Animal Breeding and Biodiversity Conservation, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (K.K.-F.); (Z.L.); (W.C.)
| | - Zygmunt Litwińczuk
- Sub-Department of Cattle Breeding and Genetic Resources Conservation, Institute of Animal Breeding and Biodiversity Conservation, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (K.K.-F.); (Z.L.); (W.C.)
| | - Witold Chabuz
- Sub-Department of Cattle Breeding and Genetic Resources Conservation, Institute of Animal Breeding and Biodiversity Conservation, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (K.K.-F.); (Z.L.); (W.C.)
| | - Rūta Šveistienė
- Animal Science Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, A. Mickeviciaus 9, LT 44307 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | - Josef Bulla
- Department of Animal Physiology, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, A. Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Nitriansky Kraj, Slovakia;
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Ericson MD, Freeman KT, Haskell-Luevano C. Peptoid NPhe 4 in AGRP-Based c[Pro 1-Arg 2-Phe 3-Phe 4-Xxx 5-Ala 6-Phe 7-DPro 8] Scaffolds Maintain Mouse MC4R Antagonist Potency. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:1942-1948. [PMID: 33062177 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The melanocortin receptors are involved in numerous physiological functions and are regulated by agonists derived from the proopiomelanocortin gene transcript and two endogenous antagonists, agouti and agouti-related protein (AGRP). The key binding and functional determinant of AGRP, an MC3R and MC4R antagonist, is an Arg-Phe-Phe tripeptide sequence located on an exposed hexapeptide (Arg-Phe-Phe-Asn-Ala-Phe) loop. It has previously been observed that cyclizing this sequence through a DPro-Pro motif (c[Pro1-Arg2-Phe3-Phe4-Asn5-Ala6-Phe7-DPro8]) resulted in a macrocyclic scaffold with MC4R antagonist activity, with increased MC4R potency when a diaminopropionic acid (Dap) residue is substituted at position 5. In this report, a series of 11 single-peptoid substitutions were performed in the AGRP-derived macrocycles. While most peptoid substitutions decreased MC4R antagonist potency, it was observed that NPhe4 (compounds 4 and 11) or NDab5 (diaminobutyric acid, compound 7) maintained MC4R antagonist potency. The NPhe4 substitutions also resulted in MC5R antagonist and inverse agonist activity equipotent to the parent scaffolds. These data may be used in the design of future MC4R and MC5R antagonist leads and probes that possess increased metabolic stability due to the presence of peptoid residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D. Ericson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Katie T. Freeman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Carrie Haskell-Luevano
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Adank DN, Lunzer MM, Ericson MD, Koeperich ZM, Wilber SL, Fleming KA, Haskell-Luevano C. Comparative Intracerebroventricular and Intrathecal Administration of a Nanomolar Macrocyclic Melanocortin Receptor Agonist MDE6-5-2c (c[Pro-His-DPhe-Arg-Trp-Dap-Ala-DPro]) Decreases Food Intake in Mice. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:3051-3063. [PMID: 32822157 PMCID: PMC7605118 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a critical need to find safe therapeutics to treat an increasingly obese population and diseases associated with an imbalance in energy homeostasis. The melanocortin-3 receptor (MC3R) and melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) ligands have long been the focus to help scientists understand energy homeostasis and the regulation of feeding behavior. Herein, we use a nanomolar macrocyclic melanocortin receptor agonist ligand MDE6-5-2c (c[Pro-His-DPhe-Arg-Trp-Dap-Ala-DPro) to examine metabolic and energy hemostasis profiles upon intrathecal (IT) administration directly into the spinal cord as compared to intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration directly into the brain. Overall, central ICV administration of MDE6-5-2c resulted in decreased food intake, in a dose-dependent manner, and decreased respiratory exchange ratio (RER). Comparison of IT versus ICV routes of MDE6-5-2c administration resulted in MDE6-5-2c possessing a longer duration of action on both feeding behavior and RER via IT. The C-peptide, ghrelin, GIP, leptin, IL-6, and resistin plasma hormones and biomarkers were compared using IT versus ICV MDE6-5-2c routes of administration. Plasma resistin levels were decreased upon ICV treatment of MDE6-5-2c, as compared to ICV vehicle control treatment. Intrathecal treatment resulted in significantly decreased inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels compared to ICV administration. Investigation of the nonselective MC3R and MC4R macrocyclic agonist MDE6-5-2c molecule revealed differences in food intake, RER, and plasma biomarker profiles based upon ICV or IT routes of administration and characterize this novel molecular chemotype as a molecular probe to study the melanocortin system in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle N. Adank
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Mary M. Lunzer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Mark D. Ericson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Zoe M. Koeperich
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Stacey L. Wilber
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Katlyn A. Fleming
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Carrie Haskell-Luevano
