51
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Schneider SR, Lakey PSJ, Shiraiwa M, Abbatt JPD. Reactive Uptake of Ozone to Simulated Seawater: Evidence for Iodide Depletion. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:9844-9853. [PMID: 33196200 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c08917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of ozone with iodide in the ocean is a major ozone dry deposition pathway, as well as an important source of reactive iodine to the marine troposphere. Few prior laboratory experiments have been conducted with environmentally relevant ozone mixing ratios and iodide concentrations, leading to uncertainties in the rate of the reaction under marine boundary layer conditions. As well, there remains disagreement in the literature assessment of the relative contributions of an interfacial reaction via ozone adsorbed to the ocean surface versus a bulk reaction with dissolved ozone. In this study, we measure the uptake coefficient of ozone over a buffered, pH 8 salt solution replicating the concentrations of iodide, bromide, and chloride in the ocean over an ozone mixing ratio of 60-500 ppb. Due to iodide depletion in the solution, the measured ozone uptake coefficient is dependent on the exposure time of the solution to ozone and its mixing ratio. A kinetic multilayer model confirms that iodide depletion is occurring not only within ozone's reactodiffusive depth, which is on the order of microns for environmental conditions, but also deeper into the solution as well. Best model-measurement agreement arises when some degree of nondiffusive mixing is occurring in the solution, transporting iodide from deeper in the solution to a thin, diffusively mixed upper layer. If such mixing occurs rapidly in the environment, iodide depletion is unlikely to reduce ozone dry deposition rates. Unrealistically high bulk-to-interface partitioning of iodide is required for the model to predict a substantial interfacial component to the reaction, indicating that the Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism is not dominant under environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie R Schneider
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Pascale S J Lakey
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON Canada
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52
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Abdelbassit MS, Curnow OJ, Libowitzky E, Piltz RO, Polson MIJ. A Discrete Chloride Monohydrate: A Solid-State Structural and Spectroscopic Characterization. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:9244-9251. [PMID: 33119304 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c07589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The solid-state structure of a discrete chloride monohydrate species, [Cl(H2O)]-, is reported for the first time. It was isolated as a salt of the tris(dipropylamino)cyclopropenium cation and has been structurally characterized by X-ray and neutron diffraction. Infrared (IR), far-infrared, and Raman spectroscopic studies were also carried out. Additionally, the D2O and HDO isotopomers were investigated. Of the six fundamental vibrational modes, only the out-of-plane bend ν3 was not observed as it forms an IR- and Raman-inactive local mode phonon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed S Abdelbassit
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Owen J Curnow
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Eugen Libowitzky
- Institut für Mineralogie und Kristallographie, Universität Wien, Geozentrum, Althanstraße 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ross O Piltz
- Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia
| | - Matthew I J Polson
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
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53
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Mekic M, Wang Y, Loisel G, Vione D, Gligorovski S. Ionic Strength Effect Alters the Heterogeneous Ozone Oxidation of Methoxyphenols in Going from Cloud Droplets to Aerosol Deliquescent Particles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:12898-12907. [PMID: 32946234 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c03648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Methoxyphenols are one of the most abundant classes of biomarker tracers for atmospheric wood smoke pollution. The reactions of atmospheric oxidants (ozone, OH) with methoxyphenols can contribute to the formation of secondary organic aerosols (SOA). Here, for the first time, we use the well-established vertical wetted wall flow tube (VWWFT) reactor to assess the effect of ionic strength (I), pH, temperature, and ozone concentration on the reaction kinetics of ozone with acetosyringone (ACS), as a representative methoxyphenol compound. At fixed pH 3, typical for acidic atmospheric deliquescent particles, and at I = 0.9 M adjusted by Na2SO4, the uptake coefficient (γ) of O3 increases by 2 orders of magnitude from γ = (5.0 ± 0.8) × 10-8 on neat salt solution (Na2SO4) to γ = (6.0 ± 0.01) × 10-6 on a mixture of ACS and Na2SO4. The comparison of the uptake coefficients of O3 at different pH values indicates that the reaction kinetics strongly depends on the acidity of the phenolic group of ACS. The observed different reactivity of gas-phase ozone with ACS has implications for ozone uptake by the dilute aqueous phase of cloud droplets and by aerosol deliquescent particles loaded with inorganic salts, and it can affect the formation of SOA in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majda Mekic
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510 640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yiqun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510 640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Gwendal Loisel
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510 640, China
| | - Davide Vione
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Sasho Gligorovski
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510 640, China
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54
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Yang S, Chen M, Su Y, Xu J, Wu X, Tian C. Stabilization of Hydroxide Ions at the Interface of a Hydrophobic Monolayer on Water via Reduced Proton Transfer. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:156803. [PMID: 33095625 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.156803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We report a joint study using surface-specific sum-frequency vibrational spectroscopy and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations, respectively, on a pristine hydrophobic (sub)monolayer hexane-water interface, namely, the hexane/water interface with varied vapor pressures of hexane and different pHs in water. We show clear evidence that hexane on water revises the interfacial water structure in a way that stabilizes the hypercoordinated solvation structure and slows down the migration of hydroxide ion (OH^{-}) relative to that in bulk water. This mechanism effectively attracts the OH^{-} to the water-hydrophobic interface with respect to its counterion. The result illustrates the striking difference of proton transfer of hydrated OH^{-} at the interface and in the bulk, which is responsible for the intrinsic charging effect at the hydrophobic interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Key Laboratory of Micro- and Nano-Photonic Structures (MOE), Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Mohan Chen
- CAPT, HEDPS, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yudan Su
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Key Laboratory of Micro- and Nano-Photonic Structures (MOE), Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jianhang Xu
- Department of Physics, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA
| | - Xifan Wu
- Department of Physics, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA
- Institute for Computational Molecular Science, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA
| | - Chuanshan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Key Laboratory of Micro- and Nano-Photonic Structures (MOE), Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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55
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Wei ZY, Yang LJ, Xu HG, Farooq U, Xu XL, Gao YQ, Zheng WJ. Hydration processes of barium chloride: Size-selected anion photoelectron spectroscopy and theoretical calculations of BaCl 2-water clusters. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:134301. [PMID: 33032412 DOI: 10.1063/5.0021991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to understand the hydration processes of BaCl2, we investigated BaCl2(H2O)n - (n = 0-5) clusters using size-selected anion photoelectron spectroscopy and theoretical calculations. The structures of neutral BaCl2(H2O)n clusters up to n = 8 were also investigated by theoretical calculations. It is found that in BaCl2(H2O)n -/0, the Ba-Cl distances increase very slowly with the cluster size. The hydration process is not able to induce the breaking of a Ba-Cl bond in the cluster size range (n = 0-8) studied in this work. In small BaCl2(H2O)n clusters with n ≤ 5, the Ba atom has a coordination number of n + 2; however, in BaCl2(H2O)6-8 clusters, the Ba atom coordinates with two Cl atoms and (n - 1) water molecules, and it has a coordination number of n + 1. Unlike the previously studied MgCl2(H2O)n - and CaCl2(H2O)n -, negative charge-transfer-to-solvent behavior has not been observed for BaCl2(H2O)n -, and the excess electron of BaCl2(H2O)n - is mainly localized on the Ba atom rather on the water molecules. No observation of Ba2+-Cl- separation in current work is consistent with the lower solubility of BaCl2 compared to MgCl2 and CaCl2. Considering the BaCl2/H2O mole ratio in the saturated solution, one would expect that about 20-30 H2O molecules are needed to break the first Ba-Cl bond in BaCl2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-You Wei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Li-Jiang Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hong-Guang Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Umar Farooq
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xi-Ling Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yi-Qin Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wei-Jun Zheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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56
