51
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Juramy M, Chèvre R, Cerreia Vioglio P, Ziarelli F, Besson E, Gastaldi S, Viel S, Thureau P, Harris KDM, Mollica G. Monitoring Crystallization Processes in Confined Porous Materials by Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Solid-State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:6095-6103. [PMID: 33856790 PMCID: PMC8154530 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c12982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Establishing mechanistic understanding of crystallization processes at the molecular level is challenging, as it requires both the detection of transient solid phases and monitoring the evolution of both liquid and solid phases as a function of time. Here, we demonstrate the application of dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) enhanced NMR spectroscopy to study crystallization under nanoscopic confinement, revealing a viable approach to interrogate different stages of crystallization processes. We focus on crystallization of glycine within the nanometric pores (7-8 nm) of a tailored mesoporous SBA-15 silica material with wall-embedded TEMPO radicals. The results show that the early stages of crystallization, characterized by the transition from the solution phase to the first crystalline phase, are straightforwardly observed using this experimental strategy. Importantly, the NMR sensitivity enhancement provided by DNP allows the detection of intermediate phases that would not be observable using standard solid-state NMR experiments. Our results also show that the metastable β polymorph of glycine, which has only transient existence under bulk crystallization conditions, remains trapped within the pores of the mesoporous SBA-15 silica material for more than 200 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Juramy
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Romain Chèvre
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR, 13397 Marseille, France
| | | | - Fabio Ziarelli
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, FSCM, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Eric Besson
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR, 13397 Marseille, France
| | | | - Stéphane Viel
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR, 13397 Marseille, France.,Institut Universitaire de France, 75231 Paris, France
| | | | - Kenneth D M Harris
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff, Wales CF10 3AT, U. K
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Abstract
For the present work, calcite nanocrystals were grown by annealing precursors at 500 °C. These precursors were obtained by three different thermal schemes. Among these schemes, two involve heating at 100 °C for 16 h and 16 + 24 h, respectively. In the third scheme, heating was performed at 100 °C for 16 h, followed by annealing at 300 °C for 24 h. X-ray diffraction studies, followed by Fourier transform infrared and Raman spectroscopic studies, exhibited the formation of calcite phase of calcium carbonate. Transmission electron microscopy showed that particle sizes of synthesized calcite nanocrystals were in the range of 25–40 nm. Onsets of shape change were also observed with different thermal schemes, using these measurements. X-ray absorption spectroscopy envisaged that the coordination numbers of Ca-O and Ca-Ca shell were not influenced by the thermal schemes; however, bond lengths of these shells were modified. This study in the near edge region evidenced the manifestation of a local electronic structure of calcite when kept in an open environment, depending upon different thermal schemes.
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53
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Zhang W, Li Y, Shi C, Qi R, Hu M. Single-Crystal Lattice Filling in Connected Spaces inside 3D Networks. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:6447-6459. [PMID: 33878868 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c12545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Connected vessel effects have been widely utilized from ancient times. It is quite interesting to know whether there are any special effects when single-crystal lattices fill the connected spaces inside 3D networks. In some single-crystal and 3D network pairs, there seems to exist a specific rule: when single-crystal lattices fill the connected spaces inside 3D networks, the front of the lattice in each channel is determined by the symmetrical center of the lattice structure. However, this needs to be validated by using various single-crystal lattice to fill the 3D networks with different compositions. Here we report a method to establish a gradient environment which can favor the formation of a micrometer-sized single crystal lattice across various 3D networks. The fronts of the filled lattices form the shapes which are the equilibrium shapes of the single crystals no matter what the single crystals or the 3D networks are, indicating the specific rule while the single-crystal lattices fill the 3D networks. The single crystals filled in the connected spaces inside 3D networks, which are functional materials, and had alternating properties, such as 4-fold higher electronic conductivity, which improve their performance in applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy (East China Normal University), Key Laboratory of Polar Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center for Nanophotonics and Advanced Instrument (MOE), School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yucen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy (East China Normal University), Key Laboratory of Polar Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center for Nanophotonics and Advanced Instrument (MOE), School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Chunjing Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy (East China Normal University), Key Laboratory of Polar Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center for Nanophotonics and Advanced Instrument (MOE), School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Ruijuan Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy (East China Normal University), Key Laboratory of Polar Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center for Nanophotonics and Advanced Instrument (MOE), School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Ming Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy (East China Normal University), Key Laboratory of Polar Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center for Nanophotonics and Advanced Instrument (MOE), School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
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54
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Liu R, Huang S, Zhang X, Song Y, He G, Wang Z, Lian B. Bio-mineralisation, characterization, and stability of calcium carbonate containing organic matter. RSC Adv 2021; 11:14415-14425. [PMID: 35423988 PMCID: PMC8697732 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra00615k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The composition of organic matter in biogenic calcium carbonate has long been a mystery, and its role has not received sufficient attention. This study is aimed at elucidating the bio-mineralisation and stability of amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) and vaterite containing organic matter, as induced by Bacillus subtilis. The results showed that the bacteria could induce various structural forms of CaCO3, such as biogenic ACC (BACC) or biogenic vaterite (BV), using the bacterial cells as their template, and the carbonic anhydrase secreted by the bacteria plays an important role in the mineralisation of CaCO3. The effects of Ca2+ concentration on the crystal structure of CaCO3 were ascertained; when the amount of CaCl2 increased from 0.1% (m/v) to 0.8% (m/v), the ACC was transformed to polycrystalline vaterite. The XRD results demonstrated that the ACC and vaterite have good stability in air or deionised water for one year, or even when heated to 200 °C or 300 °C for 2 h. Moreover, the FTIR results indicated that the BACC or BV is rich in organic matter, and the contents of organic matter in biogenic ACC and vaterite are 39.67 wt% and 28.47 wt%, respectively. The results of bio-mimetic mineralisation experiments suggest that the protein secreted by bacterial metabolism may be inclined to inhibit the formation of calcite, while polysaccharide may be inclined to promote the formation of vaterite. Our findings advance our knowledge of the CaCO3 family and are valuable for future research into organic-CaCO3 complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renlu Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control in Red Soil Hilly Region of Jiangxi Province, Jinggangshan University Ji'an 343009 China
- School of Life Sciences, School of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Shanshan Huang
- School of Life Sciences, School of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Xiaowen Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, School of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Yongsheng Song
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control in Red Soil Hilly Region of Jiangxi Province, Jinggangshan University Ji'an 343009 China
| | - Genhe He
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control in Red Soil Hilly Region of Jiangxi Province, Jinggangshan University Ji'an 343009 China
| | - Zaifeng Wang
- School of Life Sciences, School of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Bin Lian
