51
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Lee KA, Flores RR, Jang IH, Saathoff A, Robbins PD. Immune Senescence, Immunosenescence and Aging. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2022; 3:900028. [PMID: 35821850 PMCID: PMC9261375 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2022.900028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
With aging, there is increased dysfunction of both innate and adaptive immune responses, which contributes to impaired immune responses to pathogens and greater mortality and morbidity. This age-related immune dysfunction is defined in general as immunosenescence and includes an increase in the number of memory T cells, loss of ability to respond to antigen and a lingering level of low-grade inflammation. However, certain features of immunosenescence are similar to cellular senescence, which is defined as the irreversible loss of proliferation in response to damage and stress. Importantly, senescence cells can develop an inflammatory senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), that also drives non-autonomous cellular senescence and immune dysfunction. Interestingly, viral infection can increase the extent of immune senescence both directly and indirectly, leading to increased immune dysfunction and inflammation, especially in the elderly. This review focuses on age-related immune dysfunction, cellular senescence and the impaired immune response to pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Paul D. Robbins
- Institute on the Biology of Aging and Metabolism, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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52
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Mettelman RC, Allen EK, Thomas PG. Mucosal immune responses to infection and vaccination in the respiratory tract. Immunity 2022; 55:749-780. [PMID: 35545027 PMCID: PMC9087965 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The lungs are constantly exposed to inhaled debris, allergens, pollutants, commensal or pathogenic microorganisms, and respiratory viruses. As a result, innate and adaptive immune responses in the respiratory tract are tightly regulated and are in continual flux between states of enhanced pathogen clearance, immune-modulation, and tissue repair. New single-cell-sequencing techniques are expanding our knowledge of airway cellular complexity and the nuanced connections between structural and immune cell compartments. Understanding these varied interactions is critical in treatment of human pulmonary disease and infections and in next-generation vaccine design. Here, we review the innate and adaptive immune responses in the lung and airways following infection and vaccination, with particular focus on influenza virus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has put pulmonary research firmly into the global spotlight, challenging previously held notions of respiratory immunity and helping identify new populations at high risk for respiratory distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Mettelman
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - E Kaitlynn Allen
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Paul G Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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53
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Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses in the Upper Respiratory Tract and the Infectivity of SARS-CoV-2. Viruses 2022; 14:v14050933. [PMID: 35632675 PMCID: PMC9143801 DOI: 10.3390/v14050933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence shows the nasal epithelium to be the initial site of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and that early and effective immune responses in the upper respiratory tract (URT) limit and eliminate the infection in the URT, thereby preventing infection of the lower respiratory tract and the development of severe COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 interferes with innate immunity signaling and evolves mutants that can reduce antibody-mediated immunity in the URT. Recent genetic and immunological advances in understanding innate immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in the URT, and the ability of prior infections as well as currently available injectable and potential intranasal COVID-19 vaccines to generate anamnestic adaptive immunity in the URT, are reviewed. It is suggested that the more detailed investigation of URT immune responses to all types of COVID-19 vaccines, and the development of safe and effective COVID-19 vaccines for intranasal administration, are important needs.