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Gong S, Wang P, Wei Z, Yang B, Xu X, Xu H, Zheng W. Microsolvation of Sodium Thiocyanate in Water: Gas Phase Anion Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Theoretical Calculations. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:7816-7826. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c07071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shiyan Gong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhiyou Wei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiling Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hongguang Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weijun Zheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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57
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Pérez de Tudela R, Marx D. Generating Excess Protons in Microsolvated Acid Clusters under Ambient Conditions: An Issue of Configurational Entropy versus Internal Energy. Chemistry 2020; 26:11955-11959. [PMID: 32080914 PMCID: PMC7540491 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Acid dissociation, and thus liberation of excess protons in small water droplets, impacts on diverse fields such as interstellar, atmospheric or environmental chemistry. At cryogenic temperatures below 1 K, it is now well established that as few as four water molecules suffice to dissociate the generic strong acid HCl, yet temperature-driven recombination sets in simply upon heating that cluster. Here, the fundamental question is posed of how many more water molecules are required to stabilize a hydrated excess proton at room temperature. Ab initio path integral simulations disclose that not five, but six water molecules are needed at 300 K to allow for HCl dissociation independently from nuclear quantum effects. In order to provide the molecular underpinnings of these observations, the classical and quantum free energy profiles were decomposed along the dissociation coordinate in terms of the corresponding internal energy and entropy profiles. What decides in the end about acid dissociation, and thus ion pair formation, in a specific microsolvated water cluster at room temperature is found to be a fierce competition between classical configurational entropy and internal energy, where the former stabilizes the undissociated state whereas the latter favors dissociation. It is expected that these are generic findings with broad implications on acid-base chemistry depending on temperature in small water assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dominik Marx
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische ChemieRuhr-Universität Bochum44780BochumGermany
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58
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Levanov AV, Isaikina OY. Mechanism and Kinetic Model of Chlorate and Perchlorate Formation during Ozonation of Aqueous Chloride Solutions. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c02770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V. Levanov
- Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1, Building 3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Oksana Ya. Isaikina
- Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1, Building 3, Moscow 119991, Russia
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59
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Ruiz-Lopez MF, Francisco JS, Martins-Costa MTC, Anglada JM. Molecular reactions at aqueous interfaces. Nat Rev Chem 2020; 4:459-475. [PMID: 37127962 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-020-0203-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This Review aims to critically analyse the emerging field of chemical reactivity at aqueous interfaces. The subject has evolved rapidly since the discovery of the so-called 'on-water catalysis', alluding to the dramatic acceleration of reactions at the surface of water or at its interface with hydrophobic media. We review critical experimental studies in the fields of atmospheric and synthetic organic chemistry, as well as related research exploring the origins of life, to showcase the importance of this phenomenon. The physico-chemical aspects of these processes, such as the structure, dynamics and thermodynamics of adsorption and solvation processes at aqueous interfaces, are also discussed. We also present the basic theories intended to explain interface catalysis, followed by the results of advanced ab initio molecular-dynamics simulations. Although some topics addressed here have already been the focus of previous reviews, we aim at highlighting their interconnection across diverse disciplines, providing a common perspective that would help us to identify the most fundamental issues still incompletely understood in this fast-moving field.
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60
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Qazi MJ, Schlegel SJ, Backus EH, Bonn M, Bonn D, Shahidzadeh N. Dynamic Surface Tension of Surfactants in the Presence of High Salt Concentrations. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:7956-7964. [PMID: 32545966 PMCID: PMC7366510 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c01211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We study the influence of high NaCl concentrations on the equilibrium and dynamic surface tensions of ionic (CTAB) and nonionic (Tween 80) surfactant solutions. Equilibrium surface tension measurements show that NaCl significantly reduces the critical micellar concentration (CMC) of CTAB but has no effect on the CMC of Tween 80. Dynamic surface tension measurements allow comparing the surface tension as a function of time for pure surfactant solutions and in the presence of NaCl. For the ionic surfactant, the dynamics agree with the usual diffusion-limited interfacial adsorption kinetics; however, the kinetics become orders of magnitude slower when NaCl is present. Sum-frequency generation spectroscopy experiments and the equilibrium adsorption measurements show that the presence of NaCl in CTAB solution leads to the formation of ion pairs at the surface, thereby neutralizing the charge of the head group of CTAB. This change, however, is not able to account for the slowing down of adsorption dynamics; we find that it is rather the decreases in the monomer concentration (CMC) in the presence of salt which has the major influence. For the nonionic surfactant, the kinetics of interfacial tension is seen to be already very slow, and the addition of salt does not influence it further. This also correlates very well to the very low CMC of Tween 80.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsin J. Qazi
- Institute
of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Simon J. Schlegel
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ellen H.G. Backus
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Mischa Bonn
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Daniel Bonn
- Institute
of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Noushine Shahidzadeh
- Institute
of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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61
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Hong Y, Liu Y, Chen X, Fan Q, Chen C, Chen X, Wang M. The role of anthropogenic chlorine emission in surface ozone formation during different seasons over eastern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 723:137697. [PMID: 32392687 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic chlorine emission is an important source of Cl radicals, which plays an important role in the oxidative chemistry of the troposphere. However, its seasonal impacts on surface ozone levels in China have yet been comprehensively explored. In this study, we conducted numerical simulations for January, April, July and October 2015 by using the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system with updated heterogeneous reactions of nitrogen oxides with particulate chlorine and updated Anthropogenic Chlorine Emission Inventory for China (ACEIC). Two experiments with and without ACEIC in the model were established, and their results were compared with each other. The model can faithfully reproduce the magnitudes and variations of meteorological parameters and air pollutant concentrations. Cl radicals were generated by the photolysis of ClNO2, ClNO and Cl2, HCl oxidation by OH radicals, and the heterogeneous reactions of NO3 with particulate Cl-. ClNO2 and ClNO were mainly produced from the heterogeneous reactions of N2O5 and NO2 with particulate Cl-, respectively. The spatial and seasonal variations ofz these chlorinated species and their responses to the implementation of ACEIC were revealed in this study. Our results suggested that besides N2O5, the heterogeneous reactions of NO2 and NO3 with particulate Cl- could be important sources of Cl radicals. Anthropogenic chlorine emission increased the Cl radical concentration through enhancing the photolysis of ClNO, Cl2, and ClNO2. The implementation of ACEIC in the model increased the degradation of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) not only by Cl radicals but also by OH radicals. Although the seasonal variation of AECIE was insignificant, the larger formation of Cl radicals caused by higher levels of NOx in January was counteracted by the larger loss of them due to more VOCs degradations, resulting in a lower increase in Cl radicals due to the implementation of ACEIC compared with other months. The anthropogenic chlorine emissions increased the monthly mean maximum daily 8-hour average (MDA8) O3 mixing ratio by up to 4.9 ppbv, and increased the 1-hour O3 mixing ratio by up to 34.3 ppbv. The impact of ACEIC was the most significant in January and the least in July due to the high emissions of NOx and VOCs and adverse meteorological conditions in winter. It indicated that although the ozone concentration was low, the anthropogenic chlorine emission significantly contributed to the atmospheric oxidation capacity and increase ozone concentrations in winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Hong
- Guangdong Ecological Meteorology Center, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yiming Liu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Xiaoyang Chen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston 02115, USA
| | - Qi Fan
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University/Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China.
