51
|
Soeda S, Yamada-Nomoto K, Michiue T, Ohsugi M. RSK-MASTL Pathway Delays Meiotic Exit in Mouse Zygotes to Ensure Paternal Chromosome Stability. Dev Cell 2018; 47:363-376.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
52
|
Lawrimore J, Doshi A, Friedman B, Yeh E, Bloom K. Geometric partitioning of cohesin and condensin is a consequence of chromatin loops. Mol Biol Cell 2018; 29:2737-2750. [PMID: 30207827 PMCID: PMC6249845 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-02-0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
SMC (structural maintenance of chromosomes) complexes condensin and cohesin are crucial for proper chromosome organization. Condensin has been reported to be a mechanochemical motor capable of forming chromatin loops, while cohesin passively diffuses along chromatin to tether sister chromatids. In budding yeast, the pericentric region is enriched in both condensin and cohesin. As in higher-eukaryotic chromosomes, condensin is localized to the axial chromatin of the pericentric region, while cohesin is enriched in the radial chromatin. Thus, the pericentric region serves as an ideal model for deducing the role of SMC complexes in chromosome organization. We find condensin-mediated chromatin loops establish a robust chromatin organization, while cohesin limits the area that chromatin loops can explore. Upon biorientation, extensional force from the mitotic spindle aggregates condensin-bound chromatin from its equilibrium position to the axial core of pericentric chromatin, resulting in amplified axial tension. The axial localization of condensin depends on condensin's ability to bind to chromatin to form loops, while the radial localization of cohesin depends on cohesin's ability to diffuse along chromatin. The different chromatin-tethering modalities of condensin and cohesin result in their geometric partitioning in the presence of an extensional force on chromatin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josh Lawrimore
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Biology Department, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Ayush Doshi
- Biology Department, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Brandon Friedman
- Biology Department, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Elaine Yeh
- Biology Department, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Kerry Bloom
- Biology Department, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Walther N, Hossain MJ, Politi AZ, Koch B, Kueblbeck M, Ødegård-Fougner Ø, Lampe M, Ellenberg J. A quantitative map of human Condensins provides new insights into mitotic chromosome architecture. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:2309-2328. [PMID: 29632028 PMCID: PMC6028534 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201801048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The two Condensin complexes in human cells are essential for mitotic chromosome structure. We used homozygous genome editing to fluorescently tag Condensin I and II subunits and mapped their absolute abundance, spacing, and dynamic localization during mitosis by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FSC)-calibrated live-cell imaging and superresolution microscopy. Although ∼35,000 Condensin II complexes are stably bound to chromosomes throughout mitosis, ∼195,000 Condensin I complexes dynamically bind in two steps: prometaphase and early anaphase. The two Condensins rarely colocalize at the chromatid axis, where Condensin II is centrally confined, but Condensin I reaches ∼50% of the chromatid diameter from its center. Based on our comprehensive quantitative data, we propose a three-step hierarchical loop model of mitotic chromosome compaction: Condensin II initially fixes loops of a maximum size of ∼450 kb at the chromatid axis, whose size is then reduced by Condensin I binding to ∼90 kb in prometaphase and ∼70 kb in anaphase, achieving maximum chromosome compaction upon sister chromatid segregation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nike Walther
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Julius Hossain
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Antonio Z Politi
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Birgit Koch
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Moritz Kueblbeck
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Øyvind Ødegård-Fougner
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marko Lampe
- Advanced Light Microscopy Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan Ellenberg
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Heald R, Gibeaux R. Subcellular scaling: does size matter for cell division? Curr Opin Cell Biol 2018; 52:88-95. [PMID: 29501026 PMCID: PMC5988940 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Among different species or cell types, or during early embryonic cell divisions that occur in the absence of cell growth, the size of subcellular structures, including the nucleus, chromosomes, and mitotic spindle, scale with cell size. Maintaining correct subcellular scales is thought to be important for many cellular processes and, in particular, for mitosis. In this review, we provide an update on nuclear and chromosome scaling mechanisms and their significance in metazoans, with a focus on Caenorhabditis elegans, Xenopus and mammalian systems, for which a common role for the Ran (Ras-related nuclear protein)-dependent nuclear transport system has emerged.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Heald
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Romain Gibeaux
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
van Ruiten MS, Rowland BD. SMC Complexes: Universal DNA Looping Machines with Distinct Regulators. Trends Genet 2018; 34:477-487. [PMID: 29606284 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
What drives the formation of chromatin loops has been a long-standing question in chromosome biology. Recent work provides major insight into the basic principles behind loop formation. Structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) complexes, that are conserved from bacteria to humans, are key to this process. The SMC family includes condensin and cohesin, which structure chromosomes to enable mitosis and long-range gene regulation. We discuss novel insights into the mechanism of loop formation and the implications for how these complexes ultimately shape chromosomes. A picture is emerging in which these complexes form small loops that they then processively enlarge. It appears that SMC complexes act by family-wide basic principles, with complex-specific levels of control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marjon S van Ruiten
