51
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Liang L, Connerton IF. FlhF(T368A) modulates motility in the bacteriophage carrier state of Campylobacter jejuni. Mol Microbiol 2018; 110:616-633. [PMID: 30230632 PMCID: PMC6282759 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The carrier state is an alternative bacteriophage life cycle by which virulent bacteriophage can persist in association with host bacteria. Campylobacter jejuni carrier state strains exhibit growth phase dependent motility due to a truncated flagella phenotype. Genome sequencing identified a T368A substitution in the G3 domain of the SRP-like GTPase FlhF from C. jejuni PT14CP30A carrier state strains, which we hypothesized to be the cause of the complex motility phenotype. We have analyzed the role of this mutation in C. jejuni PT14 and demonstrated that flhF(T368A) leads to a large proportion of cells unable to synthesize flagella, while the remaining cells form a single flagellum at one pole leading to significantly reduced motility. The flhF(T368A) mutation causes a reduction in the phage adsorption constant, which leads to a decrease in infection efficiency. Down-regulation of σ28 and σ54 dependent flagellar genes were observed as responses to the flhF(T368A) mutation. FlhF(T368A) protein is impaired in GTPase activity and exhibits reduced stability. C. jejuni carrying flhF(T368A) are less sensitive to bacteriophage infection and formation of the carrier state. The acquisition of flhF(T368A) in carrier state strains acts to prevent super-infection and maintain association with the bacteriophage that provoked the interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liang
- Division of Food Sciences, School of BiosciencesUniversity of NottinghamSutton Bonington CampusLoughboroughLeicestershireLE12 5RDUK
| | - Ian F. Connerton
- Division of Food Sciences, School of BiosciencesUniversity of NottinghamSutton Bonington CampusLoughboroughLeicestershireLE12 5RDUK
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52
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Clavijo V, Flórez MJV. The gastrointestinal microbiome and its association with the control of pathogens in broiler chicken production: A review. Poult Sci 2018; 97:1006-1021. [PMID: 29253263 PMCID: PMC5850219 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbiome of the broiler chicken gastrointestinal tract (GIT) has been extensively studied, and it has been amply demonstrated that it plays an important role in the health of the host, as it has a positive impact on the immune system, the physiology of the GIT, and productivity. Also, the microbiota is involved in reducing and preventing colonization by enteric pathogens through the process of competitive exclusion and the production of bacteriostatic and bactericidal substances. The taxonomic composition of the microbiota is affected by different factors, such as the organ, the age of the animal, diet and the use of antimicrobials. Different kinds of additives that regulate the microbial community in feed include probiotics (live microorganisms that when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host), prebiotics (ingredients that stimulate increased beneficial microbial activity in the digestive system in order to improve the health of the host) and phytobiotics (primary or secondary components of plants that contain bioactive compounds that exert a positive effect on the growth and health of animals). Phages may potentially provide an integrated solution to modulate the intestinal microbiome of chicken intestines, as they reduce specific pathogenic microbial populations, permitting the proliferation of beneficial microbiota. Studies have shown that the use of cocktails of phages, especially in high concentrations and with short lapses of time between exposure to the bacteria and treatment with phages, optimize the reduction of Salmonella in chickens. Each of these technologies has demonstrable positive effects on the health of the host and the reduction of the pathogen load in controlled assays. This paper presents a comprehensive summary of the role of the microbiota in the broiler chicken gastrointestinal tract, and discusses the usefulness of different strategies for its modulation to control pathogens, with a particular emphasis on bacteriophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Clavijo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de los Andes, Carrera 1 Este N° 19A-40, Bogotá, Colombia
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53
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Dunne M, Hupfeld M, Klumpp J, Loessner MJ. Molecular Basis of Bacterial Host Interactions by Gram-Positive Targeting Bacteriophages. Viruses 2018; 10:v10080397. [PMID: 30060549 PMCID: PMC6115969 DOI: 10.3390/v10080397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The inherent ability of bacteriophages (phages) to infect specific bacterial hosts makes them ideal candidates to develop into antimicrobial agents for pathogen-specific remediation in food processing, biotechnology, and medicine (e.g., phage therapy). Conversely, phage contaminations of fermentation processes are a major concern to dairy and bioprocessing industries. The first stage of any successful phage infection is adsorption to a bacterial host cell, mediated by receptor-binding proteins (RBPs). As the first point of contact, the binding specificity of phage RBPs is the primary determinant of bacterial host range, and thus defines the remediative potential of a phage for a given bacterium. Co-evolution of RBPs and their bacterial receptors has forced endless adaptation cycles of phage-host interactions, which in turn has created a diverse array of phage adsorption mechanisms utilizing an assortment of RBPs. Over the last decade, these intricate mechanisms have been studied intensely using electron microscopy and X-ray crystallography, providing atomic-level details of this fundamental stage in the phage infection cycle. This review summarizes current knowledge surrounding the molecular basis of host interaction for various socioeconomically important Gram-positive targeting phage RBPs to their protein- and saccharide-based receptors. Special attention is paid to the abundant and best-characterized Siphoviridae family of tailed phages. Unravelling these complex phage-host dynamics is essential to harness the full potential of phage-based technologies, or for generating novel strategies to combat industrial phage contaminations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Dunne
- Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 7, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Mario Hupfeld
- Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 7, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Jochen Klumpp
- Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 7, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Martin J Loessner
- Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 7, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
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54
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Sacher JC, Flint A, Butcher J, Blasdel B, Reynolds HM, Lavigne R, Stintzi A, Szymanski CM. Transcriptomic Analysis of the Campylobacter jejuni Response to T4-Like Phage NCTC 12673 Infection. Viruses 2018; 10:E332. [PMID: 29914170 PMCID: PMC6024767 DOI: 10.3390/v10060332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a frequent foodborne pathogen of humans. As C. jejuni infections commonly arise from contaminated poultry, phage treatments have been proposed to reduce the C. jejuni load on farms to prevent human infections. While a prior report documented the transcriptome of C. jejuni phages during the carrier state life cycle, transcriptomic analysis of a lytic C. jejuni phage infection has not been reported. We used RNA-sequencing to profile the infection of C. jejuni NCTC 11168 by the lytic T4-like myovirus NCTC 12673. Interestingly, we found that the most highly upregulated host genes upon infection make up an uncharacterized operon (cj0423⁻cj0425), which includes genes with similarity to T4 superinfection exclusion and antitoxin genes. Other significantly upregulated genes include those involved in oxidative stress defense and the Campylobactermultidrug efflux pump (CmeABC). We found that phage infectivity is altered by mutagenesis of the oxidative stress defense genes catalase (katA), alkyl-hydroxyperoxidase (ahpC), and superoxide dismutase (sodB), and by mutagenesis of the efflux pump genes cmeA and cmeB. This suggests a role for these gene products in phage infection. Together, our results shed light on the phage-host dynamics of an important foodborne pathogen during lytic infection by a T4-like phage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C Sacher
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada.