- School of Life Sciences, School of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210023 China
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55
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Hu H, Liang F, Zhu H, Zhang X, Cui K, Deb H, Zhang Y. Formation and Phase Selection of CaCO
3
in the Intervention of Lignin Monomer Model Compounds. CRYSTAL RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/crat.202000187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huifeng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of the Ministry of Education, College of Textiles Science and Engineering Zhejiang Sci‐Tech University Hangzhou 310018 China
| | - Fugen Liang
- Zhejiang Transfar Whyyon Chemical Co., Ltd. Hangzhou 311231 China
| | - Haidong Zhu
- Hangzhou Vocational and Technical College Hangzhou 310018 China
| | - Xiumei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of the Ministry of Education, College of Textiles Science and Engineering Zhejiang Sci‐Tech University Hangzhou 310018 China
| | - Kecong Cui
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of the Ministry of Education, College of Textiles Science and Engineering Zhejiang Sci‐Tech University Hangzhou 310018 China
| | - Hridam Deb
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of the Ministry of Education, College of Textiles Science and Engineering Zhejiang Sci‐Tech University Hangzhou 310018 China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of the Ministry of Education, College of Textiles Science and Engineering Zhejiang Sci‐Tech University Hangzhou 310018 China
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56
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Ripken C, Kotsifaki DG, Nic Chormaic S. Analysis of small microplastics in coastal surface water samples of the subtropical island of Okinawa, Japan. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 760:143927. [PMID: 33348161 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Marine plastic debris is widely recognized as a global environmental issue. Small microplastic particles, with an upper size limit of 20 μm, have been identified as having the highest potential for causing damage to marine ecosystems. Having accurate methods for quantifying the abundance of such particles in a natural environment is essential for defining the extent of the problem they pose. Using an optical micro-Raman tweezers setup, we have identified the composition of particles trapped in marine aggregates collected from the coastal surface waters around the subtropical island of Okinawa. Chemical composition analysis at the single-particle level indicates dominance by low-density polyethylene, which accounted for 75% of the small microplastics analysed. The smallest microplastics identified were (2.53 ± 0.85) μm polystyrene. Our results show the occurrence of plastics at all test sites, with the highest concentration in areas with high human activities. We also observed additional Raman peaks on the plastics spectrum with decreasing debris size which could be related to structural modification due to weathering or embedding in organic matter. By identifying small microplastics at the single-particle level, we obtain some indication on their dispersion in the ocean which could be useful for future studies on their potential impact on marine biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Ripken
- Light-Matter Interactions for Quantum Technologies Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Onna, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan; Marine Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Onna, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Domna G Kotsifaki
- Light-Matter Interactions for Quantum Technologies Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Onna, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan.
| | - Síle Nic Chormaic
- Light-Matter Interactions for Quantum Technologies Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Onna, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan.
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57
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Rezende BS, Spotorno-Oliveira P, D'ávila S, Maia LF, Cappa de Oliveira LF. Evidence of a Biogenic Mineralization Process in Vermetid Feeding Mucus as Revealed by Raman Spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy. MALACOLOGIA 2021. [DOI: 10.4002/040.063.0206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Seixas Rezende
- Museu de Malacologia Prof. Maury Pinto de Oliveira, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Paula Spotorno-Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Oceanologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Sthefane D'ávila
- Museu de Malacologia Prof. Maury Pinto de Oliveira, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Lenize Fernandes Maia
- Núcleo de Espectroscopia e Estrutura Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fernando Cappa de Oliveira
- Núcleo de Espectroscopia e Estrutura Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
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58
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Liu X, Wang Y, Ma Z, Zhou W, Wang X, Zhou H, Wang X, Wang J, Shi W. HABS‐Silicate Controlled Synthesis of Worm‐Like Calcite via Orientated Attachment. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202003622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangbin Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Northeast Petroleum University Daqing 163318 China
- Oil Production Engineering Research Institute of Daqing Oilfield Ltd. Daqing 163453 China
| | - Yanling Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Northeast Petroleum University Daqing 163318 China
| | - Zaiqiang Ma
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Northeast Petroleum University Daqing 163318 China
| | - Wanfu Zhou
- Oil Production Engineering Research Institute of Daqing Oilfield Ltd. Daqing 163453 China
| | - Xin Wang
- Oil Production Engineering Research Institute of Daqing Oilfield Ltd. Daqing 163453 China
| | - Huajian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Continental Shale Hydrocarbon Accumulation and Efficient Development, Ministry of Education Northeast Petroleum University Daqing 163318 China
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry College of Chemistry Jilin University Changchun 130023 China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Northeast Petroleum University Daqing 163318 China
| | - Weiguang Shi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Northeast Petroleum University Daqing 163318 China
- Key Laboratory of Continental Shale Hydrocarbon Accumulation and Efficient Development, Ministry of Education Northeast Petroleum University Daqing 163318 China
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59
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Zhou L, Wang G, Du J, Zhao Q, Pei X. 1,1′-Ferrocenedicarboxylic acid/tetrahydrofuran induced precipitation of calcium carbonate with a multi-level structure in water. CrystEngComm 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce00763g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Multi-molecules co-regulate the orderly morphology and structure of CaCO3 precipitates and the influence of ether bonds on the formation of CaCO3 precipitates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, College of Environment & Civil Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
| | - Guanghui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, College of Environment & Civil Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
| | - Jie Du
- Jiuzhaigou Administrative Bureau, Zhangzha Town, Jiuzhaigou County, Sichuan Province 623402, China
| | - Qinjiang Zhao
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
| | - Xiang Pei
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
- School of materials Science and engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, P.R. China
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60
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Cano M, Giner-Casares JJ. Biomineralization at fluid interfaces. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 286:102313. [PMID: 33181402 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2020.102313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Biomineralization is of paramount importance for life on Earth. The delicate balance of physicochemical interactions at the interface between organic and inorganic matter during all stages of biomineralization resembles an extremely high complexity. The coordination of this sophisticated biological machinery and physicochemical scenarios is certainly a wonderful show of nature. Understanding of the biomineralization processes is still far from complete. The recent advances in biomineralization research from the Colloid and Interface Science perspective are reviewed herein. The synergy between this two fields of research is demonstrated. The unique opportunities offered by purposefully designed fluid interfaces, mainly Langmuir monolayers are presented. Biomedical applications of biomineral-based nanostructures are discussed, showing their improved biocompatibility and on-demand delivery features. A brief guide to the array of state-of-the-art experimental techniques for unraveling the mechanisms of biomineralization using fluid interfaces is included. In summary, the fruitful and exciting crossroad between Colloid and Interface Science with Biomineralization is exhibited.