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
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84
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Chee NYN, Abdul-Wahab A, Libianto R, Gwini SM, Doery JCG, Choy KW, Chong W, Lau KK, Lam Q, MacIsaac RJ, Chiang C, Shen J, Young MJ, Fuller PJ, Yang J. Utility of adrenocorticotropic hormone in adrenal vein sampling despite the occurrence of discordant lateralization. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2020; 93:394-403. [PMID: 32403203 DOI: 10.1111/cen.14220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adrenal vein sampling (AVS) is crucial for accurate lateralization of aldosterone excess but it is technically challenging due to the difficulty of adrenal vein cannulation. The use of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) to improve cannulation success is controversial and can lead to discordant lateralization outcomes. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the utility of ACTH in two centres with different levels of AVS expertise and formulate a strategy for interpreting discordant results. DESIGN A retrospective cross-sectional analysis of AVS results and postoperative patient outcomes. SETTING Two large tertiary hospitals with harmonized AVS protocols where adrenal venous samples are collected both before and after ACTH stimulation. MEASUREMENTS Cannulation success (measured by selectivity index, SI), lateralization (measured by lateralization index, LI) and postoperative biochemical cure. RESULTS Number of AVS procedures judged to have successful bilateral adrenal vein cannulation increased from 53% pre- to 73% post-ACTH. The increase in cannulation success was significantly higher in centre where AVS was performed by multiple radiologists with a lower basal success rate. In both centres, the proportion of cases deemed to display lateralization significantly decreased with the use of ACTH (70% pre- to 52% post-ACTH). Based on postoperative outcomes of patients with discordant results who underwent unilateral adrenalectomy, the combination of LI >3 pre-ACTH and LI >2 post-ACTH was predictive of a biochemical cure. CONCLUSION Adrenocorticotropic hormone can increase the rate of cannulation success during AVS at the expense of reduced lateralization. The criteria for lateralization should be carefully determined based on local data when ACTH is used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Y N Chee
- Department of Endocrinology, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Azni Abdul-Wahab
- Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Renata Libianto
- Department of Endocrinology, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stella May Gwini
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Barwon Health, University Hospital Geelong, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - James C G Doery
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kay Weng Choy
- Department of Endocrinology, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Winston Chong
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kenneth K Lau
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Que Lam
- Department of Pathology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richard J MacIsaac
- Department of Endocrinology & Diabetes, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cherie Chiang
- Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jimmy Shen
- Department of Endocrinology, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Morag J Young
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter J Fuller
- Department of Endocrinology, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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85
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Hainer V, Aldhoon Hainerová I, Kunešová M, Taxová Braunerová R, Zamrazilová H, Bendlová B. Melanocortin pathways: suppressed and stimulated melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R). Physiol Res 2020; 69:S245-S254. [PMID: 33094623 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin-melanocortin pathway plays an essential role in the body weight regulation. Enhanced melanocortin signaling in the hypothalamus results in both decreased food intake and increased energy expenditure. The discovery of monogenic obesities with dysfunction of melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) greatly contributed to understanding of energy balance regulation. This review presents phenotypical characterization and prevalence of the MC4R gene mutations. Genome-wide association studies revealed that MC4R gene is significantly related not only to monogenic obesities but also to common obesity. An interaction of variants in the MC4R gene with fat mass and obesity associated (FTO) gene significantly increases the risk for obesity, particularly in adolescence. On the other hand, about 15 % of the MC4R gene variants result in a gain of function that protects against obesity and is associated with favorable metabolic profile. Long-term attempts to activate the MC4R have recently been finalized by a discovery of setmelanotide, a novel specific MC4R agonist that is devoid of untoward cardiovascular side-effects. The employment of specific MC4R agonists may open new horizons not only in the treatment of rare monogenic obesities but also in some common obesities where stimulation of MC4R could be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Hainer
- Obesity Management Center, Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech Republic.
