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Lu B, Green BA, Farr JM, Lopes FCM, Van Raay TJ. Wnt Drug Discovery: Weaving Through the Screens, Patents and Clinical Trials. Cancers (Basel) 2016; 8:cancers8090082. [PMID: 27598201 PMCID: PMC5040984 DOI: 10.3390/cancers8090082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wnt signaling pathway is intricately involved in many aspects of development and is the root cause of an increasing number of diseases. For example, colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of death in the industrialized world and aberration of Wnt signaling within the colonic stem cell is the cause of more than 90% of these cancers. Despite our advances in successfully targeting other pathways, such as Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2), there are no clinically relevant therapies available for Wnt-related diseases. Here, we investigated where research activities are focused with respect to Wnt signaling modulators by searching the United States Patent and Trade Office (USPTO) for patents and patent applications related to Wnt modulators and compared this to clinical trials focusing on Wnt modulation. We found that while the transition of intellectual property surrounding the Wnt ligand-receptor interface to clinical trials is robust, this is not true for specific inhibitors of β-catenin, which is constitutively active in many cancers. Considering the ubiquitous use of the synthetic T-cell Factor/Lymphoid Enhancer Factor (TCF/Lef) reporter system and its success in identifying novel modulators in vitro, we speculate that this model of drug discovery does not capture the complexity of in vivo Wnt signaling that may be required if we are to successfully target the Wnt pathway in the clinic. Notwithstanding, increasingly more complex models are being developed, which may not be high throughput, but more pragmatic in our pursuit to control Wnt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Lu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Brooke A Green
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Jacqueline M Farr
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Flávia C M Lopes
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Terence J Van Raay
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
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52
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Cheng YF, Tong M, Edge ASB. Destabilization of Atoh1 by E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Huwe1 and Casein Kinase 1 Is Essential for Normal Sensory Hair Cell Development. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:21096-21109. [PMID: 27542412 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.722124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Proneural basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor, Atoh1, plays a key role in the development of sensory hair cells. We show here that the level of Atoh1 must be accurately controlled by degradation of the protein in addition to the regulation of Atoh1 gene expression to achieve normal cellular patterning during development of the cochlear sensory epithelium. The stability of Atoh1 was regulated by the ubiquitin proteasome system through the action of Huwe1, a HECT-domain, E3 ubiquitin ligase. An interaction between Huwe1 and Atoh1 could be visualized by a proximity ligation assay and was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry. Transfer of a lysine 48-linked polyubiquitin chain to Atoh1 by Huwe1 could be demonstrated both in intact cells and in a cell-free system, and proteasome inhibition or Huwe1 silencing increased Atoh1 levels. The interaction with Huwe1 and polyubiquitylation were blocked by disruption of casein kinase 1 (CK1) activity, and mass spectrometry and mutational analysis identified serine 334 as an important phosphorylation site for Atoh1 ubiquitylation and subsequent degradation. Phosphorylation by CK1 thus targeted the protein for degradation. Development of an extra row of inner hair cells in the cochlea and an approximate doubling in the number of afferent synapses was observed after embryonic or early postnatal deletion of Huwe1 in cochlear-supporting cells, and hair cells died in the early postnatal period when Huwe1 was knocked out in the developing cochlea. These data indicate that the regulation of Atoh1 by the ubiquitin proteasome pathway is necessary for hair cell fate determination and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Fu Cheng
- From the Program in Speech and Hearing Bioscience and Technology, Harvard University/Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, the Eaton-Peabody Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, and the Department of Otology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Mingjie Tong
- the Eaton-Peabody Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, and the Department of Otology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Albert S B Edge
- From the Program in Speech and Hearing Bioscience and Technology, Harvard University/Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, the Eaton-Peabody Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, and the Department of Otology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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53
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Dominguez-Brauer C, Hao Z, Elia AJ, Fortin JM, Nechanitzky R, Brauer PM, Sheng Y, Mana MD, Chio IIC, Haight J, Pollett A, Cairns R, Tworzyanski L, Inoue S, Reardon C, Marques A, Silvester J, Cox MA, Wakeham A, Yilmaz OH, Sabatini DM, van Es JH, Clevers H, Sato T, Mak TW. Mule Regulates the Intestinal Stem Cell Niche via the Wnt Pathway and Targets EphB3 for Proteasomal and Lysosomal Degradation. Cell Stem Cell 2016; 19:205-216. [PMID: 27184401 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The E3 ubiquitin ligase Mule is often overexpressed in human colorectal cancers, but its role in gut tumorigenesis is unknown. Here, we show in vivo that Mule controls murine intestinal stem and progenitor cell proliferation by modulating Wnt signaling via c-Myc. Mule also regulates protein levels of the receptor tyrosine kinase EphB3 by targeting it for proteasomal and lysosomal degradation. In the intestine, EphB/ephrinB interactions position cells along the crypt-villus axis and compartmentalize incipient colorectal tumors. Our study thus unveils an important new avenue by which Mule acts as an intestinal tumor suppressor by regulation of the intestinal stem cell niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Dominguez-Brauer