- Division of Gene Regulation, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin D Rowland
- Division of Gene Regulation, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Yamaguchi K, Hada M, Fukuda Y, Inoue E, Makino Y, Katou Y, Shirahige K, Okada Y. Re-evaluating the Localization of Sperm-Retained Histones Revealed the Modification-Dependent Accumulation in Specific Genome Regions. Cell Rep 2018; 23:3920-3932. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.05.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
|
57
|
Abstract
The mitotic chromosome, which is composed of a pair of sister chromatids, is a large macromolecular assembly that ensures faithful transmission of genetic information into daughter cells. Despite its fundamental importance, how a nucleosome fiber is folded and assembled into a large-scale chromatid structure remains poorly understood. To address this question, we have established a biochemically tractable system in which mitotic chromatids can be reconstituted in vitro by mixing a simple substrate (sperm nucleus) and a limited number of purified factors. The minimum set of required factors includes core histones, three histone chaperones, topoisomerase II, and condensin I. In this article, we describe a set of protocols for the preparation of key reagents and the setup of reconstitution reactions. We believe that this classical approach of biochemical reconstitution will be of great help to dissect the mechanisms of action of individual factors during mitotic chromatid assembly and to assess the contribution of nucleosome dynamics to this process from a fresh angle. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Collapse
|
58
|
Gligoris TG. Chromosome Biology: The Smc-Kleisin Enzymology Finally Comes of Age. Curr Biol 2018; 28:R612-R614. [PMID: 29787727 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cohesin and condensin are Smc-kleisin complexes responsible for shaping our chromosomes. Despite extensive genetic and genomic information available on their function, their biochemistry has been hard to study. Two recent studies finally bring exciting new insights into their enzymology.
Collapse
|
59
|
Horard B, Sapey-Triomphe L, Bonnefoy E, Loppin B. ASF1 is required to load histones on the HIRA complex in preparation of paternal chromatin assembly at fertilization. Epigenetics Chromatin 2018; 11:19. [PMID: 29751847 PMCID: PMC5946387 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-018-0189-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anti-Silencing Factor 1 (ASF1) is a conserved H3–H4 histone chaperone involved in both Replication-Coupled and Replication-Independent (RI) nucleosome assembly pathways. At DNA replication forks, ASF1 plays an important role in regulating the supply of H3.1/2 and H4 to the CAF-1 chromatin assembly complex. ASF1 also provides H3.3–H4 dimers to HIRA and DAXX chaperones for RI nucleosome assembly. The early Drosophila embryo is an attractive system to study chromatin assembly in a developmental context. The formation of a diploid zygote begins with the unique, genome-wide RI assembly of paternal chromatin following sperm protamine eviction. Then, within the same cytoplasm, syncytial embryonic nuclei undergo a series of rapid, synchronous S and M phases to form the blastoderm embryo. Here, we have investigated the implication of ASF1 in these two distinct assembly processes. Results We show that depletion of the maternal pool of ASF1 with a specific shRNA induces a fully penetrant, maternal effect embryo lethal phenotype. Unexpectedly, despite the depletion of ASF1 protein to undetectable levels, we show that asf1 knocked-down (KD) embryos can develop to various stages, thus demonstrating that ASF1 is not absolutely required for the amplification of cleavage nuclei. Remarkably, we found that ASF1 is required for the formation of the male pronucleus, although ASF1 protein does not reside in the decondensing sperm nucleus. In asf1 KD embryos, HIRA localizes to the male nucleus but is only capable of limited and insufficient chromatin assembly. Finally, we show that the conserved HIRA B domain, which is involved in ASF1-HIRA interaction, is dispensable for female fertility. Conclusions We conclude that ASF1 is critically required to load H3.3–H4 dimers on the HIRA complex prior to histone deposition on paternal DNA. This separation of tasks could optimize the rapid assembly of paternal chromatin within the gigantic volume of the egg cell. In contrast, ASF1 is surprisingly dispensable for the amplification of cleavage nuclei, although chromatin integrity is likely compromised in KD embryos. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13072-018-0189-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Béatrice Horard
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - CNRS - UMR5558, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, 16, rue R. Dubois - Bât. G. Mendel, 69622, Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
| | - Laure Sapey-Triomphe
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - CNRS - UMR5558, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, 16, rue R. Dubois - Bât. G. Mendel, 69622, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Emilie Bonnefoy
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - CNRS - UMR5558, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, 16, rue R. Dubois - Bât. G. Mendel, 69622, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Benjamin Loppin
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - CNRS - UMR5558, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, 16, rue R. Dubois - Bât. G. Mendel, 69622, Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Schiklenk C, Petrova B, Kschonsak M, Hassler M, Klein C, Gibson TJ, Haering CH. Control of mitotic chromosome condensation by the fission yeast transcription factor Zas1. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:2383-2401. [PMID: 29735745 PMCID: PMC6028546 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201711097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
