51
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Shrestha M, Luo M, Li Y, Xiang B, Xiong W, Grassian VH. Let there be light: stability of palmitic acid monolayers at the air/salt water interface in the presence and absence of simulated solar light and a photosensitizer. Chem Sci 2018; 9:5716-5723. [PMID: 30079180 PMCID: PMC6050592 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc01957f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-chain fatty acid monolayers are known surfactants present at air/water interfaces. However, little is known about the stability of these long-chain fatty acid monolayers in the presence of solar radiation. Here we have investigated, for the first time, the stability of palmitic acid monolayers on salt water interfaces in the presence and absence of simulated solar light with and without a photosensitizer in the underlying salt subphase. Using surface sensitive probes to measure changes in the properties of these monolayers upon irradiation, we found that the monolayers become less stable in the presence of light and a photosensitizer, in this case humic acid, in the salt solution. The presence of the photosensitizer is essential in significantly reducing the stability of the monolayer upon irradiation. The mechanism for this loss of stability is due to interfacial photochemistry involving electronically excited humic acid and molecular oxygen reacting with palmitic acid at the interface to form more oxygenated and less surface-active species. These oxygenated species can then more readily partition into the underlying solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Shrestha
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry , University of California , La Jolla , San Diego , CA 92093 , USA .
| | - Man Luo
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry , University of California , La Jolla , San Diego , CA 92093 , USA .
| | - Yingmin Li
- Materials Science and Engineering Program , University of California , La Jolla , San Diego , CA 92093 , USA
| | - Bo Xiang
- Materials Science and Engineering Program , University of California , La Jolla , San Diego , CA 92093 , USA
| | - Wei Xiong
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry , University of California , La Jolla , San Diego , CA 92093 , USA .
- Materials Science and Engineering Program , University of California , La Jolla , San Diego , CA 92093 , USA
| | - Vicki H Grassian
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry , University of California , La Jolla , San Diego , CA 92093 , USA .
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography , University of California , La Jolla , San Diego , CA 92093 , USA
- Department of Nanoengineering , University of California , La Jolla , San Diego , CA 92093 , USA
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52
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Qiu J, Ishizuka S, Tonokura K, Enami S. Reactions of Criegee Intermediates with Benzoic Acid at the Gas/Liquid Interface. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:6303-6310. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b04995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junting Qiu
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa 277-8563, Japan
| | - Shinnosuke Ishizuka
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | - Kenichi Tonokura
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa 277-8563, Japan
| | - Shinichi Enami
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
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53
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Does Marine Surface Tension Have Global Biogeography? Addition for the OCEANFILMS Package. ATMOSPHERE 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos9060216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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54
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Interfacial photochemistry at the ocean surface is a global source of organic vapors and aerosols. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2101. [PMID: 29844311 PMCID: PMC5974316 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04528-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The surface of the oceans acts as a global sink and source for trace gases and aerosol particles. Recent studies suggest that photochemical reactions at this air/water interface produce organic vapors, enhancing particle formation in the atmosphere. However, current model calculations neglect this abiotic source of reactive compounds and account only for biological emissions. Here we show that interfacial photochemistry serves as a major abiotic source of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) on a global scale, capable to compete with emissions from marine biology. Our results indicate global emissions of 23.2–91.9 TgC yr–1 of organic vapors from the oceans into the marine atmosphere and a potential contribution to organic aerosol mass of more than 60% over the remote ocean. Moreover, we provide global distributions of VOC formation potentials, which can be used as simple tools for field studies to estimate photochemical VOC emissions depending on location and season. Volatile organic compounds are photochemically produced in the ocean surface microlayer, but estimates are missing. Here the authors combine experiments and observations to quantify photochemical emissions of volatile organic compounds and show that they are comparable to biological production.