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86
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Bang J, Zippin JH. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling in melanocyte pigmentation and melanomagenesis. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2020; 34:28-43. [PMID: 32777162 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) regulates numerous functions in both benign melanocytes and melanoma cells. cAMP is generated from two distinct sources, transmembrane and soluble adenylyl cyclases (tmAC and sAC, respectively), and is degraded by a family of proteins called phosphodiesterases (PDEs). cAMP signaling can be regulated in many different ways and can lead to varied effects in melanocytes. It was recently revealed that distinct cAMP signaling pathways regulate pigmentation by either altering pigment gene expression or the pH of melanosomes. In the context of melanoma, many studies report seemingly contradictory roles for cAMP in tumorigenesis. For example, cAMP signaling has been implicated in both cancer promotion and suppression, as well as both therapy resistance and sensitization. This conundrum in the field may be explained by the fact that cAMP signals in discrete microdomains and each microdomain can mediate differential cellular functions. Here, we review the role of cAMP signaling microdomains in benign melanocyte biology, focusing on pigmentation, and in melanomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakyung Bang
- Department of Dermatology, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan H Zippin
- Department of Dermatology, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
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87
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Hida T, Kamiya T, Kawakami A, Ogino J, Sohma H, Uhara H, Jimbow K. Elucidation of Melanogenesis Cascade for Identifying Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Approach of Pigmentary Disorders and Melanoma. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176129. [PMID: 32854423 PMCID: PMC7503925 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanogenesis is the biological and biochemical process of melanin and melanosome biosynthesis. Melanin is formed by enzymic reactions of tyrosinase family proteins that convert tyrosine to form brown-black eumelanin and yellow-red pheomelanin within melanosomal compartments in melanocytes, following the cascades of events interacting with a series of autocrine and paracrine signals. Fully melanized melanosomes are delivered to keratinocytes of the skin and hair. The symbiotic relation of a melanocyte and an associated pool of keratinocytes is called epidermal melanin unit (EMU). Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) plays a vital role in melanocyte development and differentiation. MITF regulates expression of numerous pigmentation genes for promoting melanocyte differentiation, as well as fundamental genes for maintaining cell homeostasis. Diseases involving alterations of EMU show various forms of pigmentation phenotypes. This review introduces four major topics of melanogenesis cascade that include (1) melanocyte development and differentiation, (2) melanogenesis and intracellular trafficking for melanosome biosynthesis, (3) melanin pigmentation and pigment-type switching, and (4) development of a novel therapeutic approach for malignant melanoma by elucidation of melanogenesis cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tokimasa Hida
- Department of Dermatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8543, Hokkaido, Japan; (T.H.); (T.K.); (H.U.)
| | - Takafumi Kamiya
- Department of Dermatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8543, Hokkaido, Japan; (T.H.); (T.K.); (H.U.)
| | - Akinori Kawakami
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA;
| | - Jiro Ogino
- Department of Pathology, JR Sapporo Hospital, Sapporo 060-0033, Hokkaido, Japan;
| | - Hitoshi Sohma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Hokkaido, Japan;
| | - Hisashi Uhara
- Department of Dermatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8543, Hokkaido, Japan; (T.H.); (T.K.); (H.U.)