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada
| | - Zhenyue Hao
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada
| | - Andrew J Elia
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada
| | - Jérôme M Fortin
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada
| | - Robert Nechanitzky
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada
| | | | - Yi Sheng
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Miyeko D Mana
- The David H. Koch Institute of Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Department of Biology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Jillian Haight
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada
| | - Aaron Pollett
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Robert Cairns
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada
| | - Leanne Tworzyanski
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada
| | - Satoshi Inoue
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada
| | - Colin Reardon
- Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Ana Marques
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada
| | - Jennifer Silvester
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada
| | - Maureen A Cox
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada
| | - Andrew Wakeham
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada
| | - Omer H Yilmaz
- The David H. Koch Institute of Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Department of Biology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - David M Sabatini
- The David H. Koch Institute of Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Department of Biology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Broad Institute, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Johan H van Es
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CT, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CT, the Netherlands
| | - Toshiro Sato
- Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinnjukuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Tak W Mak
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada.
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54
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Choe KN, Nicolae CM, Constantin D, Imamura Kawasawa Y, Delgado-Diaz MR, De S, Freire R, Smits VA, Moldovan GL. HUWE1 interacts with PCNA to alleviate replication stress. EMBO Rep 2016; 17:874-86. [PMID: 27146073 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201541685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Defects in DNA replication, DNA damage response, and DNA repair compromise genomic stability and promote cancer development. In particular, unrepaired DNA lesions can arrest the progression of the DNA replication machinery during S-phase, causing replication stress, mutations, and DNA breaks. HUWE1 is a HECT-type ubiquitin ligase that targets proteins involved in cell fate, survival, and differentiation. Here, we report that HUWE1 is essential for genomic stability, by promoting replication of damaged DNA We show that HUWE1-knockout cells are unable to mitigate replication stress, resulting in replication defects and DNA breakage. Importantly, we find that this novel role of HUWE1 requires its interaction with the replication factor PCNA, a master regulator of replication fork restart, at stalled replication forks. Finally, we provide evidence that HUWE1 mono-ubiquitinates H2AX to promote signaling at stalled forks. Altogether, our work identifies HUWE1 as a novel regulator of the replication stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine N Choe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Claudia M Nicolae
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Daniel Constantin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Yuka Imamura Kawasawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA Department of Pharmacology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Maria Rocio Delgado-Diaz
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, La Laguna Tenerife, Spain
| | - Subhajyoti De
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA Molecular Oncology Program, University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Raimundo Freire
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, La Laguna Tenerife, Spain
| | - Veronique Aj Smits
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, La Laguna Tenerife, Spain
| | - George-Lucian Moldovan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
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55