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55
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Rapf R, Perkins RJ, Dooley MR, Kroll JA, Carpenter BK, Vaida V. Environmental Processing of Lipids Driven by Aqueous Photochemistry of α-Keto Acids. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2018; 4:624-630. [PMID: 29806009 PMCID: PMC5968514 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.8b00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Sunlight can initiate photochemical reactions of organic molecules though direct photolysis, photosensitization, and indirect processes, often leading to complex radical chemistry that can increase molecular complexity in the environment. α-Keto acids act as photoinitiators for organic species that are not themselves photoactive. Here, we demonstrate this capability through the reaction of two α-keto acids, pyruvic acid and 2-oxooctanoic acid, with a series of fatty acids and fatty alcohols. We show for five different cases that a cross-product between the photoinitiated α-keto acid and non-photoactive species is formed during photolysis in aqueous solution. Fatty acids and alcohols are relatively unreactive species, which suggests that α-keto acids are able to act as radical initiators for many atmospherically relevant molecules found in the sea surface microlayer and on atmospheric aerosol particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca
J. Rapf
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research
in Environmental Sciences, University of
Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Russell J. Perkins
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research
in Environmental Sciences, University of
Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Michael R. Dooley
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research
in Environmental Sciences, University of
Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Jay A. Kroll
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research
in Environmental Sciences, University of
Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Barry K. Carpenter
- School
of Chemistry and the Physical Organic Chemistry Centre, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United
Kingdom
| | - Veronica Vaida
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research
in Environmental Sciences, University of
Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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56
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Kaur R, Anastasio C. First Measurements of Organic Triplet Excited States in Atmospheric Waters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:5218-5226. [PMID: 29611699 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b06699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Photooxidants chemically transform organic compounds in atmospheric drops and particles. Photooxidants such as hydroxyl radical (•OH) and singlet molecular oxygen (1O2*) have been characterized in cloud and fog drops, but there are no measurements of the triplet excited states of organic matter (3C*). These "triplets", which are formed from excitation of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM), i.e., brown carbon, are difficult to measure because they are a mixture of species instead of a single entity. Here, we use a two-probe technique to measure the steady-state concentrations, rates of photoformation, and quantum yields of oxidizing triplet states during simulated-sunlight illumination of bulk fog waters. Concentrations of 3C* are (0.70-15) × 10-14 M with an average (±σ) value of 5.0 (±5.1) × 10-14 M. The average 3C* photoformation rate is 130 (±130) μM h-1, while the average quantum yield is 3.7 (±4.5)%. Based on our previous measurements of •OH and 1O2* in the same fog samples, the ratio of the steady-state concentrations for 1O2*:3C*:•OH is approximately 3:1:0.04, respectively. At our measured concentrations, triplet excited states can be the dominant aqueous oxidants for organic compounds such as phenols from biomass combustion.
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57
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Li W, Pak CY, Tse YLS. Free energy study of H2O, N2O5, SO2, and O3 gas sorption by water droplets/slabs. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:164706. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5022389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Li
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi Yuen Pak
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ying-Lung Steve Tse
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
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58
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Abstract
This review aims to encapsulate the importance, ubiquity, and complexity of indoor chemistry. We discuss the many sources of indoor air pollutants and summarize their chemical reactions in the air and on surfaces. We also summarize some of the known impacts of human occupants, who act as sources and sinks of indoor chemicals, and whose activities (e.g., cooking, cleaning, smoking) can lead to extremely high pollutant concentrations. As we begin to use increasingly sensitive and selective instrumentation indoors, we are learning more about chemistry in this relatively understudied environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Weschler
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute , Rutgers University , Piscataway , New Jersey 08854 , United States
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering , Technical University of Denmark , Lyngby , Denmark
| | - Nicola Carslaw
- Environment Department , University of York , York , North Yorkshire YO10 5NG , U.K
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59
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Laskin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Alexander Laskin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Sergey A Nizkorodov
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
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60
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Xiao P, Yang JJ, Fang WH, Cui G. QM/MM studies on ozonolysis of α-humulene and Criegee reactions with acids and water at air–water/acetonitrile interfaces. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:16138-16150. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp01750f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
QM/MM electronic structure calculations reveal important mechanistic insights on the ozonolysis of α-humulene and Criegee reactions with acids and water at air–water/acetonitrile interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing 100875
| | - Jia-Jia Yang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing 100875
| | - Wei-Hai Fang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing 100875
| | - Ganglong Cui
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing 100875
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61
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Interfacial curvature effects on the monolayer morphology and dynamics of a clinical lung surfactant. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 115:E134-E143. [PMID: 29279405 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1715830115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The morphology of surfactant monolayers is typically studied on the planar surface of a Langmuir trough, even though most physiological interfaces are curved at the micrometer scale. Here, we show that, as the radius of a clinical lung surfactant monolayer-covered bubble decreases to ∼100 µm, the monolayer morphology changes from dispersed circular liquid-condensed (LC) domains in a continuous liquid-expanded (LE) matrix to a continuous LC linear mesh separating discontinuous LE domains. The curvature-associated morphological transition cannot be readily explained by current liquid crystal theories based on isotropic domains. It is likely due to the anisotropic bending energy of the LC phase of the saturated phospholipids that are common to all natural and clinical lung surfactants. This continuous LC linear mesh morphology is also present on bilayer vesicles in solution. Surfactant adsorption and the dilatational modulus are also strongly influenced by the changes in morphology induced by interfacial curvature. The changes in morphology and dynamics may have physiological consequences for lung stability and function as the morphological transition occurs at alveolar dimensions.
