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Feliciangeli S, Chatelain FC, Bichet D, Lesage F. The family of K2P channels: salient structural and functional properties. J Physiol 2015; 593:2587-603. [PMID: 25530075 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2014.287268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Potassium channels participate in many biological functions, from ion homeostasis to generation and modulation of the electrical membrane potential. They are involved in a large variety of diseases. In the human genome, 15 genes code for K(+) channels with two pore domains (K2P ). These channels form dimers of pore-forming subunits that produce background conductances finely regulated by a range of natural and chemical effectors, including signalling lipids, temperature, pressure, pH, antidepressants and volatile anaesthetics. Since the cloning of TWIK1, the prototypical member of this family, a lot of work has been carried out on their structure and biology. These studies are still in progress, but data gathered so far show that K2P channels are central players in many processes, including ion homeostasis, hormone secretion, cell development and excitability. A growing number of studies underline their implication in physiopathological mechanisms, such as vascular and pulmonary hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, nociception, neuroprotection and depression. This review gives a synthetic view of the most noticeable features of these channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Feliciangeli
- LabEx ICST, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS and Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 660 Route des Lucioles, 06560, Valbonne, France
| | - Frank C Chatelain
- LabEx ICST, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS and Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 660 Route des Lucioles, 06560, Valbonne, France
| | - Delphine Bichet
- LabEx ICST, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS and Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 660 Route des Lucioles, 06560, Valbonne, France
| | - Florian Lesage
- LabEx ICST, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS and Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 660 Route des Lucioles, 06560, Valbonne, France
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52
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The role of K₂p channels in anaesthesia and sleep. Pflugers Arch 2014; 467:907-16. [PMID: 25482669 PMCID: PMC4428837 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-014-1654-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tandem two-pore potassium channels (K2Ps) have widespread expression in the central nervous system and periphery where they contribute to background membrane conductance. Some general anaesthetics promote the opening of some of these channels, enhancing potassium currents and thus producing a reduction in neuronal excitability that contributes to the transition to unconsciousness. Similarly, these channels may be recruited during the normal sleep-wake cycle as downstream effectors of wake-promoting neurotransmitters such as noradrenaline, histamine and acetylcholine. These transmitters promote K2P channel closure and thus an increase in neuronal excitability. Our understanding of the roles of these channels in sleep and anaesthesia has been largely informed by the study of mouse K2P knockout lines and what is currently predicted by in vitro electrophysiology and channel structure and gating.
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53
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Yarishkin O, Lee DY, Kim E, Cho CH, Choi JH, Lee CJ, Hwang EM, Park JY. TWIK-1 contributes to the intrinsic excitability of dentate granule cells in mouse hippocampus. Mol Brain 2014; 7:80. [PMID: 25406588 PMCID: PMC4240835 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-014-0080-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Two-pore domain K(+) (K2P) channels have been shown to modulate neuronal excitability. However, physiological function of TWIK-1, the first identified member of the mammalian K2P channel family, in neuronal cells is largely unknown. RESULTS We found that TWIK-1 proteins were expressed and localized mainly in the soma and proximal dendrites of dentate gyrus granule cells (DGGCs) rather than in distal dendrites or mossy fibers. Gene silencing demonstrates that the outwardly rectifying K(+) current density was reduced in TWIK-1-deficient granule cells. TWIK-1 deficiency caused a depolarizing shift in the resting membrane potential (RMP) of DGGCs and enhanced their firing rate in response to depolarizing current injections. Through perforant path stimulation, TWIK-1-deficient granule cells showed altered signal input-output properties with larger EPSP amplitude values and increased spiking compared to control DGGCs. In addition, supra-maximal perforant path stimulation evoked a graded burst discharge in 44% of TWIK-1-deficient cells, which implies impairment of EPSP-spike coupling. CONCLUSIONS These results showed that TWIK-1 is functionally expressed in DGGCs and contributes to the intrinsic excitability of these cells. The TWIK-1 channel is involved in establishing the RMP of DGGCs; it attenuates sub-threshold depolarization of the cells during neuronal activity, and contributes to EPSP-spike coupling in perforant path-to-granule cell synaptic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Yarishkin
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Center for Functional Connectomics, Seoul, 136-791, Republic of Korea.
| | - Da Yong Lee
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Center for Functional Connectomics, Seoul, 136-791, Republic of Korea. .,Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Stem Cell Research Center, Daejeon, 305-806, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eunju Kim
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Center for Functional Connectomics, Seoul, 136-791, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chang-Hoon Cho
- School of Biosystem and Biomedical Science, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, 136-703, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Hyouk Choi
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Center for Functional Connectomics, Seoul, 136-791, Republic of Korea. .,Neuroscience Program, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 305-350, Republic of Korea.
| | - C Justin Lee
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Center for Functional Connectomics, Seoul, 136-791, Republic of Korea. .,Neuroscience Program, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 305-350, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eun Mi Hwang
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Center for Functional Connectomics, Seoul, 136-791, Republic of Korea. .,Neuroscience Program, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 305-350, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae-Yong Park
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Center for Functional Connectomics, Seoul, 136-791, Republic of Korea. .,School of Biosystem and Biomedical Science, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, 136-703, Republic of Korea.
