51
|
Huang F. Ursodeoxycholic acid as a potential alternative therapeutic approach for neurodegenerative disorders: Effects on cell apoptosis, oxidative stress and inflammation in the brain. Brain Behav Immun Health 2021; 18:100348. [PMID: 34632427 PMCID: PMC7611783 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is a bile acid component with anti-apoptotic, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. It has been used in clinical medicine for liver diseases for centuries. In neurodegenerative diseases, increased cell apoptosis, oxidative stress and inflammation are frequently observed as well. Due to those beneficial effects of UDCA, recent studies have started to investigate the effects of UDCA in pre-clinical models of neurodegeneration. On this account, I review the data reported so far to investigate the role of UDCA in regulating apoptosis, oxidative stress and inflammation in pre-clinical models of neurodegeneration, as well as in homeostatic state. Evidence have shown that UDCA can reduce apoptosis, inhibit reactive oxygen species and tumor necrosis factor - α production in neurodegenerative models. In addition, UDCA is able to induce apoptosis of brain blastoma cells in homeostatic conditions. Overall, this review suggests the therapeutic potential of UDCA in neurodegenerative disorders, proposing UDCA as a potential alternative therapeutic approach for patients suffering from these diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Huang
- Stress, Psychiatry and Immunology Laboratory, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Shanghai R&D Center for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Kimmel M, Jin W, Xia K, Lun K, Azcarate-Peril A, Plantinga A, Wu M, Ataei S, Rackers H, Carroll I, Meltzer-Brody S, Fransson E, Knickmeyer R. Metabolite trajectories across the perinatal period and mental health: A preliminary study of tryptophan-related metabolites, bile acids and microbial composition. Behav Brain Res 2021; 418:113635. [PMID: 34755640 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Depression and anxiety during pregnancy and postpartum are common, but affected women differ in timing, trajectories, and extent of symptoms. The objective of this pilot, feasibility study is to analyze trajectories of serotonin and tryptophan-related metabolites, bile acid metabolites, and microbial composition, in relation to psychiatric history and current symptoms across the perinatal period. Serum and fecal samples were collected from 30 women at three times points in the perinatal period and assayed with LC-MS/MS and 16S sequencing respectively. We defined mean trajectories for each metabolite, clustered individuals by metabolite trajectories, tested associations between metabolites, and examined metabolite levels in relation to microbial composition. Findings of note include: (1) changes in kynurenine and the ratio of kynurenic acid to kynurenine from second trimester to third trimester were strongly associated with baseline primary and secondary bile acids. (2) Secondary bile acid UDCA and its conjugated forms were associated with lower bacterial diversity and levels of Lachnospiraceae, a taxa known to produce Short Chain Fatty Acids. (3) History of anxiety was associated with UDCA levels, but history of major depression was not associated with any of the bile acids. (4) There was a trend towards lower dietary fiber for those with history of anxiety or depression. Overall, our results reveal substantial temporal variation in tryptophan-related metabolites and in bile acid metabolites over the perinatal period, with marked inter-individual variability. Trajectories of TRP -related metabolites, primary and secondary bile acids, and the absence or presence of microbes that produce Short Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs) considered in concert have the potential to differentiate individuals based on perinatal adaptations that may impact mental and overall health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Kimmel
- University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill Department of Psychiatry, United States; Uppsala University, Department of Women and Children's Health, Sweden.
