51
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Xiao S, Si L, Tian Z, Jiao P, Fan Z, Meng K, Zhou X, Wang H, Xu R, Han X, Fu G, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Zhou D. Pentacyclic triterpenes grafted on CD cores to interfere with influenza virus entry: A dramatic multivalent effect. Biomaterials 2015; 78:74-85. [PMID: 26686050 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Multivalent effect plays an important role in biological processes, particularly in the specific recognition of virus with its host cell during the first step of infection. Here we report the synthesis of multivalent pentacyclic triterpene grafted on cyclodextrin core and potency of against influenza entry activity. Nine star-shaped compounds containing six, seven and eight pentacyclic triterpene pharmacophore on cyclodextrin scaffold were prepared by way of copper-catalyzed azide-alkyl cycloaddition reaction under microwave activation. Some of the multimers exhibited much potent antiviral activity against H1N1 virus (A/WSN/33), even equivalent or superior to oseltamivir. The most active compound 31, a heptavalent oleanolic acid-β-cyclodextrin conjugate, shows an up to 125-fold potency enhancement by its IC50 value over the corresponding monovalent conjugate and oleanolic acid, disclosing a clear multivalent effect. Further studies show that three compounds 31-33 exhibited broad spectrum inhibitory activity against other two human influenza A/JX/312 (H3N2) and A/HN/1222 (H3N2) viruses with the IC50 values at 2.47-14.90 μM. Most importantly, we found that compound 31, one of the best representative conjugate, binds tightly to the viral envelope hemagglutinin with a dissociation constant of KD = 2.08 μM, disrupting the interaction of hemagglutinin with the sialic acid receptor and thus the attachment of viruses to host cells. Our study might establish a strategy for the design of new pharmaceutical agents based on multivalency so as to block influenza virus entry into host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Longlong Si
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhenyu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Pingxuan Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zibo Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Kun Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiaoshu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Han Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Renyang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xu Han
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ge Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yongmin Zhang
- Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, CNRS UMR 8232, Université Pierre & Marie Curie-Paris 6, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Lihe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Demin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
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Zhao Y, Si L, Liu D, Proksch P, Zhou D, Lin W. Truncateols A–N, new isoprenylated cyclohexanols from the sponge-associated fungus Truncatella angustata with anti-H1N1 virus activities. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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53
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Suo S, Ren X. Importance of interferon inducible trans-membrane proteins and retinoic acid inducible gene I for influenza virus replication: A review. Crit Rev Microbiol 2015; 42:75-82. [PMID: 25811941 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2014.886553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the interplay between Influenza viruses and host cells is key to elucidating the pathogenesis of these viruses. Several host factors have been identified that exert antiviral functions; however, influenza viruses continue to replicate utilizing host cell machinery. Herein, we review the mechanisms of action of two host-derived proteins on conferring cellular resistance to the influenza virus; (1) the interferon inducible trans-membrane proteins, 1, 2 and 3, a recently identified family of early restriction factors; and (2) retinoic acid inducible gene I, a key mediator of antiviral immunity. These data may contribute to the design of novel and efficient anti-influenza treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqingaowa Suo
- a College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University , Xiangfang , Harbin , China
| | - Xiaofeng Ren
- a College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University , Xiangfang , Harbin , China
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54
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Chen X, Si L, Liu D, Proksch P, Zhang L, Zhou D, Lin W. Neoechinulin B and its analogues as potential entry inhibitors of influenza viruses, targeting viral hemagglutinin. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 93:182-95. [PMID: 25681711 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Revised: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A class of prenylated indole diketopiperazine alkaloids including 15 new compounds namely rubrumlines A-O obtained from marine-derived fungus Eurotium rubrum, were tested against influenza A/WSN/33 virus. Neoechinulin B (18) exerted potent inhibition against H1N1 virus infected in MDCK cells, and is able to inhibit a panel of influenza virus strains including amantadine- and oseltamivir-resistant clinical isolates. Mechanism of action studies indicated that neoechinulin B binds to influenza envelope hemagglutinin, disrupting its interaction with the sialic acid receptor and the attachment of viruses to host cells. In addition, neoechinulin B was still efficient in inhibiting influenza A/WSN/33 virus propagation even after a fifth passage. The high potency and broad-spectrum activities against influenza viruses with less drug resistance make neoechinulin B as a new lead for the development of potential inhibitor of influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Longlong Si
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Dong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Peter Proksch
- Institute für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, Geb.26.23, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lihe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Demin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Wenhan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China.