| | - Kowichi Jimbow
- Institute of Dermatology & Cutaneous Sciences, Sapporo 060-0042, Hokkaido, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-11-887-8266
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88
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Structural Complexity and Plasticity of Signaling Regulation at the Melanocortin-4 Receptor. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165728. [PMID: 32785054 PMCID: PMC7460885 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) is a class A G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), essential for regulation of appetite and metabolism. Pathogenic inactivating MC4R mutations are the most frequent cause of monogenic obesity, a growing medical and socioeconomic problem worldwide. The MC4R mediates either ligand-independent or ligand-dependent signaling. Agonists such as α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) induce anorexigenic effects, in contrast to the endogenous inverse agonist agouti-related peptide (AgRP), which causes orexigenic effects by suppressing high basal signaling activity. Agonist action triggers the binding of different subtypes of G proteins and arrestins, leading to concomitant induction of diverse intracellular signaling cascades. An increasing number of experimental studies have unraveled molecular properties and mechanisms of MC4R signal transduction related to physiological and pathophysiological aspects. In addition, the MC4R crystal structure was recently determined at 2.75 Å resolution in an inactive state bound with a peptide antagonist. Underpinned by structural homology models of MC4R complexes simulating a presumably active-state conformation compared to the structure of the inactive state, we here briefly summarize the current understanding and key players involved in the MC4R switching process between different activity states. Finally, these perspectives highlight the complexity and plasticity in MC4R signaling regulation and identify gaps in our current knowledge.
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89
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Crane AB, Sharon Y, Chu DS. Use of Adrenocorticotropic Hormone in Ophthalmology. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2020; 36:661-667. [PMID: 32762596 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2020.0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) to induce steroidogenesis and upregulate anti-inflammatory processes has long been known. More recently, however, extrasteroidal mechanisms, through which ACTH exerts anti-inflammatory processes, have been described. This has renewed hope that ACTH can combat inflammatory conditions even when resistant to steroids. This review article summarizes the literature on the use of ACTH in ocular disease. Unfortunately, much of the data regarding the clinical utility of ACTH are outdated, with many studies published in the 1950s and 1960s. Many of these older studies are inconsistent or incomplete with their reporting, making it difficult to ascertain the meaning of the outcomes. Despite the limitations, 2 important trends are evident. First, when used to treat an inflammatory disease, ACTH can be effective at decreasing or eliminating ocular inflammation, even in a refractory disease resistant to multiple treatment modalities. Second, adverse effects of ACTH are rare and are most likely to be reported with relatively high doses of ACTH therapy. Taken as a whole, these studies offer initial promising data that ACTH may be a safe and effective alternative in refractory ocular inflammatory disease. However, they highlight an important lack of prospective data to more rigorously understand the true safety and efficacy of this therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander B Crane
- Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Yael Sharon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - David S Chu
- Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA.,Metropolitan Eye Research and Surgery Institute, Palisades Park, New Jersey, USA
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90
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Dores RM, Oberer N, Hoglin B, Thomas A, Faught E, Vijayan MM. Evaluating interactions between the melanocortin-5 receptor, MRAP1, and ACTH(1-24): A phylogenetic study. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 294:113476. [PMID: 32243958 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The melanocortin-2 receptor (MC2R) and the melanocortin-5 receptor (MC5R) are found on the same chromosome in most vertebrate genomes, and for the species analyzed in this study, MC2R and MC5R are co-expressed in glucocorticoid-producing cells that also express the accessory protein MRAP1. Since MRAP1 affects the ligand sensitivity of MC2R orthologs, this study tested the hypothesis that co-expression of MC5R with MRAP1 would also affect the ligand sensitivity of MC5R. The hypothesis was confirmed for stingray, rainbow trout, and chicken, MC5R orthologs. However, elephant shark MC5R was not affected in the same way by co-expression of MRAP1. It appears that, for some MC5R orthologs (i.e., stingray, rainbow trout, and chicken), a docking site for the R/KKRRP motif of ACTH(1-24) may become exposed on the receptor following co-expression with MRAP1. However, for elephant shark MC5R co-expression with MRAP1 may not affect engagement ACTH(1-24). Hence during the radiation of the chordates, the interaction between MRAP1 and MC5R has diverged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Dores
- University of Denver, Department of Biological Sciences, Denver, CO, USA.