| | - Wanting Jin
- University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill Department of Psychiatry, United States
| | - Kai Xia
- University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill Department of Psychiatry, United States
| | - Kun Lun
- University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill Gillings School of Public Health, United States
| | - Andrea Azcarate-Peril
- University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill Department of Medicine and UNC Microbiome Core, United States
| | - Anna Plantinga
- Williams College Department of Mathematics and Statistics, United States
| | - Michael Wu
- University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill Department of Psychiatry, United States
| | - Shirin Ataei
- University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill Department of Psychiatry, United States
| | - Hannah Rackers
- University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill Department of Psychiatry, United States
| | - Ian Carroll
- University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill School of Public Health Department of Nutrition, United States
| | | | - Emma Fransson
- Uppsala University, Department of Women and Children's Health, Sweden; Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Insitutet Centre for Translational Microbiome Research, Sweden
| | - Rebecca Knickmeyer
- University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill Department of Psychiatry, United States; Michigan State University Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, United States
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Ocaña-Wilhelmi L, Martín-Núñez GM, Ruiz-Limón P, Alcaide J, García-Fuentes E, Gutiérrez-Repiso C, Tinahones FJ, Moreno-Indias I. Gut Microbiota Metabolism of Bile Acids Could Contribute to the Bariatric Surgery Improvements in Extreme Obesity. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11110733. [PMID: 34822391 PMCID: PMC8620296 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11110733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Bariatric surgery is the only procedure to obtain and maintain weight loss in the long term, although the mechanisms driving these benefits are not completely understood. In the last years, gut microbiota has emerged as one of the drivers through its metabolites, especially secondary bile acids. In the current study, we have compared the gut microbiota and the bile acid pool, as well as anthropometric and biochemical parameters, of patient with morbid obesity who underwent bariatric surgery by two different techniques, namely Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) or sleeve gastrectomy (SG). Gut microbiota populations differed after the respective procedures, particularly with respect to the Enterobacteriaceae family. Both techniques resulted in changes in the bile acids pool, but RYGB was the procedure which suffered the greatest changes, with a reduction in most of their levels. Blautia and Veillonella were the two genera that more relationships showed with secondary bile acids, indicating a possible role in their formation and inhibition, respectively. Correlations with the anthropometric and biochemical variables showed that secondary bile acids could have a role in the amelioration of the glucose and HDL-cholesterol levels. Thus, we have observed a possible relationship between the interaction of the bile acids pool metabolized by the gut microbiota in the metabolic improvements obtained by bariatric surgery in the frame of morbid obesity, deserving further investigation in greater cohorts to decipher the role of each bile acid in the homeostasis of the host for their possible use in the development of microbiota-based therapeutics, such as new drugs, postbiotics or probiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Ocaña-Wilhelmi
- Departamento de Especialidades Quirúrgicas, Bioquímica e Inmunología, Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain;
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Cirugía General y del Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Gracia María Martín-Núñez
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Virgen de la Victoria Hospital, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga University, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (G.M.M.-N.); (P.R.-L.); (J.A.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 29029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Ruiz-Limón
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Virgen de la Victoria Hospital, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga University, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (G.M.M.-N.); (P.R.-L.); (J.A.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 29029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Alcaide
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Virgen de la Victoria Hospital, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga University, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (G.M.M.-N.); (P.R.-L.); (J.A.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 29029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo García-Fuentes
- Department of Gastroenterology, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, Institute of Biomedical Research in Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga University, 29010 Málaga, Spain;
- CIBER Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas-CIBEREHD, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Gutiérrez-Repiso
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Virgen de la Victoria Hospital, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga University, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (G.M.M.-N.); (P.R.-L.); (J.A.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 29029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (C.G.-R.); (F.J.T.); (I.M.-I.)
| | - Francisco J. Tinahones
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Virgen de la Victoria Hospital, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga University, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (G.M.M.-N.); (P.R.-L.); (J.A.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 29029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (C.G.-R.); (F.J.T.); (I.M.-I.)
| | - Isabel Moreno-Indias
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Virgen de la Victoria Hospital, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga University, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (G.M.M.-N.); (P.R.-L.); (J.A.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 29029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (C.G.-R.); (F.J.T.); (I.M.-I.)