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62
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Bzdek BR, Reid JP. Perspective: Aerosol microphysics: From molecules to the chemical physics of aerosols. J Chem Phys 2017; 147:220901. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5002641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan R. Bzdek
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS,
United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan P. Reid
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS,
United Kingdom
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63
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Rapf RJ, Dooley MR, Kappes K, Perkins RJ, Vaida V. pH Dependence of the Aqueous Photochemistry of α-Keto Acids. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:8368-8379. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b08192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J. Rapf
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental
Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Michael R. Dooley
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental
Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Keaten Kappes
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental
Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Russell J. Perkins
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental
Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Veronica Vaida
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental
Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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64
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Yuan B, Koss AR, Warneke C, Coggon M, Sekimoto K, de Gouw JA. Proton-Transfer-Reaction Mass Spectrometry: Applications in Atmospheric Sciences. Chem Rev 2017; 117:13187-13229. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yuan
- Institute
for Environment and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Chemical
Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative
Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Laboratory
of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Abigail R. Koss
- Chemical
Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative
Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Carsten Warneke
- Chemical
Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative
Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Matthew Coggon
- Chemical
Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative
Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Kanako Sekimoto
- Chemical
Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Graduate
School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0027, Japan
| | - Joost A. de Gouw
- Cooperative
Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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65
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Fatty Acid Surfactant Photochemistry Results in New Particle Formation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12693. [PMID: 28978998 PMCID: PMC5627235 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12601-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic interfaces that exist at the sea surface microlayer or as surfactant coatings on cloud droplets are highly concentrated and chemically distinct from the underlying bulk or overlying gas phase. Therefore, they may be potentially unique locations for chemical or photochemical reactions. Recently, photochemical production of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was reported at a nonanoic acid interface however, subsequent secondary organic aerosol (SOA) particle production was incapable of being observed. We investigated SOA particle formation due to photochemical reactions occurring at an air-water interface in presence of model saturated long chain fatty acid and alcohol surfactants, nonanoic acid and nonanol, respectively. Ozonolysis of the gas phase photochemical products in the dark or under continued UV irradiation both resulted in nucleation and growth of SOA particles. Irradiation of nonanol did not yield detectable VOC or SOA production. Organic carbon functionalities of the SOA were probed using X-ray microspectroscopy and compared with other laboratory generated and field collected particles. Carbon-carbon double bonds were identified in the condensed phase which survived ozonolysis during new particle formation and growth. The implications of photochemical processes occurring at organic coated surfaces are discussed in the context of marine SOA particle atmospheric fluxes.
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66
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Grant JS, Shaw SK. A model system to mimic environmentally active surface film roughness and hydrophobicity. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 185:772-779. [PMID: 28735233 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.07.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This work presents the development and initial assessment of a laboratory platform to allow quantitative studies on model urban films. The platform consists of stearic acid and eicosane mixtures that are solution deposited from hexanes onto smooth, solid substrates. We show that this model has distinctive capabilities to better mimic a naturally occurring film's morphology and hydrophobicity, two important parameters that have not previously been incorporated into model film systems. The physical and chemical properties of the model films are assessed using a variety of analytical instruments. The film thickness and roughness are probed via atomic force microscopy while the film composition, wettability, and water uptake are analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, contact angle goniometry, and quartz crystal microbalance, respectively. Simulated environmental maturation is achieved by exposing the film to regulated amounts of UV/ozone. Ultimately, oxidation of the film is monitored by the analytical techniques mentioned above and proceeds as expected to produce a utile model film system. Including variable roughness and tunable surface coverage results in several key advantages over prior model systems, and will more accurately represent native urban film behavior.