| | - Annika Flint
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada.
| | - James Butcher
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada.
| | - Bob Blasdel
- Laboratory of Gene Technology, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven 3001, Belgium.
| | - Hayley M Reynolds
- Department of Microbiology and Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Rob Lavigne
- Laboratory of Gene Technology, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven 3001, Belgium.
| | - Alain Stintzi
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada.
| | - Christine M Szymanski
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada.
- Department of Microbiology and Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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55
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Complete Genome Sequences of Three Campylobacter jejuni Phage-Propagating Strains. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2018; 6:6/24/e00514-18. [PMID: 29903820 PMCID: PMC6003733 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00514-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Bacteriophage therapy can potentially reduce Campylobacter jejuni numbers in livestock, but it requires a detailed understanding of phage-host interactions. C. jejuni strains readily infected by certain phages are designated as phage-propagating strains. Here, we report the complete genome sequences of three such strains, NCTC 12660, NCTC 12661, and NCTC 12664.
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56
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Svircev A, Roach D, Castle A. Framing the Future with Bacteriophages in Agriculture. Viruses 2018; 10:E218. [PMID: 29693561 PMCID: PMC5977211 DOI: 10.3390/v10050218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of agriculture to continually provide food to a growing world population is of crucial importance. Bacterial diseases of plants and animals have continually reduced production since the advent of crop cultivation and animal husbandry practices. Antibiotics have been used extensively to mitigate these losses. The rise of antimicrobial resistant (AMR) bacteria, however, together with consumers’ calls for antibiotic-free products, presents problems that threaten sustainable agriculture. Bacteriophages (phages) are proposed as bacterial population control alternatives to antibiotics. Their unique properties make them highly promising but challenging antimicrobials. The use of phages in agriculture also presents a number of unique challenges. This mini-review summarizes recent development and perspectives of phages used as antimicrobial agents in plant and animal agriculture at the farm level. The main pathogens and their adjoining phage therapies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonet Svircev
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Vineland Station, ON L0R 2E0, Canada.
| | - Dwayne Roach
- Department of Microbiology, Pasteur Institute, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Alan Castle
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada.
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57
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Moye ZD, Woolston J, Sulakvelidze A. Bacteriophage Applications for Food Production and Processing. Viruses 2018; 10:E205. [PMID: 29671810 PMCID: PMC5923499 DOI: 10.3390/v10040205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Foodborne illnesses remain a major cause of hospitalization and death worldwide despite many advances in food sanitation techniques and pathogen surveillance. Traditional antimicrobial methods, such as pasteurization, high pressure processing, irradiation, and chemical disinfectants are capable of reducing microbial populations in foods to varying degrees, but they also have considerable drawbacks, such as a large initial investment, potential damage to processing equipment due to their corrosive nature, and a deleterious impact on organoleptic qualities (and possibly the nutritional value) of foods. Perhaps most importantly, these decontamination strategies kill indiscriminately, including many—often beneficial—bacteria that are naturally present in foods. One promising technique that addresses several of these shortcomings is bacteriophage biocontrol, a green and natural method that uses lytic bacteriophages isolated from the environment to specifically target pathogenic bacteria and eliminate them from (or significantly reduce their levels in) foods. Since the initial conception of using bacteriophages on foods, a substantial number of research reports have described the use of bacteriophage biocontrol to target a variety of bacterial pathogens in various foods, ranging from ready-to-eat deli meats to fresh fruits and vegetables, and the number of commercially available products containing bacteriophages approved for use in food safety applications has also been steadily increasing. Though some challenges remain, bacteriophage biocontrol is increasingly recognized as an attractive modality in our arsenal of tools for safely and naturally eliminating pathogenic bacteria from foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary D Moye
- Intralytix, Inc., The Columbus Center, 701 E. Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA.
| | - Joelle Woolston
- Intralytix, Inc., The Columbus Center, 701 E. Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA.