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Sultan S, El-Mowafy M, Elgaml A, Ahmed TAE, Hassan H, Mottawea W. Metabolic Influences of Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis on Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Front Physiol 2021; 12:715506. [PMID: 34646151 PMCID: PMC8502967 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.715506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are chronic medical disorders characterized by recurrent gastrointestinal inflammation. While the etiology of IBD is still unknown, the pathogenesis of the disease results from perturbations in both gut microbiota and the host immune system. Gut microbiota dysbiosis in IBD is characterized by depleted diversity, reduced abundance of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) producers and enriched proinflammatory microbes such as adherent/invasive E. coli and H2S producers. This dysbiosis may contribute to the inflammation through affecting either the immune system or a metabolic pathway. The immune responses to gut microbiota in IBD are extensively discussed. In this review, we highlight the main metabolic pathways that regulate the host-microbiota interaction. We also discuss the reported findings indicating that the microbial dysbiosis during IBD has a potential metabolic impact on colonocytes and this may underlie the disease progression. Moreover, we present the host metabolic defectiveness that adds to the impact of symbiont dysbiosis on the disease progression. This will raise the possibility that gut microbiota dysbiosis associated with IBD results in functional perturbations of host-microbiota interactions, and consequently modulates the disease development. Finally, we shed light on the possible therapeutic approaches of IBD through targeting gut microbiome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salma Sultan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Nutrition Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Mohammed El-Mowafy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Abdelaziz Elgaml
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University, New Damietta, Egypt
| | - Tamer A E Ahmed
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Nutrition Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Hebatoallah Hassan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Nutrition Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Walid Mottawea
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Nutrition Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Yu S, Shao X, Zhou Y, Yu Y, Kuai X, Zhou C. Bidirectional regulation of bile acid on colorectal cancer through bile acid-gut microbiota interaction. Am J Transl Res 2021; 13:10994-11003. [PMID: 34786038 PMCID: PMC8581861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is now the third most common malignancy and the second leading cause of cancer death globally. Bile acid has bidirectional regulatory effects on CRC and influences its progression by interacting with gut microbiota. In this review, we provide evidence for bidirectional regulation of bile acid on CRC at multi-level and discuss the communication of gene, immune, metabolism and diet in the context of CRC with bile acid-gut microbiota interaction. The study on bidirectional regulation of bile acid is helpful to provide a more comprehensive and in-depth understanding of CRC pathogenesis and expect to be a new option for the treatment of CRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shunying Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinyu Shao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuqing Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoyi Kuai
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chunli Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Yang M, Gu Y, Li L, Liu T, Song X, Sun Y, Cao X, Wang B, Jiang K, Cao H. Bile Acid-Gut Microbiota Axis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: From Bench to Bedside. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13093143. [PMID: 34579027 PMCID: PMC8467364 DOI: 10.3390/nu13093143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic, relapsing inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tract, with increasing prevalence, and its pathogenesis remains unclear. Accumulating evidence suggested that gut microbiota and bile acids play pivotal roles in intestinal homeostasis and inflammation. Patients with IBD exhibit decreased microbial diversity and abnormal microbial composition marked by the depletion of phylum Firmicutes (including bacteria involved in bile acid metabolism) and the enrichment of phylum Proteobacteria. Dysbiosis leads to blocked bile acid transformation. Thus, the concentration of primary and conjugated bile acids is elevated at the expense of secondary bile acids in IBD. In turn, bile acids could modulate the microbial community. Gut dysbiosis and disturbed bile acids impair the gut barrier and immunity. Several therapies, such as diets, probiotics, prebiotics, engineered bacteria, fecal microbiota transplantation and ursodeoxycholic acid, may alleviate IBD by restoring gut microbiota and bile acids. Thus, the bile acid–gut microbiota axis is closely connected with IBD pathogenesis. Regulation of this axis may be a novel option for treating IBD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China; (M.Y.); (Y.G.); (L.L.); (T.L.); (X.S.); (Y.S.); (X.C.); (B.W.)
| | - Yu Gu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China; (M.Y.); (Y.G.); (L.L.); (T.L.); (X.S.); (Y.S.); (X.C.); (B.W.)
| | - Lingfeng Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China; (M.Y.); (Y.G.); (L.L.); (T.L.); (X.S.); (Y.S.); (X.C.); (B.W.)
| | - Tianyu Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China; (M.Y.); (Y.G.); (L.L.); (T.L.); (X.S.); (Y.S.); (X.C.); (B.W.)
| | - Xueli Song
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China; (M.Y.); (Y.G.); (L.L.); (T.L.); (X.S.); (Y.S.); (X.C.); (B.W.)
| | - Yue Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China; (M.Y.); (Y.G.); (L.L.); (T.L.); (X.S.); (Y.S.); (X.C.); (B.W.)
| | - Xiaocang Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China; (M.Y.); (Y.G.); (L.L.); (T.L.); (X.S.); (Y.S.); (X.C.); (B.W.)
| | - Bangmao Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China; (M.Y.); (Y.G.); (L.L.); (T.L.); (X.S.); (Y.S.); (X.C.); (B.W.)
| | - Kui Jiang
- Graduate School of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
- Correspondence: (K.J.); (H.C.)
| | - Hailong Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China; (M.Y.); (Y.G.); (L.L.); (T.L.); (X.S.); (Y.S.); (X.C.); (B.W.)