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54
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Burgos P, Zúñiga R, Domínguez P, Delgado-López F, Plant LD, Zúñiga L. Differential expression of two-pore domain potassium channels in rat cerebellar granule neurons. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 453:754-60. [PMID: 25305496 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Two pore domain potassium (K2P) channels are mostly present in the central nervous system (CNS) where they play important roles in modulating neuronal excitability. K2P channels give rise to background K(+) currents (IKSO) a key component in setting and maintaining the resting membrane potential in excitable cells. Here, we studied the expression and relative abundances of K2P channels in cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs), combining molecular biology, electrophysiology and immunologic techniques. The CGN IKSO was very sensitive to external pH, as previously reported. Quantitative determination of mRNA expression level demonstrated the existence of an accumulation pattern of transcripts in CGN that encode K2P9>K2P1>K2P3>K2P18>K2P2=K2P10>K2P4>K2P5 subunits. The presence of the major K2P subunits expressed was then confirmed by Western blot and immunofluorescence analysis, demonstrating robust expression of K2P1 (TWIK-1), K2P3 (TASK-1), K2P9 (TASK-3) and K2P18 (TRESK) channel protein. Based, on these results, it is concluded that K2P1, -3, -9 and -18 subunits represent the majority component of IKSO current in CGN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Burgos
- Centro de Investigaciones Médicas CIM, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Rafael Zúñiga
- Centro de Investigaciones Médicas CIM, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Pedro Domínguez
- Centro de Investigaciones Médicas CIM, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | | | - Leigh D Plant
- Department of Biochemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, USA
| | - Leandro Zúñiga
- Centro de Investigaciones Médicas CIM, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile.
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55
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Henley JM, Craig TJ, Wilkinson KA. Neuronal SUMOylation: mechanisms, physiology, and roles in neuronal dysfunction. Physiol Rev 2014; 94:1249-85. [PMID: 25287864 PMCID: PMC4187031 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00008.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein SUMOylation is a critically important posttranslational protein modification that participates in nearly all aspects of cellular physiology. In the nearly 20 years since its discovery, SUMOylation has emerged as a major regulator of nuclear function, and more recently, it has become clear that SUMOylation has key roles in the regulation of protein trafficking and function outside of the nucleus. In neurons, SUMOylation participates in cellular processes ranging from neuronal differentiation and control of synapse formation to regulation of synaptic transmission and cell survival. It is a highly dynamic and usually transient modification that enhances or hinders interactions between proteins, and its consequences are extremely diverse. Hundreds of different proteins are SUMO substrates, and dysfunction of protein SUMOylation is implicated in a many different diseases. Here we briefly outline core aspects of the SUMO system and provide a detailed overview of the current understanding of the roles of SUMOylation in healthy and diseased neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy M Henley
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Tim J Craig
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin A Wilkinson
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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56
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Blin S, Chatelain FC, Feliciangeli S, Kang D, Lesage F, Bichet D. Tandem pore domain halothane-inhibited K+ channel subunits THIK1 and THIK2 assemble and form active channels. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:28202-12. [PMID: 25148687 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.600437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite a high level of sequence homology, tandem pore domain halothane-inhibited K(+) channel 1 (THIK1) produces background K(+) currents, whereas THIK2 is silent. This lack of activity is due to a unique combination of intracellular retention and weak basal activity in the plasma membrane. Here, we designed THIK subunits containing dominant negative mutations (THIK1(DN) and THIK2(DN)). THIK2(DN) mutant inhibits THIK1 currents, whereas THIK1(DN) inhibits an activated form of THIK2 (THIK2-A155P-I158D). In situ proximity ligation assays and Förster/fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) experiments support a physical association between THIK1 and THIK2. Next, we expressed covalent tandems of THIK proteins to obtain expression of pure heterodimers. Td-THIK1-THIK2 (where Td indicates tandem) produces K(+) currents of amplitude similar to Td-THIK1-THIK1 but with a noticeable difference in the current kinetics. Unlike Td-THIK2-THIK2 that is mainly detected in the endoplasmic reticulum, Td-THIK1-THIK2 distributes at the plasma membrane, indicating that THIK1 can mask the endoplasmic reticulum retention/retrieval motif of THIK2. Kinetics and unitary conductance of Td-THIK1-THIK2 are intermediate between THIK1 and THIK2. Altogether, these results show that THIK1 and THIK2 form active heteromeric channels, further expanding the known repertoire of K(+) channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandy Blin