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58
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Huber I, Potapova K, Kuhn A, Schmidt H, Hinrichs J, Rohde C, Beyer W. 1st German Phage Symposium-Conference Report. Viruses 2018; 10:v10040158. [PMID: 29596346 PMCID: PMC5923452 DOI: 10.3390/v10040158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In Germany, phage research and application can be traced back to the beginning of the 20th century. However, with the triumphal march of antibiotics around the world, the significance of bacteriophages faded in most countries, and respective research mainly focused on fundamental questions and niche applications. After a century, we pay tribute to the overuse of antibiotics that led to multidrug resistance and calls for new strategies to combat pathogenic microbes. Against this background, bacteriophages came into the spotlight of researchers and practitioners again resulting in a fast growing “phage community”. In October 2017, part of this community met at the 1st German Phage Symposium to share their knowledge and experiences. The participants discussed open questions and challenges related to phage therapy and the application of phages in general. This report summarizes the presentations given, highlights the main points of the round table discussion and concludes with an outlook for the different aspects of phage application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Huber
- Hohenheim Research Center for Health Sciences, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Katerina Potapova
- Hohenheim Research Center for Health Sciences, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Andreas Kuhn
- Hohenheim Research Center for Health Sciences, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Herbert Schmidt
- Hohenheim Research Center for Health Sciences, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Jörg Hinrichs
- Hohenheim Research Center for Health Sciences, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Christine Rohde
- Leibniz-Institute DSMZ—German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Beyer
- Hohenheim Research Center for Health Sciences, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
- Institute of Animal Sciences, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
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59
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Huneau-Salaün A, Guyard-Nicodème M, Benzoni G, Gautier X, Quesne S, Poëzevara T, Chemaly M. Randomized control trial to test the effect of a feed additive on Campylobacter contamination in commercial broiler flocks up to slaughter. Zoonoses Public Health 2018; 65:404-411. [PMID: 29399978 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A randomized controlled trial (RCT) was carried to evaluate the effect of a feed additive on Campylobacter contamination of broilers reared in commercial conditions. Twenty-four broiler flocks naturally contaminated with Campylobacter were enrolled in the RCT: 12 were assigned to a control group (C) fed with a conventional finishing feed from 4 weeks of age to slaughter (around 35 days), and the other group of 12 flocks (S) was fed with a finishing feed supplemented with 250 ppm of a patented feed additive (an ion-exchanged clay compound) previously proven to reduce Campylobacter contamination in broiler caeca under experimental conditions. Enumeration of Campylobacter colonies in caeca (8 per flock) was carried out following ISO standards before feed distribution and at slaughter. Before treatment, the caecal Campylobacter load tended to be lower in C flocks (7.1 ± 1.9 log CFU/g, CI95% [6.6-7.5]) than in S flocks (7.7 ± 1.0 log UFC/g, CI95% [7.5-7.9]) (p = .05). At slaughter, the bacterial load was similar in the S (7.7 ± 1.0 log CFU/g, CI95% [7.5-7.9]) and C groups (7.5 ± 1.2 log CFU/g, CI95% [7.2-7.8]) (p = .73). Therefore, the feed additive had no significant effect on the caecal Campylobacter load at slaughter under the tested conditions. The logistical constraints inherent in field trials and the natural variability of Campylobacter contamination in naturally infected broiler flocks make it difficult to reproduce experimental results in in situ farm conditions. RCT testing of an intervention strategy in commercial situation is therefore a key step in evaluating pre-harvest interventions against food-borne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - G Benzoni
- SA INVIVO NSA, Talhouët, Saint Nolff, France
| | - X Gautier
- Huttepain Aliment Groupe LDC, La Chapelle St Aubin, France
| | - S Quesne
- ANSES - Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Ploufragan, France
| | - T Poëzevara
- ANSES - Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Ploufragan, France
| | - M Chemaly
- ANSES - Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Ploufragan, France
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60
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Hussain MA, Liu H, Wang Q, Zhong F, Guo Q, Balamurugan S. Use of encapsulated bacteriophages to enhance farm to fork food safety. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 57:2801-2810. [PMID: 26357904 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2015.1069729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Bacteriophages have been successfully applied to control the growth of pathogens in foods and to reduce the colonization and shedding of pathogens by food animals. They are set to play a dominant role in food safety in the future. However, many food-processing operations and the microenvironments in food animals' guts inactivate phages and reduce their infectivity. Encapsulation technologies have been used successfully to protect phages against extreme environments, and have been shown to preserve their activity and enable their release in targeted environments. A number of encapsulation technologies have shown potential for use with bacteriophages. This review discusses the current state of knowledge about the use of encapsulation technologies with bacteriophages to control pathogens in foods and food animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malik A Hussain
- a Department of Wine, Food and Molecular Biosciences , Lincoln University , Christchurch , New Zealand.,b Guelph Research and Development Centre , Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Guelph , Ontario , Canada
| | - Huan Liu
- b Guelph Research and Development Centre , Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Guelph , Ontario , Canada.,c Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology , Ministry of Education, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi , P. R. China
| | - Qi Wang
- b Guelph Research and Development Centre , Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Guelph , Ontario , Canada
| | - Fang Zhong
- c Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology , Ministry of Education, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi , P. R. China
| | - Qian Guo
- b Guelph Research and Development Centre , Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Guelph , Ontario , Canada
| | - Sampathkumar Balamurugan
- b Guelph Research and Development Centre , Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Guelph , Ontario , Canada
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61