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55
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Yu M, Si L, Wang Y, Wu Y, Yu F, Jiao P, Shi Y, Wang H, Xiao S, Fu G, Tian K, Wang Y, Guo Z, Ye X, Zhang L, Zhou D. Discovery of Pentacyclic Triterpenoids as Potential Entry Inhibitors of Influenza Viruses. J Med Chem 2014; 57:10058-71. [DOI: 10.1021/jm5014067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maorong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of
Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Longlong Si
- State Key Laboratory of
Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yufei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of
Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yiming Wu
- State Key Laboratory of
Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Fei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of
Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
- Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Pingxuan Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of
Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yongying Shi
- State Key Laboratory of
Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Han Wang
- State Key Laboratory of
Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Sulong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of
Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ge Fu
- State Key Laboratory of
Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ke Tian
- Stanley Manne Children’s
Research Institute, Northwestern University, 2430 Halsted Street, Chicago, Illinois 60614, United States
| | - Yitao Wang
- State Key
Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Avenida Wai, Long, Taipo, Macao
| | - Zhihong Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology
Research Institute, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear
Water Bay, Hong Kong
| | - Xinshan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of
Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Lihe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of
Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Demin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of
Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
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Wassermann AM, Lounkine E, Davies JW, Glick M, Camargo LM. The opportunities of mining historical and collective data in drug discovery. Drug Discov Today 2014; 20:422-34. [PMID: 25463034 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Vast amounts of bioactivity data have been generated for small molecules across public and corporate domains. Biological signatures, either derived from systematic profiling efforts or from existing historical assay data, have been successfully employed for small molecule mechanism-of-action elucidation, drug repositioning, hit expansion and screening subset design. This article reviews different types of biological descriptors and applications, and we demonstrate how biological data can outlive the original purpose or project for which it was generated. By comparing 150 HTS campaigns run at Novartis over the past decade on the basis of their active and inactive chemical matter, we highlight the opportunities and challenges associated with cross-project learning in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Mai Wassermann
- In Silico Lead Discovery, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Eugen Lounkine
- In Silico Lead Discovery, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - John W Davies
- In Silico Lead Discovery, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Meir Glick
- In Silico Lead Discovery, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - L Miguel Camargo
- In Silico Lead Discovery, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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57
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Khandelwal N, Kaur G, Chaubey KK, Singh P, Sharma S, Tiwari A, Singh SV, Kumar N. Silver nanoparticles impair Peste des petits ruminants virus replication. Virus Res 2014; 190:1-7. [PMID: 24979044 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we evaluated the antiviral efficacy of the silver nanoparticles (SNPs) against Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV), a prototype Morbillivirus. The leaf extract of the Argemone maxicana was used as a reducing agent for biological synthesis of the SNPs from silver nitrate. The SNPs were characterized using UV-vis absorption spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The TEM analysis revealed particle size of 5-30 nm and the XRD analysis revealed their characteristic silver structure. The treatment of Vero cells with the SNPs at a noncytotoxic concentration significantly inhibited PPRV replication in vitro. The time-course and virus step-specific assays showed that the SNPs impair PPRV replication at the level of virus entry. The TEM analysis showed that the SNPs interact with the virion surface as well with the virion core. However, this interaction has no direct virucidal effect, instead exerts a blocking effect on viral entry into the target cells. This is the first documented evidence indicating that the SNPs are capable of inhibiting a Morbillivirus replication in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Khandelwal
- School of Biotechnology, Rajiv Gandhi Technical University, Airport Road, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462036, India
| | - Gurpreet Kaur
- School of Biotechnology, Rajiv Gandhi Technical University, Airport Road, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462036, India
| | - Kundan Kumar Chaubey
- Virology Laboratory, Division of Animal Health, Central Institute for Research on Goats, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Makhdoom, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh 281122, India
| | - Pushpendra Singh
- School of Biotechnology, Rajiv Gandhi Technical University, Airport Road, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462036, India
| | - Shalini Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana 125004, India
| | - Archana Tiwari
- School of Biotechnology, Rajiv Gandhi Technical University, Airport Road, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462036, India
| | - Shoor Vir Singh
- Virology Laboratory, Division of Animal Health, Central Institute for Research on Goats, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Makhdoom, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh 281122, India
| | - Naveen Kumar
- Virology Laboratory, Division of Animal Health, Central Institute for Research on Goats, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Makhdoom, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh 281122, India.