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54
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Meyer-Arndt L, Schwarz T, Loyal L, Henze L, Kruse B, Dingeldey M, Gürcan K, Uyar-Aydin Z, Müller MA, Drosten C, Paul F, Sander LE, Demuth I, Lauster R, Giesecke-Thiel C, Braun J, Corman VM, Thiel A. Cutting Edge: Serum but Not Mucosal Antibody Responses Are Associated with Pre-Existing SARS-CoV-2 Spike Cross-Reactive CD4 + T Cells following BNT162b2 Vaccination in the Elderly. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:1001-1005. [PMID: 35121642 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Advanced age is a main risk factor for severe COVID-19. However, low vaccination efficacy and accelerated waning immunity have been reported in this age group. To elucidate age-related differences in immunogenicity, we analyzed human cellular, serological, and salivary SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein-specific immune responses to the BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine in old (69-92 y) and middle-aged (24-57 y) vaccinees compared with natural infection (COVID-19 convalescents, 21-55 y of age). Serological humoral responses to vaccination excee-ded those of convalescents, but salivary anti-spike subunit 1 (S1) IgA and neutralizing capacity were less durable in vaccinees. In old vaccinees, we observed that pre-existing spike-specific CD4+ T cells are associated with efficient induction of anti-S1 IgG and neutralizing capacity in serum but not saliva. Our results suggest pre-existing SARS-CoV-2 cross-reactive CD4+ T cells as a predictor of an efficient COVID-19 vaccine-induced humoral immune response in old individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lil Meyer-Arndt
- Si-M/'Der Simulierte Mensch', Technische Universität Berlin and Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berliner Institut für Gesundheitsforschung, Immunomics, Regenerative Immunologie und Altern, Berlin, Germany.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Berlin, Germany.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Klinik für Neurologie mit Experimenteller Neurologie, Berlin, Germany.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tatjana Schwarz
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institut für Virologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lucie Loyal
- Si-M/'Der Simulierte Mensch', Technische Universität Berlin and Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berliner Institut für Gesundheitsforschung, Immunomics, Regenerative Immunologie und Altern, Berlin, Germany
| | - Larissa Henze
- Si-M/'Der Simulierte Mensch', Technische Universität Berlin and Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berliner Institut für Gesundheitsforschung, Immunomics, Regenerative Immunologie und Altern, Berlin, Germany
| | - Beate Kruse
- Si-M/'Der Simulierte Mensch', Technische Universität Berlin and Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berliner Institut für Gesundheitsforschung, Immunomics, Regenerative Immunologie und Altern, Berlin, Germany
| | - Manuela Dingeldey
- Si-M/'Der Simulierte Mensch', Technische Universität Berlin and Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berliner Institut für Gesundheitsforschung, Immunomics, Regenerative Immunologie und Altern, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kübrah Gürcan
- Medizinische Biotechnologie, Institut für Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Zehra Uyar-Aydin
- Medizinische Biotechnologie, Institut für Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcel A Müller
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institut für Virologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Drosten
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institut für Virologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Friedemann Paul
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berliner Institut für Gesundheitsforschung, Immunomics, Regenerative Immunologie und Altern, Berlin, Germany.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Berlin, Germany
| | - Leif E Sander
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Klinik für Infektiologie und Pneumologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ilja Demuth
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Klinik für Endokrinologie und Stoffwechselmedizin, Biologie des Alterns, Berlin, Germany.,Berliner Institut für Gesundheitsforschung der Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Centrum für Regenerative Therapien, Berlin, Germany; and
| | - Roland Lauster
- Medizinische Biotechnologie, Institut für Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Julian Braun
- Si-M/'Der Simulierte Mensch', Technische Universität Berlin and Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berliner Institut für Gesundheitsforschung, Immunomics, Regenerative Immunologie und Altern, Berlin, Germany
| | - Victor M Corman
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institut für Virologie, Berlin, Germany;
| | - Andreas Thiel
- Si-M/'Der Simulierte Mensch', Technische Universität Berlin and Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; .,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berliner Institut für Gesundheitsforschung, Immunomics, Regenerative Immunologie und Altern, Berlin, Germany
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55
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Brodin P. SARS-CoV-2 infections in children: Understanding diverse outcomes. Immunity 2022; 55:201-209. [PMID: 35093190 PMCID: PMC8769938 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infections mostly lead to mild or even asymptomatic infections in children, but the reasons for this are not fully understood. More efficient local tissue responses, better thymic function, and cross-reactive immunity have all been proposed to explain this. In rare cases of children and young people, but very rarely in adults, post-infectious hyperinflammatory syndromes can develop and be serious. Here, I will discuss our current understanding of SARS-CoV-2 infections in children and hypothesize that a life history and energy allocation perspective might offer an additional explanation to mild infections, viral dynamics, and the higher incidence of rare multisystem inflammatory syndromes in children and young people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petter Brodin
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, UK; Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden.
