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Cheng W, Yang Z, Wang S, Li Y, Wei H, Tian X, Kan Q. Recent development of CDK inhibitors: An overview of CDK/inhibitor co-crystal structures. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 164:615-639. [PMID: 30639897 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The cyclin-dependent protein kinases (CDKs) are protein-serine/threonine kinases that display crucial effects in regulation of cell cycle and transcription. While the excessive expression of CDKs is intimate related to the development of diseases including cancers, which provides opportunities for disease treatment. A large number of small molecules are explored targeting CDKs. CDK/inhibitor co-crystal structures play an important role during the exploration of inhibitors. So far nine kinds of CDK/inhibitor co-crystals have been determined, they account for the highest proportion among the Protein Data Bank (PDB) deposited crystal structures. Herein, we review main co-crystals of CDKs in complex with corresponding inhibitors reported in recent years, focusing our attention on the binding models and the pharmacological activities of inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyan Cheng
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Precision Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Zhiheng Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Precision Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Suhua Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Precision Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Precision Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Han Wei
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Precision Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Xin Tian
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Precision Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China.
| | - Quancheng Kan
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Precision Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China.
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52
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In vivo proof-of-concept for two experimental antiviral drugs, both directed to cellular targets, using a murine cytomegalovirus model. Antiviral Res 2018; 161:63-69. [PMID: 30452929 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Infections with the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) cause serious medical problems including organ rejection and congenital infection. Treatment of HCMV infections with currently available medication targeting viral enzymes is often accompanied with severe side effects and the occurrence of drug-resistant viruses. This demands novel therapeutical approaches like targeting genetically stable host cell proteins that are crucial for virus replication. Although numerous experimental drugs with promising in vitro efficacy have been identified, the lack of available data in animal models limits their potential for further clinical development. Recently, we described the very strong in vitro antiherpesviral activity of the NF-κB inhibitor TF27 and the CDK7 inhibitor LDC4297 at low nanomolar concentrations. In the present study, we present first data for the in vivo efficacy of both experimental drugs using an established cytomegalovirus animal model (murine CMV replication in immunodefective Rag -/- mice). The main findings of this study are (i) a strong inhibitory potency against beta- and gamma-herpesviruses of both compounds in vitro, (ii) even more important, a pronounced anticytomegaloviral activity also exerted in vivo, that resulted from (iii) a restriction of viral replication to the site of infection, thus preventing organ dissemination, (iv) in the absence of major compound-associated adverse events. Thus, we provide evidence for a strong antiviral potency in vivo and proof-of-concept for both drugs, which may encourage their further drug development, possibly including pharmacologically optimized derivatives, for a potential use in future antiherpesviral treatment.
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53
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Karagöz AÇ, Leidenberger M, Hahn F, Hampel F, Friedrich O, Marschall M, Kappes B, Tsogoeva SB. Synthesis of new betulinic acid/betulin-derived dimers and hybrids with potent antimalarial and antiviral activities. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 27:110-115. [PMID: 30503412 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Severe malaria and viral infections cause life-threatening diseases in millions of people worldwide every year. In search for effective bioactive hybrid molecules, which may possess improved properties compared to their parent compounds, a series of betulinic acid/betulin based dimer and hybrid compounds carrying ferrocene and/or artesunic acid moieties, was designed and, synthesized de novo. Furthermore, they were analyzed in vitro against malaria parasites (growth inhibition of 3D7-strain P. falciparum-infected erythrocytes) and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). From this series of hybrids/dimers, the betulinic acid/betulin and artesunic acid hybrids 11 and 12 showed the most potent activities against P. falciparum and HCMV. On the strength of results, additive and/or synergistic effects between the natural or semisynthetic products, such as betulinic acid-/betulin- and artesunic acid-derived compounds, are suggested on the basis of putatively complex modes of antimicrobial action. This advantage may be taken into account in future drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysun Çapcı Karagöz
- Organic Chemistry Chair I and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maria Leidenberger
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Paul-Gordon-Straße 3, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Friedrich Hahn
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossgarten 4, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frank Hampel
- Organic Chemistry Chair I and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Oliver Friedrich
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Paul-Gordon-Straße 3, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Manfred Marschall
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossgarten 4, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Barbara Kappes
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Paul-Gordon-Straße 3, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Svetlana B Tsogoeva
- Organic Chemistry Chair I and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
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54
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Abstract
The fact that many cancer types display transcriptional addiction driven by dysregulation of oncogenic enhancers and transcription factors has led to increased interest in a group of protein kinases, known as transcriptional cyclin dependent kinases (tCDKs), as potential therapeutic targets. Despite early reservations about targeting a process that is essential to healthy cell types, there is now evidence that targeting tCDKs could provide enough therapeutic window to be effective in the clinic. Here, we discuss recent developments in this field, with an emphasis on highly-selective inhibitors and the challenges to be addressed before these inhibitors could be used for therapeutic purposes. Abbreviations: CAK: CDK-activating kinase;CDK: cyclin-dependent kinase;CMGC group: CDK-, MAPK-, GSK3-, and CLK-like;CTD: C-terminal repeat domain of the RPB1 subunit of RNA polymerase II;DRB: 5,6-dichloro-1-β-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole;mCRPC: metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer;NSCLC: non-small cell lung cancer;P-TEFb: positive elongation factor b;RNAPII: RNA polymerase II;S2: serine-2 of CTD repeats;S5: serine-5 of CTD repeats;S7: serine-7 of CTD repeats;SEC: super elongation complex;tCDK: transcriptional cyclin-dependent kinase;TNBC: triple-negative breast cancer
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Galbraith
- a Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, School of Medicine , University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora , CO , USA.,b Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine , University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora , CO , USA
| | - Heather Bender
- a Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, School of Medicine , University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora , CO , USA.,b Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine , University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora , CO , USA
| | - Joaquín M Espinosa
- a Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, School of Medicine , University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora , CO , USA.,b Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine , University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora , CO , USA.,c Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology , University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder , CO , USA
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55