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61
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Abstract
Although calcareous anatomical structures have evolved in diverse animal groups, such structures have been unknown in insects. Here, we report the discovery of high-magnesium calcite [CaMg(CO3)2] armor overlaying the exoskeletons of major workers of the leaf-cutter ant Acromyrmex echinatior. Live-rearing and in vitro synthesis experiments indicate that the biomineral layer accumulates rapidly as ant workers mature, that the layer is continuously distributed, covering nearly the entire integument, and that the ant epicuticle catalyzes biomineral nucleation and growth. In situ nanoindentation demonstrates that the biomineral layer significantly hardens the exoskeleton. Increased survival of ant workers with biomineralized exoskeletons during aggressive encounters with other ants and reduced infection by entomopathogenic fungi demonstrate the protective role of the biomineral layer. The discovery of biogenic high-magnesium calcite in the relatively well-studied leaf-cutting ants suggests that calcareous biominerals enriched in magnesium may be more common in metazoans than previously recognized. Biomineral armour is known in a number of diverse creatures but has not previously been observed in insects. Here, the authors report on the discovery and characterization of high-magnesium calcite armour which overlays the exoskeletons of leaf-cutter ants.
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62
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Zhou J, Shi D, Chen M. Bio-inspired mineral fluorescent hydrogels cross-linked by amorphous rare earth carbonates. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:13646-13648. [PMID: 33063064 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc06223e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The bio-inspired mineral plastic hydrogel based on calcium carbonate and polyacrylic acid has been recently investigated as a promising sustainable material. Here we report that rare earth carbonates can act as cross-linkers to fabricate analogous hydrogels and provide remarkable optical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahua Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China.
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63
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Ramachandrula VR, Kasa RR. Non-destructive characterization of physical and chemical clogging in cylindrical drip emitters. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05327. [PMID: 33163651 PMCID: PMC7610254 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Characteristics and deposition pattern of clogging material on cylindrical drip emitters was studied using non-destructive methods of evaluation. Two sets of four cylindrical emitter samples were collected from farm lands. One set of sample emitters was analyzed using Computed Tomography (CT). Other set was dissected and the clogging material extracted was analyzed using Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). CT scans revealed the geometric properties of emitters and the spread of clogging material on the emitter surface. EDXRF analysis found statistically significant inverse relationship between the proportion of physical clogging and chemical clogging materials. XRD analysis indicated presence of physical and chemical clogging materials in their crystalline forms. Emitters having transverse flow path and the boundary optimized with curvature found with the least deposition of physical clogging materials. Corresponding proportion of chemical clogging (as Ca) was found to be much higher. All the samples were found with more clogging material closer to the outlets. Efforts to optimize emitter geometry shall also take into account the outlet area optimization and chemical clogging for obtaining best results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkata Ramamohan Ramachandrula
- Water and Livelihoods Foundation (WLF), 12-13-451, Street no.1, Tarnaka, Secunderabad, 500017, India.,Research Scholar, JNTU, Hyderabad, 500085, India
| | - Ramamohan Reddy Kasa
- Centre for Water Resources (CWR), Institute of Science and Technology (IST), JNTU, Hyderabad, 500085, India
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64
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Liu X, Wang H, Li T, Zheng H, Xu Y, Chen J, Wang J. Multipodal mesoporous silica hollow spheres: Branched hierarchical nanostructure by region-selective self-assembly. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 579:21-27. [PMID: 32570027 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.06.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Hollow nanostructures, known as nanocapsules, have been the preferable candidates in the drug-delivery and control-release applications. To enhance the adherence and penetration into biological hosts for efficient drug delivery, constructing multiple pods on the hollow structure to form a tribulus-like branched architecture has been proven an effective strategy. However, the synthesis is challenging due to the simultaneous control of the branched podal morphology, the hollow architecture and the mesophase structures at the nanometer scale. EXPERIMENTS Polymer spheres with surface carboxyl moieties were first prepared by emulsion polymerization, which were partly coated by a type of basic silane. The left carboxyl moieties formed some seperated acid spots on the surface of polymer spheres, which could lead to the subsequent self-assembly of surfactant and silica within these acidic spots to grow a branched nanostructure. FINDINGS Radiolarian-like organic-inorganic hybrid hollow architecture with branched ordered mesoporous pods were obtained after removing the organic templates of the polymer spheres and surfactants by calcination. The ordered cylindrical mesoporous channels were along the central axis direction of the hexagonal-prism-like pods, which connected inside and outside of the hollow spheres. The number of the branched pods could be easily tuned at the range of one to four.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, PR China
| | - Hongjuan Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, PR China
| | - Tianduo Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, PR China
| | - Haoze Zheng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, PR China
| | - Yitong Xu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, PR China
| | - Jianbin Chen
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, PR China
| | - Jingui Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, PR China.