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Lin TC, Su CY, Wu PY, Lai TC, Pan WA, Jan YH, Chang YC, Yeh CT, Chen CL, Ger LP, Chang HT, Yang CJ, Huang MS, Liu YP, Lin YF, Shyy JYJ, Tsai MD, Hsiao M. The nucleolar protein NIFK promotes cancer progression via CK1α/β-catenin in metastasis and Ki-67-dependent cell proliferation. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 26984280 PMCID: PMC4811767 DOI: 10.7554/elife.11288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleolar protein interacting with the FHA domain of pKi-67 (NIFK) is a Ki-67-interacting protein. However, its precise function in cancer remains largely uninvestigated. Here we show the clinical significance and metastatic mechanism of NIFK in lung cancer. NIFK expression is clinically associated with poor prognosis and metastasis. Furthermore, NIFK enhances Ki-67-dependent proliferation, and promotes migration, invasion in vitro and metastasis in vivo via downregulation of casein kinase 1α (CK1α), a suppressor of pro-metastatic TCF4/β-catenin signaling. Inversely, CK1α is upregulated upon NIFK knockdown. The silencing of CK1α expression in NIFK-silenced cells restores TCF4/β-catenin transcriptional activity, cell migration, and metastasis. Furthermore, RUNX1 is identified as a transcription factor of CSNK1A1 (CK1α) that is negatively regulated by NIFK. Our results demonstrate the prognostic value of NIFK, and suggest that NIFK is required for lung cancer progression via the RUNX1-dependent CK1α repression, which activates TCF4/β-catenin signaling in metastasis and the Ki-67-dependent regulation in cell proliferation. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.11288.001 Cancer cells can rapidly divide to form a tumor. Small groups of cells can leave the tumor to migrate to other sites in the body, and it is these “secondary” tumors that are often responsible for the death of cancer patients. Many proteins influence how and when cells divide and migrate. One such protein called Ki67 is only produced when cells are dividing and it is often used in the clinic as a marker to indicate whether cells have become cancerous. However, it is not clear how Ki67 regulates the progression of cancer. Ki67 interacts with another protein called NIFK, and Lin, Su et al. have now investigated the role of NIFK in cancer. First, publicly available data on the levels of proteins in tumor samples from cancer patients were analyzed. This revealed that, in several different types of cancer, tumors that produced more NIFK were more likely to spread to other parts of the body than tumors that produced smaller amounts of NIFK. Next, Lin, Su et al carried out experiments using human lung cancer cells. This revealed that cells that produced larger amounts of NIFK were more likely to migrate, while cells with lower levels of NIFK divided and migrated less often. Further experiments showed that NIFK increases the activity of genes that are involved in cell migration. NIFK achieves this by reducing the production of a protein that inhibits the activity of another protein called β-catenin. Lin, Su et al.’s findings reveal a new role for NIFK in promoting the development of cancer. A future challenge is to find out whether chemicals that inhibit NIFK could be used in the treatment of lung cancer. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.11288.002
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chia-Yi Su
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yu Wu
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Wen-An Pan
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hua Jan
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chang Chang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Tai Yeh
- Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Long Chen
- Department of Pathology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Luo-Ping Ger
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Tai Chang
- Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Veterans General, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Jen Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Shyan Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Peng Liu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Feng Lin
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - John Y-J Shyy
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Ming-Daw Tsai
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Michael Hsiao
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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56
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The Dishevelled Protein Family: Still Rather a Mystery After Over 20 Years of Molecular Studies. Curr Top Dev Biol 2016; 117:75-91. [PMID: 26969973 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2015.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dishevelled (Dsh) is a key component of Wnt-signaling pathways and possibly also has other functional requirements. Dsh appears to be a key factor to interpret Wnt signals coming via the Wnt-receptor family, the Frizzled proteins, from the plasma membrane and route them into the correct intracellular pathways. However, how Dsh is regulated to relay signal flow to specific and distinct cellular responses upon interaction with the same Wnt-receptor family remains very poorly understood.
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57
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Apocynin and Diphenyleneiodonium Induce Oxidative Stress and Modulate PI3K/Akt and MAPK/Erk Activity in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2016:7409196. [PMID: 26788250 PMCID: PMC4691611 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7409196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important regulators of cellular functions. In embryonic stem cells, ROS are suggested to influence differentiation status. Regulated ROS formation is catalyzed primarily by NADPH-dependent oxidases (NOXs). Apocynin and diphenyleneiodonium are frequently used inhibitors of NOXs; however, both exhibit uncharacterized effects not related to NOXs inhibition. Interestingly, in our model of mouse embryonic stem cells we demonstrate low expression of NOXs. Therefore we aimed to clarify potential side effects of these drugs. Both apocynin and diphenyleneiodonium impaired proliferation of cells. Surprisingly, we observed prooxidant activity of these drugs determined by hydroethidine. Further, we revealed that apocynin inhibits PI3K/Akt pathway with its downstream transcriptional factor Nanog. Opposite to this, apocynin augmented activity of canonical Wnt signaling. On the contrary, diphenyleneiodonium activated both PI3K/Akt and Erk signaling pathways without affecting Wnt. Our data indicates limits and possible unexpected interactions of NOXs inhibitors with intracellular signaling pathways.