| | - Chen Chen
- Foshan Meteorological Bureau, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Xunlai Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Severe Weather in South China, Shenzhen 518040, China
| | - Mingjie Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Severe Weather in South China, Shenzhen 518040, China
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62
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Eggimann BL, Siepmann JI. Temperature effects on the spatial distribution of electrolyte mixtures at the aqueous liquid-vapor interface. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:10792-10801. [PMID: 32249858 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp06729a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The microscopic picture of ions at the aqueous liquid-vapor interface continues to be an important and active area of research. Both experiments and simulations have shown that certain ions, such as Br- and I-, prefer to adsorb at the interface, but there is not yet a consensus as to the relative importance of various ion-specific properties that influence surface solvation. In a previous study, we systematically explored the effect of ion size on determining whether or not a monovalent ion would adsorb at the surface, and found that, for electrolyte mixtures represented by non-polarizable models, the larger/smaller anions are enriched/depleted at the interface. Here, we extend that study to include temperature effects enabling a van't Hoff analysis of the enthalpic and entropic contributions. We perform configurational-bias Monte Carlo simulations in the Gibbs ensemble to investigate the partitioning of mixtures of differently sized ions at the aqueous liquid-vapor interface from 284.09 K to 347.22 K at a pressure of 1 atm. Ions are represented using our own previously developed models that vary only in size (i.e., the Lennard-Jones σ parameter changes, while all other parameters are held constant across ion types). System properties studied include surface tension, interfacial width, ion surface excess, number density profiles, z-dependent transfer free energy, enthalpy, entropy, and anion-cation coordination numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Becky L Eggimann
- Department of Chemistry, Wheaton College, Wheaton, IL 60187, USA.
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63
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Ding Z, Yi Y, Wang W, Zhang Q. Understanding the role of Cl and NO 3 radicals in initiating atmospheric oxidation of fluorene: A mechanistic and kinetic study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 716:136905. [PMID: 32044478 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The photooxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) initiated by Cl and NO3 radicals has been investigated for decades to assess the atmospheric fates of pollutants. Gas-phase fluorene is one of the most abundant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) that can be oxidized by activated radicals. In this study, we used quantum chemical calculation to study the atmospheric degradation of fluorene initiated by Cl and NO3 radicals. The results showed that the Cl radical initiated reaction of fluorene mainly produces 9-fluorene radical that has significant potential to form secondary pollutants with more persistent toxic properties. The NO3 radical initiated reaction of fluorene leads to the formation of oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs) and nitrated PAHs (NPAHs) including nitrooxyfluorene, nitrooxyfluorenone and 1,4-fluorenequinone. The rate constants and branch ratios of elementary reactions were determined based on Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus (RRKM) theory. The atmospheric lifetime of fluorene determined by NO3 radical is deduced to be 1.52 days according to the calculated overall rate constant, 1.52 × 10-14 cm3 molecule-1 s-1. The derivatives produced from the atmospheric degradation of fluorene initiated by Cl and NO3 radicals increase the environmental risks of fluroene. Combined with previous experimental and theoretical findings, this work can help to clarify the atmospheric fate and assess the environmental risks of fluorene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhezheng Ding
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Yayi Yi
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Wenxing Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Qingzhu Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University Qingdao, 266237, PR China.
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64
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Christensen EG, Steele RP. Stepwise Activation of Water by Open-Shell Interactions, Cl(H 2O) n=4–8,17. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:3417-3437. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c01544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth G. Christensen
- Department of Chemistry and Henry Eyring Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Ryan P. Steele
- Department of Chemistry and Henry Eyring Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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65
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Guo X, Ma F, Liu C, Niu J, He N, Chen J, Xie HB. Atmospheric oxidation mechanism and kinetics of isoprene initiated by chlorine radicals: A computational study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 712:136330. [PMID: 31931210 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The reaction with chlorine radicals (·Cl) has been considered to be one of indispensable sinks for isoprene. However, the mechanism of ·Cl initiated isoprene reaction was not fully understood. Herein, the reaction of isoprene with ·Cl, and ensuing reactions of the resulting isoprene relevant radicals were investigated by combined quantum chemistry calculations and kinetics modeling. The results indicate that ·Cl addition to two terminal C-atoms of two double bonds of isoprene, forming IM1-1 and IM1-4, are more favorable than H-abstractions from isoprene. Interestingly, the predicted reaction rate constant for the direct H-abstraction pathway is much lower than that of the indirect one, clarifying a direct H-abstraction mechanism for previously experimental observation. The IM1-1 and IM1-4 have distinct fate in their subsequent transformation. The reaction of IM1-1 ends after the one-time O2 addition. However, IM1-4 can follow auto-oxidation mechanism with two times O2 addition to finally form highly oxidized multi-functional molecules (HOMs), C5H7ClO3 and ·OH. More importantly, the estimated contribution of ·Cl on HOMs (monomer only) formation from isoprene is lower than that of ·OH in addition pathway, implying overall HOMs yield from atmospheric isoprene oxidation could be overestimated if the role of ·Cl in transforming isoprene is ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xirui Guo
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Fangfang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Cong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Junfeng Niu
- Research Center for Eco-environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Ning He
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals & School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Hong-Bin Xie
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
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66
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Qiu X, Ying Q, Wang S, Duan L, Wang Y, Lu K, Wang P, Xing J, Zheng M, Zhao M, Zheng H, Zhang Y, Hao J. Significant impact of heterogeneous reactions of reactive chlorine species on summertime atmospheric ozone and free-radical formation in north China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 693:133580. [PMID: 31376754 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous reactions of N2O5, O3, OH, ClONO2, HOCl, ClNO2, and NO2, with chlorine-containing particles are incorporated in the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model to evaluate the impact of heterogeneous reactions of reactive chlorine species on ozone and free radicals. Changes of summertime ozone and free radical concentrations due to the additional heterogeneous reactions in north China were quantified. These heterogeneous reactions increased the O3, OH, HO2 and RO2 concentrations by up to 20%, 28%, 36% and 48% for some regions in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) area. These areas typically have a larger amount of NOx emissions and a lower VOC/NOx ratio. The zero-out method evaluates that the photolysis of ClNO2 and Cl2 are the major contributors (42.4% and 57.6%, respectively) to atmospheric Cl in the early morning hours but the photolysis of Cl2 is the only significant contributor after 10:00 am. The results highlight that heterogeneous reactions of reactive chlorine species are important to atmospheric ozone and free-radical formation. Our study also suggests that the on-going NOx emission controls in the NCP region with a goal to reduce both O3 and secondary nitrate can also have the co-benefit of reducing the formation Cl from ClNO2 and Cl2, which may also lead to lower secondary organic aerosol formation and thus the control of summertime PM2.5 in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xionghui Qiu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qi Ying
- Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States.