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65
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Zhang C, Li X, Lyu J, Li F. Comparison of carbonate precipitation induced by Curvibacter sp. HJ-1 and Arthrobacter sp. MF-2: Further insight into the biomineralization process. J Struct Biol 2020; 212:107609. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2020.107609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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66
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Wysokowski M, Zaslansky P, Ehrlich H. Macrobiomineralogy: Insights and Enigmas in Giant Whale Bones and Perspectives for Bioinspired Materials Science. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:5357-5367. [PMID: 33320547 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c00364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The giant bones of whales (Cetacea) are the largest extant biomineral-based constructs known. The fact that such mammalian bones can grow up to 7 m long raises questions about differences and similarities to other smaller bones. Size and exposure to environmental stress are good reasons to suppose that an unexplored level of hierarchical organization may be present that is not needed in smaller bones. The existence of such a macroscopic naturally grown structure with poorly described mechanisms for biomineralization is an example of the many yet unexplored phenomena in living organisms. In this article, we describe key observations in macrobiomineralization and suggest that the large scale of biomineralization taking place in selected whale bones implies they may teach us fundamental principles of the chemistry, biology, and biomaterials science governing bone formation, from atomistic to the macrolevel. They are also associated with a very lipid rich environment on those bones. This has implications for bone development and damage sensing that has not yet been fully addressed. We propose that whale bone construction poses extreme requirements for inorganic material storage, mediated by biomacromolecules. Unlike extinct large mammals, cetaceans still live deep in large terrestrial water bodies following eons of adaptation. The nanocomposites from which the bones are made, comprising biomacromolecules and apatite nanocrystals, must therefore be well adapted to create the macroporous hierarchically structured architectures of the bones, with mechanical properties that match the loads imposed in vivo. This massive skeleton directly contributes to the survival of these largest mammals in the aquatic environments of Earth, with structural refinements being the result of 60 million years of evolution. We also believe that the concepts presented in this article highlight the beneficial uses of multidisciplinary and multiscale approaches to study the structural peculiarities of both organic and inorganic phases as well as mechanisms of biomineralization in highly specialized and evolutionarily conserved hard tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Wysokowski
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, Poznan 60965, Poland.,Institute of Electronics and Sensor Materials, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Gustav-Zeuner Strasse 3, Freiberg 09599, Germany
| | - Paul Zaslansky
- Department for Restorative and Preventive Dentistry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Hermann Ehrlich
- Institute of Electronics and Sensor Materials, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Gustav-Zeuner Strasse 3, Freiberg 09599, Germany
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67
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The Crystallization Process of Vaterite Microdisc Mesocrystals via Proto-Vaterite Amorphous Calcium Carbonate Characterized by Cryo-X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy. CRYSTALS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst10090750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Investigation on the formation mechanism of crystals via amorphous precursors has attracted a lot of interests in the last years. The formation mechanism of thermodynamically meta-stable vaterite in pure alcohols in the absence of any additive is less known. Herein, the crystallization process of vaterite microdisc mesocrystals via proto-vaterite amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) in isopropanol was tracked by using Ca K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) characterization under cryo-condition. Ca K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectra show that the absorption edges of the Ca ions of the vaterite samples with different crystallization times shift to lower photoelectron energy while increasing the crystallization times from 0.5 to 20 d, indicating the increase of crystallinity degree of calcium carbonate. Ca K-edge extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectra exhibit that the coordination number of the nearest neighbor atom O around Ca increases slowly with the increase of crystallization time and tends to be stable as 4.3 (±1.4). Crystallization time dependent XANES and EXAFS analyses indicate that short-range ordered structure in proto-vaterite ACC gradually transform to long-range ordered structure in vaterite microdisc mesocrystals via a non-classical crystallization mechanism.
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68
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Clarà Saracho A, Haigh SK, Hata T, Soga K, Farsang S, Redfern SAT, Marek E. Characterisation of CaCO 3 phases during strain-specific ureolytic precipitation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10168. [PMID: 32576861 PMCID: PMC7311398 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66831-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous microbial species can selectively precipitate mineral carbonates with enhanced mechanical properties, however, understanding exactly how they achieve this control represents a major challenge in the field of biomineralisation. We have studied microbial induced calcium carbonate (CaCO3) precipitation (MICP) in three ureolytic bacterial strains from the Sporosarcina family, including S. newyorkensis, a newly isolated microbe from the deep sea. We find that the interplay between structural water and strain-specific amino acid groups is fundamental to the stabilisation of vaterite and that, under the same conditions, different isolates yield distinctly different polymorphs. The latter is found to be associated with different urease activities and, consequently, precipitation kinetics, which change depending on pressure-temperature conditions. Further, CaCO3 polymorph selection also depends on the coupled effect of chemical treatment and initial bacterial concentrations. Our findings provide new insights into strain-specific CaCO3 polymorphic selection and stabilisation, and open up promising avenues for designing bio-reinforced geo-materials that capitalise on the different particle bond mechanical properties offered by different polymorphs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stuart K Haigh
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1PZ, UK
| | - Toshiro Hata
- Department of Engineering, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 739-8527, Japan
| | - Kenichi Soga
- Department of Engineering, University of California-Berkeley, California, 94720, Berkeley, USA
| | - Stefan Farsang
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, CB2 3EQ, Cambridge, UK
| | - Simon A T Redfern
- Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Ewa Marek
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1PZ, UK
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69
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Bette S, Stelzner J, Eggert G, Schleid T, Matveeva G, Kolb U, Dinnebier RE. Korrosion von Kulturgut: Entdeckung einer kollagenartigen Tripelhelix in der Kristallstruktur von Calciumacetat‐Hemihydrat. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202001609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Bette
- Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung Heisenbergstr. 1 70569 Stuttgart Deutschland
- Staatliche Akademie der Bildenden Künste Am Weißenhof 1 70191 Stuttgart Deutschland
| | - Jörg Stelzner
- Römisch-Germanisches ZentralmuseumLeibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Archäologie Ernst-Ludwig-Platz 2 55116 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Gerhard Eggert
- Staatliche Akademie der Bildenden Künste Am Weißenhof 1 70191 Stuttgart Deutschland
| | - Thomas Schleid
- Institut für anorganische ChemieUniversität Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Deutschland
| | - Galina Matveeva
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Ute Kolb
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Robert E. Dinnebier
- Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung Heisenbergstr. 1 70569 Stuttgart Deutschland
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70
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Bette S, Stelzner J, Eggert G, Schleid T, Matveeva G, Kolb U, Dinnebier RE. Corrosion of Heritage Objects: Collagen-Like Triple Helix Found in the Calcium Acetate Hemihydrate Crystal Structure. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:9438-9442. [PMID: 32065724 PMCID: PMC7318632 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202001609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Helical motifs are common in nature, for example, the DNA double or the collagen triple helix. In the latter proteins, the helical motif originates from glycine, the smallest amino acid, whose molecular confirmation is closely related to acetic acid. The combination of acetic acid with calcium and water, which are also omnipresent in nature, materializing as calcium acetate hemihydrate, was now revealed to exhibit a collagen‐like triple helix structure. This calcium salt is observed as efflorescence phase on calcareous heritage objects, like historic Mollusca shells, pottery or marble reliefs. In a model experiment pure calcium acetate hemihydrate was crystallized on the surface of a terracotta vessel. Calcium acetate hemihydrate crystallizes in a surprisingly large unit cell with a volume of 11,794.5(3) Å3 at ambient conditions. Acetate ions bridge neighboring calcium cations forming spiral chains, which are arranged in a triple helix motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Bette
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.,State Academy of Art and Design, Am Weißenhof 1, 70191, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jörg Stelzner
- Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum, Leibniz Research Institute for Archaeology, Ernst-Ludwig-Platz 2, 55116, Mainz, Germany
| | - Gerhard Eggert
- State Academy of Art and Design, Am Weißenhof 1, 70191, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Thomas Schleid
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Galina Matveeva
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ute Kolb
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Robert E Dinnebier
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
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71
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Zhang Y, Su P, Mu Y, Zhang G, Luo Y, Jiang J, Hu W. Mechanism Study of Molecular Deformation of 2,2',5',2″-Tetramethylated p-Terphenyl-4,4″-dithiol Trapped in Gold Junctions. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:4456-4461. [PMID: 32419469 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Molecular junctions hold great potential for future microelectronics, while the practical utilization has long been limited by the problem of conformational deformation during charge transport. Here we present a first-principles theoretical study on the surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) characterization of the p-terphenyl-4,4″-dithiol molecule and its 2,2',5',2″-tetramethylated analogue in gold junctions to investigate the molecular deformation mechanism. The effects of charge injection and external electric field were examined, both of which could change π-conjugation by varying the dihedral angle between the central and ending rings (DIPT). The induced significant structural deformations then change SERS responses. Only the SERS responses under an external electric field can account for the experimentally observed Raman spectra, and those of charge injections cannot. Moreover, applying a strong electric field could enlarge the conductivities of the two molecular junctions, agreeing well with experiments. This information not only elaborates that the electric field effect constitutes one important mechanism for molecular deformation but also provides useful insights for the control of charge transport in molecular junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujin Zhang
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering (Department of Physics), Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong 250353, P.R. China
| | - Pingping Su
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering (Department of Physics), Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong 250353, P.R. China
| | - Yanqi Mu
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing Technology, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
| | - Guangping Zhang
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing Technology, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
| | - Yi Luo
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P.R. China
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm S-106 91, Sweden
| | - Jun Jiang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P.R. China
| | - Wei Hu
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering (Department of Physics), Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong 250353, P.R. China
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72
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Study on preparation and crystalline transformation of nano- and micro-CaCO3 by supercritical carbon dioxide. POWDER TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2020.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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73
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Oriols N, Salvadó N, Pradell T, Butí S. Amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) in fresco mural paintings. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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74
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Plana-Ruiz S, Krysiak Y, Portillo J, Alig E, Estradé S, Peiró F, Kolb U. Fast-ADT: A fast and automated electron diffraction tomography setup for structure determination and refinement. Ultramicroscopy 2020; 211:112951. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2020.112951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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75
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Rausis K, Ćwik A, Casanova I. Phase evolution during accelerated CO2 mineralization of brucite under concentrated CO2 and simulated flue gas conditions. J CO2 UTIL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2019.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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76
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Inorganic ions regulate amorphous-to-crystal shape preservation in biomineralization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:3360-3362. [PMID: 32024755 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1922923117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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77