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67
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Mungall EL, Abbatt JPD, Wentzell JJB, Lee AKY, Thomas JL, Blais M, Gosselin M, Miller LA, Papakyriakou T, Willis MD, Liggio J. Microlayer source of oxygenated volatile organic compounds in the summertime marine Arctic boundary layer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:6203-6208. [PMID: 28559340 PMCID: PMC5474767 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1620571114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Summertime Arctic shipboard observations of oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) such as organic acids, key precursors of climatically active secondary organic aerosol (SOA), are consistent with a novel source of OVOCs to the marine boundary layer via chemistry at the sea surface microlayer. Although this source has been studied in a laboratory setting, organic acid emissions from the sea surface microlayer have not previously been observed in ambient marine environments. Correlations between measurements of OVOCs, including high levels of formic acid, in the atmosphere (measured by an online high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometer) and dissolved organic matter in the ocean point to a marine source for the measured OVOCs. That this source is photomediated is indicated by correlations between the diurnal cycles of the OVOC measurements and solar radiation. In contrast, the OVOCs do not correlate with levels of isoprene, monoterpenes, or dimethyl sulfide. Results from box model calculations are consistent with heterogeneous chemistry as the source of the measured OVOCs. As sea ice retreats and dissolved organic carbon inputs to the Arctic increase, the impact of this source on the summer Arctic atmosphere is likely to increase. Globally, this source should be assessed in other marine environments to quantify its impact on OVOC and SOA burdens in the atmosphere, and ultimately on climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Mungall
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada ON M5S 3H6
| | - Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada ON M5S 3H6;
| | - Jeremy J B Wentzell
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada M3H 5T4
| | - Alex K Y Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576
| | - Jennie L Thomas
- Sorbonne Universités, Pierre and Marie Curie University, Université Versailles St-Quentin, CNRS, Institut National des Sciences de l'Univers, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, 75252 Paris, France
| | - Marjolaine Blais
- Institut des Sciences de la Mer de Rimouski (Québec-Océan), Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, QC, Canada G5L 3A1
| | - Michel Gosselin
- Institut des Sciences de la Mer de Rimouski (Québec-Océan), Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, QC, Canada G5L 3A1
| | - Lisa A Miller
- Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Sidney, BC, Canada V8L 4B2
| | - Tim Papakyriakou
- Centre for Earth Observation Science, Faculty of Environment, Earth and Resources, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3T 2N2
| | - Megan D Willis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada ON M5S 3H6
| | - John Liggio
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada M3H 5T4
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68
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Rapf RJ, Perkins RJ, Carpenter BK, Vaida V. Mechanistic Description of Photochemical Oligomer Formation from Aqueous Pyruvic Acid. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:4272-4282. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b03310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J. Rapf
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research
in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Russell J. Perkins
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research
in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Barry K. Carpenter
- School
of Chemistry and the Physical Organic Chemistry Centre, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Veronica Vaida
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research
in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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69
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Xiao P, Wang Q, Fang WH, Cui G. Quantum Chemical Investigation on Photochemical Reactions of Nonanoic Acids at Air-Water Interface. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:4253-4262. [PMID: 28513156 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b03123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Photoinduced chemical reactions of organic compounds at the marine boundary layer have recently attracted significant experimental attention because this kind of photoreactions has been proposed to have substantial impact on local new particle formation and their photoproducts could be a source of secondary organic aerosols. In this work, we have employed first-principles density functional theory method combined with cluster models to systematically explore photochemical reaction pathways of nonanoic acids (NAs) to form volatile saturated and unsaturated C9 and C8 aldehydes at air-water interfaces. On the basis of the results, we have found that the formation of C9 aldehydes is not initiated by intermolecular Norrish type II reaction between two NAs but by intramolecular T1 C-O bond fission of NA generating acyl and hydroxyl radicals. Subsequently, saturated C9 aldehydes are formed through hydrogenation reaction of acyl radical by another intact NA. Following two dehydrogenation reactions, unsaturated C9 aldehydes are generated. In parallel, the pathway to C8 aldehydes is initiated by T1 C-C bond fission of NA, which generates octyl and carboxyl radicals; then, an octanol is formed through recombination reaction of octyl with hydroxyl radical. In the following, two dehydrogenation reactions result into an enol intermediate from which saturated C8 aldehydes are produced via NA-assisted intermolecular hydrogen transfer. Finally, two dehydrogenation reactions generate unsaturated C8 aldehydes. In these reactions, water and NA molecules are found to play important roles. They significantly reduce relevant reaction barriers. Our work has also explored oxygenation reactions of NA with molecular oxygen and radical-radical dimerization reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875, China
| | - Wei-Hai Fang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875, China