- Correspondence: (K.J.); (H.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Mulberry (Morus atropurpurea Roxb.) leaf protein hydrolysates ameliorate dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis via integrated modulation of gut microbiota and immunity. J Funct Foods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
|
58
|
The potential of Akkermansia muciniphila in inflammatory bowel disease. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:5785-5794. [PMID: 34312713 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11453-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Akkermansia muciniphila is a next-generation probiotic with significant application prospects. The role of A. muciniphila in metabolic diseases and tumor immunotherapy has been widely recognized. Recent clinical trials further confirmed its safety and therapeutic value in human metabolic diseases. A. muciniphila also shows potential in the treatment of intestinal inflammatory diseases, especially for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The improvement in the efficacy of washed microbiota transplantation (WMT) in treating IBD is closely related to the increase in the abundance of A. muciniphila in patients' gut. However, there is still controversy regarding the pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory effect of A. muciniphila on IBD. Currently, several studies targeting the correlation between A. muciniphila and IBD have demonstrated opposite conclusions. Similarly, the interventional studies exploring causality between them also come to conflicting results. This article therefore aims to review the relationship between A. muciniphila and IBD, the effect of intervention of A. muciniphila on IBD, and the possible reasons for the contradictory role of A. muciniphila in the treatment of IBD. KEY POINTS: The effect of A. muciniphila on inflammatory bowel disease is controversy. A. muciniphila shows anti-inflammatory potential in IBD. The colitogenicity of A. muciniphila is context dependent.
Collapse
|
59
|
Lajczak-McGinley NK, Porru E, Fallon CM, Smyth J, Curley C, McCarron PA, Tambuwala MM, Roda A, Keely SJ. The secondary bile acids, ursodeoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid, protect against intestinal inflammation by inhibition of epithelial apoptosis. Physiol Rep 2021; 8:e14456. [PMID: 32562381 PMCID: PMC7305237 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased epithelial permeability is a key feature of IBD pathogenesis and it has been proposed that agents which promote barrier function may be of therapeutic benefit. We have previously reported the secondary bile acid, ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), to be protective in a mouse model of colonic inflammation and that its bacterial metabolism is required for its beneficial effects. The current study aimed to compare the effects of UDCA, LCA, and a non‐metabolizable analog of UDCA, 6‐methyl‐UDCA (6‐MUDCA), on colonic barrier function and mucosal inflammation in a mouse model of colonic inflammation. Bile acids were administered daily to C57Bl6 mice by intraperitoneal injection. Colonic inflammation, induced by addition of DSS (2.5%) to the drinking water, was measured as disease activity index (DAI) and histological score. Epithelial permeability and apoptosis were assessed by measuring FITC‐dextran uptake and caspase‐3 cleavage, respectively. Cecal bile acids were measured by HPLC‐MS/MS. UDCA and LCA, but not 6‐MUDCA, were protective against DSS‐induced increases in epithelial permeability and colonic inflammation. Furthermore, UDCA and LCA inhibited colonic epithelial caspase‐3 cleavage both in DSS‐treated mice and in an in vitro model of cytokine‐induced epithelial injury. HPLC‐MS/MS analysis revealed UDCA administration to increase colonic LCA levels, whereas LCA administration did not alter UDCA levels. UDCA, and its primary metabolite, LCA, protect against intestinal inflammation in vivo, at least in part, by inhibition of epithelial apoptosis and promotion of barrier function. These data suggest that clinical trials of UDCA in IBD patients are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia K Lajczak-McGinley
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Emanule Porru
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ciara M Fallon
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Jessica Smyth
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Caitriona Curley
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Paul A McCarron
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland
| | - Murtaza M Tambuwala
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland
| | - Aldo Roda
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,INBB, National Institute of Bio structures and Biosystems, Rome, Italy
| | - Stephen J Keely
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Hagi T, Belzer C. The interaction of Akkermansia muciniphila with host-derived substances, bacteria and diets. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:4833-4841. [PMID: 34125276 PMCID: PMC8236039 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11362-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Trillions of microbes inhabit the human gut and build extremely complex communities. Gut microbes contribute to host metabolisms for better or worse and are widely studied and associated with health and disease. Akkermansia muciniphila is a gut microbiota member, which uses mucin as both carbon and nitrogen sources. Many studies on A. muciniphila have been conducted since this unique bacterium was first described in 2004. A. muciniphila can play an important role in our health because of its beneficial effects, such as improving type II diabetes and obesity and anti-inflammation. A. muciniphila establishes its position as a next-generation probiotic. Besides the effect of A. muciniphila on host health, a technique for boosting has been investigated. In this review, we show what factors can modulate the abundance of A. muciniphila focusing on the interaction with host-derived substances, other bacteria and diets. This review also refers to the possibility of the interaction between medicine and A. muciniphila; this will open up future treatment strategies that can increase A. muciniphila abundance in the gut. Key points • Host-derived substances such as bile, microRNA and melatonin as well as mucin have beneficial effects on A. muciniphila. • Gut and probiotic bacteria and diet ingredients such as carbohydrates and phytochemicals could boost the abundance of A. muciniphila. • Several medicines could affect the growth of A. muciniphila.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuro Hagi
- Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organisation (NARO), 2 Ikenodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0901, Japan.