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56
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Gao Y, Cai C, Grifoni A, Müller TR, Niessl J, Olofsson A, Humbert M, Hansson L, Österborg A, Bergman P, Chen P, Olsson A, Sandberg JK, Weiskopf D, Price DA, Ljunggren HG, Karlsson AC, Sette A, Aleman S, Buggert M. Ancestral SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells cross-recognize the Omicron variant. Nat Med 2022; 28:472-476. [PMID: 35042228 PMCID: PMC8938268 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-022-01700-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 142.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 variant-of-concern Omicron (B.1.1.529) has destabilized global efforts to control the impact of COVID-19. Recent data have suggested that B.1.1.529 can readily infect people with naturally acquired or vaccine-induced immunity, facilitated in some cases by viral escape from antibodies that neutralize ancestral SARS-CoV-2. However, severe disease appears to be relatively uncommon in such individuals, highlighting a potential role for other components of the adaptive immune system. We report here that SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells induced by prior infection or BNT162b2 vaccination provide extensive immune coverage against B.1.1.529. The median relative frequencies of SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific CD4+ T cells that cross-recognized B.1.1.529 in previously infected or BNT162b2-vaccinated individuals were 84% and 91%, respectively, and the corresponding median relative frequencies for SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific CD8+ T cells were 70% and 92%, respectively. Pairwise comparisons across groups further revealed that SARS-CoV-2 spike-reactive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were functionally and phenotypically similar in response to the ancestral strain or B.1.1.529. Collectively, our data indicate that established SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses, especially after BNT162b2 vaccination, remain largely intact against B.1.1.529.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Gao
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Curtis Cai
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alba Grifoni
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Thomas R Müller
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Julia Niessl
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Olofsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marion Humbert
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lotta Hansson
- Department of Hematology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Österborg
- Department of Hematology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Bergman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Puran Chen
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Annika Olsson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan K Sandberg
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - David A Price
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK.,Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Hans-Gustaf Ljunggren
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Annika C Karlsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Soo Aleman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Medicine Huddinge, Infectious Diseases and Dermatology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marcus Buggert
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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57
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Lange J, Rivera-Ballesteros O, Buggert M. Human mucosal tissue-resident memory T cells in health and disease. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:389-397. [PMID: 34743182 PMCID: PMC8571012 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-021-00467-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Memory T cells are fundamental to maintain immune surveillance of the human body. During the past decade, it has become apparent that non-recirculating resident memory T cells (TRMs) form a first line memory response in tissues to tackle re-infections. The fact that TRMs are essential for local immunity highlights the therapeutic potential of targeting this population against tumors and infections. However, similar to other immune subsets, TRMs are heterogenous and may form distinct effector populations with unique functions at diverse tissue sites. Further insight into the mechanisms of how TRM function and respond to pathogens and malignancies at different mucosal sites will help to shape future vaccine and immunotherapeutic approaches. Here, we review the current understanding of TRM function and biology at four major mucosal sites: gastrointestinal tract, lung, head and neck, as well as female reproductive tract. We also summarize our current knowledge of how TRM targets invading pathogens and developing tumor cells at these mucosal sites and contemplate how TRMs may be exploited to protect from infections and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Lange
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olga Rivera-Ballesteros
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marcus Buggert
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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58
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Khanolkar A. Elucidating T Cell and B Cell Responses to SARS-CoV-2 in Humans: Gaining Insights into Protective Immunity and Immunopathology. Cells 2021; 11:cells11010067. [PMID: 35011627 PMCID: PMC8750814 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is an unprecedented epochal event on at least two fronts. Firstly, in terms of the rapid spread and the magnitude of the outbreak, and secondly, on account of the equally swift response of the scientific community that has galvanized itself into action and has successfully developed, tested and deployed highly effective and novel vaccines in record time to combat the virus. The sophistication and diversification of the scientific toolbox we now have at our disposal has enabled us to interrogate both the breadth and the depth of the immune response to a degree that is unparalleled in recent memory. In terms of our understanding of what is critical to contain the virus and mitigate the effects the pandemic, neutralizing antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 garner most of the attention, however, it is essential to recognize that it is the quality and the fitness of the virus-specific T cell and B cell response that lays the foundation and the backdrop for an effective neutralizing antibody response. In this report, we will review some of the key findings that have helped define and delineate some of the essential attributes of T and B cell responses in the setting of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaruni Khanolkar