- From LabEx ICST, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS, and Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, 660 Route des Lucioles, 06560 Valbonne, France and
| | - Franck C Chatelain
- From LabEx ICST, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS, and Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, 660 Route des Lucioles, 06560 Valbonne, France and
| | - Sylvain Feliciangeli
- From LabEx ICST, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS, and Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, 660 Route des Lucioles, 06560 Valbonne, France and
| | - Dawon Kang
- the Department of Physiology and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, School of Medicine, Jinju 660-751, South Korea
| | - Florian Lesage
- From LabEx ICST, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS, and Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, 660 Route des Lucioles, 06560 Valbonne, France and
| | - Delphine Bichet
- From LabEx ICST, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS, and Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, 660 Route des Lucioles, 06560 Valbonne, France and
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57
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Wasik U, Filipek A. Non-nuclear function of sumoylated proteins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1843:2878-2885. [PMID: 25110347 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational modification by the SUMO moiety is now regarded as one of the key regulatory modifications in eukaryotic cells. Up to now, plenty of sumoylated proteins have been found to be involved in nuclear processes such as chromatin organization, transcription and DNA repair as well as in other cellular functions. Since the number of data concerning sumoylated proteins and their function outside the nucleus has grown rapidly, in this review we summarized the results describing the non-nuclear role of SUMO substrates. In particular, we focused on the role of sumoylation in the regulation of channel activity, receptor function, G-protein signaling, activity of enzymes, cytoskeletal organization, exocytosis, autophagy and mitochondrial dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Wasik
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Filipek
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland.
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58
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Enyedi P, Veres I, Braun G, Czirják G. Tubulin binds to the cytoplasmic loop of TRESK background K⁺ channel in vitro. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97854. [PMID: 24830385 PMCID: PMC4022642 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytoplasmic loop between the second and third transmembrane segments is pivotal in the regulation of TRESK (TWIK-related spinal cord K+ channel, K2P18.1, KCNK18). Calcineurin binds to this region and activates the channel by dephosphorylation in response to the calcium signal. Phosphorylation-dependent anchorage of 14-3-3 adaptor protein also modulates TRESK at this location. In the present study, we identified molecular interacting partners of the intracellular loop. By an affinity chromatography approach using the cytoplasmic loop as bait, we have verified the specific association of calcineurin and 14-3-3 to the channel. In addition to these known interacting proteins, we observed substantial binding of tubulin to the intracellular loop. Successive truncation of the polypeptide and pull-down experiments from mouse brain cytosol narrowed down the region sufficient for the binding of tubulin to a 16 amino acid sequence: LVLGRLSYSIISNLDE. The first six residues of this sequence are similar to the previously reported tubulin-binding region of P2X2 purinergic receptor. The tubulin-binding site of TRESK is located close to the protein kinase A (PKA)-dependent 14-3-3-docking motif of the channel. We provide experimental evidence suggesting that 14-3-3 competes with tubulin for the binding to the cytoplasmic loop of TRESK. It is intriguing that the 16 amino acid tubulin-binding sequence includes the serines, which were previously shown to be phosphorylated by microtubule-affinity regulating kinases (MARK kinases) and contribute to channel inhibition. Although tubulin binds to TRESK in vitro, it remains to be established whether the two proteins also interact in the living cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Enyedi
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Irén Veres
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Braun
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Czirják
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Plant LD, Xiong D, Dai H, Goldstein SAN. Individual IKs channels at the surface of mammalian cells contain two KCNE1 accessory subunits. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E1438-46. [PMID: 24591645 PMCID: PMC3986162 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1323548111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
KCNE1 (E1) β-subunits assemble with KCNQ1 (Q1) voltage-gated K(+) channel α-subunits to form IKslow (IKs) channels in the heart and ear. The number of E1 subunits in IKs channels has been an issue of ongoing debate. Here, we use single-molecule spectroscopy to demonstrate that surface IKs channels with human subunits contain two E1 and four Q1 subunits. This stoichiometry does not vary. Thus, IKs channels in cells with elevated levels of E1 carry no more than two E1 subunits. Cells with low levels of E1 produce IKs channels with two E1 subunits and Q1 channels with no E1 subunits--channels with one E1 do not appear to form or are restricted from surface expression. The plethora of models of cardiac function, transgenic animals, and drug screens based on variable E1 stoichiometry do not reflect physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hui Dai