How chromosomes compact into rod-shaped structures is a longstanding unresolved question of cell biology. Schiklenk et al. identify the transcription factor Zas1 as a central regulator of mitotic chromosome condensation in fission yeast and show that it uses a conserved transactivation domain–based mechanism to control gene expression. Although the formation of rod-shaped chromosomes is vital for the correct segregation of eukaryotic genomes during cell divisions, the molecular mechanisms that control the chromosome condensation process have remained largely unknown. Here, we identify the C2H2 zinc-finger transcription factor Zas1 as a key regulator of mitotic condensation dynamics in a quantitative live-cell microscopy screen of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. By binding to specific DNA target sequences in their promoter regions, Zas1 controls expression of the Cnd1 subunit of the condensin protein complex and several other target genes, whose combined misregulation in zas1 mutants results in defects in chromosome condensation and segregation. Genetic and biochemical analysis reveals an evolutionarily conserved transactivation domain motif in Zas1 that is pivotal to its function in gene regulation. Our results suggest that this motif, together with the Zas1 C-terminal helical domain to which it binds, creates a cis/trans switch module for transcriptional regulation of genes that control chromosome condensation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Schiklenk
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Boryana Petrova
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marc Kschonsak
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Hassler
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carlo Klein
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Toby J Gibson
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian H Haering
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany .,Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Kakui Y, Uhlmann F. SMC complexes orchestrate the mitotic chromatin interaction landscape. Curr Genet 2018; 64:335-339. [PMID: 28936767 PMCID: PMC5851691 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-017-0755-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Chromatin is a very long DNA-protein complex that controls the expression and inheritance of the genetic information. Chromatin is stored within the nucleus in interphase and further compacted into chromosomes during mitosis. This process, known as chromosome condensation, is essential for faithful segregation of genomic DNA into daughter cells. Condensin and cohesin, members of the structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) family, are fundamental for chromosome architecture, both for establishment of chromatin structure in the interphase nucleus and for the formation of condensed chromosomes in mitosis. These ring-shaped SMC complexes are thought to regulate the interactions between DNA strands by topologically entrapping DNA. How this activity shapes chromosomes is not yet understood. Recent high throughput chromosome conformation capture studies revealed how chromatin is reorganized during the cell cycle and have started to explore the role of SMC complexes in mitotic chromatin architecture. Here, we summarize these findings and discuss the conserved nature of chromosome condensation in eukaryotes. We highlight the unexpected finding that condensin-dependent intra-chromosomal interactions in mitosis increase within a distinctive distance range that is characteristic for an organism, while longer and shorter-range interactions are suppressed. This reveals important molecular insight into chromosome architecture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasutaka Kakui
- Chromosome Segregation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
| | - Frank Uhlmann
- Chromosome Segregation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Gibcus JH, Samejima K, Goloborodko A, Samejima I, Naumova N, Nuebler J, Kanemaki MT, Xie L, Paulson JR, Earnshaw WC, Mirny LA, Dekker J. A pathway for mitotic chromosome formation. Science 2018; 359:eaao6135. [PMID: 29348367 PMCID: PMC5924687 DOI: 10.1126/science.aao6135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 433] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mitotic chromosomes fold as compact arrays of chromatin loops. To identify the pathway of mitotic chromosome formation, we combined imaging and Hi-C analysis of synchronous DT40 cell cultures with polymer simulations. Here we show that in prophase, the interphase organization is rapidly lost in a condensin-dependent manner, and arrays of consecutive 60-kilobase (kb) loops are formed. During prometaphase, ~80-kb inner loops are nested within ~400-kb outer loops. The loop array acquires a helical arrangement with consecutive loops emanating from a central "spiral staircase" condensin scaffold. The size of helical turns progressively increases to ~12 megabases during prometaphase. Acute depletion of condensin I or II shows that nested loops form by differential action of the two condensins, whereas condensin II is required for helical winding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johan H Gibcus
- Program in Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Kumiko Samejima
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, Scotland, UK
| | - Anton Goloborodko
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science and Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Itaru Samejima
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, Scotland, UK
| | - Natalia Naumova
- Program in Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Johannes Nuebler
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science and Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Masato T Kanemaki
- Division of Molecular Cell Engineering, National Institute of Genetics, Research Organization of Information and Systems, and Department of Genetics, SOKENDAI, Yata 1111, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Linfeng Xie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin Oshkosh, 800 Algoma Boulevard, Oshkosh, WI 54901, USA
| | - James R Paulson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin Oshkosh, 800 Algoma Boulevard, Oshkosh, WI 54901, USA
| | - William C Earnshaw
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, Scotland, UK.