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Jäckel C, Hammerl JA, Rau J, Hertwig S. A multiplex real-time PCR for the detection and differentiation of Campylobacter phages. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0190240. [PMID: 29272305 PMCID: PMC5741259 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli are important food-borne pathogens that are widespread in animal husbandry. To combat Campylobacter along the food chain, the application of lytic phages has been shown to be a promising tool. Campylobacter phages are currently classified into three groups, of which group II and group III phages are the most common. Members of each group are closely related, whereas the two groups share only little DNA similarity. Moreover, while group III phages are specific for C. jejuni, group II phages additionally infect C. coli. Phage cocktails intended to be used for applications should be composed of various phages that differ in their host range and growth kinetics. The isolation of phages is generally performed by plaque assays. This approach has the limitation that phages are merely identified by their lytic activity on certain indicator strains and that relatively high numbers of phages must be present in a tested sample. Therefore, a more sensitive molecular detection system would be beneficial, which allows a pre-screening of samples and the quick detection and discrimination of group II and group III phages. New phages can then be isolated by use of indicator strains that may be different from those typically applied. On the basis of available Campylobacter phage genome sequences, we developed a multiplex PCR system for group II and group III phages selecting the tail tube gene and the gene for the base plate wedge, respectively, as target. Phages of both groups could be identified with primers deduced from the putative tail fiber gene. Efficient release of phage DNA from capsids was achieved by an extended heat treatment or digestion of phage particles with proteinase K/SDS yielding a detection limit of 1 pfu/ml. Individual detection of group II phages, group III phages and of both groups was studied with artificially contaminated chicken skin. To recover phages that had strongly adhered to the skin, stomaching was the most efficient technique. The developed PCR protocol was employed to detect Campylobacter phages in food and environmental samples. In 50 out of 110 samples group II and/or group III phages were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Jäckel
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens A. Hammerl
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg Rau
- Chemical and Veterinary Investigatory Office (CVUA) Stuttgart, Fellbach, Germany
| | - Stefan Hertwig
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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62
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Suresh G, Das RK, Kaur Brar S, Rouissi T, Avalos Ramirez A, Chorfi Y, Godbout S. Alternatives to antibiotics in poultry feed: molecular perspectives. Crit Rev Microbiol 2017; 44:318-335. [DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2017.1373062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ratul Kumar Das
- INRS-ETE, Université du Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
- TERI Deakin Nanobiotechnology Centre, TERI Gram, The Energy and Resources Institute, Gurgaon, India
| | | | | | - Antonio Avalos Ramirez
- Centre National en Électrochimie et en Technologie Environnementales Inc, Shawinigan, Canada
| | - Younes Chorfi
- Département de biomédecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Canada
| | - Stephane Godbout
- Institut de recherche et de développement en agroenvironnement, Québec, Canada
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63
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Zampara A, Sørensen MCH, Elsser-Gravesen A, Brøndsted L. Significance of phage-host interactions for biocontrol of Campylobacter jejuni in food. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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64
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Zelasko S, Gorski A, Dabrowska K. Delivering phage therapy per os: benefits and barriers. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2016; 15:167-179. [DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2017.1265447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan Zelasko
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Gorski
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Krystyna Dabrowska
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
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65
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Hong Y, Schmidt K, Marks D, Hatter S, Marshall A, Albino L, Ebner P. Treatment of Salmonella-Contaminated Eggs and Pork with a Broad-Spectrum, Single Bacteriophage: Assessment of Efficacy and Resistance Development. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2016; 13:679-688. [PMID: 27768383 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2016.2172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Hong
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Kyle Schmidt
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Danielle Marks
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Samantha Hatter
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Anne Marshall
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Luiz Albino
- Department of Food Microbiology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Paul Ebner
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
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66
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Lis L, Connerton IF. The Minor Flagellin of Campylobacter jejuni (FlaB) Confers Defensive Properties against Bacteriophage Infection. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1908. [PMID: 27965643 PMCID: PMC5126078 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A screen of bacteriophages infecting a panel of Campylobacter jejuni PT14 gene knock-out mutants identified a role for the minor flagellin encoded by the flaB gene, in the defense of the host against CP8unalikevirus bacteriophage CP_F1 infection. Inactivation of the flaB gene resulted in an increase in the susceptibility of PT14 cultures to infection by CP_F1 and an increase in bacteriophage yields. Infection of wild type PT14 with CP_F1 produces turbid plaques in bacterial lawns, from which 78% of the resistant isolates recovered exhibit either attenuation or complete loss of motility. CP_F1 produces clear plaques on the flaB mutant with no regrowth in the lysis zones. Complementation of the mutant restored overgrowth and the development of resistance at the expense of motility. Further analyses revealed an increase in bacteriophage adsorption constant of nearly 2-fold and burst-size 3-fold, relative to the wild type. Motility analysis showed no major reduction in swarming motility in the flaB mutant. Thus, we propose a new role for FlaB in the defense of campylobacters against bacteriophage infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Lis
- PTC Phage Technology Center GmbH, Im Kompetenzzentrum BioSecurityBönen, Germany
- Division of Food Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of NottinghamLoughborough, UK
| | - Ian F. Connerton
- Division of Food Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of NottinghamLoughborough, UK
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67