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Lei Duan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuhang Wang
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States
| | - Keding Lu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jia Xing
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Mei Zheng
- SKL-ESPC and BIC-ESAT, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Minjiang Zhao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Haotian Zheng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuanhang Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiming Hao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
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67
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Christensen EG, Steele RP. Probing the Partial Activation of Water by Open-Shell Interactions, Cl(H 2O) 1-4. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:8657-8673. [PMID: 31513400 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b07235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The partial chemical activation of water by reactive radicals was examined computationally for small clusters of chlorine and water, Cl•(H2O)n=1-4. Using an automated isomer-search procedure, dozens of unique, stable structures were computed. Among the resulting structural classes were intact, hydrated-chlorine isomers, as well as hydrogen-abstracted (HCl)(OH)(H2O)n-1 configurations. The latter showed increased stability as the degree of hydration increased, until n = 4, where a new class of structures was discovered with a chloride ion bound to an oxidized water network. The electronic structure of these three structural classes was investigated, and spectral signatures of this hydration-based evolution were connected to these electronic properties. An ancillary outcome of this detailed computational analysis, including coupled-cluster benchmarks, was the calibration of cost-effective quantum chemistry methods for future studies of these radical-water complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth G Christensen
- Department of Chemistry and Henry Eyring Center for Theoretical Chemistry , University of Utah , 315 South 1400 East , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112 , United States
| | - Ryan P Steele
- Department of Chemistry and Henry Eyring Center for Theoretical Chemistry , University of Utah , 315 South 1400 East , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112 , United States
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68
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Teschke O, Roberto de Castro J, Soares DM. Imaging Ion Pairs Forming Structural Arrangements in Interfacial Regions. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:15684-15693. [PMID: 31572871 PMCID: PMC6761755 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b02299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A technique to image ion pairs in solution is reported. We investigated structural and dynamic properties of ion-pair distributions deposited on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) surfaces in electrolyte solutions. Atomic force microscopy images of HOPG immersed in NaCl and KCl solutions display regular arrangements on top of the hexagonal carbon rings forming the HOPG atomic structure. These arrangements are the result of the low value of the aqueous interfacial dielectric constant (εr ≈ 3-11). The measured ion-pair radius is a function of the salt present in the solution; for KCl, the ion-pair radius is equal or smaller than 0.42 nm; for NaCl, the ion-pair radius is 0.36 nm. A comparison of these values with their crystalline lattice dimensions indicates that both KCl and NaCl ion pairs in solution at the HOPG/solution interfacial region exist as tight contact ion pairs in quasistationary distributions. The NaCl ion-pair distribution forms an aligned arrangement, and the KCl distribution is formed by intercalated pairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Teschke
- E-mail: . Phone: 55 (19) 3521-4148Fax: 55 (19) 3521-5637
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69
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Varade SR, Ghosh P. Foaming in aqueous solutions of zwitterionic surfactant in presence of monovalent salts: The specific ion effect. CHEM ENG COMMUN 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00986445.2019.1647178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shailesh R. Varade
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Pallab Ghosh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
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70
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Deiseroth M, Bonn M, Backus EHG. Electrolytes Change the Interfacial Water Structure but Not the Vibrational Dynamics. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:8610-8616. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b08131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Malte Deiseroth
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Mischa Bonn
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ellen H. G. Backus
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Department of Physical Chemisty, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 42, 1090 Wien, Austria
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71
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Dalstein L, Chiang KY, Wen YC. Direct Quantification of Water Surface Charge by Phase-Sensitive Second Harmonic Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:5200-5205. [PMID: 31433642 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b02156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We developed and verified a phase-sensitive second harmonic generation spectroscopic scheme that allows for direct determination of the absolute surface charge density and surface potential of a water interface without the need for prior interfacial information. The method relies on selective probing of surface-field-induced reorientation order of water molecules in the electrical double layer and is, hence, independent of the interfacial molecular bonding structure. Application of this technique to a mixed surfactant monolayer on water suggests the manifest effect of the chain-chain interactions among the monolayer on adsorption of soluble ionic surfactants. We also deduce the third-order nonlinear susceptibility of bulk water and prove its applicability to analysis of charges of various water interfaces. In addition, we show that Debye-Hückle theory should be avoided in the spectroscopic analysis for its potential significant error, as evidenced experimentally and theoretically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Dalstein
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan, R. O. C
| | - Kuo-Yang Chiang
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan, R. O. C
| | - Yu-Chieh Wen
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan, R. O. C
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72
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Levanov AV, Isaikina OY, Lunin VV. Kinetics and Mechanism of Ozone Interaction with Chloride Ions. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024419090103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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73
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Shiraiwa M, Carslaw N, Tobias DJ, Waring MS, Rim D, Morrison G, Lakey PSJ, Kruza M, von Domaros M, Cummings BE, Won Y. Modelling consortium for chemistry of indoor environments (MOCCIE): integrating chemical processes from molecular to room scales. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2019; 21:1240-1254. [PMID: 31070639 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00123a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We report on the development of a modelling consortium for chemistry in indoor environments that connects models over a range of spatial and temporal scales, from molecular to room scales and from sub-nanosecond to days, respectively. Our modeling approaches include molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, kinetic process modeling, gas-phase chemistry modeling, organic aerosol modeling, and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. These models are applied to investigate ozone reactions with skin and clothing, oxidation of volatile organic compounds and formation of secondary organic aerosols, and mass transport and partitioning of indoor species to surfaces. MD simulations provide molecular pictures of limonene adsorption on SiO2 and ozone interactions with the skin lipid squalene, providing kinetic parameters such as surface accommodation coefficient, desorption lifetime, and bulk diffusivity. These parameters then constrain kinetic process models, which resolve mass transport and chemical reactions in gas and condensed phases for analysis of experimental data. A detailed indoor chemical box model is applied to simulate α-pinene ozonolysis with improved representation of gas-particle partitioning. Application of 2D-volatility basis set reveals that OH-induced aging sometimes drives increases in indoor organic aerosol concentrations, due to organic mass functionalization and enhanced partitioning. CFD simulations show that concentrations of ozone and primary product change near the human surface rapidly, indicating non-uniform spatial distributions from the occupant surface to ambient air, while secondary ozone product is relatively well-mixed throughout the room. This development establishes a framework to integrate different modeling tools and experimental measurements, opening up an avenue for development of comprehensive and integrated models with representations of various chemistry in indoor environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Shiraiwa
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
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74
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Imrichová K, Veselý L, Gasser TM, Loerting T, Neděla V, Heger D. Vitrification and increase of basicity in between ice Ihcrystals in rapidly frozen dilute NaCl aqueous solutions. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:014503. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5100852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Imrichová
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the ASCR, v.v.i., Královopolská 147, 61264 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Veselý
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tobias M. Gasser
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Loerting
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Vilém Neděla
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the ASCR, v.v.i., Královopolská 147, 61264 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dominik Heger
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
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75