| | - Natalie Oberer
- University of Denver, Department of Biological Sciences, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Brianne Hoglin
- University of Denver, Department of Biological Sciences, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Alexa Thomas
- University of Denver, Department of Biological Sciences, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Erin Faught
- University of Calgary, Department of Biological Sciences, Calgary, Canada
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91
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Hoglin BE, Miner M, Dores RM. Pharmacological properties of whale shark (Rhincodon typus) melanocortin-2 receptor and melancortin-5 receptor: Interaction with MRAP1 and MRAP2. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 293:113463. [PMID: 32213301 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the current study, the whale shark (ws; Rhincodon typus) melanocortin-2 receptor (MC2R) co-expressed with wsMRAP1 in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) Cells could be stimulated in a dose dependent manner by ACTH(1-24) with an EC50 of 2.6 × 10-10 M ± 9.7 × 10-11. When the receptor was expressed alone, stimulation was only observed at [10-6 M]. A comparable increase in sensitivity to stimulation by srDes-Ac-αMSH was also observed when the receptor was co-expressed with wsMRAP1. In addition, co-expression with wsMRAP1 significantly increased the trafficking of wsMC2R to the plasma membrane of CHO cells. Surprisingly, co-expression with wsMRAP2 also increased sensitivity to stimulation by ACTH(1-24) and srDes-Ac-αMSH, and increased trafficking of the receptor to the plasma membrane. These observations are in sharp contrast to the response of MC2R orthologs of bony vertebrates which have an obligate requirement for co-expression with MRAP1 for both trafficking to the plasma membrane and activation, and while co-expression with MRAP2 increases trafficking, it has minimal effects on activation. In addition, when comparing the activation features of wsMC2R with those of the elephant shark MC2R and red stingray MC2R orthologs, both similarities and differences are observed. The spectrum of features for cartilaginous fish MC2R orthologs will be discussed. A second objective of this study was to determine whether wsMC5R has features in common with wsMC2R in terms of ligand selectivity and interaction with wsMRAP paralogs. While wsMC5R can be activated by either srACTH(1-24) or srDes-Ac-αMSH, and co-expression with wsMRAP1 enhances this activation, wsMRAP1 had no effect on the trafficking of wsMC5R. Co-expression with wsMRAP2 had no positive or negative effect on either ligand sensitivity or trafficking of wsMC5R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianne E Hoglin
- University of Denver, Department of Biological Sciences, Denver, CO 80210, USA
| | - Marin Miner
- University of Denver, Department of Biological Sciences, Denver, CO 80210, USA
| | - Robert M Dores
- University of Denver, Department of Biological Sciences, Denver, CO 80210, USA.
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92
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Kobayashi Y. New perspectives on GPCRs: GPCR heterodimer formation (melanocortin receptor) and GPCR on primary cilia (melanin concentrating hormone receptor). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 293:113474. [PMID: 32240710 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
GPCRs are the largest family of receptors accounting for about 30% of the current drug targets. However, it is difficult to fully elucidate the mechanisms regulating intracellular GPCR signal regulation. It is thus important to consider and investigate GPCRs with respect to endogenous situations. Our group has been investigating GPCRs involved in body color (teleost and amphibian) and eating (vertebrate). Here, I review two independent GPCR systems (heterodimer formation and primary ciliated GPCR) that can be breakthroughs in GPCR research. In teleosts, MCRs form heterodimers, which significantly reduce their affinity for acetylated ligands. In mammals, MCHR1 is localized in the ciliary membrane and shortens the length of the primary cilia through a unique signal from the ciliary membrane. Considering these two new GPCR concepts is expected to advance the overall view of the GPCR system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan.
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93
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Effects of metabolic state on the regulation of melanocortin circuits. Physiol Behav 2020; 224:113039. [PMID: 32610101 PMCID: PMC7387173 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunction in neurophysiological systems that regulate food intake and metabolism are at least partly responsible for obesity and related comorbidities. An important component of this process is the hypothalamic melanocortin system, where an imbalance can result in severe obesity and deficits in glucose metabolism. Exercise offers many health benefits related to cardiovascular improvements, hunger control, and blood glucose homeostasis. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the exercise-induced improvements to the melanocortin system remain undefined. Here, we review the role of the melanocortin system to sense hormonal, nutrient, and neuronal signals of energy status. This information is then relayed onto secondary neurons in order to regulate physiological parameters, which promote proper energy and glucose balance. We also provide an overview on the effects of physical exercise to induce biophysical changes in the melanocortin circuit which may regulate food intake, glucose metabolism and improve overall metabolic health.