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Huo W, Cao T, Xu W, Guo Z, Liu X, Yao HC, Zhang Y, Dong F. Facile construction of Bi2Mo3O12@Bi2O2CO3 heterojunctions for enhanced photocatalytic efficiency toward NO removal and study of the conversion process. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(19)63460-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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78
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Hong Y, Yufit DS, Letzelter N, Steed JW. Calcium cyclic carboxylates as structural models for calcium carbonate scale inhibitors. CrystEngComm 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ce00243g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Calcium complexes of cyclic oligocarboxylic acids have been studied as models to understand how subtle changes in molecular structure lead to significant variation in inhibition ability for calcium carbonate deposition
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuexian Hong
- Department of Chemistry
- Durham University
- Durham DH1 3LE
- UK
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79
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Jia C, Wu L, Chen Q, Ke P, De Yoreo JJ, Guan B. Structural evolution of amorphous calcium sulfate nanoparticles into crystalline gypsum phase. CrystEngComm 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ce01173h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Growth and orientation of nanocrystalline domains within fused ACS particles generate monocrystalline gypsum phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiyun Jia
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310058
- China
- Physical Science Division
| | - Luchao Wu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310058
- China
| | - Qiaoshan Chen
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310058
- China
| | - Peng Ke
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310058
- China
| | - James J. De Yoreo
- Physical Science Division
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Richland
- USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
| | - Baohong Guan
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310058
- China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education
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80
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Laipnik R, Bissi V, Sun CY, Falini G, Gilbert PUPA, Mass T. Coral acid rich protein selects vaterite polymorph in vitro. J Struct Biol 2019; 209:107431. [PMID: 31811894 PMCID: PMC7058422 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2019.107431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Corals and other biomineralizing organisms use proteins and other molecules to form different crystalline polymorphs and biomineral structures. In corals, it’s been suggested that proteins such as Coral Acid Rich Proteins (CARPs) play a major role in the polymorph selection of their calcium carbonate (CaCO3) aragonite exoskeleton. To date, four CARPs (1–4) have been characterized: each with a different amino acid composition and different temporal and spatial expression patterns during coral developmental stages. Interestingly, CARP3 is able to alter crystallization pathways in vitro, yet its function in this process remains enigmatic. To better understand the CARP3 function, we performed two independent in vitro CaCO3 polymorph selection experiments using purified recombinant CARP3 at different concentrations and at low or zero Mg2+ concentration. Our results show that, in the absence of Mg2+, CARP3 selects for the vaterite polymorph and inhibits calcite. However, in the presence of a low concentration of Mg2+ and CARP3 both Mg-calcite and vaterite are formed, with the relative amount of Mg-calcite increasing with CARP3 concentration. In all conditions, CARP3 did not select for the aragonite polymorph, which is the polymorph associated to CARP3 in vivo, even in the presence of Mg2+ (Mg:Ca molar ratio equal to 1). These results further emphasize the importance of Mg:Ca molar ratios similar to that in seawater (Mg:Ca equal to 5) and the activity of the biological system in a aragonite polymorph selection in coral skeleton formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ra'anan Laipnik
- Marine Biology Department, Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Israel
| | - Veronica Bissi
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Università di Bologna, Italy
| | - Chang-Yu Sun
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Giuseppe Falini
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Università di Bologna, Italy
| | - Pupa U P A Gilbert
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Departments of Chemistry, Materials Science and Engineering, and Geoscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Tali Mass
- Marine Biology Department, Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Israel.
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81
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Huo W, Xu W, Cao T, Guo Z, Liu X, Ge G, Li N, Lan T, Yao HC, Zhang Y, Dong F. Carbonate doped Bi 2MoO 6 hierarchical nanostructure with enhanced transformation of active radicals for efficient photocatalytic removal of NO. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 557:816-824. [PMID: 31580977 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.09.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Doping heteroatoms in photocatalyst is an effective strategy to signally enhance the photocatalytic activity. Herein, we have favorably fabricated the carbonate doped Bi2MoO6 via a facile one-pot solvothermal method, which was verified by structure and constituent characterization analysis. In addition, the NO removal efficiency of carbonate-intercalated Bi2MoO6 is ~34%, far-exceeding that of the pure Bi2MoO6 (~13%), whilst exhibits a good stability and durability, owing to that the dopants could modulate the electron states of the Bi2MoO6, thus stimulating charge separation and migration, incenting transformation of reactive oxygen species and facilitating reactants activation, which are synthetically investigated by experimental characterization coupled with DFT calculation. Significantly, the in situ DRIFTS measurement was employed to dynamic monitor the NO oxidation process and clarify the photocatalytic mechanism under visible light irradiation. This work provides an efficient strategy to design photocatalysts with tunable motivating charge conversion and reactants activation towards NO photooxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangchen Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Transmissions, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China; Research Center for Environmental Science & Technology, Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, PR China
| | - Weina Xu
- Department of Physics, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, PR China
| | - Tong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Transmissions, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Ziyang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Transmissions, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Xiaoying Liu
- Engineering Research Center for Waste Oil Recovery Technology and Equipment of Ministry of Education, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Catalysis and New Environmental Materials, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing 400067, PR China
| | - Guangxu Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Transmissions, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Nan Li
- Aerospace Institute of Advanced Materials & Processing Technology, Beijing 100074, PR China
| | - Tian Lan
- Aerospace Institute of Advanced Materials & Processing Technology, Beijing 100074, PR China
| | - Hong-Chang Yao
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province 450001, PR China
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Transmissions, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China.
| | - Fan Dong
- Research Center for Environmental Science & Technology, Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, PR China.