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Fröhlich T, Kiss A, Wölfling J, Mernyák E, Kulmány ÁE, Minorics R, Zupkó I, Leidenberger M, Friedrich O, Kappes B, Hahn F, Marschall M, Schneider G, Tsogoeva SB. Synthesis of Artemisinin-Estrogen Hybrids Highly Active against HCMV, P. falciparum, and Cervical and Breast Cancer. ACS Med Chem Lett 2018; 9:1128-1133. [PMID: 30429957 PMCID: PMC6231177 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Artemisinin-estrogen hybrids were for the first time both synthesized and investigated for their in vitro biological activity against malaria parasites (Plasmodium falciparum 3D7), human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), and a panel of human malignant cells of gynecological origin containing breast (MCF7, MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-361, T47D) and cervical tumor cell lines (HeLa, SiHa, C33A). In terms of antimalarial efficacy, hybrid 8 (EC50 = 3.8 nM) was about two times more active than its parent compound artesunic acid (7) (EC50 = 8.9 nM) as well as the standard drug chloroquine (EC50 = 9.8 nM) and was, therefore, comparable to the clinically used dihydroartemisinin (6) (EC50 = 2.4 nM). Furthermore, hybrids 9-12 showed a strong antiviral effect with EC50 values in the submicromolar range (0.22-0.38 μM) and thus possess profoundly stronger anti-HCMV activity (approximately factor 25) than the parent compound artesunic acid (7) (EC50 = 5.41 μM). These compounds also exerted a higher in vitro anti-HCMV efficacy than ganciclovir used as the standard of current antiviral treatment. In addition, hybrids 8-12 elicited substantially more pronounced growth inhibiting action on all cancer cell lines than their parent compounds and the reference drug cisplatin. The most potent agent, hybrid 12, exhibited submicromolar EC50 values (0.15-0.93 μM) against breast cancer and C33A cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Fröhlich
- Organic
Chemistry Chair I and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials
(ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander University of
Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anita Kiss
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 8, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - János Wölfling
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 8, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Erzsébet Mernyák
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 8, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ágnes E. Kulmány
- Department
of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, University
of Szeged, Eötvös
u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Renáta Minorics
- Department
of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, University
of Szeged, Eötvös
u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - István Zupkó
- Department
of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, University
of Szeged, Eötvös
u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Maria Leidenberger
- Institute
of Medical Biotechnology, Friedrich-Alexander
University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Paul-Gordon-Straße 3, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Oliver Friedrich
- Institute
of Medical Biotechnology, Friedrich-Alexander
University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Paul-Gordon-Straße 3, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Barbara Kappes
- Institute
of Medical Biotechnology, Friedrich-Alexander
University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Paul-Gordon-Straße 3, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Friedrich Hahn
- Institute
for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander
University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossgarten 4, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Manfred Marschall
- Institute
for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander
University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossgarten 4, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gyula Schneider
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 8, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Svetlana B. Tsogoeva
- Organic
Chemistry Chair I and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials
(ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander University of
Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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56
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Novel cytomegalovirus-inhibitory compounds of the class pyrrolopyridines show a complex pattern of target binding that suggests an unusual mechanism of antiviral activity. Antiviral Res 2018; 159:84-94. [PMID: 30268914 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a major human pathogen with seropositivity rates in the adult population ranging between 40% and 95%. HCMV infection is associated with severe pathology, such as life-threatening courses of infection in immunocompromised individuals and neonates. Current standard therapy with valganciclovir has the disadvantage of adverse side effects and viral drug resistance. A novel anti-HCMV drug, letermovir, has been approved recently, so that improved therapy options are available. Nevertheless, even more so far unexploited classes of compounds and molecular modes of action will be required for a next generation of antiherpesviral treatment strategies. In this study, we focused on the analysis of the antiviral potency of a novel class of compounds, i.e. pyrrolopyridine analogs, and identified both hit compounds and their target protein candidates. In essence, we provide novel evidence as follows: (i) screening hit SC88941 is highly active in inhibiting HCMV replication in primary human fibroblasts with an EC50 value of 0.20 ± 0.01 μM in the absence of cytotoxicity, (ii) inhibition occurs at the early-late stage of viral protein production and shows reinforcing effects upon LMV cotreatment, (iii) among the viruses analyzed, antiviral activity was most pronounced against β-herpesviruses (HCMV, HHV-6A) and intermediate against adenovirus (HAdV-2), (iv) induction of SC88941 resistance was not detectable, thus differed from the induction of ganciclovir resistance, (v) a linker-coupled model compound was used for mass spectrometry-based target identification, thus yielding several drug-binding target proteins and (vi) a first confocal imaging approach used for addressing intracellular effects of SC88941 indicated qualitative and quantitative alteration of viral protein expression and localization. Thus, our findings suggest a multifaceted pattern of compound-target binding in connection with an unusual mode of action, opening up further opportunities of antiviral drug development.
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57
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Çapcı Karagöz A, Reiter C, Seo EJ, Gruber L, Hahn F, Leidenberger M, Klein V, Hampel F, Friedrich O, Marschall M, Kappes B, Efferth T, Tsogoeva SB. Access to new highly potent antileukemia, antiviral and antimalarial agents via hybridization of natural products (homo)egonol, thymoquinone and artemisinin. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:3610-3618. [PMID: 29887512 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Hybridization of natural products has high potential to further improve their activities and may produce synergistic effects between linked pharmacophores. Here we report synthesis of nine new hybrids of natural products egonol, homoegonol, thymoquinone and artemisinin and evaluation of their activities against P. falciparum 3D7 parasites, human cytomegalovirus, sensitive and multidrug-resistant human leukemia cells. Most of the new hybrids exceed their parent compounds in antimalarial, antiviral and antileukemia activities and in some cases show higher in vitro efficacy than clinically used reference drugs chloroquine, ganciclovir and doxorubicin. Combined, our findings stress the high potency of these hybrids and encourages further use of the hybridization concept in applied pharmacological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysun Çapcı Karagöz
- Organic Chemistry Chair I and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christoph Reiter
- Organic Chemistry Chair I and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ean-Jeong Seo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Lisa Gruber
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Friedrich Hahn
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossgarten 4, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maria Leidenberger
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Paul-Gordon-Straße 3, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Volker Klein
- Organic Chemistry Chair I and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frank Hampel
- Organic Chemistry Chair I and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Oliver Friedrich
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Paul-Gordon-Straße 3, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Manfred Marschall
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossgarten 4, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Barbara Kappes
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Paul-Gordon-Straße 3, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Svetlana B Tsogoeva
- Organic Chemistry Chair I and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
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58
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Fröhlich T, Hahn F, Belmudes L, Leidenberger M, Friedrich O, Kappes B, Couté Y, Marschall M, Tsogoeva SB. Synthesis of Artemisinin-Derived Dimers, Trimers and Dendrimers: Investigation of Their Antimalarial and Antiviral Activities Including Putative Mechanisms of Action. Chemistry 2018; 24:8103-8113. [PMID: 29570874 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201800729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Generation of dimers, trimers and dendrimers of bioactive compounds is an approach that has recently been developed for the discovery of new potent drug candidates. Herein, we present the synthesis of new artemisinin-derived dimers and dendrimers and investigate their action against malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 strain and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). Dimer 7 was the most active compound (EC50 1.4 nm) in terms of antimalarial efficacy and was even more effective than the standard drugs dihydroartemisinin (EC50 2.4 nm), artesunic acid (EC50 8.9 nm) and chloroquine (EC50 9.8 nm). Trimer 4 stood out as the most active agent against HCMV in vitro replication and exerted an EC50 value of 0.026 μm, representing an even higher activity than the two reference drugs ganciclovir (EC50 2.60 μm) and artesunic acid (EC50 5.41 μm). In addition, artemisinin-derived dimer 13 and trimer 15 were for the first time both immobilized on TOYOPEARL AF-Amino-650M beads and used for mass spectrometry-based target identification experiments using total lysates of HCMV-infected primary human fibroblasts. Two major groups of novel target candidates, namely cytoskeletal and mitochondrial proteins were obtained. Two putatively compound-binding viral proteins, namely major capsid protein (MCP) and envelope glycoprotein pUL132, which are both essential for HCMV replication, were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Fröhlich