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Blanco YS, Topel Ö, Bajnóczi ÉG, Werner J, Björneholm O, Persson I. Chemical equilibria of aqueous ammonium-carboxylate systems in aqueous bulk, close to and at the water-air interface. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:12434-12445. [PMID: 31143906 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp02449b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that the water-air interface and a number of water molecule layers just below it, the surface region, have significantly different physico-chemical properties, such as lower relative permittivity and density, than bulk water. The properties in the surface region of water favor weakly hydrated species as neutral molecules, while ions requiring strong hydration and shielding of their charge are disfavored. In this study the equilibria NH4+(aq) + RCOO-(aq) ⇌ NH3(aq) + RCOOH(aq) are investigated for R = CnH2n+1, n = 0-8, as open systems, where ammonia and small carboxylic acids in the gas phase above the water surface are removed from the system by a gentle controlled flow of nitrogen to mimic the transport of volatile compounds from water droplets into air. It is shown that this non-equilibrium transport of chemicals can be sufficiently large to cause a change of the chemical content of the aqueous bulk. Furthermore, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) has been used to determine the relative concentration of alkyl carboxylic acids and their conjugated alkyl carboxylates in aqueous surfaces using a micro-jet. These studies confirm that neutral alkyl carboxylic acids are accumulated in the surface region, while charged species, as alkyl carboxylates, are depleted. The XPS studies show also that the hydrophobic alkyl chains are oriented upwards into regions with lower relative permittivity and density, thus perpendicular to the aqueous surface. These combined results show that there are several chemical equilibria between the aqueous bulk and the surface region. The analytical studies show that the release of mainly ammonia is dependent on its concentration in the surface region, as long as the solubility of the carboxylic acid in the surface region is sufficiently high to avoid a precipitation in/on the water-air interface. However, for n-octyl- and n-nonylcarboxylic acid the solubility is sufficiently low to cause precipitation. The combined analytical and surface speciation studies in this work show that the equilibria involving the surface region are fast. The results from this study increase the knowledge about the distribution of chemical species in the surface region at and close to the water-air interface, and the transport of chemicals from water to air in open systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yina Salamanca Blanco
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7015, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Önder Topel
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7015, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Éva G Bajnóczi
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7015, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Josephina Werner
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7015, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden. and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 516, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Olle Björneholm
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 516, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ingmar Persson
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7015, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
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76
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Finlayson‐Pitts BJ. Multiphase chemistry in the troposphere: It all starts … and ends … with gases. INT J CHEM KINET 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.21305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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77
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Miles REH, Glerum MWJ, Boyer HC, Walker JS, Dutcher CS, Bzdek BR. Surface Tensions of Picoliter Droplets with Sub-Millisecond Surface Age. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:3021-3029. [PMID: 30864798 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b00903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Aerosols are key components of the atmosphere and play important roles in many industrial processes. Because aerosol particles have high surface-to-volume ratios, their surface properties are especially important. However, direct measurement of the surface properties of aerosol particles is challenging. In this work, we describe an approach to measure the surface tension of picoliter volume droplets with surface age <1 ms by resolving their dynamic oscillations in shape immediately after ejection from a microdroplet dispenser. Droplet shape oscillations are monitored by highly time-resolved (500 ns) stroboscopic imaging, and droplet surface tension is accurately retrieved across a wide range of droplet sizes (10-25 μm radius) and surface ages (down to ∼100 μs). The approach is validated for droplets containing sodium chloride, glutaric acid, and water, which all show no variation in surface tension with surface age. Experimental results from the microdroplet dispenser approach are compared to complementary surface tension measurements of 5-10 μm radius droplets with aged surfaces using a holographic optical tweezers approach and predictions of surface tension using a statistical thermodynamic model. These approaches combined will allow investigation of droplet surface tension across a wide range of droplet sizes, compositions, and surface ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael E H Miles
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close , Bristol BS8 1TS , United Kingdom
| | - Michael W J Glerum
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close , Bristol BS8 1TS , United Kingdom
| | - Hallie C Boyer
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Minnesota, Twin Cities , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Jim S Walker
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close , Bristol BS8 1TS , United Kingdom
| | - Cari S Dutcher
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Minnesota, Twin Cities , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Bryan R Bzdek
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close , Bristol BS8 1TS , United Kingdom
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78
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Bajaj P, Riera M, Lin JK, Mendoza Montijo YE, Gazca J, Paesani F. Halide Ion Microhydration: Structure, Energetics, and Spectroscopy of Small Halide–Water Clusters. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:2843-2852. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b00816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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79
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Qin J. Charge polarization near dielectric interfaces and the multiple-scattering formalism. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:2125-2134. [PMID: 30762054 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm02196a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Interfacial charge polarization is ubiquitous in systems with sharp dielectric contrast. Fully resolving the interfacial charges often relies on demanding numerical algorithms to solve the boundary value problem. The recent development of an analytical multiple-scattering formalism to solve the interfacial charge polarization problem for particles carrying monopolar, dipolar, and multipolar charges is reviewed. Every term produced in this formalism has a simple interpretation, and terms for spherical particles can be rapidly evaluated using an image-line construction. Several practical applications of this formalism are illustrated. A dielectric virial expansion for polarizable particles based on this formalism is also described. The origins of singular polarization charges for particles in close contact are explained and evaluated for both dielectric and conducting spheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Qin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford 94305, USA.
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80
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Bajaj P, Richardson JO, Paesani F. Ion-mediated hydrogen-bond rearrangement through tunnelling in the iodide–dihydrate complex. Nat Chem 2019; 11:367-374. [DOI: 10.1038/s41557-019-0220-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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81
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Fan H, Wenyika Masaya T, Goulay F. Effect of surface-bulk partitioning on the heterogeneous oxidation of aqueous saccharide aerosols. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:2992-3001. [PMID: 30672531 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp06785f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The OH-initiated heterogeneous oxidation of mixed saccharide aqueous aerosols is investigated using an atmospheric-pressure flow tube coupled to off-line analysis of the particle composition. For equimolar monosaccharide/disaccharide aqueous aerosol mixtures, the decay of the disaccharide is found to be significantly slower than that of the monosaccharide. Molecular dynamics simulations of the mixed aqueous solutions reveal the formation of a ∼10 Å disaccharide exclusion layer below the water surface. A simple chemical model is developed to discuss the possible effect of the disaccharide surface partitioning on the heterogeneous kinetics. The observed decays are consistent with a poor spatial overlap of the OH radical at the interface with the disaccharide in the particle bulk. The effect of partitioning on the heterogeneous oxidation of atmospheric organic aerosols is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyu Fan
- Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, USA.
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82
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Seo S, Girard M, de la Cruz MO, Mirkin CA. The Importance of Salt-Enhanced Electrostatic Repulsion in Colloidal Crystal Engineering with DNA. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2019; 5:186-191. [PMID: 30693337 PMCID: PMC6346395 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.8b00826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Realizing functional colloidal single crystals requires precise control over nanoparticles in three dimensions across multiple size regimes. In this regard, colloidal crystallization with programmable atom equivalents (PAEs) composed of DNA-modified nanoparticles allows one to program in a sequence-specific manner crystal symmetry, lattice parameter, and, in certain cases, crystal habit. Here, we explore how salt and the electrostatic properties of DNA regulate the attachment kinetics between PAEs. Counterintuitively, simulations and theory show that at high salt concentrations (1 M NaCl), the energy barrier for crystal growth increases by over an order of magnitude compared to low concentration (0.3 M), resulting in a transition from interface-limited to diffusion-limited crystal growth at larger crystal sizes. Remarkably, at elevated salt concentrations, well-formed rhombic dodecahedron-shaped microcrystals up to 21 μm in size grow, whereas at low salt concentration, the crystal size typically does not exceed 2 μm. Simulations show an increased barrier to hybridization between complementary PAEs at elevated salt concentrations. Therefore, although one might intuitively conclude that higher salt concentration would lead to less electrostatic repulsion and faster PAE-to-PAE hybridization kinetics, the opposite is the case, especially at larger inter-PAE distances. These observations provide important insight into how solution ionic strength can be used to control the attachment kinetics of nanoparticles coated with charged polymeric materials in general and DNA in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyoung
E. Seo
- Departments
of Chemistry and Materials Science and Engineering, International Institute
for Nanotechnology, and Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Martin Girard
- Departments
of Chemistry and Materials Science and Engineering, International Institute
for Nanotechnology, and Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Monica Olvera de la Cruz
- Departments
of Chemistry and Materials Science and Engineering, International Institute
for Nanotechnology, and Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- (M.O.C.) E-mail:
| | - Chad A. Mirkin
- Departments
of Chemistry and Materials Science and Engineering, International Institute
for Nanotechnology, and Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- (C.A.M.) E-mail:
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83
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Daub CD, Hänninen V, Halonen L. Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Simulations of the Influence of Lithium Bromide on the Structure of the Aqueous Solution-Air Interface. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:729-737. [PMID: 30605330 PMCID: PMC6727360 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b10552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
We
present the results of ab initio molecular dynamics simulations
of the solution–air interface of aqueous lithium bromide (LiBr).