- Department of Pathology, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, 225 East Chicago Avenue, Box 82, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; ; Tel.: +1-312-227-8073
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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59
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Wagner KI, Mateyka LM, Jarosch S, Grass V, Weber S, Schober K, Hammel M, Burrell T, Kalali B, Poppert H, Beyer H, Schambeck S, Holdenrieder S, Strötges-Achatz A, Haselmann V, Neumaier M, Erber J, Priller A, Yazici S, Roggendorf H, Odendahl M, Tonn T, Dick A, Witter K, Mijočević H, Protzer U, Knolle PA, Pichlmair A, Crowell CS, Gerhard M, D'Ippolito E, Busch DH. Recruitment of highly cytotoxic CD8 + T cell receptors in mild SARS-CoV-2 infection. Cell Rep 2021; 38:110214. [PMID: 34968416 PMCID: PMC8677487 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell immunity is crucial for control of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and has been studied widely on a quantitative level. However, the quality of responses, in particular of CD8+ T cells, has only been investigated marginally so far. Here, we isolate T cell receptor (TCR) repertoires specific for immunodominant SARS-CoV-2 epitopes restricted to common human Leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecules in convalescent individuals. SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8+ T cells are detected up to 12 months after infection. TCR repertoires are diverse, with heterogeneous functional avidity and cytotoxicity toward virus-infected cells, as demonstrated for TCR-engineered T cells. High TCR functionality correlates with gene signatures that, remarkably, could be retrieved for each epitope:HLA combination analyzed. Overall, our data demonstrate that polyclonal and highly functional CD8+ TCRs—classic features of protective immunity—are recruited upon mild SARS-CoV-2 infection, providing tools to assess the quality of and potentially restore functional CD8+ T cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolin I Wagner
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Laura M Mateyka
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Jarosch
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Vincent Grass
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Simone Weber
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Kilian Schober
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany; Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Monika Hammel
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Teresa Burrell
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Behnam Kalali
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Holger Poppert
- Department of Neurology, Helios Klinikum München West, 81241 Munich, Germany; Neurologische Klinik, University Hospital Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Henriette Beyer
- Department of Neurology, Helios Klinikum München West, 81241 Munich, Germany
| | - Sophia Schambeck
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology, Helios Klinikum München West, 81241 Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Holdenrieder
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Munich Biomarker Research Center, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 80636 Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Strötges-Achatz
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Munich Biomarker Research Center, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 80636 Munich, Germany
| | - Verena Haselmann
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Medicine Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Michael Neumaier
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Medicine Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Johanna Erber
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Alina Priller
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Sarah Yazici
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Hedwig Roggendorf
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Marcus Odendahl
- Experimental Transfusion Medicine, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Institute for Transfusion Medicine Dresden, German Red Cross Blood Donation Service North-East, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Torsten Tonn
- Experimental Transfusion Medicine, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Institute for Transfusion Medicine Dresden, German Red Cross Blood Donation Service North-East, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Andrea Dick
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics and Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Cellular Therapeutics and Hemostaseology, LMU University Hospital, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Klaus Witter
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics and Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Cellular Therapeutics and Hemostaseology, LMU University Hospital, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Hrvoje Mijočević
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrike Protzer
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Percy A Knolle
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Pichlmair
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Claudia S Crowell
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Gerhard
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Elvira D'Ippolito
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany.
| | - Dirk H Busch
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany.