- Organic Chemistry Chair I and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular, Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058, Germany
| | - Friedrich Hahn
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossgarten 4, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lucid Belmudes
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INSERM, BIG-BGE, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Maria Leidenberger
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Paul-Gordon-Straße 3, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Oliver Friedrich
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Paul-Gordon-Straße 3, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Barbara Kappes
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Paul-Gordon-Straße 3, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Yohann Couté
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INSERM, BIG-BGE, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Manfred Marschall
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossgarten 4, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Svetlana B Tsogoeva
- Organic Chemistry Chair I and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular, Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058, Germany
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59
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Toth K, Spencer JF, Ying B, Tollefson AE, Hartline CB, Richard ET, Fan J, Lyu J, Kashemirov BA, Harteg C, Reyna D, Lipka E, Prichard MN, McKenna CE, Wold WSM. USC-087 protects Syrian hamsters against lethal challenge with human species C adenoviruses. Antiviral Res 2018; 153:1-9. [PMID: 29510156 PMCID: PMC5891362 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Human adenoviruses (AdV) cause generally mild infections of the respiratory and GI tracts as well as some other tissues. However, AdV can cause serious infection in severely immunosuppressed individuals, especially pediatric patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, where mortality rates are up to 80% with disseminated disease. Despite the seriousness of AdV disease, there are no drugs approved specifically to treat AdV infections. We report here that USC-087, an N-alkyl tyrosinamide phosphonate ester prodrug of HPMPA, the adenine analog of cidofovir, is highly effective against multiple AdV types in cell culture. USC-087 is also effective against AdV-C6 in our immunosuppressed permissive Syrian hamster model. In this model, hamsters are immunosuppressed by treatment with high dose cyclophosphamide. Injection of AdV-C6 (or AdV-C5) intravenously leads to a disseminated infection that resembles the disease seen in humans, including death. We have tested the efficacy of orally-administered USC-087 against the median lethal dose of intravenously administered AdV-C6. USC-087 completely prevented or significantly decreased mortality when administered up to 4 days post challenge. USC-087 also prevented or significantly decreased liver damage caused by AdV-C6 infection, and suppressed virus replication even when administered 4 days post challenge. These results imply that USC-087 is a promising candidate for drug development against HAdV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karoly Toth
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | | | - Baoling Ying
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Ann E Tollefson
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | | | - Eric T Richard
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Jiajun Fan
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Jinglei Lyu
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | | | - Cheryl Harteg
- Therapeutic Systems Research Laboratories, Inc, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA
| | - Dawn Reyna
- Therapeutic Systems Research Laboratories, Inc, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA
| | - Elke Lipka
- Therapeutic Systems Research Laboratories, Inc, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA
| | - Mark N Prichard
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | | | - William S M Wold
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA.
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60
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Rimel JK, Taatjes DJ. The essential and multifunctional TFIIH complex. Protein Sci 2018; 27:1018-1037. [PMID: 29664212 PMCID: PMC5980561 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
TFIIH is a 10‐subunit complex that regulates RNA polymerase II (pol II) transcription but also serves other important biological roles. Although much remains unknown about TFIIH function in eukaryotic cells, much progress has been made even in just the past few years, due in part to technological advances (e.g. cryoEM and single molecule methods) and the development of chemical inhibitors of TFIIH enzymes. This review focuses on the major cellular roles for TFIIH, with an emphasis on TFIIH function as a regulator of pol II transcription. We describe the structure of TFIIH and its roles in pol II initiation, promoter‐proximal pausing, elongation, and termination. We also discuss cellular roles for TFIIH beyond transcription (e.g. DNA repair, cell cycle regulation) and summarize small molecule inhibitors of TFIIH and diseases associated with defects in TFIIH structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna K Rimel
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, 80303
| | - Dylan J Taatjes
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, 80303
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A new microwave-assisted, three-component reaction of 5-aminopyrazole-4-carboxylates: Selective synthesis of substituted 5-aza-9-deaza-adenines. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.02.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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62
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Yamada KH, Majima R, Yamaguchi T, Inoue N. Characterization of phenyl pyrimidine derivatives that inhibit cytomegalovirus immediate-early gene expression. Antivir Chem Chemother 2018; 26:2040206618763193. [PMID: 29546767 PMCID: PMC5890547 DOI: 10.1177/2040206618763193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Previously, we established a reporter cell line for human cytomegalovirus and screened anti-human cytomegalovirus compounds using the cell line. In this study, we characterized one of the identified compounds, 2,4-diamino-6–(4-methoxyphenyl)pyrimidine (coded as 35C10). Methods 50% Effective concentrations (EC50s) and 50% cytotoxic concentrations (CC50s) of 35C10 and its derivatives in human fibroblasts were determined by X-gal staining of the cells infected with human cytomegalovirus Towne strain expressing β-galactosidase. Results EC50 and CC50 of 35C10 were 4.3 µM and >200 µM, respectively. Among several 35C10 derivatives, only one lacking 4-amino group of pyrimidine showed a similar EC50. 35C10 weakly inhibited murine cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus type 1, and varicella-zoster virus. A “time of addition” experiment suggested that 35C10 inhibited an early phase of the infection. Although 35C10 did not inhibit viral attachment to the cells nor the delivery of viral DNA to the nuclei, it decreased the number of infected cells expressing immediate-early 1 and 2 (IE1/IE2) proteins. 35C10 also inhibited the activation of a promoter for TRL4 in the reporter cells upon human cytomegalovirus infection, but not in the same reporter cells transfected with a plasmid expressing IE2. Conclusion Our findings suggest that 35C10 is a novel compound that inhibits IE gene expression in human cytomegalovirus-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koh-Hei Yamada
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Majima
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Toyofumi Yamaguchi
- 2 Department of Biosciences, Teikyo University of Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Inoue
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
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Synthesis, antitumor evaluation and microarray study of some new pyrazolo[3,4-d][1,2,3]triazine derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 141:603-614. [PMID: 29107422 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Design and synthesis of new anticancer scaffolds; pyrazolo[3,4-d][1,2,3]triazine derivatives, is a promising solution to overcome drug resistance problem. A series of (E)-2-cyano-N-(aryl)-3-methylthio-3-(substituted-amino)acrylamides 3a-e was synthesized and transformed to the 3-aminopyrazole derivatives 4a-e which were then transformed to the target pyrazolotriazinones 6a-e. All compounds were evaluated for their anticancer activity against three different cancer cell lines namely Huh-7, Panc-1 and CCRF. Compounds 3a, 3c, 6a and 6c showed excellent anticancer activity against Huh-7 cell line (IC50: 4.93-8.84 μM vs doxorubicin 5.43 μM). Similarly, compounds 6a and 6d showed excellent activities against Panc-1 cells (IC50: 9.91 μM and 4.93 μM vs doxorubicin 6.90 μM). Caspase-Glo 3/7 assay was done and the results revealed that the pro-apoptotic activity of the target compounds could be due to the stimulation of caspases 3/7. Microarray experiment for Huh-7 cells treated with 6c was performed to search for other molecular changes. SLC26A3, UGT1A1, UGT2B15, UGT2B7, DNASE1, MUCDH1 and UGT2B17 were among the up-regulated genes, while, GIP3, TAGL, THBS1, IFI27, FSCN1 and SOCS2 were among the most extensively down-regulated genes. These genes belong to apoptosis, metabolism, cell cycle, tumor growth and suppressor genes. Finally, pyrazolo[3,4-d][1,2,3]triazine derivatives could be potent anticancer drugs in the future.