- Department of Biochemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, 02453
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60
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A disulphide-linked heterodimer of TWIK-1 and TREK-1 mediates passive conductance in astrocytes. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3227. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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61
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Tian C, Zhu R, Zhu L, Qiu T, Cao Z, Kang T. Potassium Channels: Structures, Diseases, and Modulators. Chem Biol Drug Des 2013; 83:1-26. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Tian
- School of Life Sciences and Technology; Tongji University; Shanghai 200092 China
- School of Pharmacy; Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Dalian Liaoning 116600 China
| | - Ruixin Zhu
- School of Life Sciences and Technology; Tongji University; Shanghai 200092 China
| | - Lixin Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics; Digestive Diseases and Nutrition Center; The State University of New York at Buffalo; Buffalo NY 14226 USA
| | - Tianyi Qiu
- School of Life Sciences and Technology; Tongji University; Shanghai 200092 China
| | - Zhiwei Cao
- School of Life Sciences and Technology; Tongji University; Shanghai 200092 China
| | - Tingguo Kang
- School of Pharmacy; Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Dalian Liaoning 116600 China
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Turner PJ, Buckler KJ. Oxygen and mitochondrial inhibitors modulate both monomeric and heteromeric TASK-1 and TASK-3 channels in mouse carotid body type-1 cells. J Physiol 2013; 591:5977-98. [PMID: 24042502 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2013.262022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In rat arterial chemoreceptors, background potassium channels play an important role in maintaining resting membrane potential and promoting depolarization and excitation in response to hypoxia or acidosis. It has been suggested that these channels are a heterodimer of TASK-1 and TASK-3 based on their similarity to heterologously expressed TASK-1/3 fusion proteins. In this study, we sought to confirm the identity of these channels through germline ablation of Task-1 (Kcnk3) and Task-3 (Kcnk9) in mice. Background K-channels were abundant in carotid body type-1 cells from wild-type mice and comparable to those previously described in rat type-1 cells with a main conductance state of 33 pS. This channel was absent from both Task-1(-/-) and Task-3(-/-) cells. In its place we observed a larger (38 pS) K(+)-channel in Task-1(-/-) cells and a smaller (18 pS) K(+)-channel in Task-3(-/-) cells. None of these channels were observed in Task-1(-/-)/Task-3(-/-) double knock-out mice. We therefore conclude that the predominant background K-channel in wild-type mice is a TASK-1/TASK-3 heterodimer, whereas that in Task-1(-/-) mice is TASK-3 and, conversely, that in Task-3(-/-) mice is TASK-1. All three forms of TASK channel in type-1 cells were inhibited by hypoxia, cyanide and the uncoupler FCCP, but the greatest sensitivity was seen in TASK-1 and TASK-1/TASK-3 channels. In summary, the background K-channel in type-1 cells is predominantly a TASK-1/TASK-3 heterodimer. Although both TASK-1 and TASK-3 are able to couple to the oxygen and metabolism sensing pathways present in type-1 cells, channels containing TASK-1 appear to be more sensitive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J Turner
- K. J. Buckler: Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK.
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63
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Silveirinha V, Stephens GJ, Cimarosti H. Molecular targets underlying SUMO-mediated neuroprotection in brain ischemia. J Neurochem 2013; 127:580-91. [PMID: 23786482 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
SUMOylation (small ubiquitin-like modifier conjugation) is an important post-translational modification which is becoming increasingly implicated in the altered protein dynamics associated with brain ischemia. The function of SUMOylation in cells undergoing ischemic stress and the identity of small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) targets remain in most cases unknown. However, the emerging consensus is that SUMOylation of certain proteins might be part of an endogenous neuroprotective response. This review brings together the current understanding of the underlying mechanisms and downstream effects of SUMOylation in brain ischemia, including processes such as autophagy, mitophagy and oxidative stress. We focus on recent advances and controversies regarding key central nervous system proteins, including those associated with the nucleus, cytoplasm and plasma membrane, such as glucose transporters (GLUT1, GLUT4), excitatory amino acid transporter 2 glutamate transporters, K+ channels (K2P1, Kv1.5, Kv2.1), GluK2 kainate receptors, mGluR8 glutamate receptors and CB1 cannabinoid receptors, which are reported to be SUMO-modified. A discussion of the roles of these molecular targets for SUMOylation could play following an ischemic event, particularly with respect to their potential neuroprotective impact in brain ischemia, is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasco Silveirinha
- School of Pharmacy, Hopkins Building, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, UK
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