| | - Leonid A Mirny
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science and Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Job Dekker
- Program in Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Gligoris TG. Chromosome Biology: The Sight of DNA, at Last! Curr Biol 2018; 28:R77-R79. [PMID: 29374450 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.11.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomes are shaped by the combined function of the condensin and cohesin Smc-kleisin complexes. After more than two decades of research in this field, a new study finally sheds light on how these machines might interact with their DNA substrates.
Collapse
|
64
|
Maeshima K, Matsuda T, Shindo Y, Imamura H, Tamura S, Imai R, Kawakami S, Nagashima R, Soga T, Noji H, Oka K, Nagai T. A Transient Rise in Free Mg 2+ Ions Released from ATP-Mg Hydrolysis Contributes to Mitotic Chromosome Condensation. Curr Biol 2018; 28:444-451.e6. [PMID: 29358072 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
For cell division, negatively charged chromatin, in which nucleosome fibers (10 nm fibers) are irregularly folded [1-5], must be condensed into chromosomes and segregated. While condensin and other proteins are critical for organizing chromatin into the appropriate chromosome shape [6-17], free divalent cations such as Mg2+ and Ca2+, which condense chromatin or chromosomes in vitro [18-28], have long been considered important, especially for local condensation, because the nucleosome fiber has a net negative charge and is by itself stretched like "beads on a string" by electrostatic repulsion. For further folding, other positively charged factors are required to decrease the charge and repulsion [29]. However, technical limitations to measure intracellular free divalent cations, but not total cations [30], especially Mg2+, have prevented us from elucidating their function. Here, we developed a Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based Mg2+ indicator that monitors free Mg2+ dynamics throughout the cell cycle. By combining this indicator with Ca2+ [31] and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) [32] indicators, we demonstrate that the levels of free Mg2+, but not Ca2+, increase during mitosis. The Mg2+ increase is coupled with a decrease in ATP, which is normally bound to Mg2+ in the cell [33]. ATP inhibited Mg2+-dependent chromatin condensation in vitro. Chelating Mg2+ induced mitotic cell arrest and chromosome decondensation, while ATP reduction had the opposite effect. Our results suggest that ATP-bound Mg2+ is released by ATP hydrolysis and contributes to mitotic chromosome condensation with increased rigidity, suggesting a novel regulatory mechanism for higher-order chromatin organization by the intracellular Mg2+-ATP balance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Maeshima
- Structural Biology Center, National Institute of Genetics, and Department of Genetics, Sokendai (Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan.