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Firlieyanti AS, Connerton PL, Connerton IF. Campylobacters and their bacteriophages from chicken liver: The prospect for phage biocontrol. Int J Food Microbiol 2016; 237:121-127. [PMID: 27565524 PMCID: PMC5064024 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of foods containing chicken liver has been associated with Campylobacter enteritis. Campylobacters can contaminate the surface of livers post-mortem but can also arise through systemic infection of colonising bacteria in live birds. The use of bacteriophage to reduce levels of Campylobacter entering the food chain is a promising intervention approach but most phages have been isolated from chicken excreta. This study examined the incidence and contamination levels of Campylobacter and their bacteriophage in UK retail chicken liver. Using enrichment procedures, 87% of 109 chicken livers were surface contaminated with Campylobacter and 83% contaminated within internal tissues. Direct plating on selective agar allowed enumeration of viable bacteria from 43% of liver samples with counts ranging from 1.8->3.8log10CFU/cm2 for surface samples, and 3.0->3.8log10CFU/g for internal tissue samples. Three C. jejuni isolates recovered from internal liver tissues were assessed for their ability to colonise the intestines and extra-intestinal organs of broiler chickens following oral infection. All isolates efficiently colonised the chicken intestines but were variable in their abilities to colonise extra-intestinal organs. One isolate, CLB104, could be recovered by enrichment from the livers and kidneys of three of seven chickens. Campylobacter isolates remained viable within fresh livers stored at 4°C over 72h and frozen livers stored at -20°C over 7days in atmospheric oxygen, and therefore constitute a risk to human health. Only three Campylobacter-specific bacteriophages were isolated, and these exhibited a limited host range against the Camplylobacter chicken liver isolates. All were identified as group III virulent bacteriophage based on their genome size of 140kb. The application of broad host range group II virulent phages (8log10PFU/g) to liver homogenates containing C. jejuni strains of diverse origin at 4°C resulted in modest but significant reductions in the viable counts ranging from 0.2 to 0.7log10CFU/g.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antung S Firlieyanti
- Division of Food Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom; Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia
| | - Phillippa L Connerton
- Division of Food Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Ian F Connerton
- Division of Food Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom.
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68
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Schneitz C, Hakkinen M. The efficacy of a commercial competitive exclusion product on Campylobacter colonization in broiler chickens in a 5-week pilot-scale study. Poult Sci 2016; 95:1125-8. [PMID: 26944963 PMCID: PMC4957530 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of the commercial competitive exclusion product Broilact against Campylobacter jejuni was evaluated in broiler chickens in a 5-week pilot-scale study. Newly-hatched broiler chicks were brought from a commercial hatchery. After arrival 50 seeder chicks were challenged orally with approximately 10(3) cfu of C. jejuni, wing marked, and placed back in a delivery box and moved to a separate room. The rest of the chicks (contact chicks) were placed in floor pens, 100 chicks per pen. Birds in two pens were treated orally on the day of hatch with the commercial competitive exclusion (CE) product Broilact, and three pens were left untreated. The following day 10 seeder chicks were introduced into the Broilact treated and untreated control pens. One pen was left both untreated and unchallenged (0-control). Each week the ceca of 10 contact chicks and one seeder chick were examined quantitatively for Campylobacter The treatment prevented or significantly reduced the colonization of the challenge organism in the ceca during the two first weeks; the percentage of colonized birds being 0% after the first week and 30% after the second week in the Broilact treated groups but was 100% in the control groups the entire 5-week rearing period. During the third rearing week the proportion of Campylobacter positive birds started to increase in the treated pens, being 80% after the third week and 95 and 90% after the fourth and fifth rearing weeks, respectively. Similarly the average count of Campylobacter in the cecal contents of the Broilact treated chicks started to increase, the difference between the treated and control chicks being 1.4 logs at the end of the rearing period. Although the protective effect was temporary and occurred only during the first two weeks of the rearing period, the results of this study support the earlier observations that CE flora designed to protect chicks from Salmonella may also reduce Campylobacter colonization of broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Schneitz
- Orion Corporation, P.O.Box 425, 20101 Turku, Finland
| | - M Hakkinen
- Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Mustialankatu 3, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
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69
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Meunier M, Guyard-Nicodème M, Dory D, Chemaly M. Control strategies against Campylobacter
at the poultry production level: biosecurity measures, feed additives and vaccination. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 120:1139-73. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.12986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Meunier
- HQPAP - Unit of Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pork Products; French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES); Ploufragan France
- GVB - Viral Genetics and Biosafety Unit; French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES); Ploufragan France
- UEB - European University of Brittany; Rennes France
| | - M. Guyard-Nicodème
- HQPAP - Unit of Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pork Products; French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES); Ploufragan France
- UEB - European University of Brittany; Rennes France
| | - D. Dory
- GVB - Viral Genetics and Biosafety Unit; French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES); Ploufragan France
- UEB - European University of Brittany; Rennes France
| | - M. Chemaly
- HQPAP - Unit of Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pork Products; French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES); Ploufragan France
- UEB - European University of Brittany; Rennes France
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70
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Salmonella and Campylobacter : Antimicrobial resistance and bacteriophage control in poultry. Food Microbiol 2016; 53:104-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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71
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Javed MA, Sacher JC, van Alphen LB, Patry RT, Szymanski CM. A Flagellar Glycan-Specific Protein Encoded by Campylobacter Phages Inhibits Host Cell Growth. Viruses 2015; 7:6661-74. [PMID: 26694450 PMCID: PMC4690887 DOI: 10.3390/v7122964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously characterized a carbohydrate binding protein, Gp047, derived from lytic Campylobacter phage NCTC 12673, as a promising diagnostic tool for the identification of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. We also demonstrated that this protein binds specifically to acetamidino-modified pseudaminic acid residues on host flagella, but the role of this protein in the phage lifecycle remains unknown. Here, we report that Gp047 is capable of inhibiting C. jejuni growth both on solid and liquid media, an activity, which we found to be bacteriostatic. The Gp047 domain responsible for bacterial growth inhibition is localized to the C-terminal quarter of the protein, and this activity is both contact- and dose-dependent. Gp047 gene homologues are present in all Campylobacter phages sequenced to date, and the resulting protein is not part of the phage particle. Therefore, these results suggest that either phages of this pathogen have evolved an effector protein capable of host-specific growth inhibition, or that Campylobacter cells have developed a mechanism of regulating their growth upon sensing an impending phage threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Afzal Javed
- Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Biological Sciences, CW-405 Biological Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada.