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94
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Saikia S, Bordoloi M, Sarmah R. Established and In-trial GPCR Families in Clinical Trials: A Review for Target Selection. Curr Drug Targets 2020; 20:522-539. [PMID: 30394207 DOI: 10.2174/1389450120666181105152439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The largest family of drug targets in clinical trials constitute of GPCRs (G-protein coupled receptors) which accounts for about 34% of FDA (Food and Drug Administration) approved drugs acting on 108 unique GPCRs. Factors such as readily identifiable conserved motif in structures, 127 orphan GPCRs despite various de-orphaning techniques, directed functional antibodies for validation as drug targets, etc. has widened their therapeutic windows. The availability of 44 crystal structures of unique receptors, unexplored non-olfactory GPCRs (encoded by 50% of the human genome) and 205 ligand receptor complexes now present a strong foundation for structure-based drug discovery and design. The growing impact of polypharmacology for complex diseases like schizophrenia, cancer etc. warrants the need for novel targets and considering the undiscriminating and selectivity of GPCRs, they can fulfill this purpose. Again, natural genetic variations within the human genome sometimes delude the therapeutic expectations of some drugs, resulting in medication response differences and ADRs (adverse drug reactions). Around ~30 billion US dollars are dumped annually for poor accounting of ADRs in the US alone. To curb such undesirable reactions, the knowledge of established and currently in clinical trials GPCRs families can offer huge understanding towards the drug designing prospects including "off-target" effects reducing economical resource and time. The druggability of GPCR protein families and critical roles played by them in complex diseases are explained. Class A, class B1, class C and class F are generally established family and GPCRs in phase I (19%), phase II(29%), phase III(52%) studies are also reviewed. From the phase I studies, frizzled receptors accounted for the highest in trial targets, neuropeptides in phase II and melanocortin in phase III studies. Also, the bioapplications for nanoparticles along with future prospects for both nanomedicine and GPCR drug industry are discussed. Further, the use of computational techniques and methods employed for different target validations are also reviewed along with their future potential for the GPCR based drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surovi Saikia
- Natural Products Chemistry Group, CSIR North East Institute of Science & Technology, Jorhat-785006, Assam, India
| | - Manobjyoti Bordoloi
- Natural Products Chemistry Group, CSIR North East Institute of Science & Technology, Jorhat-785006, Assam, India
| | - Rajeev Sarmah
- Allied Health Sciences, Assam Down Town University, Panikhaiti, Guwahati 781026, Assam, India
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95
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Li K, Zhao N, Zhang B, Jia L, Liu K, Wang Q, He X, Bao B. Identification and characterization of the melanocortin 1 receptor gene (MC1R) in hypermelanistic Chinese tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2020; 46:881-890. [PMID: 31909442 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-019-00758-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The Chinese tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis) is a flatfish with distinctive asymmetry in its body coloration. The melanism (hyperpigmentation) in both the blind side and ocular side of C. semilaevis gives it an extremely low commercial value. However, the fundamental molecular mechanism of this melanism remains unclear. Melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R), a GTP-binding protein-coupled receptor, is considered to play a vital role in the physiology of the vertebrate pigment system. In order to confirm the contribution of MC1R to the body coloration of C. semilaevis, the expression levels of Mc1r mRNA were measured in seven tissue types at different developmental stages of normal and melanistic C. semilaevis. The expression levels of Mc1r mRNA in the heart, brain, liver, kidney, ocular-side skin, and blind-side skin of melanistic C. semilaevis were significantly higher than that of normal C. semilaevis in all developmental stages. Moreover, the knocking down of Mc1r in the C. semilaevis liver cell line (HTLC) increased the expression of the downstream genes microphthalmia transcription factor (Mitf) and tyrosinase-related protein 1 (Tyrp1) in the pigmentation pathway. Thus, the present data suggest that MC1R might play important roles in Tyrp1- and Mitf-mediated pigment synthesis in C. semilaevis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunming Li
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Na Zhao
- Tianjin Haolingsaiao Biotechnology Co, Ltd, Tianjin, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
- Tianjin Fisheries Research Institute, Tianjin, China.