| | - Tomoki Matsuda
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Yutaka Shindo
- Department of Biosciences & Informatics, Keio University, Hiyoshi, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Hiromi Imamura
- Department of Life Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Sachiko Tamura
- Structural Biology Center, National Institute of Genetics, and Department of Genetics, Sokendai (Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Imai
- Structural Biology Center, National Institute of Genetics, and Department of Genetics, Sokendai (Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Syoji Kawakami
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Nagashima
- Structural Biology Center, National Institute of Genetics, and Department of Genetics, Sokendai (Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Soga
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Noji
- Department of Applied Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kotaro Oka
- Department of Biosciences & Informatics, Keio University, Hiyoshi, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Takeharu Nagai
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
de-Carvalho J, Deshpande O, Nabais C, Telley IA. A cell-free system of Drosophila egg explants supporting native mitotic cycles. Methods Cell Biol 2018; 144:233-257. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
66
|
Macovei A, Faè M, Biggiogera M, de Sousa Araújo S, Carbonera D, Balestrazzi A. Ultrastructural and Molecular Analyses Reveal Enhanced Nucleolar Activity in Medicago truncatula Cells Overexpressing the MtTdp2α Gene. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:596. [PMID: 29868059 PMCID: PMC5958304 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The role of tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 2 (Tdp2) involved in the repair of 5'-end-blocking DNA lesions is still poorly explored in plants. To gain novel insights, Medicago truncatula suspension cultures overexpressing the MtTdp2α gene (Tdp2α-13C and Tdp2α-28 lines, respectively) and a control (CTRL) line carrying the empty vector were investigated. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed enlarged nucleoli (up to 44% expansion of the area, compared to CTRL), the presence of nucleolar vacuoles, increased frequency of multinucleolate cells (up to 4.3-fold compared to CTRL) and reduced number of ring-shaped nucleoli in Tdp2α-13C and Tdp2α-28 lines. Ultrastructural data suggesting for enhanced nucleolar activity in MtTdp2α-overexpressing lines were integrated with results from bromouridine incorporation. The latter revealed an increase of labeled transcripts in both Tdp2α-13C and Tdp2α-28 cells, within the nucleolus and in the extra-nucleolar region. MtTdp2α-overexpressing cells showed tolerance to etoposide, a selective inhibitor of DNA topoisomerase II, as evidenced by DNA diffusion assay. TEM analysis revealed etoposide-induced rearrangements within the nucleolus, resembling the nucleolar caps observed in animal cells under transcription impairment. Based on these findings it is evident that MtTdp2α-overexpression enhances nucleolar activity in plant cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anca Macovei
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology ‘L. Spallanzani’, Pavia, Italy
| | - Matteo Faè
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology ‘L. Spallanzani’, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco Biggiogera
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology ‘L. Spallanzani’, Pavia, Italy
| | - Susana de Sousa Araújo
- Instituto de Technologia Quìmica e Biologica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Daniela Carbonera
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology ‘L. Spallanzani’, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alma Balestrazzi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology ‘L. Spallanzani’, Pavia, Italy
- *Correspondence: Alma Balestrazzi,
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Dukowic-Schulze S, Liu C, Chen C. Not just gene expression: 3D implications of chromatin modifications during sexual plant reproduction. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2018; 37:11-16. [PMID: 29032424 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-017-2222-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
DNA methylation and histone modifications are epigenetic changes on a DNA molecule that alter the three-dimensional (3D) structure locally as well as globally, impacting chromatin looping and packaging on a larger scale. Epigenetic marks thus inform higher-order chromosome organization and placement in the nucleus. Conventional epigenetic marks are joined by chromatin modifiers like cohesins, condensins and membrane-anchoring complexes to support particularly 3D chromosome organization. The most popular consequences of epigenetic modifications are gene expression changes, but chromatin modifications have implications beyond this, particularly in actively dividing cells and during sexual reproduction. In this opinion paper, we will focus on epigenetic mechanisms and chromatin modifications during meiosis as part of plant sexual reproduction where 3D management of chromosomes and re-organization of chromatin are defining features and prime tasks in reproductive cells, not limited to modulating gene expression. Meiotic chromosome organization, pairing and synapsis of homologous chromosomes as well as distribution of meiotic double-strand breaks and resulting crossovers are presumably highly influenced by epigenetic mechanisms. Special mobile small RNAs have been described in anthers, where these so-called phasiRNAs seem to direct DNA methylation in meiotic cells. Intriguingly, many of the mentioned developmental processes make use of epigenetic changes and small RNAs in a manner other than gene expression changes. Widening our approaches and opening our mind to thinking three-dimensionally regarding epigenetics in plant development holds high promise for new discoveries and could give us a boost for further knowledge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Dukowic-Schulze
- Department of Horticultural Science, University of Minnesota, Alderman Hall, 1970 Folwell Avenue, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Chang Liu
