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Keestra AM, Bäumler AJ. Detection of enteric pathogens by the nodosome. Trends Immunol 2013; 35:123-30. [PMID: 24268520 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2013.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain protein (NOD)1 and NOD2 participate in signaling pathways that detect pathogen-induced processes, such as the presence of peptidoglycan fragments in the host cell cytosol, as danger signals. Recent work suggests that peptidoglycan fragments activate NOD1 indirectly, through activation of the small Rho GTPase Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (RAC1). Excessive activation of small Rho GTPases by virulence factors of enteric pathogens also triggers the NOD1 signaling pathway. Many enteric pathogens use virulence factors that alter the activation state of small Rho GTPases, thereby manipulating the host cell cytoskeleton of intestinal epithelial cells to promote bacterial attachment or entry. These data suggest that the NOD1 signaling pathway in intestinal epithelial cells provides an important sentinel function for detecting 'breaking and entering' by enteric pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Marijke Keestra
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis CA 95616, USA
| | - Andreas J Bäumler
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis CA 95616, USA.
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Fiil BK, Damgaard RB, Wagner SA, Keusekotten K, Fritsch M, Bekker-Jensen S, Mailand N, Choudhary C, Komander D, Gyrd-Hansen M. OTULIN restricts Met1-linked ubiquitination to control innate immune signaling. Mol Cell 2013; 50:818-830. [PMID: 23806334 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Conjugation of Met1-linked polyubiquitin (Met1-Ub) by the linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex (LUBAC) is an important regulatory modification in innate immune signaling. So far, only few Met1-Ub substrates have been described, and the regulatory mechanisms have remained elusive. We recently identified that the ovarian tumor (OTU) family deubiquitinase OTULIN specifically disassembles Met1-Ub. Here, we report that OTULIN is critical for limiting Met1-Ub accumulation after nucleotide-oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (NOD2) stimulation, and that OTULIN depletion augments signaling downstream of NOD2. Affinity purification of Met1-Ub followed by quantitative proteomics uncovered RIPK2 as the predominant NOD2-regulated substrate. Accordingly, Met1-Ub on RIPK2 was largely inhibited by overexpressing OTULIN and was increased by OTULIN depletion. Intriguingly, OTULIN-depleted cells spontaneously accumulated Met1-Ub on LUBAC components, and NOD2 or TNFR1 stimulation led to extensive Met1-Ub accumulation on receptor complex components. We propose that OTULIN restricts Met1-Ub formation after immune receptor stimulation to prevent unwarranted proinflammatory signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berthe Katrine Fiil
- Department of Disease Biology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rune Busk Damgaard
- Department of Disease Biology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sebastian Alexander Wagner
- Department of Proteomics Novo, Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kirstin Keusekotten
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Melanie Fritsch
- Department of Disease Biology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Simon Bekker-Jensen
- Department of Disease Biology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Mailand
- Department of Disease Biology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Chunaram Choudhary
- Department of Proteomics Novo, Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David Komander
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Mads Gyrd-Hansen
- Department of Disease Biology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Jun JC, Cominelli F, Abbott DW. RIP2 activity in inflammatory disease and implications for novel therapeutics. J Leukoc Biol 2013; 94:927-32. [PMID: 23794710 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0213109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of NOD2 and RIP2 in inflammatory disease has been paradoxical. Whereas loss-of-function NOD2 polymorphisms cause CD, a granulomatous disease of the gastrointestinal tract, gain-of-function mutations cause EOS-a granulomatous disease primarily affecting the skin, joints, and eyes. Thus, gain-of-function mutations and loss-of-function polymorphisms cause granulomatous inflammatory disease, only in different anatomic locations. The situation is complicated further by the fact that WT NOD2 and WT RIP2 activity has been implicated in diseases such as asthma, inflammatory arthritis and MS. This article reviews the role that the NOD2:RIP2 complex plays in inflammatory disease, with an emphasis on the inhibition of this signaling pathway as a novel pharmaceutical target in inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice C Jun
- 1.Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Wolstein Research Bldg., 2103 Cornell Rd., Room 6532, Cleveland, OH 44122, USA.
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Starokadomskyy P, Gluck N, Li H, Chen B, Wallis M, Maine GN, Mao X, Zaidi IW, Hein MY, McDonald FJ, Lenzner S, Zecha A, Ropers HH, Kuss AW, McGaughran J, Gecz J, Burstein E. CCDC22 deficiency in humans blunts activation of proinflammatory NF-κB signaling. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:2244-56. [PMID: 23563313 DOI: 10.1172/jci66466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
NF-κB is a master regulator of inflammation and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of immune disorders and cancer. Its regulation involves a variety of steps, including the controlled degradation of inhibitory IκB proteins. In addition, the inactivation of DNA-bound NF-κB is essential for its regulation. This step requires a factor known as copper metabolism Murr1 domain-containing 1 (COMMD1), the prototype member of a conserved gene family. While COMMD proteins have been linked to the ubiquitination pathway, little else is known about other family members. Here we demonstrate that all COMMD proteins bind to CCDC22, a factor recently implicated in X-linked intellectual disability (XLID). We showed that an XLID-associated CCDC22 mutation decreased CCDC22 protein expression and impaired its binding to COMMD proteins. Moreover, some affected individuals displayed ectodermal dysplasia, a congenital condition that can result from developmental NF-κB blockade. Indeed, patient-derived cells demonstrated impaired NF-κB activation due to decreased IκB ubiquitination and degradation. In addition, we found that COMMD8 acted in conjunction with CCDC22 to direct the degradation of IκB proteins. Taken together, our results indicate that CCDC22 participates in NF-κB activation and that its deficiency leads to decreased IκB turnover in humans, highlighting an important regulatory component of this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petro Starokadomskyy
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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Núñez G, VanHook AM. Science Signaling
Podcast: 15 January 2013. Sci Signal 2013. [DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2003894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Identification of inflammatory response regulators sheds light on disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Núñez
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Annalisa M. VanHook
- Web Editor, Science Signaling, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1200 New York Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20005, USA
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