| | - Ganglong Cui
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875, China
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70
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Rapf RJ, Perkins RJ, Yang H, Miyake GM, Carpenter BK, Vaida V. Photochemical Synthesis of Oligomeric Amphiphiles from Alkyl Oxoacids in Aqueous Environments. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:6946-6959. [PMID: 28481114 PMCID: PMC5518611 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b01707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aqueous phase photochemistry of a series of amphiphilic α-keto acids with differing linear alkyl chain lengths was investigated, demonstrating the ability of sunlight-initiated reactions to build molecular complexity under environmentally relevant conditions. We show that the photochemical reaction mechanisms for α-keto acids in aqueous solution are robust and generalizable across alkyl chain lengths. The organic radicals generated during photolysis are indiscriminate, leading to a large mixture of photoproducts that are observed using high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, but these products are identifiable following literature photochemical mechanisms. The alkyl oxoacids under study here can undergo a Norrish Type II reaction to generate pyruvic acid, increasing the diversity of observed photoproducts. The major products of this photochemistry are covalently bonded dimers and trimers of the starting oxoacids, many of which are multi-tailed lipids. The properties of these oligomers are discussed, including their spontaneous self-assembly into aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J. Rapf
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Russell J. Perkins
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Haishen Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Garret M. Miyake
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Barry K. Carpenter
- School of Chemistry and the Physical Organic Chemistry Centre, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Veronica Vaida
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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71
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Dong B, Almassalha LM, Soetikno BT, Chandler JE, Nguyen TQ, Urban BE, Sun C, Zhang HF, Backman V. Stochastic fluorescence switching of nucleic acids under visible light illumination. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:7929-7944. [PMID: 28380910 PMCID: PMC5810907 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.007929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We report detailed characterizations of stochastic fluorescence switching of unmodified nucleic acids under visible light illumination. Although the fluorescent emission from nucleic acids under the visible light illumination has long been overlooked due to their apparent low absorption cross section, our quantitative characterizations reveal the high quantum yield and high photon count in individual fluorescence emission events of nucleic acids at physiological concentrations. Owing to these characteristics, the stochastic fluorescence switching of nucleic acids could be comparable to that of some of the most potent exogenous fluorescence probes for localization-based super-resolution imaging. Therefore, utilizing the principle of single-molecule photon-localization microscopy, native nucleic acids could be ideal candidates for optical label-free super-resolution imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biqin Dong
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208,
USA
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208,
USA
| | - Luay M. Almassalha
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208,
USA
| | - Brian T. Soetikno
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208,
USA
| | - John E. Chandler
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208,
USA
| | - The-Quyen Nguyen
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208,
USA
| | - Ben E. Urban
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208,
USA
| | - Cheng Sun
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208,
USA
| | - Hao F. Zhang
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208,
USA
| | - Vadim Backman
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208,
USA
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72
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Grigas T, Ovadnevaite J, Ceburnis D, Moran E, McGovern FM, Jennings SG, O’Dowd C. Sophisticated Clean Air Strategies Required to Mitigate Against Particulate Organic Pollution. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44737. [PMID: 28303958 PMCID: PMC5356191 DOI: 10.1038/srep44737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the 1980's, measures mitigating the impact of transboundary air pollution have been implemented successfully as evidenced in the 1980-2014 record of atmospheric sulphur pollution over the NE-Atlantic, a key region for monitoring background northern-hemisphere pollution levels. The record reveals a 72-79% reduction in annual-average airborne sulphur pollution (SO4 and SO2, respectively) over the 35-year period. The NE-Atlantic, as observed from the Mace Head research station on the Irish coast, can be considered clean for 64% of the time during which sulphate dominates PM1 levels, contributing 42% of the mass, and for the remainder of the time, under polluted conditions, a carbonaceous (organic matter and Black Carbon) aerosol prevails, contributing 60% to 90% of the PM1 mass and exhibiting a trend whereby its contribution increases with increasing pollution levels. The carbonaceous aerosol is known to be diverse in source and nature and requires sophisticated air pollution policies underpinned by sophisticated characterisation and source apportionment capabilities to inform selective emissions-reduction strategies. Inauspiciously, however, this carbonaceous concoction is not measured in regulatory Air Quality networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Grigas
- School of Physics and Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - J. Ovadnevaite
- School of Physics and Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - D. Ceburnis
- School of Physics and Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - E. Moran
- Met Éireann Glasnevin, Dublin 9, D09 Y921, Ireland
| | - F. M. McGovern
- Environmental Protection Agency, Clonskeagh, Dublin 14, D14 YR62, Ireland.