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58
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Kumar N, Maherchandani S, Kashyap SK, Singh SV, Sharma S, Chaubey KK, Ly H. Peste des petits ruminants virus infection of small ruminants: a comprehensive review. Viruses 2014; 6:2287-327. [PMID: 24915458 PMCID: PMC4074929 DOI: 10.3390/v6062287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is caused by a Morbillivirus that belongs to the family Paramyxoviridae. PPR is an acute, highly contagious and fatal disease primarily affecting goats and sheep, whereas cattle undergo sub-clinical infection. With morbidity and mortality rates that can be as high as 90%, PPR is classified as an OIE (Office International des Epizooties)-listed disease. Considering the importance of sheep and goats in the livelihood of the poor and marginal farmers in Africa and South Asia, PPR is an important concern for food security and poverty alleviation. PPR virus (PPRV) and rinderpest virus (RPV) are closely related Morbilliviruses. Rinderpest has been globally eradicated by mass vaccination. Though a live attenuated vaccine is available against PPR for immunoprophylaxis, due to its instability in subtropical climate (thermo-sensitivity), unavailability of required doses and insufficient coverage (herd immunity), the disease control program has not been a great success. Further, emerging evidence of poor cross neutralization between vaccine strain and PPRV strains currently circulating in the field has raised concerns about the protective efficacy of the existing PPR vaccines. This review summarizes the recent advancement in PPRV replication, its pathogenesis, immune response to vaccine and disease control. Attempts have also been made to highlight the current trends in understanding the host susceptibility and resistance to PPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Kumar
- Virology Laboratory, Division of Animal Health, Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, P.O. Farah, Mathura, UP 281122, India.
| | - Sunil Maherchandani
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Biotechnology, Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bikaner, Rajasthan 334001, India.
| | - Sudhir Kumar Kashyap
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Biotechnology, Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bikaner, Rajasthan 334001, India.
| | - Shoor Vir Singh
- Virology Laboratory, Division of Animal Health, Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, P.O. Farah, Mathura, UP 281122, India.
| | - Shalini Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana 125004, India.
| | - Kundan Kumar Chaubey
- Virology Laboratory, Division of Animal Health, Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, P.O. Farah, Mathura, UP 281122, India.
| | - Hinh Ly
- Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences Department, University of Minnesota, 1988 Fitch Ave., Ste 295, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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59
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PLC-γ1 signaling plays a subtype-specific role in postbinding cell entry of influenza A virus. J Virol 2013; 88:417-24. [PMID: 24155396 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02591-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Host signaling pathways and cellular proteins play important roles in the influenza viral life cycle and can serve as antiviral targets. In this study, we report the engagement of host phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase γ1 (PLC-γ1) in mediating cell entry of influenza virus H1N1 but not H3N2 subtype. Both PLC-γ1-specific inhibitor and short hairpin RNA (shRNA) strongly suppress the replication of H1N1 but not H3N2 viruses in cell culture, suggesting that PLC-γ1 plays an important subtype-specific role in the influenza viral life cycle. Further analyses demonstrate that PLC-γ1 activation is required for viral postbinding cell entry. In addition, H1N1, but not H3N2, infection leads to the phosphorylation of PLC-γ1 at Ser 1248 immediately after infection and independent of viral replication. We have further shown that H1N1-induced PLC-γ1 activation is downstream of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling. Interestingly, both H1N1 and H3N2 infections activate EGFR, but only H1N1 infection leads to PLC-γ1 activation. Taking our findings together, we have identified for the first time the subtype-specific interplay of host PLC-γ1 signaling and H1N1 virus that is critical for viral uptake early in the infection. Our study provides novel insights into how virus interacts with the cellular signaling network by demonstrating that viral determinants can regulate how the host signaling pathways function in virally infected cells.