- Saskatoon Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0X2, Canada.
| | - Jessica C Sacher
- Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Biological Sciences, CW-405 Biological Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada.
| | - Lieke B van Alphen
- Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Biological Sciences, CW-405 Biological Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada.
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Robert T Patry
- Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Biological Sciences, CW-405 Biological Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada.
| | - Christine M Szymanski
- Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Biological Sciences, CW-405 Biological Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada.
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72
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Jäckel C, Hammerl JA, Reetz J, Kropinski AM, Hertwig S. Campylobacter group II phage CP21 is the prototype of a new subgroup revealing a distinct modular genome organization and host specificity. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:629. [PMID: 26296758 PMCID: PMC4546147 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1837-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The application of phages is a promising tool to reduce the number of Campylobacter along the food chain. Besides the efficacy against a broad range of strains, phages have to be safe in terms of their genomes. Thus far, no genes with pathogenic potential (e.g., genes encoding virulence factors) have been detected in Campylobacter phages. However, preliminary studies suggested that the genomes of group II phages may be diverse and prone to genomic rearrangements. RESULTS We determined and analysed the genomic sequence (182,761 bp) of group II phage CP21 that is closely related to the already characterized group II phages CP220 and CPt10. The genomes of these phages are comprised of four modules separated by very similar repeat regions, some of which harbouring open reading frames (ORFs). Though, the arrangement of the modules and the location of some ORFs on the genomes are different in CP21 and in CP220/CPt10. In this work, a PCR system was established to study the modular genome organization of other group II phages demonstrating that they belong to different subgroups of the CP220-like virus genus, the prototypes of which are CP21 and CP220. The subgroups revealed different restriction patterns and, interestingly enough, also distinct host specificities, tail fiber proteins and tRNA genes. We additionally analysed the genome of group II phage vB_CcoM-IBB_35 (IBB_35) for which to date only five individual contigs could be determined. We show that the contigs represent modules linked by long repeat regions enclosing some yet not identified ORFs (e.g., for a head completion protein). The data suggest that IBB_35 is a member of the CP220 subgroup. CONCLUSION Campylobacter group II phages are diverse regarding their genome organization. Since all hitherto characterized group II phages contain numerous genes for transposases and homing endonucleases as well as similar repeat regions, it cannot be excluded that these phages are genetically unstable. To answer this question, further experiments and sequencing of more group II phages should be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Jäckel
- ᅟ, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Biological Safety, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Jens A Hammerl
- ᅟ, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Biological Safety, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Jochen Reetz
- ᅟ, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Biological Safety, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Andrew M Kropinski
- Departments of Food Science & Molecular and Cellular Biology & Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Stefan Hertwig
- ᅟ, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Biological Safety, Berlin, Germany.
- Abteilung Biologische Sicherheit, Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung, Diagnostik und Erregercharakterisierung, Diedersdorfer Weg 1, D-12277, Berlin, Germany.