| | - Clara Belzer
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Walker A, Schmitt-Kopplin P. The role of fecal sulfur metabolome in inflammatory bowel diseases. Int J Med Microbiol 2021; 311:151513. [PMID: 34147944 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2021.151513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfur metabolism and sulfur-containing metabolites play an important role in the human digestive system, and sulfur compounds and pathways are associated with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). In fact, cysteine metabolism results in the production of taurine and sulfate, and gut microbes catabolize them into hydrogen sulfide, a signaling molecule with various biological functions. Besides metabolites originating from sulfur metabolism, several other sulfur-containing metabolites of different classes were detected in human feces, consisting of non-volatile and volatile compounds. Sulfated steroids and bile acids such as taurine-conjugated bile acids are the major classes along with sulfur amino acids and sulfur-containing peptides. Indeed, sulfur-containing metabolites were described in stool samples from healthy subjects, patients suffering from colorectal cancer or IBD. In metabolomics-driven studies, around 50 known sulfur-containing metabolites were linked to IBD. Taurine, taurocholic acid, taurochenodeoxycholic acid, methionine, methanethiol and hydrogen sulfide were regularly reported in IBD studies, and most of them were elevated in stool samples from IBD patients. We summarized from this review that there is strong interplay between perturbed gut microbiota in IBD, and the consistently higher abundance of sulfur-containing metabolites, which potentially represent substrates for sulfidogenic bacteria such as Bilophila or Escherichia and promote their growth. These bacteria might shift their metabolism towards the degradation of taurine and cysteine and therefore to a higher hydrogen sulfide production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alesia Walker
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; ZIEL Institute for Food and Health, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany; Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Huang K, Liu C, Peng M, Su Q, Liu R, Guo Z, Chen S, Li Z, Chang G. Glycoursodeoxycholic Acid Ameliorates Atherosclerosis and Alters Gut Microbiota in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice. J Am Heart Assoc 2021; 10:e019820. [PMID: 33787322 PMCID: PMC8174342 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.019820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Although glycoursodeoxycholic acid (GUDCA) has been associated with the improvement of metabolic disorders, its effect on atherosclerosis remains elusive. This study aimed to investigate the role of GUDCA in the development of atherosclerosis and its potential mechanisms. Methods and Results Human THP‐1 macrophages were used to investigate the effect of GUDCA on oxidized low‐density lipoprotein–induced foam cell formation in vitro. We found that GUDCA downregulated scavenger receptor A1 mRNA expression, reduced oxidized low‐density lipoprotein uptake, and inhibited macrophage foam cell formation. In an in vivo study, apolipoprotein E–deficient mice were fed a Western diet for 10 weeks to induce atherosclerosis, and then were gavaged once daily with or without GUDCA for 18 weeks. Parameters of systemic metabolism and atherosclerosis were detected. We found that GUDCA improved cholesterol homeostasis and protected against atherosclerosis progression as evidenced by reduced plaque area along with lipid deposition, ameliorated local chronic inflammation, and elevated plaque stability. In addition, 16S rDNA sequencing showed that GUDCA administration partially normalized the Western diet–associated gut microbiota dysbiosis. Interestingly, the changes of bacterial genera (Alloprevotella, Parabacteroides, Turicibacter, and Alistipes) modulated by GUDCA were correlated with the plaque area in mice aortas. Conclusions Our study for the first time indicates that GUDCA attenuates the development of atherosclerosis, probably attributable to the inhibition of foam cell formation, maintenance of cholesterol homeostasis, and modulation of gut microbiota.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kan Huang
- Division of Vascular Surgery First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou China.,National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Chenshu Liu
- Division of Vascular Surgery First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou China.,National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Meixiu Peng
- Division of Vascular Surgery First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou China.,National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Qiao Su
- Animal Center First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Ruiming Liu
- National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Zeling Guo
- Zhongshan School of Medicine Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Sifan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation Medical Research Center Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital Guangzhou China
| | - Zilun Li
- Division of Vascular Surgery First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou China.,National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Guangqi Chang
- Division of Vascular Surgery First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou China.,National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou China