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60
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Ueki IF, Min-Oo G, Kalinowski A, Ballon-Landa E, Lanier LL, Nadel JA, Koff JL. Respiratory virus-induced EGFR activation suppresses IRF1-dependent interferon λ and antiviral defense in airway epithelium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 210:1929-36. [PMID: 23999497 PMCID: PMC3782052 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20121401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor during viral infection augments IRF1-dependent IFN-λ production and decreases viral titers. Viruses suppress host responses to increase infection, and understanding these mechanisms has provided insights into cellular signaling and led to novel therapies. Many viruses (e.g., Influenza virus, Rhinovirus [RV], Cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, and Hepatitis C virus) activate epithelial epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), a tyrosine kinase receptor, but the role of EGFR in viral pathogenesis is not clear. Interferon (IFN) signaling is a critical innate antiviral host response and recent experiments have implicated IFN-λ, a type III IFN, as the most significant IFN for mucosal antiviral immune responses. Despite the importance of IFN-λ in epithelial antiviral responses, the role and mechanisms of epithelial IFN-λ signaling have not been fully elucidated. We report that respiratory virus-induced EGFR activation suppresses endogenous airway epithelial antiviral signaling. We found that Influenza virus– and RV-induced EGFR activation suppressed IFN regulatory factor (IRF) 1–induced IFN-λ production and increased viral infection. In addition, inhibition of EGFR during viral infection augmented IRF1 and IFN-λ, which resulted in decreased viral titers in vitro and in vivo. These findings describe a novel mechanism that viruses use to suppress endogenous antiviral defenses, and provide potential targets for future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris F Ueki
- Department of Medicine, 2 Cardiovascular Research Institute, 3 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and 4 Cancer Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94122
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61
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Dai JP, Wu LQ, Li R, Zhao XF, Wan QY, Chen XX, Li WZ, Wang GF, Li KS. Identification of 23-(s)-2-amino-3-phenylpropanoyl-silybin as an antiviral agent for influenza A virus infection in vitro and in vivo. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 57:4433-43. [PMID: 23836164 PMCID: PMC3754338 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00759-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that autophagy is involved in the replication of many viruses. In this study, we screened 89 medicinal plants, using an assay based on the inhibition of the formation of the Atg12-Atg5/Atg16 heterotrimer, an important regulator of autophagy, and selected Silybum marianum L. for further study. An antiviral assay indicated that silybin (S0), the major active compound of S. marianum L., can inhibit influenza A virus (IAV) infection. We later synthesized 5 silybin derivatives (S1 through S5) and found that 23-(S)-2-amino-3-phenylpropanoyl-silybin (S3) had the best activity. When we compared the polarities of the substituent groups, we found that the hydrophobicity of the substituent groups was positively correlated with their activities. We further studied the mechanisms of action of these compounds and determined that S0 and S3 also inhibited both the formation of the Atg12-Atg5/Atg16 heterotrimer and the elevated autophagy induced by IAV infection. In addition, we found that S0 and S3 could inhibit several components induced by IAV infection, including oxidative stress, the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and IκB kinase (IKK) pathways, and the expression of autophagic genes, especially Atg7 and Atg3. All of these components have been reported to be related to the formation of the Atg12-Atg5/Atg16 heterotrimer, which might validate our screening strategy. Finally, we demonstrated that S3 can significantly reduce influenza virus replication and the associated mortality in infected mice. In conclusion, we identified 23-(S)-2-amino-3-phenylpropanoyl-silybin as a promising inhibitor of IAV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ping Dai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Qi Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Feng Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian-Ying Wan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Xuan Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Zhong Li
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Ge-Fei Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Kang-Sheng Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
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Kumar N, Chaubey KK, Chaudhary K, Singh SV, Sharma DK, Gupta VK, Mishra AK, Sharma S. Isolation, identification and characterization of a Peste des Petits Ruminants virus from an outbreak in Nanakpur, India. J Virol Methods 2013; 189:388-92. [PMID: 23500799 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A Peste des Petits Ruminants virus (PPRV) was isolated from an outbreak that occurred in sheep and goats in Nanakpur village of Mathura District in Uttar Pradesh (India). Based on hemagglutination of chicken red blood cells (rbcs), cytopathic effect similar to that caused by the Morbilliviruses in Vero cells, and amplification and sequence analysis of the viral nucleoprotein (N) gene, the identity of the virus was confirmed as PPRV and named PPRV/C. hircus-tc/India/2012/Nanakpur1 (in short PPRV/Nkp1/2012). However, based on its poor neutralization with monoclonal antibodies, escape detection by commercial ELISA, and unsuccessful amplification of the hemagglutinin (H) and the fusion (F) genes by several pairs of published PCR primers it was concluded that the PPRV/Nkp1/2012 may not be closely related to lineage type IV PPR viruses believed to be present in the Indian subcontinent. A plaque assay for titration of the PPRV was developed for the first time. The virus was plaque purified and its growth characteristics were studied in the African green monkey kidney (Vero) cells and baby hamster kidney (BHK-21) cells. In a one-step growth curve analysis it was concluded that the duration of the PPRV life cycle is 6-8h, an uncharacterized part of PPRV replication. These findings provide information for devising control strategies against PPR in India by choosing a homologous candidate vaccine prototype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Kumar
- Division of Animal Health, Central Institute for Research on Goats, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Makhdoom, P.O.-Farah, Mathura, UP 281122, India.
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