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73
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Shousha A, Awaiwanont N, Sofka D, Smulders FJM, Paulsen P, Szostak MP, Humphrey T, Hilbert F. Bacteriophages Isolated from Chicken Meat and the Horizontal Transfer of Antimicrobial Resistance Genes. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:4600-6. [PMID: 25934615 PMCID: PMC4551174 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00872-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance in microbes poses a global and increasing threat to public health. The horizontal transfer of antimicrobial resistance genes was thought to be due largely to conjugative plasmids or transposons, with only a minor part being played by transduction through bacteriophages. However, whole-genome sequencing has recently shown that the latter mechanism could be highly important in the exchange of antimicrobial resistance genes between microorganisms and environments. The transfer of antimicrobial resistance genes by phages could underlie the origin of resistant bacteria found in food. We show that chicken meat carries a number of phages capable of transferring antimicrobial resistance. Of 243 phages randomly isolated from chicken meat, about a quarter (24.7%) were able to transduce resistance to one or more of the five antimicrobials tested into Escherichia coli ATCC 13706 (DSM 12242). Resistance to kanamycin was transduced the most often, followed by that to chloramphenicol, with four phages transducing tetracycline resistance and three transducing ampicillin resistance. Phages able to transduce antimicrobial resistance were isolated from 44% of the samples of chicken meat that we tested. The statistically significant (P = 0.01) relationship between the presence of phages transducing kanamycin resistance and E. coli isolates resistant to this antibiotic suggests that transduction may be an important mechanism for transferring kanamycin resistance to E. coli. It appears that the transduction of resistance to certain antimicrobials, e.g., kanamycin, not only is widely distributed in E. coli isolates found on meat but also could represent a major mechanism for resistance transfer. The result is of high importance for animal and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Shousha
- Institute of Meat Hygiene, Meat Technology and Food Science, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nattakarn Awaiwanont
- Institute of Meat Hygiene, Meat Technology and Food Science, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dmitrij Sofka
- Institute of Meat Hygiene, Meat Technology and Food Science, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Frans J M Smulders
- Institute of Meat Hygiene, Meat Technology and Food Science, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Paulsen
- Institute of Meat Hygiene, Meat Technology and Food Science, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael P Szostak
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tom Humphrey
- Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Group, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Friederike Hilbert
- Institute of Meat Hygiene, Meat Technology and Food Science, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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74
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Kaakoush NO, Castaño-Rodríguez N, Mitchell HM, Man SM. Global Epidemiology of Campylobacter Infection. Clin Microbiol Rev 2015; 28:687-720. [PMID: 26062576 PMCID: PMC4462680 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00006-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 874] [Impact Index Per Article: 97.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni infection is one of the most widespread infectious diseases of the last century. The incidence and prevalence of campylobacteriosis have increased in both developed and developing countries over the last 10 years. The dramatic increase in North America, Europe, and Australia is alarming, and data from parts of Africa, Asia, and the Middle East indicate that campylobacteriosis is endemic in these areas, especially in children. In addition to C. jejuni, there is increasing recognition of the clinical importance of emerging Campylobacter species, including Campylobacter concisus and Campylobacter ureolyticus. Poultry is a major reservoir and source of transmission of campylobacteriosis to humans. Other risk factors include consumption of animal products and water, contact with animals, and international travel. Strategic implementation of multifaceted biocontrol measures to reduce the transmission of this group of pathogens is paramount for public health. Overall, campylobacteriosis is still one of the most important infectious diseases that is likely to challenge global health in the years to come. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the global epidemiology, transmission, and clinical relevance of Campylobacter infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadeem O Kaakoush
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Natalia Castaño-Rodríguez
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Hazel M Mitchell
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Si Ming Man
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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75
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Bacteriophages Isolated from Chicken Meat and the Horizontal Transfer of Antimicrobial Resistance Genes. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015. [PMID: 25934615 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00872‐15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance in microbes poses a global and increasing threat to public health. The horizontal transfer of antimicrobial resistance genes was thought to be due largely to conjugative plasmids or transposons, with only a minor part being played by transduction through bacteriophages. However, whole-genome sequencing has recently shown that the latter mechanism could be highly important in the exchange of antimicrobial resistance genes between microorganisms and environments. The transfer of antimicrobial resistance genes by phages could underlie the origin of resistant bacteria found in food. We show that chicken meat carries a number of phages capable of transferring antimicrobial resistance. Of 243 phages randomly isolated from chicken meat, about a quarter (24.7%) were able to transduce resistance to one or more of the five antimicrobials tested into Escherichia coli ATCC 13706 (DSM 12242). Resistance to kanamycin was transduced the most often, followed by that to chloramphenicol, with four phages transducing tetracycline resistance and three transducing ampicillin resistance. Phages able to transduce antimicrobial resistance were isolated from 44% of the samples of chicken meat that we tested. The statistically significant (P = 0.01) relationship between the presence of phages transducing kanamycin resistance and E. coli isolates resistant to this antibiotic suggests that transduction may be an important mechanism for transferring kanamycin resistance to E. coli. It appears that the transduction of resistance to certain antimicrobials, e.g., kanamycin, not only is widely distributed in E. coli isolates found on meat but also could represent a major mechanism for resistance transfer. The result is of high importance for animal and human health.
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76
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Effects of fibrinopurulent polyserositis in broilers on post-harvest microbiological parameters relevant to public health of broiler meat. Curr Microbiol 2015; 70:631-6. [PMID: 25561407 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-014-0768-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Fibrinopurulent polyserositis is of utmost importance in commercial broiler production worldwide. This multifactorial endemic disease is marked by severe clinical alterations post-mortem, yet its effects on food safety and processing hygiene criteria remain unclear. Current considerations presume that bacteraemia lead to meat being unfit for consumption. In the present study, we evaluated some microbiological criteria of affected broiler carcasses in comparison to unaffected control broiler carcasses. The results thereof indicated that the lesions did not result in higher bacterial counts or in an increased percentage of contaminated meat. The carry-over of associated zoonotic pathogens into the food chain seems to be not more prevalent in birds affected with non-systemic affections of polyserositis.