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82
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Affiliation(s)
- Huachuan Du
- Soft Materials LaboratoryInstitute of MaterialsEcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Schweiz
| | - Esther Amstad
- Soft Materials LaboratoryInstitute of MaterialsEcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Schweiz
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83
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Du H, Amstad E. Water: How Does It Influence the CaCO 3 Formation? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 59:1798-1816. [PMID: 31081984 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201903662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Nature produces biomineral-based materials with a fascinating set of properties using only a limited number of elements. This set of properties is obtained by closely controlling the structure and local composition of the biominerals. We are far from achieving the same degree of control over the properties of synthetic biomineral-based composites. One reason for this inferior control is our incomplete understanding of the influence of the synthesis conditions and additives on the structure and composition of the forming biominerals. In this Review, we provide an overview of the current understanding of the influence of synthesis conditions and additives during different formation stages of CaCO3 , one of the most abundant biominerals, on the structure, composition, and properties of the resulting CaCO3 crystals. In addition, we summarize currently known means to tune these parameters. Throughout the Review, we put special emphasis on the role of water in mediating the formation of CaCO3 and thereby influencing its structure and properties, an often overlooked aspect that is of high relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huachuan Du
- Soft Materials Laboratory, Institute of Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Esther Amstad
- Soft Materials Laboratory, Institute of Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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84
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Magnabosco G, Condorelli AMM, Rosenberg R, Polishchuk I, Pokroy B, Gebauer D, Cölfen H, Falini G. Non-stoichiometric hydrated magnesium-doped calcium carbonate precipitation in ethanol. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:12944-12947. [PMID: 31599890 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc07087g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The effect of Mg2+ on the precipitation pathway of CaCO3 in absolute ethanol has been studied to investigate the role of ion solvation in the crystallization process. Our data reveal that high concentrations of Mg2+ promote the precipitation of an amorphous transient phase together with non-stoichometric hydrated phases of calcium carbonate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Magnabosco
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via F. Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Andrea M M Condorelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via F. Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Rose Rosenberg
- Department of Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, Universität Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Iryna Polishchuk
- Department of Material Sciences, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 43000 Haifa, Israel
| | - Boaz Pokroy
- Department of Material Sciences, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 43000 Haifa, Israel
| | - Denis Gebauer
- Department of Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, Universität Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Helmut Cölfen
- Department of Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, Universität Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Falini
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via F. Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
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85
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Zhang D, Wang S, Wang Y, Gomez MA, Jia Y. The long-term stability of calcium arsenates: Implications for phase transformation and arsenic mobilization. J Environ Sci (China) 2019; 84:29-41. [PMID: 31284914 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2019.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that calcium arsenates may not be a good choice for arsenic removal and immobilization in hydrometallurgical practices. However, they are still produced at some plants in the world due to various reasons. Furthermore, calcium arsenates can also naturally precipitate under some specific environments. However, the transformation process of poorly crystalline calcium arsenates (PCCA) and the stability of these samples under atmospheric CO2 are not yet well understood. This work investigated the transformation process of PCCA produced by using different neutralization reagents (CaO vs. NaOH) with various Ca/As molar ratios at pH 7-12 in the presence of atmospheric CO2. After aging at room temperature for a period of time, for samples neutralized with NaOH and precipitated at pH 10 and 12, release of arsenic back into the liquid phase occurred. In contrast, for the samples precipitated at pH 8, the aqueous concentration of arsenic was observed to decrease. XRD, Raman, and SEM results suggested that the formation of various types of crystalline calcium carbonates and/or calcium arsenates controls the arsenic behavior. Moreover, the application of lime may enhance the stability of the generated PCCA. However, no matter what neutralization reagent is used, the stability of the generated PCCA is still of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danni Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Shaofeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Mario A Gomez
- Institute of Environmental Protection, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
| | - Yongfeng Jia
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China.
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86
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Bao G, Fan Q, Ge D, Sun M, Guo H, Xia D, Liu Y, Liu J, Wu S, He B, Zheng Y. In vitro and in vivo studies on magnesium alloys to evaluate the feasibility of their use in obstetrics and gynecology. Acta Biomater 2019; 97:623-636. [PMID: 31386929 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Magnesium and its alloys were widely investigated in many body fluid microenvironments including bone, blood, bile, saliva, and urine; however, no study has been conducted in the intrauterine microenvironment. In this study, the degradation behaviors of HP-Mg, Mg-1Ca, and Mg-2Zn alloys in simulated uterine fluid (SUF) were systematically investigated, and then the biological response of four kinds of uterine cells to these materials was observed. For this purpose, the gluteal muscle of rat was used as the implantation position to study the in vivo biocompatibility as a mimic of the intrauterine device (IUD) fixation part. The 120-day immersion test indicated that the Mg-1Ca alloy had a faster degradation rate than the Mg-2Zn alloy and HP-Mg and dissolved entirely in the SUF. Indirect cytotoxicity assay showed that the extracts of HP-Mg, Mg-1Ca, and Mg-2Zn alloys have positive effects on human uterine smooth muscle cells (HUSMC), human endometrial epithelial cells (HEEC), and human endometrial stromal cells (HESC), especially for the Mg-1Ca alloy group. Furthermore, the in vivo experiment showed that HP-Mg, Mg-1Ca, and Mg-2Zn alloy implants cause a light inflammatory response in the initial 3 days, but they were surrounded mainly by connective tissue, and lymphocytes were rarely observed at 4 weeks. Based on the above facts, we believed that it is feasible for using biomedical Mg alloys in obstetrics and gynecology and proposed three kinds of medical device candidates for future R&D. Statement of Significance Magnesium alloys were widely investigated in various body microenvironments including bone, blood, bile, saliva, and urine; however, no study has been conducted in the intrauterine environment. In this work, the degradation behaviors of Mg alloys in simulated uterine fluid were systematically investigated, and then the biological response of four kinds of uterine cells to these materials was observed. For this purpose, the tibialis anterior of a rat model was used as the implantation position to study the in vivo biocompatibility. The comprehensive in vitro and in vivo testing results indicated that biomedical Mg alloys are feasible for use in obstetrics and gynecology. Further, three kinds of medical device candidates were proposed.