| | - Lei Jia
- Tianjin Fisheries Research Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Kefeng Liu
- Tianjin Fisheries Research Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Qunshan Wang
- Tianjin Fisheries Research Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoxu He
- Tianjin Fisheries Research Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Baolong Bao
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
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96
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Bruders R, Van Hollebeke H, Osborne EJ, Kronenberg Z, Maclary E, Yandell M, Shapiro MD. A copy number variant is associated with a spectrum of pigmentation patterns in the rock pigeon (Columba livia). PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008274. [PMID: 32433666 PMCID: PMC7239393 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Rock pigeons (Columba livia) display an extraordinary array of pigment pattern variation. One such pattern, Almond, is characterized by a variegated patchwork of plumage colors that are distributed in an apparently random manner. Almond is a sex-linked, semi-dominant trait controlled by the classical Stipper (St) locus. Heterozygous males (ZStZ+ sex chromosomes) and hemizygous Almond females (ZStW) are favored by breeders for their attractive plumage. In contrast, homozygous Almond males (ZStZSt) develop severe eye defects and often lack plumage pigmentation, suggesting that higher dosage of the mutant allele is deleterious. To determine the molecular basis of Almond, we compared the genomes of Almond pigeons to non-Almond pigeons and identified a candidate St locus on the Z chromosome. We found a copy number variant (CNV) within the differentiated region that captures complete or partial coding sequences of four genes, including the melanosome maturation gene Mlana. We did not find fixed coding changes in genes within the CNV, but all genes are misexpressed in regenerating feather bud collar cells of Almond birds. Notably, six other alleles at the St locus are associated with depigmentation phenotypes, and all exhibit expansion of the same CNV. Structural variation at St is linked to diversity in plumage pigmentation and gene expression, and thus provides a potential mode of rapid phenotypic evolution in pigeons. The genetic changes responsible for different animal color patterns are poorly understood, due in part to a paucity of research organisms that are both genetically tractable and phenotypically diverse. Domestic pigeons (Columba livia) have been artificially selected for many traits, including an enormous variety of color patterns that are variable both within and among different breeds of this single species. We investigated the genetic basis of a sex-linked color pattern in pigeons called Almond that is characterized by a sprinkled pattern of plumage pigmentation. Pigeons with one copy of the Almond allele have desirable color pattern; however, male pigeons with two copies of the Almond mutation have severely depleted pigmentation and congenital eye defects. By comparing the genomes of Almond and non-Almond pigeons, we discovered that Almond pigeons have extra copies of a chromosome region that contains a gene that is critical for the formation of pigment granules. We also found that different numbers of copies of this region are associated with varying degrees of pigment reduction. The Almond phenotype in pigeons bears a remarkable resemblance to Merle coat color mutants in dogs, and our new results from pigeons suggest that similar genetic mechanisms underlie these traits in both species. Our work highlights the role of gene copy number variation as a potential driver of rapid phenotypic evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Bruders
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Hannah Van Hollebeke
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Edward J. Osborne
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Zev Kronenberg
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Emily Maclary
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Mark Yandell
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Michael D. Shapiro
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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97
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Extra-adrenal glucocorticoid biosynthesis: implications for autoimmune and inflammatory disorders. Genes Immun 2020; 21:150-168. [PMID: 32203088 PMCID: PMC7276297 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-020-0096-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid synthesis is a complex, multistep process that starts with cholesterol being delivered to the inner membrane of mitochondria by StAR and StAR-related proteins. Here its side chain is cleaved by CYP11A1 producing pregnenolone. Pregnenolone is converted to cortisol by the enzymes 3-βHSD, CYP17A1, CYP21A2 and CYP11B1. Glucocorticoids play a critical role in the regulation of the immune system and exert their action through the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Although corticosteroids are primarily produced in the adrenal gland, they can also be produced in a number of extra-adrenal tissue including the immune system, skin, brain, and intestine. Glucocorticoid production is regulated by ACTH, CRH, and cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6 and TNFα. The bioavailability of cortisol is also dependent on its interconversion to cortisone which is inactive, by 11βHSD1/2. Local and systemic glucocorticoid biosynthesis can be stimulated by ultraviolet B, explaining its immunosuppressive activity. In this review, we want to emphasize that dysregulation of extra-adrenal glucocorticoid production can play a key role in a variety of autoimmune diseases including multiple sclerosis (MS), lupus erythematosus (LE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and skin inflammatory disorders such as psoriasis and atopic dermatitis (AD). Further research on local glucocorticoid production and its bioavailability may open doors into new therapies for autoimmune diseases.