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Tan AT, Le Bert N, Bertoletti A. Difference in sensitivity between SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell assays in patients with underlying conditions. Reply. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:e155701. [PMID: 34907917 PMCID: PMC8670828 DOI: 10.1172/jci155701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony T. Tan
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Nina Le Bert
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Antonio Bertoletti
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
- Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, Singapore
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61
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Payne RP, Longet S, Austin JA, Skelly DT, Dejnirattisai W, Adele S, Meardon N, Faustini S, Al-Taei S, Moore SC, Tipton T, Hering LM, Angyal A, Brown R, Nicols AR, Gillson N, Dobson SL, Amini A, Supasa P, Cross A, Bridges-Webb A, Reyes LS, Linder A, Sandhar G, Kilby JA, Tyerman JK, Altmann T, Hornsby H, Whitham R, Phillips E, Malone T, Hargreaves A, Shields A, Saei A, Foulkes S, Stafford L, Johnson S, Wootton DG, Conlon CP, Jeffery K, Matthews PC, Frater J, Deeks AS, Pollard AJ, Brown A, Rowland-Jones SL, Mongkolsapaya J, Barnes E, Hopkins S, Hall V, Dold C, Duncan CJA, Richter A, Carroll M, Screaton G, de Silva TI, Turtle L, Klenerman P, Dunachie S. Immunogenicity of standard and extended dosing intervals of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine. Cell 2021; 184:5699-5714.e11. [PMID: 34735795 PMCID: PMC8519781 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Extension of the interval between vaccine doses for the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine was introduced in the United Kingdom to accelerate population coverage with a single dose. At this time, trial data were lacking, and we addressed this in a study of United Kingdom healthcare workers. The first vaccine dose induced protection from infection from the circulating alpha (B.1.1.7) variant over several weeks. In a substudy of 589 individuals, we show that this single dose induces severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) neutralizing antibody (NAb) responses and a sustained B and T cell response to the spike protein. NAb levels were higher after the extended dosing interval (6-14 weeks) compared with the conventional 3- to 4-week regimen, accompanied by enrichment of CD4+ T cells expressing interleukin-2 (IL-2). Prior SARS-CoV-2 infection amplified and accelerated the response. These data on dynamic cellular and humoral responses indicate that extension of the dosing interval is an effective immunogenic protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca P Payne
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK.
| | - Stephanie Longet
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - James A Austin
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Donal T Skelly
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Wanwisa Dejnirattisai
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sandra Adele
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Naomi Meardon
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Sian Faustini
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Saly Al-Taei
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Shona C Moore
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Tom Tipton
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Luisa M Hering
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Adrienn Angyal
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Rebecca Brown
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Alexander R Nicols
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | | | - Susan L Dobson
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ali Amini
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK; Translational Gastroenterology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Piyada Supasa
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew Cross
- Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Alice Bridges-Webb
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Laura Silva Reyes
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Aline Linder
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Gurjinder Sandhar
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Jonathan A Kilby
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Jessica K Tyerman
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Thomas Altmann
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK; Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle, UK
| | - Hailey Hornsby
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Rachel Whitham
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Eloise Phillips
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tom Malone
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alexander Hargreaves
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Adrian Shields
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ayoub Saei
- Public Health England, Colindale, London, UK
| | | | - Lizzie Stafford
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Sile Johnson
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK; Oxford University Medical School, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Daniel G Wootton
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK; Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Christopher P Conlon
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK; Oxford Centre For Global Health Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Katie Jeffery
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Philippa C Matthews
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - John Frater
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Alexandra S Deeks
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Anthony Brown
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah L Rowland-Jones
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK; Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Juthathip Mongkolsapaya
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Siriraj Center of Research Excellence in Dengue & Emerging Pathogens, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Eleanor Barnes
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK; Translational Gastroenterology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Susan Hopkins
- Public Health England, Colindale, London, UK; Faculty of Medicine, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK; NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infection and Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Victoria Hall
- Public Health England, Colindale, London, UK; NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infection and Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christina Dold
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christopher J A Duncan
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK; Department of Infection and Tropical Medicine, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK
| | - Alex Richter
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Miles Carroll
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Gavin Screaton
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Thushan I de Silva
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK; Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Lance Turtle
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK; Translational Gastroenterology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Susanna Dunachie
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK; Oxford Centre For Global Health Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand
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Abstract
Exceptional efforts have been undertaken to shed light into the biology of adaptive immune responses to SARS-CoV-2. T cells occupy a central role in adaptive immunity to mediate helper functions to different arms of the immune system and are fundamental to mediate protection, control, and clearance of most viral infections. Even though many questions remain unsolved, there is a growing literature linking specific T cell characteristics to differential COVID-19 severity and vaccine outcome. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses in acute and convalescent COVID-19. Further, we discuss the T cell literature coupled to pre-existing immunity and vaccines and highlight the need to look beyond blood to fully understand how T cells function in the tissue space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Niessl
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Takuya Sekine
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marcus Buggert
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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63
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Cross-reactive tissue-resident CD8 + T cells may provide first line of defence against SARS-CoV-2. Nat Rev Immunol 2021; 21:693. [PMID: 34611319 PMCID: PMC8491448 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-021-00638-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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