| | - S. G. Jennings
- School of Physics and Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - C. O’Dowd
- School of Physics and Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
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73
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Li S, Du L, Wei Z, Wang W. Aqueous-phase aerosols on the air-water interface: Response of fatty acid Langmuir monolayers to atmospheric inorganic ions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 580:1155-1161. [PMID: 27989479 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric aerosol particles composed of a mixture of organic and inorganic compounds are common and constitute an important fraction of air pollutants. In this study, the activities of common atmospheric inorganic ions (Ag+, Zn2+, Fe3+, Fe2+, Ca2+ and Al3+) and fatty acid molecules (stearic acid and arachidic acid) at air-aqueous interface were investigated by Langmuir methods and infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy (IRRAS). In the presence of different inorganic ions, surface pressure-area isotherms of the Langmuir films showed compressed or expanded characteristics. IRRAS spectra confirmed that the existence of inorganic ions in the fatty acid monolayer changes the surface properties of aqueous-phase aerosols. Formation of different coordination types of carboxylates at the air-water interface alters the dissolution and partitioning behavior, which has significant influence of Raoult effect on nucleating cloud droplets. Our work displays the relationship between structure and surface properties for aqueous-phase aerosols and implies an efficient method for further understanding of their formation mechanism and potential atmospheric implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyang Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Shanda South Road 27, 250100, Shandong, China
| | - Lin Du
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Shanda South Road 27, 250100, Shandong, China.
| | - Zhongming Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Wenxing Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Shanda South Road 27, 250100, Shandong, China
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74
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Doane TA. A survey of photogeochemistry. GEOCHEMICAL TRANSACTIONS 2017; 18:1. [PMID: 28246525 PMCID: PMC5307419 DOI: 10.1186/s12932-017-0039-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The participation of sunlight in the natural chemistry of the earth is presented as a unique field of study, from historical observations to prospects for future inquiry. A compilation of known reactions shows the extent of light-driven interactions between naturally occurring components of land, air, and water, and provides the backdrop for an outline of the mechanisms of these phenomena. Catalyzed reactions, uncatalyzed reactions, direct processes, and indirect processes all operate in natural photochemical transformations, many of which are analogous to well-known biological reactions. By overlaying photochemistry and surface geochemistry, complementary approaches can be adopted to identify natural photochemical reactions and discern their significance in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A. Doane
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616-5270 USA
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75
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Brüggemann M, Hayeck N, Bonnineau C, Pesce S, Alpert PA, Perrier S, Zuth C, Hoffmann T, Chen J, George C. Interfacial photochemistry of biogenic surfactants: a major source of abiotic volatile organic compounds. Faraday Discuss 2017; 200:59-74. [DOI: 10.1039/c7fd00022g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Films of biogenic compounds exposed to the atmosphere are ubiquitously found on the surfaces of cloud droplets, aerosol particles, buildings, plants, soils and the ocean. These air/water interfaces host countless amphiphilic compounds concentrated there with respect to in bulk water, leading to a unique chemical environment. Here, photochemical processes at the air/water interface of biofilm-containing solutions were studied, demonstrating abiotic VOC production from authentic biogenic surfactants under ambient conditions. Using a combination of online-APCI-HRMS and PTR-ToF-MS, unsaturated and functionalized VOCs were identified and quantified, giving emission fluxes comparable to previous field and laboratory observations. Interestingly, VOC fluxes increased with the decay of microbial cells in the samples, indicating that cell lysis due to cell death was the main source for surfactants and VOC production. In particular, irradiation of samples containing solely biofilm cells without matrix components exhibited the strongest VOC production upon irradiation. In agreement with previous studies, LC-MS measurements of the liquid phase suggested the presence of fatty acids and known photosensitizers, possibly inducing the observed VOC productionviaperoxy radical chemistry. Up to now, such VOC emissions were directly accounted to high biological activity in surface waters. However, the results obtained suggest that abiotic photochemistry can lead to similar emissions into the atmosphere, especially in less biologically-active regions. Furthermore, chamber experiments suggest that oxidation (O3/OH radicals) of the photochemically-produced VOCs leads to aerosol formation and growth, possibly affecting atmospheric chemistry and climate-related processes, such as cloud formation or the Earth’s radiation budget.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nathalie Hayeck