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Sonntag E, Milbradt J, Svrlanska A, Strojan H, Häge S, Kraut A, Hesse AM, Amin B, Sonnewald U, Couté Y, Marschall M. Protein kinases responsible for the phosphorylation of the nuclear egress core complex of human cytomegalovirus. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:2569-2581. [PMID: 28949903 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear egress of herpesvirus capsids is mediated by a multi-component nuclear egress complex (NEC) assembled by a heterodimer of two essential viral core egress proteins. In the case of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), this core NEC is defined by the interaction between the membrane-anchored pUL50 and its nuclear cofactor, pUL53. NEC protein phosphorylation is considered to be an important regulatory step, so this study focused on the respective role of viral and cellular protein kinases. Multiply phosphorylated pUL50 varieties were detected by Western blot and Phos-tag analyses as resulting from both viral and cellular kinase activities. In vitro kinase analyses demonstrated that pUL50 is a substrate of both PKCα and CDK1, while pUL53 can also be moderately phosphorylated by CDK1. The use of kinase inhibitors further illustrated the importance of distinct kinases for core NEC phosphorylation. Importantly, mass spectrometry-based proteomic analyses identified five major and nine minor sites of pUL50 phosphorylation. The functional relevance of core NEC phosphorylation was confirmed by various experimental settings, including kinase knock-down/knock-out and confocal imaging, in which it was found that (i) HCMV core NEC proteins are not phosphorylated solely by viral pUL97, but also by cellular kinases; (ii) both PKC and CDK1 phosphorylation are detectable for pUL50; (iii) no impact of PKC phosphorylation on NEC functionality has been identified so far; (iv) nonetheless, CDK1-specific phosphorylation appears to be required for functional core NEC interaction. In summary, our findings provide the first evidence that the HCMV core NEC is phosphorylated by cellular kinases, and that the complex pattern of NEC phosphorylation has functional relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Sonntag
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jens Milbradt
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Adriana Svrlanska
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hanife Strojan
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sigrun Häge
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alexandra Kraut
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INSERM, BIG-BGE, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Anne-Marie Hesse
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INSERM, BIG-BGE, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Bushra Amin
- Department of Biology, Institute for Biochemistry, FAU, Erlangen, Germany
- Present address: Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh 15260, PA, USA
| | - Uwe Sonnewald
- Department of Biology, Institute for Biochemistry, FAU, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Yohann Couté
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INSERM, BIG-BGE, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Manfred Marschall
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
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66
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Hutterer C, Milbradt J, Hamilton S, Zaja M, Leban J, Henry C, Vitt D, Steingruber M, Sonntag E, Zeitträger I, Bahsi H, Stamminger T, Rawlinson W, Strobl S, Marschall M. Inhibitors of dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinases (DYRK) exert a strong anti-herpesviral activity. Antiviral Res 2017; 143:113-121. [PMID: 28400201 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Infection with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a serious medical problem, particularly in immunocompromised individuals and neonates. The success of (val)ganciclovir therapy is hampered by low drug compatibility and induction of viral resistance. A novel strategy of antiviral treatment is based on the exploitation of cell-directed signaling, e. g. pathways with a known relevance for carcinogenesis and tumor drug development. Here we describe a principle for putative antiviral drugs based on targeting dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinases (DYRKs). DYRKs constitute an evolutionarily conserved family of protein kinases with key roles in the control of cell proliferation and differentiation. Members of the DYRK family are capable of phosphorylating a number of substrate proteins, including regulators of the cell cycle, e.g. DYRK1B can induce cell cycle arrest, a critical step for the regulation of HCMV replication. Here we provide first evidence for a critical role of DYRKs during viral replication and the high antiviral potential of DYRK inhibitors (SC84227, SC97202 and SC97208, Harmine and AZ-191). Using established replication assays for laboratory and clinically relevant strains of HCMV, concentration-dependent profiles of inhibition were obtained. Mean inhibitory concentrations (EC50) of 0.98 ± 0.08 μM/SC84227, 0.60 ± 0.02 μM/SC97202, 6.26 ± 1.64 μM/SC97208, 0.71 ± 0.019 μM/Harmine and 0.63 ± 0.23 μM/AZ-191 were determined with HCMV strain AD169-GFP for the infection of primary human fibroblasts. A first analysis of the mode of antiviral action suggested a block of viral replication at the early-late stage of HCMV gene expression. Moreover, rhesus macaque cytomegalovirus (RhCMV), varicella-zoster virus (VZV) and herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) showed a similarly high sensitivity to these compounds. Thus, we conclude that DYRK signaling represents a promising target pathway for the development of novel anti-herpesviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina Hutterer
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Germany.
| | - Jens Milbradt
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Germany
| | - Stuart Hamilton
- Serology and Virology Division, SEALS Microbiology Prince of Wales Hospital Randwick NSW 2013 and SOMS and BABS, University of NSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mirko Zaja
- 4SC Discovery GmbH, Martinsried, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Mirjam Steingruber
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Germany
| | - Eric Sonntag
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Germany
| | - Isabel Zeitträger
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Germany
| | - Hanife Bahsi
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Germany
| | - Thomas Stamminger
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Germany
| | - William Rawlinson
- Serology and Virology Division, SEALS Microbiology Prince of Wales Hospital Randwick NSW 2013 and SOMS and BABS, University of NSW, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Manfred Marschall
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Germany.