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77
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Hammerl JA, Jäckel C, Alter T, Janzcyk P, Stingl K, Knüver MT, Hertwig S. Reduction of Campylobacter jejuni in broiler chicken by successive application of group II and group III phages. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114785. [PMID: 25490713 PMCID: PMC4260947 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacteriophage treatment is a promising tool to reduce Campylobacter in chickens. Several studies have been published where group II or group III phages were successfully applied. However, these two groups of phages are different regarding their host ranges and host cell receptors. Therefore, a concerted activity of group II and group III phages might enhance the efficacy of a treatment and decrease the number of resistant bacteria. RESULTS In this study we have compared the lytic properties of some group II and group III phages and analysed the suitability of various phages for a reduction of C. jejuni in broiler chickens. We show that group II and group III phages exhibit different kinetics of infection. Two group III and one group II phage were selected for animal experiments and administered in different combinations to three groups of chickens, each containing ten birds. While group III phage CP14 alone reduced Campylobacter counts by more than 1 log10 unit, the concomitant administration of a second group III phage (CP81) did not yield any reduction, probably due to the development of resistance induced by this phage. One group of chickens received phage CP14 and, 24 hours later, group II phage CP68. In this group of animals, Campylobacter counts were reduced by more than 3 log10 units. CONCLUSION The experiments illustrated that Campylobacter phage cocktails have to be carefully composed to achieve the best results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Stefan Hertwig
- Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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78
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Billington C, Hudson JA, D’Sa E. Prevention of bacterial foodborne disease using nanobiotechnology. Nanotechnol Sci Appl 2014; 7:73-83. [PMID: 25249756 PMCID: PMC4154891 DOI: 10.2147/nsa.s51101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Foodborne disease is an important source of expense, morbidity, and mortality for society. Detection and control constitute significant components of the overall management of foodborne bacterial pathogens, and this review focuses on the use of nanosized biological entities and molecules to achieve these goals. There is an emphasis on the use of organisms called bacteriophages (phages: viruses that infect bacteria), which are increasingly being used in pathogen detection and biocontrol applications. Detection of pathogens in foods by conventional techniques is time-consuming and expensive, although it can also be sensitive and accurate. Nanobiotechnology is being used to decrease detection times and cost through the development of biosensors, exploiting specific cell-recognition properties of antibodies and phage proteins. Although sensitivity per test can be excellent (eg, the detection of one cell), the very small volumes tested mean that sensitivity per sample is less compelling. An ideal detection method needs to be inexpensive, sensitive, and accurate, but no approach yet achieves all three. For nanobiotechnology to displace existing methods (culture-based, antibody-based rapid methods, or those that detect amplified nucleic acid) it will need to focus on improving sensitivity. Although manufactured nonbiological nanoparticles have been used to kill bacterial cells, nanosized organisms called phages are increasingly finding favor in food safety applications. Phages are amenable to protein and nucleic acid labeling, and can be very specific, and the typical large "burst size" resulting from phage amplification can be harnessed to produce a rapid increase in signal to facilitate detection. There are now several commercially available phages for pathogen control, and many reports in the literature demonstrate efficacy against a number of foodborne pathogens on diverse foods. As a method for control of pathogens, nanobiotechnology is therefore flourishing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elaine D’Sa
- Food Safety Programme, ESR, Ilam, Christchurch, New Zealand
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79
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Jassim SAA, Limoges RG. Natural solution to antibiotic resistance: bacteriophages 'The Living Drugs'. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 30:2153-70. [PMID: 24781265 PMCID: PMC4072922 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-014-1655-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotics have been a panacea in animal husbandry as well as in human therapy for decades. The huge amount of antibiotics used to induce the growth and protect the health of farm animals has lead to the evolution of bacteria that are resistant to the drug's effects. Today, many researchers are working with bacteriophages (phages) as an alternative to antibiotics in the control of pathogens for human therapy as well as prevention, biocontrol, and therapy in animal agriculture. Phage therapy and biocontrol have yet to fulfill their promise or potential, largely due to several key obstacles to their performance. Several suggestions are shared in order to point a direction for overcoming common obstacles in applied phage technology. The key to successful use of phages in modern scientific, farm, food processing and clinical applications is to understand the common obstacles as well as best practices and to develop answers that work in harmony with nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabah A. A. Jassim
- Applied Bio Research Inc., 455 Pelissier St., Windsor, ON N9A 6Z9 Canada
| | - Richard G. Limoges
- Applied Bio Research Inc., 455 Pelissier St., Windsor, ON N9A 6Z9 Canada
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Kittler S, Fischer S, Abdulmawjood A, Glünder G, Klein G. Colonisation of a phage susceptible Campylobacter jejuni population in two phage positive broiler flocks. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94782. [PMID: 24733154 PMCID: PMC3986380 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogens Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli are commensals in the poultry intestine and campylobacteriosis is one of the most frequent foodborne diseases in developed and developing countries. Phages were identified to be effective in reducing intestinal Campylobacter load and this was evaluated, in the first field trials which were recently carried out. The aim of this study was to further investigate Campylobacter population dynamics during phage application on a commercial broiler farm. This study determines the superiority in colonisation of a Campylobacter type found in a field trial that was susceptible to phages in in vitro tests. The colonisation factors, i.e. motility and gamma glutamyl transferase activity, were increased in this type. The clustering in phylogenetic comparisons of MALDI-TOF spectra did not match the ST, biochemical phenotype and phage susceptibility. Occurrence of Campylobacter jejuni strains and phage susceptibility types with different colonisation potential seem to play a very important role in the success of phage therapy in commercial broiler houses. Thus, mechanisms of both, phage susceptibility and Campylobacter colonisation should be further investigated and considered when composing phage cocktails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Kittler
- Institute of Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Samuel Fischer
- Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Amir Abdulmawjood
- Institute of Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gerhard Glünder
- Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Günter Klein
- Institute of Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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