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Changbin Chen
- Department of Horticultural Science, University of Minnesota, Alderman Hall, 1970 Folwell Avenue, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Shintomi K, Hirano T. Mitotic Chromosome Assembly In Vitro: Functional Cross Talk between Nucleosomes and Condensins. COLD SPRING HARBOR SYMPOSIA ON QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 2017; 82:157-164. [PMID: 29118204 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.2017.82.033639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The mitotic chromosome is a macromolecular assembly that ensures error-free transmission of the genome during cell division. It has long been a big mystery how long stretches of DNA might be folded into rod-shaped chromosomes or how such an elaborate process might be accomplished at a mechanistic level. Cell-free extracts made from frog eggs offer a unique opportunity to address these questions by enabling mitotic chromosomes to be assembled in a test tube. Moreover, the core part of the chromosome assembly reaction can now be reconstituted with a limited number of purified factors. A combination of these in vitro assays makes it possible not only to prepare a complete list of proteins required for chromosome assembly but also to dissect functions of individual proteins and their cooperation with unparalleled clarity. Emerging lines of evidence underscore the paramount importance of condensins in building mitotic chromosomes and shed new light on the functional cross talk between nucleosomes and condensins in this process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keishi Shintomi
- Chromosome Dynamics Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Hirano
- Chromosome Dynamics Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Affiliation(s)
- Kim Nasmyth
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Abstract
A new study uses a Hi-C technique to demonstrate that condensin has a major role in remodeling interphase chromatin into mitotic chromosomes. This study provides insight into the mechanism whereby a centimeters-long DNA molecule is folded into a micrometers-long rod-shaped chromosome.
Collapse
|
71
|
Affiliation(s)
- Yasutaka Kakui
- Chromosome Segregation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Frank Uhlmann
- Chromosome Segregation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Albritton SE, Ercan S. Caenorhabditis elegans Dosage Compensation: Insights into Condensin-Mediated Gene Regulation. Trends Genet 2017; 34:41-53. [PMID: 29037439 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2017.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent work demonstrating the role of chromosome organization in transcriptional regulation has sparked substantial interest in the molecular mechanisms that control chromosome structure. Condensin, an evolutionarily conserved multisubunit protein complex, is essential for chromosome condensation during cell division and functions in regulating gene expression during interphase. In Caenorhabditis elegans, a specialized condensin forms the core of the dosage compensation complex (DCC), which specifically binds to and represses transcription from the hermaphrodite X chromosomes. DCC serves as a clear paradigm for addressing how condensins target large chromosomal domains and how they function to regulate chromosome structure and transcription. Here, we discuss recent research on C. elegans DCC in the context of canonical condensin mechanisms as have been studied in various organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Elizabeth Albritton
- Department of Biology, Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Sevinç Ercan
- Department of Biology, Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Ono T, Sakamoto C, Nakao M, Saitoh N, Hirano T. Condensin II plays an essential role in reversible assembly of mitotic chromosomes in situ. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:2875-2886. [PMID: 28835373 PMCID: PMC5638589 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-04-0252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
A modified protocol for inducing reversible assembly of mitotic chromosomes in situ is developed. As judged by this assay, which is combined with quantitative morphological analyses using a supervised machine-learning algorithm, condensin II plays a crucial role in both the recovery of chromatin shapes and the reorganization of chromosome axes. Condensins I and II are multisubunit complexes that play a central role in mitotic chromosome assembly. Although both complexes become concentrated along the axial region of each chromatid by metaphase, it remains unclear exactly how such axes might assemble and contribute to chromosome shaping. To address these questions from a physico-chemical point of view, we have established a set of two-step protocols for inducing reversible assembly of chromosome structure in situ, namely within a whole cell. In this assay, mitotic chromosomes are first expanded in a hypotonic buffer containing a Mg2+-chelating agent and then converted into different shapes in a NaCl concentration-dependent manner. Both chromatin and condensin-positive chromosome axes are converted into near-original shapes at 100 mM NaCl. This assay combined with small interfering RNA depletion demonstrates that the recovery of chromatin shapes and the reorganization of axes are highly sensitive to depletion of condensin II but less sensitive to depletion of condensin I or topoisomerase IIα. Furthermore, quantitative morphological analyses using the machine-learning algorithm wndchrm support the notion that chromosome shaping is tightly coupled to the reorganization of condensin II-based axes. We propose that condensin II makes a primary contribution to mitotic chromosome architecture and maintenance in human cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takao Ono
- Chromosome Dynamics Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Chiyomi Sakamoto
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Mitsuyoshi Nakao
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Noriko Saitoh
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Hirano
- Chromosome Dynamics Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| |
Collapse
|