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67
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Fröhlich T, Reiter C, Ibrahim MM, Beutel J, Hutterer C, Zeitträger I, Bahsi H, Leidenberger M, Friedrich O, Kappes B, Efferth T, Marschall M, Tsogoeva SB. Synthesis of Novel Hybrids of Quinazoline and Artemisinin with High Activities against Plasmodium falciparum, Human Cytomegalovirus, and Leukemia Cells. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:2422-2431. [PMID: 30023664 PMCID: PMC6044832 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b00310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Many quinazoline derivatives have been synthesized over the last few decades with great pharmacological potential, such as antimalarial, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, and antiviral. But so far, no quinazoline-artemisinin hybrids have been reported in the literature. In the present study, five novel quinazoline-artemisinin hybrids were synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro biological activity against malarial parasites (Plasmodium falciparum 3D7), leukemia cells (CCRF-CEM and CEM/ADR5000), and human cytomegalovirus. Remarkably, hybrid 9 (EC50 = 1.4 nM), the most active antimalarial compound of this study, was not only more potent than artesunic acid (EC50 = 9.7 nM) but at the same time more active than the clinically used drugs dihydroartemisinin (EC50 = 2.4 nM) and chloroquine (EC50 = 9.8 nM). Furthermore, hybrids 9 and 10 were the most potent compounds with regard to anticytomegaloviral activity (EC50 = 0.15-0.21 μM). They were able to outperform ganciclovir (EC50 = 2.6 μM), which is the relevant standard drug of antiviral therapy, by a factor of 12-17. Moreover, we identified a new highly active quinazoline derivative, compound 14, that is most effective in suppressing cytomegalovirus replication with an EC50 value in the nanomolar range (EC50 = 50 nM). In addition, hybrid 9 exhibited an antileukemia effect similar to that of artesunic acid, with EC50 values in the low micromolar range, and was 45 times more active toward the multidrug-resistant CEM/ADR5000 cells (EC50 = 0.5 μM) than the standard drug doxorubicin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Fröhlich
- Organic
Chemistry Chair I and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials
(ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander University of
Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestraße 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christoph Reiter
- Organic
Chemistry Chair I and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials
(ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander University of
Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestraße 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mohammad M. Ibrahim
- Organic
Chemistry Chair I and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials
(ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander University of
Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestraße 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University
of Al al-Bayt, P.O. Box 130040, 25113 Al-Mafraq, Jordan
| | - Jannis Beutel
- Organic
Chemistry Chair I and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials
(ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander University of
Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestraße 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Corina Hutterer
- Institute
for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander
University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossgarten 4, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Isabel Zeitträger
- Institute
for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander
University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossgarten 4, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hanife Bahsi
- Institute
for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander
University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossgarten 4, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maria Leidenberger
- Institute
of Medical Biotechnology, Friedrich-Alexander
University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Paul-Gordon-Straße 3, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Oliver Friedrich
- Institute
of Medical Biotechnology, Friedrich-Alexander
University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Paul-Gordon-Straße 3, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Barbara Kappes
- Institute
of Medical Biotechnology, Friedrich-Alexander
University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Paul-Gordon-Straße 3, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Manfred Marschall
- Institute
for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander
University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossgarten 4, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Svetlana B. Tsogoeva
- Organic
Chemistry Chair I and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials
(ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander University of
Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestraße 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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68
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Held FE, Guryev AA, Fröhlich T, Hampel F, Kahnt A, Hutterer C, Steingruber M, Bahsi H, von Bojničić-Kninski C, Mattes DS, Foertsch TC, Nesterov-Mueller A, Marschall M, Tsogoeva SB. Facile access to potent antiviral quinazoline heterocycles with fluorescence properties via merging metal-free domino reactions. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15071. [PMID: 28462939 PMCID: PMC5418574 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of the known approved drugs comprise functionalized heterocyclic compounds as subunits. Among them, non-fluorescent quinazolines with four different substitution patterns are found in a variety of clinically used pharmaceuticals, while 4,5,7,8-substituted quinazolines and those displaying their own specific fluorescence, favourable for cellular uptake visualization, have not been described so far. Here we report the development of a one-pot synthetic strategy to access these 4,5,7,8-substituted quinazolines, which are fluorescent and feature strong antiviral properties (EC50 down to 0.6±0.1 μM) against human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). Merging multistep domino processes in one-pot under fully metal-free conditions leads to sustainable, maximum efficient and high-yielding organic synthesis. Furthermore, generation of artesunic acid–quinazoline hybrids and their application against HCMV (EC50 down to 0.1±0.0 μM) is demonstrated. Fluorescence of new antiviral hybrids and quinazolines has potential applications in molecular imaging in drug development and mechanistic studies, avoiding requirement of linkage to external fluorescent markers. Heterocycles are ubiquitous in bioactive compounds and routes to different substitution patterns are important to access the full substrate space. Here the authors report a route to 4,5,7,8-substituted antiviral fluorescent quinazolines, to allow cellular uptake visualization without external marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix E Held
- Organic Chemistry Chair I and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anton A Guryev
- Organic Chemistry Chair I and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tony Fröhlich
- Organic Chemistry Chair I and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frank Hampel
- Organic Chemistry Chair I and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Axel Kahnt
- Physical Chemistry Chair I, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Corina Hutterer
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossgarten 4, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mirjam Steingruber
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossgarten 4, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hanife Bahsi
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossgarten 4, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Clemens von Bojničić-Kninski
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Microstructure Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Daniela S Mattes
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Microstructure Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Tobias C Foertsch
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Microstructure Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Alexander Nesterov-Mueller
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Microstructure Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Manfred Marschall
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossgarten 4, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Svetlana B Tsogoeva
- Organic Chemistry Chair I and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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69
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Majima R, Shindoh K, Yamaguchi T, Inoue N. Characterization of a thienylcarboxamide derivative that inhibits the transactivation functions of cytomegalovirus IE2 and varicella zoster virus IE62. Antiviral Res 2017; 140:142-150. [PMID: 28161581 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Previously we established reporter cell lines for human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and varicella zoster virus (VZV) and identified several antiviral compounds against these viruses using the reporter cells. In this study, we found that one of the identified anti-HCMV compounds, a thienylcarboxamide derivative (coded as 133G4), was effective against not only HCMV but also VZV. The following findings indicate that 133G4 inhibits the activation of early gene promoters by HCMV IE2 and VZV IE62: i) 133G4 decreased the expression of HCMV early and late genes but not that of HCMV IE1/IE2 in HCMV-infected cells, ii) 133G4 inhibited the activation of several HCMV early gene promoters of transiently-transfected plasmids in HCMV-infected cells, and iii) in transient transfection assays, 133G4 decreased the activation of HCMV (or VZV) early gene promoters by HCMV IE2 (or VZV IE62) in the absence of other viral protein expression. The inhibition of early gene activation was observed in the human and African green monkey cell lines but not in the rodent cell lines, and the compound was not effective against murine CMV. In addition, VZV IE62 activated HCMV early promoters, and 133G4 still inhibited such promoter activation. Therefore, we hypothesized that 133G4 targets a cellular factor used commonly in activation of human herpesvirus promoters and examined whether 133G4 affects the functions of cellular proteins USF1, TBP, Med25 and EAP, the involvement of which in VZV IE62-dependent viral gene activation has been well characterized. Our experimental results using one-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays demonstrated that 133G4 did not inhibit the recruitment of USF1 or TBP to their binding sites, nor inhibited the direct interactions of VZV IE62 with Med25 and EAP. Thus, 133G4 is a unique anti-VZV and -HCMV compound, which warrants further studies to find out its inhibitory mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Majima
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Keiko Shindoh
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Biosciences, Teikyo University of Science and Technology, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Toyofumi Yamaguchi
- Department of Biosciences, Teikyo University of Science and Technology, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Naoki Inoue
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan; Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.