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Li B, Du P, Du Y, Zhao D, Cai Y, Yang Q, Guo Z. Luteolin alleviates inflammation and modulates gut microbiota in ulcerative colitis rats. Life Sci 2021; 269:119008. [PMID: 33434535 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.119008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease related to intestinal dysbiosis. Luteolin has been reported to reduce inflammation. However, it remains unclear whether luteolin ameliorates UC and regulates gut microbiota. In this study, we investigated the effects of luteolin on colonic structure and inflammation of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced rats using hematoxylin-eosin staining, immunohistochemistry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and evaluated the effects of luteolin on gut microbiota using 16S rDNA sequencing. We found that luteolin treatment significantly reduced colonic damage, and inhibited colonic inflammation in UC rats, evidenced by the decreased levels of NF-κB, IL-17 and IL-23 in UC rats and the increased level of PPAR-γ. In addition, the 16S rDNA sequencing analysis revealed that luteolin treatment could alter diversity and composition of gut microbiota in UC rats. Lactobacillus, Bacteroides, Roseburia and Butyricicoccus were dominant genera in the luteolin group. Luteolin treatment reduced DSS-induced increased ratios of Lactobacillus and Prevotella_9. Furthermore, KEGG analysis revealed that gut microbiota was mainly related to DNA repair and recombination proteins, ribosome, purine metabolism, peptidases, and pyrimidine metabolism. In conclusion, our results revealed that luteolin could alleviate DSS-induced colitis in rats, and gut microbiota had the potential to serve as promising biomarkers for uncovering the mechanism by which luteolin improved UC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bolin Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hebei Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Pengli Du
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hebei Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yao Du
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hebei Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Danyang Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hebei Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yanru Cai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hebei Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hebei Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China.
| | - Zijing Guo
- Department of Hematology, Hebei Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China.
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Tian M, Li D, Ma C, Feng Y, Hu X, Chen F. Barley Leaf Insoluble Dietary Fiber Alleviated Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Mice Colitis by Modulating Gut Microbiota. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13030846. [PMID: 33807544 PMCID: PMC8001343 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Supplementation of dietary fiber has been proved to be an effective strategy to prevent and relieve inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) through gut microbiota modulation. However, more attention has been paid to the efficacy of soluble dietary fiber than that of insoluble dietary fiber (IDF). In the present study, we investigated whether IDF from barley leaf (BLIDF) can inhibit gut inflammation via modulating the intestinal microbiota in DSS-induced colitis mice. The mice were fed 1.52% BLIDF-supplemented diet for 28 days. Results demonstrated that feeding BLIDF markedly mitigated DSS-induced acute colitis symptoms and down-regulated IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β levels in the colon and serum of colitis mice. BLIDF supplementation effectively reduced the abundance of Akkermansia and increased the abundance of Parasutterella, Erysipelatoclostridium, and Alistipes. Importantly, the anti-colitis effects of BLIDF were abolished when the intestinal microbiota was depleted by antibiotics. Furthermore, the targeted microbiota-derived metabolites analysis suggested that BLIDF feeding can reverse the DSS-induced decline of short-chain fatty acids and secondary bile acids in mice feces. Finally, BLIDF supplementation elevated the expression of occludin and mucin2, and decreased the expression of claudin-1 in colons of DSS-treated mice. Overall, our observations suggest that BLIDF exerts anti-inflammatory effects via modulating the intestinal microbiota composition and increasing the production of microbiota-derived metabolites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Fang Chen
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-62737645 (ext. 18)