We find that, in agreement with the experimental data and previous
simulation results with empirical polarizable force field models,
Br– anions prefer to accumulate just below the first
molecular water layer near the interface, whereas Li+ cations
remain deeply buried several molecular layers from the interface,
even at very high concentration. The separation of ions has a profound
effect on the average orientation of water molecules in the vicinity
of the interface. We also find that the hydration number of Li+ cations in the center of the slab Nc,Li+–H2O ≈ 4.7 ±
0.3, regardless of the salt concentration. This estimate is consistent
with the recent experimental neutron scattering data, confirming that
results from nonpolarizable empirical models, which consistently predict
tetrahedral coordination of Li+ to four solvent molecules,
are incorrect. Consequently, disruption of the hydrogen bond network
caused by Li+ may be overestimated in nonpolarizable empirical
models. Overall, our results suggest that empirical models, in particular
nonpolarizable models, may not capture all of the properties of the
solution–air interface necessary to fully understand the interfacial
chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Daub
- Department of Chemistry , University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 55, Helsinki 00014 , Finland
| | - Vesa Hänninen
- Department of Chemistry , University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 55, Helsinki 00014 , Finland
| | - Lauri Halonen
- Department of Chemistry , University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 55, Helsinki 00014 , Finland
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84
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Kazmierczak L, Wolszczak M, Swiatla-Wojcik D. Ionic-Equilibrium-Based Mechanism of •OH Conversion to Dichloride Radical Anion in Aqueous Acidic Solutions by Kinetic and Theoretical Studies. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:528-533. [PMID: 30614689 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b10452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new mechanism for the dichloride radical anion (Cl2•-) formation in diluted acidic chloride solutions is proposed on the grounds of pulse radiolysis measurements of the optical absorption growth at 340 nm and the density functional theory and Hartree-Fock computations. We show that the rate of •OH conversion into Cl2•- is determined by the equilibrium concentration of the ionic pair H3O+·Cl-. According to the proposed mechanism, the diffusional encounter of •OH and H3O+·Cl- is followed by fast concerted charge/proton transfer ( k(25 °C) = 6.2 × 1012 s-1) to yield Cl•, which then reacts with Cl- to produce Cl2•-. The mechanism has been confirmed by the observed first-order growth of the Cl2•- absorption and a direct proportionality of the rate constant to the activities of H3O+ and Cl- ions. The salt effect on the rate of Cl2•- formation is due to the ionic strength effect on the equilibrium H3O+ + Cl- ⇄ H3O+·Cl-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Kazmierczak
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry , Lodz University of Technology , Zeromskiego 116 , 90-924 Lodz , Poland
| | - Marian Wolszczak
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry , Lodz University of Technology , Zeromskiego 116 , 90-924 Lodz , Poland
| | - Dorota Swiatla-Wojcik
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry , Lodz University of Technology , Zeromskiego 116 , 90-924 Lodz , Poland
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85
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Blackshaw KJ, Varmecky MG, Patterson JD. Interfacial Structure and Partitioning of Nitrate Ions in Reverse Micelles. J Phys Chem A 2018; 123:336-342. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b09751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Jacob Blackshaw
- Department of Molecular Biology and Chemistry, Christopher Newport University, Newport News, Virginia 23606, United States
| | - Meredith G. Varmecky
- Department of Molecular Biology and Chemistry, Christopher Newport University, Newport News, Virginia 23606, United States
| | - Joshua D. Patterson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Chemistry, Christopher Newport University, Newport News, Virginia 23606, United States
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86
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Spectroscopic BIL-SFG Invariance Hides the Chaotropic Effect of Protons at the Air-Water Interface. ATMOSPHERE 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos9100396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The knowledge of the water structure at the interface with the air in acidic pH conditions is of utmost importance for chemistry in the atmosphere. We shed light on the acidic air-water (AW) interfacial structure by DFT-MD simulations of the interface containing one hydronium ion coupled with theoretical SFG (Sum Frequency Generation) spectroscopy. The interpretation of SFG spectra at charged interfaces requires a deconvolution of the signal into BIL (Binding Interfacial Layer) and DL (Diffuse Layer) SFG contributions, which is achieved here, and hence reveals that even though H 3 O + has a chaotropic effect on the BIL water structure (by weakening the 2D-HBond-Network observed at the neat air-water interface) it has no direct probing in SFG spectroscopy. The changes observed experimentally in the SFG of the acidic AW interface from the SFG at the neat AW are shown here to be solely due to the DL-SFG contribution to the spectroscopy. Such BIL-SFG and DL-SFG deconvolution rationalizes the experimental SFG data in the literature, while the hydronium chaotropic effect on the water 2D-HBond-Network in the BIL can be put in perspective of the decrease in surface tension at acidic AW interfaces.
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87
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Wang Y, Sinha S, Desai PR, Jing H, Das S. Ion at Air-Water Interface Enhances Capillary Wave Fluctuations: Energetics of Ion Adsorption. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:12853-12861. [PMID: 30221515 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b06205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent simulations provide the energetics of ion adsorption at the air-water (a/w) interface: The presence of the ion at the interface suppresses the fluctuations of the capillary waves (CWs) reducing the entropy and displaces the weakly interacting water molecules to the bulk causing a reduction in the enthalpy. Here, we provide atomistic simulation-based evidence that the inferences of the existing studies stem from considering a small simulation volume that pins the CWs. For an appropriate size of the simulation system, an ion at the a/w interface enhances the CW fluctuations. Furthermore, we discover that the characteristics of the waves governing these enhanced CW fluctuations ensure a significant decrease in the pressure-volume work causing the enthalpy decrease, while the same wave characteristics of the CWs become responsible for an entropy decrease. Overall, the paper revisits the free energy picture of this fundamental problem of ion adsorption at the a/w interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbin Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - Shayandev Sinha
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - Parth Rakesh Desai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - Haoyuan Jing
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - Siddhartha Das
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
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88
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Zhang K, Parker KM. Halogen Radical Oxidants in Natural and Engineered Aquatic Systems. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:9579-9594. [PMID: 30080407 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b02219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Photochemical reactions contribute to the transformation of contaminants and biogeochemically important substrates in environmental aquatic systems. Recent research has demonstrated that halogen radicals (e.g., Cl•, Br•, Cl2•-, BrCl•-, Br2•-) impact photochemical processes in sunlit estuarine and coastal waters rich in halides (e.g., chloride, Cl-, and bromide, Br-). In addition, halogen radicals participate in contaminant degradation in some engineered processes, including chlorine photolysis for drinking water treatment and several radical-based processes for brine and wastewater treatment. Halogen radicals react selectively with substrates (with bimolecular rate constants spanning several orders of magnitude) and via several potential chemical mechanisms. Consequently, their role in photochemical processes remains challenging to assess. This review presents an integrative analysis of the chemistry of halogen radicals and their contribution to aquatic photochemistry in sunlit surface waters and engineered treatment systems. We evaluate existing data on the generation, speciation, and reactivity of halogen radicals, as well as experimental and computational approaches used to obtain this data. By evaluating existing data and identifying major uncertainties, this review provides a basis to assess the impact of halogen radicals on photochemical processes in both saline surface waters and engineered treatment systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zhang
- Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering , Washington University in St. Louis , Brauer Hall, 1 Brookings Dr. , St Louis , Missouri 63130 , United States
| | - Kimberly M Parker
- Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering , Washington University in St. Louis , Brauer Hall, 1 Brookings Dr. , St Louis , Missouri 63130 , United States
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89