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El-Hiti GA, Abdel-Wahab BF, Alshammari MB, Hegazy AS, Kariuki BM. Crystal structure of ( E)-3-methyl-4-((3-(5-methyl-1-phenyl-1 H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)-1-phenyl-1 H-pyrazol-4-yl)methylene)-1-phenyl-1 H-pyrazol-5(4 H)-one, C 29H 23N 7O. Z KRIST-NEW CRYST ST 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/ncrs-2016-0243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
C29H23N7O, triclinic, P1̅ (no. 2), a = 8.2785(12) Å, b = 12.1750(18) Å, c = 13.8122(16) Å, α = 114.401(13)°, β = 103.083(11)°, γ = 93.384(12)°, V = 1216.5(3)Å3, Z = 2, R
gt(F) = 0.0713, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.1880, T = 293(2) K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamal A. El-Hiti
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bakr F. Abdel-Wahab
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Humanities, Shaqra University, Duwadimi, Saudi Arabia; and Applied Organic Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohammed B. Alshammari
- Chemistry Department, College of Sciences and Humanities, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 83, Al-Kharij 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amany S. Hegazy
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Benson M. Kariuki
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
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Inhibition of Human Cytomegalovirus pUL89 Terminase Subunit Blocks Virus Replication and Genome Cleavage. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.02152-16. [PMID: 27881652 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02152-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The human cytomegalovirus terminase complex cleaves concatemeric genomic DNA into unit lengths during genome packaging and particle assembly. This process is an attractive drug target because cleavage of concatemeric DNA is not required in mammalian cell DNA replication, indicating that drugs targeting the terminase complex could be safe and selective. One component of the human cytomegalovirus terminase complex, pUL89, provides the endonucleolytic activity for genome cleavage, and the domain responsible is reported to have an RNase H-like fold. We hypothesize that the pUL89 endonuclease activity is inhibited by known RNase H inhibitors. Using a novel enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) format as a screening assay, we found that a hydroxypyridonecarboxylic acid compound, previously reported to be an inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus RNase H, inhibited pUL89 endonuclease activity at low-micromolar concentrations. Further characterization revealed that this pUL89 endonuclease inhibitor blocked human cytomegalovirus replication at a relatively late time point, similarly to other reported terminase complex inhibitors. Importantly, this inhibitor also prevented the cleavage of viral genomic DNA in infected cells. Taken together, these results substantiate our pharmacophore hypothesis and validate our ligand-based approach toward identifying novel inhibitors of pUL89 endonuclease. IMPORTANCE Human cytomegalovirus infection in individuals lacking a fully functioning immune system, such as newborns and transplant patients, can have severe and debilitating consequences. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved anti-human cytomegalovirus drugs mainly target the viral polymerase, and resistance to these drugs has appeared. Therefore, anti-human cytomegalovirus drugs from novel targets are needed for use instead of, or in combination with, current polymerase inhibitors. pUL89 is a viral ATPase and endonuclease and is an attractive target for anti-human cytomegalovirus drug development. We identified and characterized an inhibitor of pUL89 endonuclease activity that also inhibits human cytomegalovirus replication in cell culture. pUL89 endonuclease, therefore, should be explored as a potential target for antiviral development against human cytomegalovirus.
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The Prolyl Isomerase Pin1 Promotes the Herpesvirus-Induced Phosphorylation-Dependent Disassembly of the Nuclear Lamina Required for Nucleocytoplasmic Egress. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005825. [PMID: 27556400 PMCID: PMC4996521 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear lamina lines the inner nuclear membrane providing a structural framework for the nucleus. Cellular processes, such as nuclear envelope breakdown during mitosis or nuclear export of large ribonucleoprotein complexes, are functionally linked to the disassembly of the nuclear lamina. In general, lamina disassembly is mediated by phosphorylation, but the precise molecular mechanism is still not completely understood. Recently, we suggested a novel mechanism for lamina disassembly during the nuclear egress of herpesviral capsids which involves the cellular isomerase Pin1. In this study, we focused on mechanistic details of herpesviral nuclear replication to demonstrate the general importance of Pin1 for lamina disassembly. In particular, Ser22-specific lamin phosphorylation consistently generates a Pin1-binding motif in cells infected with human and animal alpha-, beta-, and gammaherpesviruses. Using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, we showed that binding of Pin1 to a synthetic lamin peptide induces its cis/trans isomerization in vitro. A detailed bioinformatic evaluation strongly suggests that this structural conversion induces large-scale secondary structural changes in the lamin N-terminus. Thus, we concluded that a Pin1-induced conformational change of lamins may represent the molecular trigger responsible for lamina disassembly. Consistent with this concept, pharmacological inhibition of Pin1 activity blocked lamina disassembly in herpesvirus-infected fibroblasts and consequently impaired virus replication. In addition, a phospho-mimetic Ser22Glu lamin mutant was still able to form a regular lamina structure and overexpression of a Ser22-phosphorylating kinase did not induce lamina disassembly in Pin1 knockout cells. Intriguingly, this was observed in absence of herpesvirus infection proposing a broader importance of Pin1 for lamina constitution. Thus, our results suggest a functional model of similar events leading to disassembly of the nuclear lamina in response to herpesviral or inherent cellular stimuli. In essence, Pin1 represents a regulatory effector of lamina disassembly that promotes the nuclear pore-independent egress of herpesviral capsids. Viruses often adopt preexisting cellular pathways to promote their own replication. In this regard, the recently discovered alternative mechanism for the nuclear export of large messenger ribonucleoprotein (mRNP) complexes is particularly noteworthy. This process is mechanistically similar to the nuclear egress of herpesviruses, which appear to utilize cellular pathways and effectors to release assembled capsids from the host nucleus. While vesicle formation and scission events at nuclear membranes are now increasingly understood in greater detail, the precise mechanism of the preceding disassembly of the nuclear lamina still awaits a defined molecular characterization. Here, we used herpesviruses in their property to induce a nucleocytoplasmic viral capsid export for our investigation of nuclear lamina disassembly. We identified a mechanism that promotes lamina disassembly by a conformational change of lamins, mediated by the cellular isomerase Pin1 in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. Intriguingly, Pin1 appeared to control the rearrangement of phosphorylated lamins and their transient displacement from the nuclear lamina. Our study suggests that Pin1 functions as a major regulatory effector of lamina disassembly and thus determines the nuclear egress pathway of herpesviruses.
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Proteomic Interaction Patterns between Human Cyclins, the Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Ortholog pUL97 and Additional Cytomegalovirus Proteins. Viruses 2016; 8:v8080219. [PMID: 27548200 PMCID: PMC4997581 DOI: 10.3390/v8080219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The human cytomegalovirus (HCMV)-encoded cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) ortholog pUL97 associates with human cyclin B1 and other types of cyclins. Here, the question was addressed whether cyclin interaction of pUL97 and additional viral proteins is detectable by mass spectrometry-based approaches. Proteomic data were validated by coimmunoprecipitation (CoIP), Western blot, in vitro kinase and bioinformatic analyses. Our findings suggest that: (i) pUL97 shows differential affinities to human cyclins; (ii) pUL97 inhibitor maribavir (MBV) disrupts the interaction with cyclin B1, but not with other cyclin types; (iii) cyclin H is identified as a new high-affinity interactor of pUL97 in HCMV-infected cells; (iv) even more viral phosphoproteins, including all known substrates of pUL97, are detectable in the cyclin-associated complexes; and (v) a first functional validation of pUL97-cyclin B1 interaction, analyzed by in vitro kinase assay, points to a cyclin-mediated modulation of pUL97 substrate preference. In addition, our bioinformatic analyses suggest individual, cyclin-specific binding interfaces for pUL97-cyclin interaction, which could explain the different strengths of interactions and the selective inhibitory effect of MBV on pUL97-cyclin B1 interaction. Combined, the detection of cyclin-associated proteins in HCMV-infected cells suggests a complex pattern of substrate phosphorylation and a role of cyclins in the fine-modulation of pUL97 activities.