- Univ Lyon
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1
- CNRS
- IRCELYON
- Villeurbanne
| | - Chloé Bonnineau
- Irstea
- UR MALY
- Centre de Lyon-Villeurbanne
- F-69616 Villeurbanne
- France
| | - Stéphane Pesce
- Irstea
- UR MALY
- Centre de Lyon-Villeurbanne
- F-69616 Villeurbanne
- France
| | - Peter A. Alpert
- Univ Lyon
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1
- CNRS
- IRCELYON
- Villeurbanne
| | | | - Christoph Zuth
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Thorsten Hoffmann
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3)
- Fudan Tyndall Centre
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- China
| | - Christian George
- Univ Lyon
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1
- CNRS
- IRCELYON
- Villeurbanne
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76
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Tinel L, Rossignol S, Bianco A, Passananti M, Perrier S, Wang X, Brigante M, Donaldson DJ, George C. Mechanistic Insights on the Photosensitized Chemistry of a Fatty Acid at the Air/Water Interface. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:11041-11048. [PMID: 27611489 PMCID: PMC5072107 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Interfaces are ubiquitous in the environment and many atmospheric key processes, such as gas deposition, aerosol, and cloud formation are, at one stage or another, strongly impacted by physical and chemical processes occurring at interfaces. Here, the photoinduced chemistry of an air/water interface coated with nonanoic acid-a fatty acid surfactant we use as a proxy for chemically complex natural aqueous surface microlayers-was investigated as a source of volatile and semivolatile reactive organic species. The carboxylic acid coating significantly increased the propensity of photosensitizers, chosen to mimic those observed in real environmental waters, to partition to the interface and enhance reactivity there. Photochemical formation of functionalized and unsaturated compounds was systematically observed upon irradiation of these coated surfaces. The role of a coated interface appears to be critical in providing a concentrated medium allowing radical-radical reactions to occur in parallel with molecular oxygen additions. Mechanistic insights are provided from extensive analysis of products observed in both gas and aqueous phases by online switchable reagent ion-time of flight-mass spectrometry and by off-line ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled to a Q Exactive high resolution mass spectrometer through heated electrospray ionization, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liselotte Tinel
- Univ Lyon, Université
Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, Institut de recherches sur
la catalyse et l’environnement de Lyon, 2 avenue Albert Einstein, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Stéphanie Rossignol
- Univ Lyon, Université
Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, Institut de recherches sur
la catalyse et l’environnement de Lyon, 2 avenue Albert Einstein, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Angelica Bianco
- Université
Clermont Auvergne, Université Blaise Pascal, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Monica Passananti
- Univ Lyon, Université
Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, Institut de recherches sur
la catalyse et l’environnement de Lyon, 2 avenue Albert Einstein, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sébastien Perrier
- Univ Lyon, Université
Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, Institut de recherches sur
la catalyse et l’environnement de Lyon, 2 avenue Albert Einstein, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Xinming Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Marcello Brigante
- Université
Clermont Auvergne, Université Blaise Pascal, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - D. James Donaldson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Christian George
- Univ Lyon, Université
Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, Institut de recherches sur
la catalyse et l’environnement de Lyon, 2 avenue Albert Einstein, Villeurbanne, France
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77
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Vaida
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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