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98
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Winget MD, Ericson MD, Freeman KT, Haskell-Luevano C. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the Melanocortin His-Phe-Arg-Trp Sequences Decrease Tetrapeptide Potency and Efficacy. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:272-277. [PMID: 32184956 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The melanocortin receptors are stimulated by agonists (α-MSH, β-MSH, γ-MSH, and ACTH) processed from the proopiomelanocortin (POMC) gene transcript and possess a common His-Phe-Arg-Trp tetrapeptide sequence critical for receptor activation. Deficiency in POMC signaling in humans is associated with adrenal insufficiency, altered pigmentation, and rapid, early onset weight gain. Herein, 12 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) deposited into the Variation Viewer database within the His-Phe-Arg-Trp sequences of ACTH/α-MSH, β-MSH, and γ-MSH were substituted into tetrapeptide scaffolds to examine the in vitro signaling effects of these polymorphisms at the cloned melanocortin receptors. Every polymorphism decreased agonist potency and/or efficacy at the melanocortin receptors assayed, indicating that polymorphisms within the signaling sequence of POMC-derived agonists negatively impacts receptor activation. Future work to incorporate these substitutions into the full-length POMC agonists would confirm these findings, identifying new patient populations that might benefit from therapeutic regiments to treat POMC-deficient signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marshall D. Winget
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Mark D. Ericson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Katie T. Freeman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Carrie Haskell-Luevano
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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99
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Yang Y, Harmon CM. Molecular determinants of ACTH receptor for ligand selectivity. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 503:110688. [PMID: 31866318 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.110688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) receptor, known as the melanocortin-2 receptor (MC2R), plays a key role in regulating adrenocortical function. ACTH receptor is a subtype of the melanocortin receptor family which is a member of the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily. ACTH receptor has unique characteristics among MCRs. α-MSH, β-MSH, γ-MSH and ACTH are agonists for MCRs but only ACTH is the agonist for ACTH receptor. In addition, the melanocortin receptor accessory protein (MRAP) is required for ACTH receptor expression at cell surface and function. In this review, we summarized the information available on the relationship between ACTH and ACTH receptor and provide the latest understanding of the molecular basis of the ACTH receptor responsible for ligand selectivity and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingkui Yang
- Department of Surgery, State University of New York at Buffalo, USA.
| | - Carroll M Harmon
- Department of Surgery, State University of New York at Buffalo, USA
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100
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Montero-Melendez T, Nagano A, Chelala C, Filer A, Buckley CD, Perretti M. Therapeutic senescence via GPCR activation in synovial fibroblasts facilitates resolution of arthritis. Nat Commun 2020; 11:745. [PMID: 32029712 PMCID: PMC7005314 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14421-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis affects individuals commonly during the most productive years of adulthood. Poor response rates and high costs associated with treatment mandate the search for new therapies. Here we show that targeting a specific G-protein coupled receptor promotes senescence in synovial fibroblasts, enabling amelioration of joint inflammation. Following activation of the melanocortin type 1 receptor (MC1), synovial fibroblasts acquire a senescence phenotype characterized by arrested proliferation, metabolic re-programming and marked gene alteration resembling the remodeling phase of wound healing, with increased matrix metalloproteinase expression and reduced collagen production. This biological response is attained by selective agonism of MC1, not shared by non-selective ligands, and dependent on downstream ERK1/2 phosphorylation. In vivo, activation of MC1 leads to anti-arthritic effects associated with induction of senescence in the synovial tissue and cartilage protection. Altogether, selective activation of MC1 is a viable strategy to induce cellular senescence, affording a distinct way to control joint inflammation and arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trinidad Montero-Melendez
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK. .,Centre for Inflammation and Therapeutic Innovation, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
| | - Ai Nagano
- Barts Cancer Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Claude Chelala
- Barts Cancer Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK.,Life Sciences Initiative, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Andrew Filer
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, Birmingham, UK
| | - Christopher D Buckley
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, Birmingham, UK.,Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mauro Perretti
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK. .,Centre for Inflammation and Therapeutic Innovation, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
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