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74
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Söderholm S, Kainov DE, Öhman T, Denisova OV, Schepens B, Kulesskiy E, Imanishi SY, Corthals G, Hintsanen P, Aittokallio T, Saelens X, Matikainen S, Nyman TA. Phosphoproteomics to Characterize Host Response During Influenza A Virus Infection of Human Macrophages. Mol Cell Proteomics 2016; 15:3203-3219. [PMID: 27486199 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m116.057984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses cause infections in the human respiratory tract and give rise to annual seasonal outbreaks, as well as more rarely dreaded pandemics. Influenza A viruses become quickly resistant to the virus-directed antiviral treatments, which are the current main treatment options. A promising alternative approach is to target host cell factors that are exploited by influenza viruses. To this end, we characterized the phosphoproteome of influenza A virus infected primary human macrophages to elucidate the intracellular signaling pathways and critical host factors activated upon influenza infection. We identified 1675 phosphoproteins, 4004 phosphopeptides and 4146 nonredundant phosphosites. The phosphorylation of 1113 proteins (66%) was regulated upon infection, highlighting the importance of such global phosphoproteomic profiling in primary cells. Notably, 285 of the identified phosphorylation sites have not been previously described in publicly available phosphorylation databases, despite many published large-scale phosphoproteome studies using human and mouse cell lines. Systematic bioinformatics analysis of the phosphoproteome data indicated that the phosphorylation of proteins involved in the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway (such as TRIM22 and TRIM25) and antiviral responses (such as MAVS) changed in infected macrophages. Proteins known to play roles in small GTPase-, mitogen-activated protein kinase-, and cyclin-dependent kinase- signaling were also regulated by phosphorylation upon infection. In particular, the influenza infection had a major influence on the phosphorylation profiles of a large number of cyclin-dependent kinase substrates. Functional studies using cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors showed that the cyclin-dependent kinase activity is required for efficient viral replication and for activation of the host antiviral responses. In addition, we show that cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors protect IAV-infected mice from death. In conclusion, we provide the first comprehensive phosphoproteome characterization of influenza A virus infection in primary human macrophages, and provide evidence that cyclin-dependent kinases represent potential therapeutic targets for more effective treatment of influenza infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Söderholm
- From the ‡Institute of Biotechnology, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; §Unit of Systems Toxicology, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, FI-00250 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Denis E Kainov
- ¶Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tiina Öhman
- From the ‡Institute of Biotechnology, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Oxana V Denisova
- ¶Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bert Schepens
- ‖Medical Biotechnology Center, VIB, B-9052 Ghent (Zwijnaarde), Belgium; **Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, B-9052 Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Evgeny Kulesskiy
- ¶Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Susumu Y Imanishi
- ‡‡Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Garry Corthals
- ‡‡Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Petteri Hintsanen
- ¶Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tero Aittokallio
- ¶Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Xavier Saelens
- ‖Medical Biotechnology Center, VIB, B-9052 Ghent (Zwijnaarde), Belgium; **Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, B-9052 Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sampsa Matikainen
- §§Department of Rheumatology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuula A Nyman
- From the ‡Institute of Biotechnology, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; ¶¶Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
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75
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Zhou Y, Zeng YP, Zhou Q, Guan JX, Lu ZN. The effect of cyclin-dependent kinases inhibitor treatment on experimental herpes simplex encephalitis mice. Neurosci Lett 2016; 627:71-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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76
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Sonntag E, Hamilton ST, Bahsi H, Wagner S, Jonjic S, Rawlinson WD, Marschall M, Milbradt J. Cytomegalovirus pUL50 is the multi-interacting determinant of the core nuclear egress complex (NEC) that recruits cellular accessory NEC components. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:1676-1685. [PMID: 27145986 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear egress of herpesvirus capsids through the nuclear envelope is mediated by the multimeric nuclear egress complex (NEC). The human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) core NEC is defined by an interaction between the membrane-anchored pUL50 and its nuclear co-factor pUL53, tightly associated through heterodimeric corecruitment to the nuclear envelope. Cellular proteins, such as p32/gC1qR, emerin and protein kinase C (PKC), are recruited by direct interaction with pUL50 for the multimeric extension of the NEC. As a functionally important event, the recruitment of both viral and cellular protein kinases leads to site-specific lamin phosphorylation and nuclear lamina disassembly. In this study, interaction domains within pUL50 for its binding partners were defined by co-immunoprecipitation. The interaction domain for pUL53 is located within the pUL50 N-terminus (residues 10-169), interaction domains for p32/gC1qR (100-358) and PKC (100-280) overlap in the central part of pUL50, and the interaction domain for emerin is located in the C-terminus (265-397). Moreover, expression and formation of core NEC proteins at the nuclear rim were consistently detected in cells permissive for productive HCMV replication, including two trophoblast-cell lines. Importantly, regular nuclear-rim formation of the core NEC was blocked by inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) activity. In relation to the recently published crystal structure of the HCMV core NEC, our findings result in a refined view of NEC assembly. In particular, we suggest that CDKs may play an important regulatory role in NEC formation during HCMV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Sonntag
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stuart T Hamilton
- Virology Division, SEALS Microbiology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Hanife Bahsi
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sabrina Wagner
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stipan Jonjic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - William D Rawlinson
- Virology Division, SEALS Microbiology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Manfred Marschall
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jens Milbradt
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
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77
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Graf L, Feichtinger S, Naing Z, Hutterer C, Milbradt J, Webel R, Wagner S, Scott GM, Hamilton ST, Rawlinson WD, Stamminger T, Thomas M, Marschall M. New insight into the phosphorylation-regulated intranuclear localization of human cytomegalovirus pUL69 mediated by cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and viral CDK orthologue pUL97. J Gen Virol 2015; 97:144-151. [PMID: 26555090 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are multifaceted regulators involved in the replication of human cytomegalovirus. Recently, we demonstrated an interaction of CDK9-cyclin T1 as well as viral CDK orthologue pUL97 with the viral regulator pUL69, thereby leading to pUL69-activating phosphorylation. Here, we demonstrate that colocalization and direct pUL69-cyclin T1 interaction is independent of viral strains and host cell types. In vitro phosphorylation of pUL69 by CDK9 or pUL97 did not occur in a single site-specific manner, but at multiple sites. The previously described fine-speckled nuclear aggregation of pUL69 was assigned to the late phase of viral replication. CDK inhibitors, including a novel inhibitor of the CDK-activating kinase CDK7, massively intensified this fine-speckled accumulation. Interestingly, we also observed spontaneous pUL69 accumulation in the absence of inhibitors at a lower frequency. These findings provide new insight into pUL69 kinase interregulation and emphasize the importance of pUL69 phosphorylation for correct intranuclear localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Graf
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sabine Feichtinger
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Zin Naing
- Virology Division, SEALS Microbiology, Prince of Wales Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Corina Hutterer
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jens Milbradt
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rike Webel
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sabrina Wagner
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gillian M Scott
- Virology Division, SEALS Microbiology, Prince of Wales Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Stuart T Hamilton
- Virology Division, SEALS Microbiology, Prince of Wales Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - William D Rawlinson
- Virology Division, SEALS Microbiology, Prince of Wales Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Thomas Stamminger
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marco Thomas
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Manfred Marschall
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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78
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Hutterer C, Niemann I, Milbradt J, Fröhlich T, Reiter C, Kadioglu O, Bahsi H, Zeitträger I, Wagner S, Einsiedel J, Gmeiner P, Vogel N, Wandinger S, Godl K, Stamminger T, Efferth T, Tsogoeva SB, Marschall M. The broad-spectrum antiinfective drug artesunate interferes with the canonical nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway by targeting RelA/p65. Antiviral Res 2015; 124:101-9. [PMID: 26546752 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Infection with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a serious medical problem, particularly in immunocompromised individuals and neonates. The success of standard antiviral therapy is hampered by low drug compatibility and induction of viral resistance. A novel strategy is based on the exploitation of cell-directed signaling inhibitors. The broad antiinfective drug artesunate (ART) offers additional therapeutic options such as oral bioavailability and low levels of toxic side-effects. Here, novel ART-derived compounds including dimers and trimers were synthesized showing further improvements over the parental drug. Antiviral activity and mechanistic aspects were determined leading to the following statements: (i) ART exerts antiviral activity towards human and animal herpesviruses, (ii) no induction of ART-resistant HCMV mutants occurred in vitro, (iii) chemically modified derivatives of ART showed strongly enhanced anti-HCMV efficacy, (iv) NF-κB reporter constructs, upregulated during HCMV replication, could be partially blocked by ART treatment, (v) ART activity analyzed in stable reporter cell clones indicated an inhibition of stimulated NF-κB but not CREB pathway, (vi) solid-phase immobilized ART was able to bind to NF-κB RelA/p65, and (vii) peptides within NF-κB RelA/p65 represent candidates of ART binding as analyzed by in silico docking and mass spectrometry. These novel findings open new prospects for the future medical use of ART and ART-related drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina Hutterer
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ina Niemann
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jens Milbradt
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tony Fröhlich
- Institute of Organic Chemistry I, FAU, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Onat Kadioglu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Hanife Bahsi
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Isabel Zeitträger
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sabrina Wagner
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Einsiedel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center, FAU, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Gmeiner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center, FAU, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nico Vogel
- Institute for Biochemistry, Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Emil Fischer Center, FAU, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | | | - Thomas Stamminger
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Manfred Marschall
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.