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Ma F, Ding Z, Elm J, Xie HB, Yu Q, Liu C, Li C, Fu Z, Zhang L, Chen J. Atmospheric Oxidation of Piperazine Initiated by ·Cl: Unexpected High Nitrosamine Yield. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:9801-9809. [PMID: 30063348 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b02510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine radicals (·Cl) initiated amine oxidation plays an important role for the formation of carcinogenic nitrosamine in the atmosphere. Piperazine (PZ) is considered as a potential atmospheric pollutant since it is an alternative solvent to monoethanolamine (MEA), a benchmark solvent in a leading CO2 capture technology. Here, we employed quantum chemical methods and kinetics modeling to investigate ·Cl-initiated atmospheric oxidation of PZ, particularly concerning the potential of PZ to form nitrosamine compared to MEA. Results showed that the ·Cl-initiated PZ reaction exclusively leads to N-center radicals (PZ-N) that mainly react with NO to produce nitrosamine in their further reaction with O2/NO. Together with the PZ + ·OH reaction, the PZ-N yield from PZ oxidation is still lower than that of the corresponding MEA reactions. However, the nitrosamine yield of PZ is higher than the reported value for MEA when [NO] is <5 ppb, a concentration commonly encountered in a polluted urban atmosphere. The unexpected high nitrosamine yield from PZ compared to MEA results from a more favorable reaction of N-center radicals with NO compared to O2. These findings show that the yield of N-center radicals cannot directly be used as a metric for the yield of the corresponding carcinogenic nitrosamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , China
| | - Zhezheng Ding
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , China
| | - Jonas Elm
- Department of Chemistry and Climate , Aarhus University , Aarhus 8000 , Denmark
| | - Hong-Bin Xie
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , China
| | - Qi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , China
| | - Cong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , China
| | - Chao Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, School of Environment , Northeast Normal University , Changchun 130117 , China
| | - Zhiqiang Fu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , China
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , China
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90
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Serva A, Pezzotti S, Bougueroua S, Galimberti DR, Gaigeot MP. Combining ab-initio and classical molecular dynamics simulations to unravel the structure of the 2D-HB-network at the air-water interface. J Mol Struct 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2018.03.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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91
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Schiffer JM, Luo M, Dommer AC, Thoron G, Pendergraft M, Santander MV, Lucero D, Pecora de Barros E, Prather KA, Grassian VH, Amaro RE. Impacts of Lipase Enzyme on the Surface Properties of Marine Aerosols. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:3839-3849. [PMID: 29916254 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b01363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Triacylglycerol lipases have recently been shown to be transferred from the ocean to the atmosphere in atmospheric sea spray aerosol (SSA). Lipases have the potential to alter the composition of SSA; however, the structure and properties of enzymes in the high salt, high ionic strength, and low pH conditions found in SSA have never been explored. Here, we study the dynamics of Burkholderia cepacia triacylglycerol lipase (BCL) at SSA model surfaces comprised of palmitic acid and dipalmitoylphosphatidic acid (DPPA), two commonly found lipids at SSA surfaces. Surface adsorption Langmuir isotherm experiments and all-atom explicit solvent molecular dynamics simulations together illuminate how and why BCL expands the ordering of lipids at palmitic acid surfaces the most at pH < 4 and the least in DPPA surfaces at pH 6. Taken together, these results represent a first glimpse into the complex interplay between lipid surface structure and protein dynamics within enzyme-containing aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Schiffer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive , La Jolla , California 92093-0378 , United States
| | - M Luo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive , La Jolla , California 92093-0378 , United States
| | - A C Dommer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive , La Jolla , California 92093-0378 , United States
| | - G Thoron
- San Diego Met High School , 7250 Mesa College Drive, Room K203 , San Diego , California 92111 , United States
| | - M Pendergraft
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - M V Santander
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive , La Jolla , California 92093-0378 , United States
| | - D Lucero
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - E Pecora de Barros
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive , La Jolla , California 92093-0378 , United States
| | - K A Prather
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive , La Jolla , California 92093-0378 , United States
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - V H Grassian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive , La Jolla , California 92093-0378 , United States
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
- Department of Nanoengineering , University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive , La Jolla , California 92093-0378 , United States
| | - R E Amaro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive , La Jolla , California 92093-0378 , United States
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92
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Sakamoto Y, Zhou J, Kohno N, Nakagawa M, Hirokawa J, Kajii Y. Kinetics Study of OH Uptake onto Deliquesced NaCl Particles by Combining Laser Photolysis and Laser-Induced Fluorescence. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:4115-4119. [PMID: 29979879 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b01725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite the role of hydroxyl radical (OH) uptake onto sea-salt particles as a daytime chlorine source, affecting the chemical processes in the marine boundary layer, its uptake coefficient has not yet been confirmed by direct measurement methods. This study reports the application of a combination technique of laser flash photolysis generation and laser-induced fluorescence detection for the direct kinetic measurement of OH uptake onto deliquesced NaCl particles. The uptake coefficient was not constant and inversely depended on the initial OH concentration, indicating that the first uptake step is Langmuir-type adsorption. The resistance model, including surface processes, well reproduced the observed uptake coefficient. The model predicted an uptake coefficient for the atmospheric relevant OH concentration within the range from 0.77 to 0.95. Such values may lead to emissions of Cl2 higher than those predicted in previous studies based on other values. Hence, the proposed value may provide more reliable estimations of ozone formation, oxidation of volatile organic compounds, secondary organic aerosol formation, and lifetime of methane and elemental mercury in the marine boundary layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Sakamoto
- Center for Regional Environmental Research , National Institute for Environmental Studies , Ibaraki 305-8506 , Japan
| | | | | | | | - Jun Hirokawa
- Faculty of Environmental Earth Science , Hokkaido University , Sapporo 060-0810 , Japan
| | - Yoshizumi Kajii
- Center for Regional Environmental Research , National Institute for Environmental Studies , Ibaraki 305-8506 , Japan
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93
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Cox SJ, Geissler PL. Interfacial ion solvation: Obtaining the thermodynamic limit from molecular simulations. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:222823. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5020563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J. Cox
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Phillip L. Geissler
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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94
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Faxon CB, Dhulipala SV, Allen DT, Hildebrandt Ruiz L. Heterogeneous production of Cl2
from particulate chloride: Effects of composition and relative humidity. AIChE J 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.16204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cameron B. Faxon
- McKetta Dept. of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin; M/C 27100, 10100 Burnet Road, Austin TX 78758
| | - Surya Venkatesh Dhulipala
- McKetta Dept. of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin; M/C 27100, 10100 Burnet Road, Austin TX 78758
| | - David T. Allen
- McKetta Dept. of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin; M/C 27100, 10100 Burnet Road, Austin TX 78758
| | - Lea Hildebrandt Ruiz
- McKetta Dept. of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin; M/C 27100, 10100 Burnet Road, Austin TX 78758
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95
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Mattei C, Wortham H, Quivet E. Heterogeneous atmospheric degradation of pesticides by ozone: Influence of relative humidity and particle type. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 625:1544-1553. [PMID: 29996451 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In the atmosphere pesticides can be adsorbed on the surface of particles, depending on their physico-chemical properties. They can react with atmospheric oxidants such as ozone but parameters influencing the degradation kinetics are not clear enough. In this study the heterogeneous ozonolysis of eight commonly used pesticides (i.e., difenoconazole, tetraconazole, cyprodinil, fipronil, oxadiazon, pendimethalin, deltamethrin, and permethrin) adsorbed on hydrophobic and hydrophilic silicas, and Arizona dust at relative humidity ranging from 0% to 80% was investigated. Under experimental conditions, only cyprodinil, deltamethrin, permethrin and pendimethalin were degraded by ozone. Second-order kinetic constants calculated for the pesticides degraded by ozone ranged from (4.7 ± 0.4) × 10-20 cm3 molecule-1 s-1 (pendimethalin, hydrophobic silica, 55% RH) to (2.3 ± 0.4) × 10-17 cm3 molecule-1 s-1 (cyprodinil, Arizona dust, 0% RH). Results obtained can contribute to a better understanding of the atmospheric fate of pesticides in the particulate phase and show the importance of taking humidity and particle type into account for the determination of pesticides atmospheric half-lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coraline Mattei