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58
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Mund T, Graeb M, Mieszczanek J, Gammons M, Pelham HRB, Bienz M. Disinhibition of the HECT E3 ubiquitin ligase WWP2 by polymerized Dishevelled. Open Biol 2015; 5:150185. [PMID: 26701932 PMCID: PMC4703060 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.150185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dishevelled is a pivot in Wnt signal transduction, controlling both β-catenin-dependent transcription to specify proliferative cell fates, and cell polarity and other non-nuclear events in post-mitotic cells. In response to Wnt signals, or when present at high levels, Dishevelled forms signalosomes by dynamic polymerization. Its levels are controlled by ubiquitylation, mediated by various ubiquitin ligases, including NEDD4 family members that bind to a conserved PPxY motif in Dishevelled (mammalian Dvl1-3). Here, we show that Dvl2 binds to the ubiquitin ligase WWP2 and unlocks its ligase activity from autoinhibition. This disinhibition of WWP2 depends on several features of Dvl2 including its PPxY motif and to a lesser extent its DEP domain, but crucially on the ability of Dvl2 to polymerize, indicating that WWP2 is activated in Wnt signalosomes. We show that Notch intracellular domains are substrates for Dvl-activated WWP2 and their transcriptional activity is consequently reduced, providing a molecular mechanism for cross-talk between Wnt and Notch signalling. These regulatory interactions are conserved in Drosophila whose WWP2 orthologue, Suppressor-of-deltex, downregulates Notch signalling upon activation by Dishevelled in developing wing tissue. Attentuation of Notch signalling by Dishevelled signalosomes could be important during the transition of cells from the proliferative to the post-mitotic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Mund
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Michael Graeb
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Juliusz Mieszczanek
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Melissa Gammons
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Hugh R B Pelham
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Mariann Bienz
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
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59
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Senyilmaz D, Virtue S, Xu X, Tan CY, Griffin JL, Miller AK, Vidal-Puig A, Teleman AA. Regulation of mitochondrial morphology and function by stearoylation of TFR1. Nature 2015. [PMID: 26214738 PMCID: PMC4561519 DOI: 10.1038/nature14601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are involved in a variety of cellular functions including ATP production, amino acid and lipid biogenesis and breakdown, signaling and apoptosis1-3. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been linked to neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and aging4. Although transcriptional mechanisms regulating mitochondrial abundance are known5, comparatively little is known about how mitochondrial function is regulated. We identify here the metabolite stearic acid (C18:0) and Transferrin Receptor (TfR1) as mitochondrial regulators. We elucidate a signaling pathway whereby C18:0 stearoylates TfR1, thereby inhibiting its activation of JNK signaling. This leads to reduced ubiquitination of mitofusin via HUWE1, thereby promoting mitochondrial fusion and function. We find that animal cells are poised to respond to both increases and decreases in C18:0 levels, with increased C18:0 dietary intake boosting mitochondrial fusion in vivo. Intriguingly, dietary C18:0 supplementation can counteract the mitochondrial dysfunction caused by genetic defects such as loss of the Parkinsons genes Pink or Parkin. This work identifies the metabolite C18:0 as a signaling molecule regulating mitochondrial function in response to diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Senyilmaz
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sam Virtue
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Xiaojun Xu
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Chong Yew Tan
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Julian L Griffin
- The Department of Biochemistry, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Aubry K Miller
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Antonio Vidal-Puig
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.,Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
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60
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Pham GH, Strieter ER. Peeling away the layers of ubiquitin signaling complexities with synthetic ubiquitin-protein conjugates. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2015; 28:57-65. [PMID: 26093241 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Covalent attachment of ubiquitin, a process termed ubiquitination, affects the location, function, and stability of modified proteins. Significant advances have been made in building synthetic ubiquitin-protein conjugates that can be used to investigate how ubiquitin regulates diverse biological processes. Herein we describe recent advances and discuss how chemical methods have been implemented to address the molecular underpinnings of ubiquitin-dependent cellular signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace H Pham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - Eric R Strieter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States.