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79
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Pelish HE, Liau BB, Nitulescu II, Tangpeerachaikul A, Poss ZC, Da Silva DH, Caruso BT, Arefolov A, Fadeyi O, Christie AL, Du K, Banka D, Schneider EV, Jestel A, Zou G, Si C, Ebmeier CC, Bronson RT, Krivtsov AV, Myers AG, Kohl NE, Kung AL, Armstrong SA, Lemieux ME, Taatjes DJ, Shair MD. Mediator kinase inhibition further activates super-enhancer-associated genes in AML. Nature 2015; 526:273-276. [PMID: 26416749 PMCID: PMC4641525 DOI: 10.1038/nature14904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Super-enhancers (SEs), which are composed of large clusters of enhancers densely loaded with the Mediator complex, transcription factors (TFs), and chromatin regulators, drive high expression of genes implicated in cell identity and disease, such as lineage-controlling TFs and oncogenes 1, 2. BRD4 and CDK7 are positive regulators of SE-mediated transcription3,4,5. In contrast, negative regulators of SE-associated genes have not been well described. Here we report that Mediator-associated kinases cyclin-dependent kinase 8 (CDK8) and CDK19 restrain increased activation of key SE-associated genes in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) cells. We determined that the natural product cortistatin A (CA) selectively inhibited Mediator kinases, had antileukaemic activity in vitro and in vivo, and disproportionately induced upregulation of SE-associated genes in CA-sensitive AML cell lines but not in CA-insensitive cell lines. In AML cells, CA upregulated SE-associated genes with tumour suppressor and lineage-controlling functions, including the TFs CEBPA, IRF8, IRF1 and ETV66, 7, 8. The BRD4 inhibitor I-BET151 downregulated these SE-associated genes, yet also has antileukaemic activity. Individually increasing or decreasing expression of these TFs suppressed AML cell growth, providing evidence that leukaemia cells are sensitive to dosage of SE-associated genes. Our results demonstrate that Mediator kinases can negatively regulate SE-associated gene expression in specific cell types and can be pharmacologically targeted as a therapeutic approach to AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry E Pelish
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Brian B Liau
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Ioana I Nitulescu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | | | - Zachary C Poss
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Campus Box 596, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Diogo H Da Silva
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Brittany T Caruso
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Alexander Arefolov
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Olugbeminiyi Fadeyi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Amanda L Christie
- Lurie Family Imaging Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Karrie Du
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Deepti Banka
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Elisabeth V Schneider
- Proteros Biostructures GmbH, Bunsenstrasse 7a, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany.,Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie, Am Kloperspitz 18, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Anja Jestel
- Proteros Biostructures GmbH, Bunsenstrasse 7a, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Ge Zou
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Chong Si
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Christopher C Ebmeier
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Campus Box 596, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | | | - Andrei V Krivtsov
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program and Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Andrew G Myers
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Nancy E Kohl
- Lurie Family Imaging Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Andrew L Kung
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Scott A Armstrong
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program and Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Dylan J Taatjes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Campus Box 596, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Matthew D Shair
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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80
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The Interaction between Cyclin B1 and Cytomegalovirus Protein Kinase pUL97 is Determined by an Active Kinase Domain. Viruses 2015; 7:4582-601. [PMID: 26270673 PMCID: PMC4576195 DOI: 10.3390/v7082834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Revised: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Replication of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is characterized by a tight virus-host cell interaction. Cyclin-dependent protein kinases (CDKs) are functionally integrated into viral gene expression and protein modification. The HCMV-encoded protein kinase pUL97 acts as a CDK ortholog showing structural and functional similarities. Recently, we reported an interaction between pUL97 kinase with a subset of host cyclins, in particular with cyclin T1. Here, we describe an interaction of pUL97 at an even higher affinity with cyclin B1. As a striking feature, the interaction between pUL97 and cyclin B1 proved to be strictly dependent on pUL97 activity, as interaction could be abrogated by treatment with pUL97 inhibitors or by inserting mutations into the conserved kinase domain or the nonconserved C-terminus of pUL97, both producing loss of activity. Thus, we postulate that the mechanism of pUL97-cyclin B1 interaction is determined by an active pUL97 kinase domain.
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81
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Hamilton ST, Hutterer C, Marschall M. Therapeutics to prevent congenital cytomegalovirus during pregnancy: what is available now and in the future? MICROBIOLOGY AUSTRALIA 2015. [DOI: 10.1071/ma15057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the leading non-genetic cause of fetal malformation in developed countries. Congenital CMV infection can cause serious clinical sequelae, and in severe cases result in fetal or neonatal death. Despite the clinical and social importance of congenital CMV there is currently no standardised management strategy to prevent or treat maternal/fetal CMV infection during pregnancy and no evidence-based therapeutic for prenatally diagnosed CMV infection or disease. For pregnant women with a primary CMV infection during pregnancy, standard medical practise remains to offer no treatment at all or the option to terminate pregnancy. If intervention is requested, pregnant women may be offered a narrow range of medical therapies with limited evidence for efficacy and some with high risks of toxicity. However, there are several experimental and novel anti-CMV therapeutics currently being investigated that may provide a safe and effective therapeutic for use during pregnancy to prevent both fetal infection and reduce the risk of congenital CMV disease developing in the fetus once infected in utero.
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