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCE, Marseille, France; French Environment and Energy Management Agency 20, avenue du Grésillé, BP 90406, 49004 Angers Cedex 01, France
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96
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Pezzotti S, Serva A, Gaigeot MP. 2D-HB-Network at the air-water interface: A structural and dynamical characterization by means of ab initio and classical molecular dynamics simulations. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:174701. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5018096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Pezzotti
- Laboratoire Analyse et Modélisation pour la Biologie et l’Environnement, LAMBE CNRS UMR8587, Université d’Evry val d’Essonne, Blvd. F. Mitterrand, Bat Maupertuis, 91025 Evry, France and Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Alessandra Serva
- Laboratoire Analyse et Modélisation pour la Biologie et l’Environnement, LAMBE CNRS UMR8587, Université d’Evry val d’Essonne, Blvd. F. Mitterrand, Bat Maupertuis, 91025 Evry, France and Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Gaigeot
- Laboratoire Analyse et Modélisation pour la Biologie et l’Environnement, LAMBE CNRS UMR8587, Université d’Evry val d’Essonne, Blvd. F. Mitterrand, Bat Maupertuis, 91025 Evry, France and Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
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97
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Chen J, Hu Q, Fang L, He D, Chen X, Xie L, Chen B, Li X, Ni X, Fan C, Liang A. In situ high-pressure measurement of crystal solubility by using neutron diffraction. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:053906. [PMID: 29864828 DOI: 10.1063/1.5021317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Crystal solubility is one of the most important thermo-physical properties and plays a key role in industrial applications, fundamental science, and geoscientific research. However, high-pressure in situ measurements of crystal solubility remain very challenging. Here, we present a method involving high-pressure neutron diffraction for making high-precision in situ measurements of crystal solubility as a function of pressure over a wide range of pressures. For these experiments, we designed a piston-cylinder cell with a large chamber volume for high-pressure neutron diffraction. The solution pressures are continuously monitored in situ based on the equation of state of the sample crystal. The solubility at a high pressure can be obtained by applying a Rietveld quantitative multiphase analysis. To evaluate the proposed method, we measured the high-pressure solubility of NaCl in water up to 610 MPa. At a low pressure, the results are consistent with the previous results measured ex situ. At a higher pressure, more reliable data could be provided by using an in situ high-pressure neutron diffraction method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Chen
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Qiwei Hu
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Leiming Fang
- Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Duanwei He
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Xiping Chen
- Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Lei Xie
- Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Xin Li
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Xiaolin Ni
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Cong Fan
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Akun Liang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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98
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Mallory JD, Mandelshtam VA. Nuclear Quantum Effects and Thermodynamic Properties for Small (H2O)1–21X– Clusters (X– = F–, Cl–, Br–, I–). J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:4167-4180. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b00917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joel D. Mallory
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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99
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Experimentally quantifying anion polarizability at the air/water interface. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1313. [PMID: 29615604 PMCID: PMC5882839 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03598-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The adsorption of large, polarizable anions from aqueous solution on the air/water interface controls important atmospheric chemistry and is thought to resemble anion adsorption at hydrophobic interfaces generally. While the favourability of adsorption of such ions is clear, quantifying adsorption thermodynamics has proven challenging because it requires accurate description of the structure of the anion and its solvation shell at the interface. In principle anion polarizability offers a structural window, but to the best of our knowledge there has so far been no experimental technique that allowed its characterization with interfacial specificity. Here, we meet this challenge using interface-specific vibrational spectroscopy of Cl–O vibrations of the \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\mathrm{ClO}}_4^ -$$\end{document}ClO4- anion at the air/water interface and report that the interface breaks the symmetry of the anion, the anisotropy of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\mathrm{ClO}}_4^ -$$\end{document}ClO4-’s polarizability tensor is more than two times larger than in bulk water and concentration dependent, and concentration-dependent polarizability changes are consistent with correlated changes in surface tension. Understanding anion-specific interactions with hydrophobic interfaces is challenging due to an absence of local structural probes. Here, the authors experimentally quantify the anisotropy of perchlorate’s polarizability at the air/water interface, a window into anion and solvation shell structure.
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Kumar M, Zhong J, Zeng XC, Francisco JS. Reaction of Criegee Intermediate with Nitric Acid at the Air-Water Interface. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:4913-4921. [PMID: 29564890 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b01191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The role of aqueous surfaces in promoting atmospheric chemistry is increasingly being recognized. However, the bimolecular chemistries of Criegee intermediates, which influence the tropospheric budget of OH radicals, organic acids, hydroperoxides, nitrates, sulfates, and particulate material, remain less explored on an aqueous surface. Herein we have employed Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics simulations and two-layer ONIOM (QM:MM) in an electronic embedding scheme to study the reaction and the spectroscopic signal of anti-CH3CHOO with nitric acid (HNO3) at the air-water interface, which is expected to be an important reaction in polluted urban environments. The results reveal that on the water surface, the HNO3-mediated hydration of anti-CH3CHOO is the most dominant pathway, whereas the traditionally believed direct reaction between anti-CH3CHOO and HNO3, which results in the formation of nitrooxyethyl hydroperoxide, is only the minor channel. Both reaction pathways follow a stepwise mechanism at the air-water interface and occur on the picosecond time scale. These new reactions are expected to be relevant in the hazy environments of globally polluted urban regions where nitrates and sulfates are abundantly present. During the hazy period, the high relative humidity and the presence of fog droplets may favor the HNO3-mediated Criegee hydration over the nitrooxyethyl hydroperoxide forming reaction. A similar reaction mechanism with Criegee intermediates could be expected on the water surface for organic acids, which possess HNO3-like functionalities, and may play a role in improving our knowledge of the organic acid budget in the terrestrial equatorial regions and high northern latitudes. The ONIOM calculations suggest that the N-O stretching bands around 1600-1200 cm-1 and NO2 bending band around 750 cm-1 in nitrooxyethyl hydroperoxide could be used as spectroscopic markers for distinguishing it from hydrooxyethyl hydroperoxide on the water surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar
- Department of Chemistry , University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Lincoln , Nebraska 68588 , United States
| | - Jie Zhong
- Department of Chemistry , University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Lincoln , Nebraska 68588 , United States
| | - Xiao Cheng Zeng
- Department of Chemistry , University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Lincoln , Nebraska 68588 , United States.,Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering and Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering , University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Lincoln , Nebraska 68588 , United States.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , China
| | - Joseph S Francisco
- Department of Chemistry , University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Lincoln , Nebraska 68588 , United States
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