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61
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Ambrozkiewicz MC, Kawabe H. HECT-type E3 ubiquitin ligases in nerve cell development and synapse physiology. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:1635-43. [PMID: 25979171 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The development of neurons is precisely controlled. Nerve cells are born from progenitor cells, migrate to their future target sites, extend dendrites and an axon to form synapses, and thus establish neural networks. All these processes are governed by multiple intracellular signaling cascades, among which ubiquitylation has emerged as a potent regulatory principle that determines protein function and turnover. Dysfunctions of E3 ubiquitin ligases or aberrant ubiquitin signaling contribute to a variety of brain disorders like X-linked mental retardation, schizophrenia, autism or Parkinson's disease. In this review, we summarize recent findings about molecular pathways that involve E3 ligases of the Homologous to E6-AP C-terminus (HECT) family and that control neuritogenesis, neuronal polarity formation, and synaptic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Cyryl Ambrozkiewicz
- Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Hermann-Rein-Straße 3, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Hiroshi Kawabe
- Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Hermann-Rein-Straße 3, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany.
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Ubiquitination of the Dishevelled DIX domain blocks its head-to-tail polymerization. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6718. [PMID: 25907794 PMCID: PMC4423210 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dishevelled relays Wnt signals from the plasma membrane to different cytoplasmic effectors. Its signalling activity depends on its DIX domain, which undergoes head-to-tail polymerization to assemble signalosomes. The DIX domain is ubiquitinated in vivo at multiple lysines, which can be antagonized by various deubiquitinases (DUBs) including the CYLD tumour suppressor that attenuates Wnt signalling. Here, we generate milligram quantities of pure human Dvl2 DIX domain mono-ubiquitinated at two lysines (K54 and K58) by genetically encoded orthogonal protection with activated ligation (GOPAL), to investigate their effect on DIX polymerization. We show that the ubiquitination of DIX at K54 blocks its polymerization in solution, whereas DIX58-Ub remains oligomerization-competent. DUB profiling identified 28 DUBs that cleave DIX-ubiquitin conjugates, half of which prefer, or are specific for, DIX54-Ub, including Cezanne and CYLD. These DUBs thus have the potential to promote Dvl polymerization and signalosome formation, rather than antagonize it as previously thought for CYLD.
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63
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Cruciat CM. Casein kinase 1 and Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2014; 31:46-55. [PMID: 25200911 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Casein kinase 1 (CK1) members play a critical and evolutionary conserved role in Wnt/β-catenin signaling. They phosphorylate several pathway components and exert a dual function, acting as both Wnt activators and Wnt inhibitors. Recent discoveries suggest that CK1 members act in a coordinated manner to regulate early responses to Wnt and notably that their enzymatic activity is regulated. Here, I provide a brief update of CK1 function and regulation in Wnt/β-catenin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina-Maria Cruciat
- Division of Molecular Embryology, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, DKFZ, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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64
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HUWE1 is a molecular link controlling RAF-1 activity supported by the Shoc2 scaffold. Mol Cell Biol 2014; 34:3579-93. [PMID: 25022756 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00811-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Scaffold proteins play a critical role in controlling the activity of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) pathway. Shoc2 is a leucine-rich repeat scaffold protein that acts as a positive modulator of ERK1/2 signaling. However, the precise mechanism by which Shoc2 modulates the activity of the ERK1/2 pathway is unclear. Here we report the identification of the E3 ubiquitin ligase HUWE1 as a binding partner and regulator of Shoc2 function. HUWE1 mediates ubiquitination and, consequently, the levels of Shoc2. Additionally, we show that both Shoc2 and HUWE1 are necessary to control the levels and ubiquitination of the Shoc2 signaling partner, RAF-1. Depletion of HUWE1 abolishes RAF-1 ubiquitination, with corresponding changes in ERK1/2 pathway activity occurring. Our results indicate that the HUWE1-mediated ubiquitination of Shoc2 is the switch that regulates the transition from an active to an inactive state of the RAF-1 kinase. Taken together, our results demonstrate that HUWE1 is a novel player involved in regulating ERK1/2 signal transmission through the Shoc2 scaffold complex.
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65
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Bryja V, de Groot REA, Korswagen HC, VanHook AM. Science Signaling
Podcast: 18 March 2014. Sci Signal 2014. [DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2005219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Huwe1 ubiquitylates Dishevelled to negatively regulate Wnt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitezslav Bryja
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Biomedical Sciences Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, United Kingdom
| | - Reinoud E. A. de Groot
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Hendrik C. Korswagen
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Annalisa M. VanHook
- Web Editor, Science Signaling, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1200 New York Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20005, USA
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