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87
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Gemmi M, Mugnaioli E, Gorelik TE, Kolb U, Palatinus L, Boullay P, Hovmöller S, Abrahams JP. 3D Electron Diffraction: The Nanocrystallography Revolution. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2019; 5:1315-1329. [PMID: 31482114 PMCID: PMC6716134 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.9b00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Crystallography of nanocrystalline materials has witnessed a true revolution in the past 10 years, thanks to the introduction of protocols for 3D acquisition and analysis of electron diffraction data. This method provides single-crystal data of structure solution and refinement quality, allowing the atomic structure determination of those materials that remained hitherto unknown because of their limited crystallinity. Several experimental protocols exist, which share the common idea of sampling a sequence of diffraction patterns while the crystal is tilted around a noncrystallographic axis, namely, the goniometer axis of the transmission electron microscope sample stage. This Outlook reviews most important 3D electron diffraction applications for different kinds of samples and problematics, related with both materials and life sciences. Structure refinement including dynamical scattering is also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Gemmi
- Center
for Nanotechnology Innovation@NEST, Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Piazza S. Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Enrico Mugnaioli
- Center
for Nanotechnology Innovation@NEST, Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Piazza S. Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Tatiana E. Gorelik
- University
of Ulm, Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, Electron Microscopy
Group of Materials Science (EMMS), Albert Einstein Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Ute Kolb
- Institut
für Anorganische Chemie und Analytische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Institut
für Angewandte Geowissenschaften, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstraße 9, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Lukas Palatinus
- Department
of Structure Analysis, Institute of Physics
of the CAS, Na Slovance 2, 182 21 Prague 8, Czechia
| | - Philippe Boullay
- CRISMAT,
Normandie Université, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS UMR 6508, 6 Bd Maréchal Juin, F-14050 Cedex Caen, France
| | - Sven Hovmöller
- Inorganic
and Structural Chemistry, Department of Materials and Environmental
Chemistry, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Pieter Abrahams
- Center
for Cellular Imaging and NanoAnalytics (C−CINA), Biozentrum, Basel University, Mattenstrasse 26, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
- Department
of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer
Institut (PSI), CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- Leiden
Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
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88
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Kolb U, Krysiak Y, Plana-Ruiz S. Automated electron diffraction tomography - development and applications. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION B, STRUCTURAL SCIENCE, CRYSTAL ENGINEERING AND MATERIALS 2019; 75:463-474. [PMID: 32830704 PMCID: PMC6690130 DOI: 10.1107/s2052520619006711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Electron diffraction tomography (EDT) has gained increasing interest, starting with the development of automated electron diffraction tomography (ADT) which enables the collection of three-dimensional electron diffraction data from nano-sized crystals suitable for ab initio structure analysis. A basic description of the ADT method, nowadays recognized as a reliable and established method, as well as its special features and general applicability to different transmission electron microscopes is provided. In addition, the usability of ADT for crystal structure analysis of single nano-sized crystals with and without special crystallographic features, such as twinning, modulations and disorder is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute Kolb
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Analytische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, Mainz, 55128, Germany
- Institut für Angewandte Geowissenchaften, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 9, Darmstadt, 64287, Germany
| | - Yaşar Krysiak
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Analytische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, Mainz, 55128, Germany
| | - Sergi Plana-Ruiz
- Institut für Angewandte Geowissenchaften, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 9, Darmstadt, 64287, Germany
- LENS-MIND, Departament d’Enginyeria Electrònica i Biomèdica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
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89
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Formation of stable strontium-rich amorphous calcium phosphate: Possible effects on bone mineral. Acta Biomater 2019; 92:315-324. [PMID: 31125726 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Bone, tooth enamel, and dentin accumulate Sr2+, a natural trace element in the human body. Sr2+ comes from dietary and environmental sources and is thought to play a key role in osteoporosis treatments. However, the underlying impacts of Sr2+on bone mineralization remain unclear and the use of synthetic apatites (which are structurally different from bone mineral) and non-physiological conditions have led to contradictory results. Here, we report on the formation of a new Sr2+-rich and stable amorphous calcium phosphate phase, Sr(ACP). Relying on a bioinspired pathway, a series of Sr2+ substituted hydroxyapatite (HA) that combines the major bone mineral features is depicted as model to investigate how this phase forms and Sr2+ affects bone. In addition, by means of a comprehensive investigation the biomineralization pathway of Sr2+ bearing HA is described showing that not more than 10 at% of Sr2+, i.e. a physiological limit incorporated in bone, can be incorporated into HA without phase segregation. A combination of 31P and 1H solid state NMR, energy electron loss spectromicroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, electron diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy shows that Sr2+ introduces disorder in the HA culminating with the unexpected Sr(ACP), which co-exists with the HA under physiological conditions. These results suggest that heterogeneous Sr2+ distribution in bone is associated with regions of low structural organization. Going further, such observations give clues from the physicochemical standpoint to understand the defects in bone formation induced by high Sr2+ doses. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Understanding the role played by Sr2+ has a relevant impact in physiological biomineralization and provides insights for its use as osteoporosis treatments. Previous studies inspired by the bone remodelling pathway led to the formation of biomimetic HA in terms of composition, structures and properties in water. Herein, by investigating different atomic percentage of Sr2+ related to Ca2+ in the synthesis, we demonstrate that 10% of Sr2+ is the critical loads into the biomimetic HA phase; similarly to bone. Unexpectedly, using higher amount leads to the formation of a stable Sr2+-rich amorphous calcium phosphate phase that may high-dose related pathologies. Our results provide further understanding of the different ways Sr2+ impacts bone.
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90
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Abstract
Calcium carbonate biomimetic crystallization remains a topic of interest with respect to biomineralization areas in recent research. It is not easy to conduct high-throughput experiments with only a few macromolecule reagents using conventional experimental methods. However, the emergence of microdroplet array technology provides the possibility to solve these issues efficiently. In this article, surface-tension-confined droplet arrays were used to fabricate calcium carbonate. It was found that calcium carbonate crystallization can be conducted in surface-tension-confined droplets. Defects were found on the surface of some crystals, which were caused by liquid flow inside the droplet and the rapid drop in droplet height during the evaporation. The diameter and number of crystals were related to the droplet diameter. Polyacrylic acid (PAA), added as a modified organic molecule control, changed the CaCO3 morphology from calcite to vaterite. The material products of the above experiments were compared with bulk-synthesized calcium carbonate by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy and other characterization methods. Our work proves the possibility of performing biomimetic crystallization and biomineralization experiments on surface-tension-confined microdroplet arrays.
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91
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Schmidt I, Zolotoyabko E, Lee K, Gjardy A, Berner A, Lakin E, Fratzl P, Wagermaier W. Effect of Strontium Ions on Crystallization of Amorphous Calcium Carbonate. CRYSTAL RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/crat.201900002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Schmidt
- Department of Biomaterials; Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces; Potsdam 14424 Germany
| | - Emil Zolotoyabko
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Technion-Israel Institute of Technology; Haifa 32000 Israel
| | - Kyubock Lee
- Graduate School of Energy Science and Technology; Chungnam National University,; 34134 Daejeon Korea
| | - André Gjardy
- Department of Biomaterials; Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces; Potsdam 14424 Germany
| | - Alex Berner
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Technion-Israel Institute of Technology; Haifa 32000 Israel
| | - Evgeny Lakin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Technion-Israel Institute of Technology; Haifa 32000 Israel
| | - Peter Fratzl
- Department of Biomaterials; Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces; Potsdam 14424 Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wagermaier
- Department of Biomaterials; Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces; Potsdam 14424 Germany
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