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Gao RY, Shearn CT, Orlicky DJ, Battista KD, Alexeev EE, Cartwright IM, Lanis JM, Kostelecky RE, Ju C, Colgan SP, Fennimore BP. Bile acids modulate colonic MAdCAM-1 expression in a murine model of combined cholestasis and colitis. Mucosal Immunol 2021; 14:479-490. [PMID: 33004979 PMCID: PMC7954872 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-020-00347-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a progressive fibrosing cholestatic liver disease that is strongly associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). PSC-associated IBD (PSC-IBD) displays a unique phenotype characterized by right-side predominant colon inflammation and increased risk of colorectal cancer compared to non-PSC-IBD. The frequent association and unique phenotype of PSC-IBD suggest distinctive underlying disease mechanisms from other chronic liver diseases or IBD alone. Multidrug resistance protein 2 knockout (Mdr2-/-) mice develop spontaneous cholestatic liver injury and fibrosis mirroring human PSC. As a novel model of PSC-IBD, we treated Mdr2-/- mice with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) to chemically induce colitis (Mdr2-/-/DSS). Mdr2-/- mice demonstrate alterations in fecal bile acid composition and enhanced colitis susceptibility with increased colonic adhesion molecule expression, particularly mucosal addressin-cell adhesion molecule 1 (MAdCAM-1). In vitro, ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) co-treatment resulted in a dose dependent attenuation of TNF-α-induced endothelial MAdCAM-1 expression. In the combined Mdr2-/-/DSS model, UDCA supplementation attenuated colitis severity and downregulated intestinal MAdCAM-1 expression. These findings suggest a potential mechanistic role for alterations in bile acid signaling in modulating MAdCAM-1 expression and colitis susceptibility in cholestasis-associated colitis. Together, our findings provide a novel model and new insight into the pathogenesis and potential treatment of PSC-IBD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Y Gao
- Department of Medicine and the Mucosal Inflammation Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Colin T Shearn
- Department of Pediatrics Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - David J Orlicky
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kayla D Battista
- Department of Medicine and the Mucosal Inflammation Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Erica E Alexeev
- Department of Medicine and the Mucosal Inflammation Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Ian M Cartwright
- Department of Medicine and the Mucosal Inflammation Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jordi M Lanis
- Department of Medicine and the Mucosal Inflammation Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Rachael E Kostelecky
- Department of Medicine and the Mucosal Inflammation Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Cynthia Ju
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sean P Colgan
- Department of Medicine and the Mucosal Inflammation Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Blair P Fennimore
- Department of Medicine and the Mucosal Inflammation Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Banfi D, Moro E, Bosi A, Bistoletti M, Cerantola S, Crema F, Maggi F, Giron MC, Giaroni C, Baj A. Impact of Microbial Metabolites on Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1623. [PMID: 33562721 PMCID: PMC7915037 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The complex bidirectional communication system existing between the gastrointestinal tract and the brain initially termed the "gut-brain axis" and renamed the "microbiota-gut-brain axis", considering the pivotal role of gut microbiota in sustaining local and systemic homeostasis, has a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). The integration of signals deriving from the host neuronal, immune, and endocrine systems with signals deriving from the microbiota may influence the development of the local inflammatory injury and impacts also more distal brain regions, underlying the psychophysiological vulnerability of IBD patients. Mood disorders and increased response to stress are frequently associated with IBD and may affect the disease recurrence and severity, thus requiring an appropriate therapeutic approach in addition to conventional anti-inflammatory treatments. This review highlights the more recent evidence suggesting that alterations of the microbiota-gut-brain bidirectional communication axis may concur to IBD pathogenesis and sustain the development of both local and CNS symptoms. The participation of the main microbial-derived metabolites, also defined as "postbiotics", such as bile acids, short-chain fatty acids, and tryptophan metabolites in the development of IBD-associated gut and brain dysfunction will be discussed. The last section covers a critical evaluation of the main clinical evidence pointing to the microbiome-based therapeutic approaches for the treatment of IBD-related gastrointestinal and neuropsychiatric symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Banfi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, via H Dunant 5, 21100 Varese, Italy; (D.B.); (A.B.); (M.B.); (F.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Elisabetta Moro
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Section of Pharmacology, University of Pavia, via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (E.M.); (F.C.)
| | - Annalisa Bosi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, via H Dunant 5, 21100 Varese, Italy; (D.B.); (A.B.); (M.B.); (F.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Michela Bistoletti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, via H Dunant 5, 21100 Varese, Italy; (D.B.); (A.B.); (M.B.); (F.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Silvia Cerantola
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Largo Meneghetti 2, 35131 Padova, Italy; (S.C.); (M.C.G.)
| | - Francesca Crema
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Section of Pharmacology, University of Pavia, via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (E.M.); (F.C.)
| | - Fabrizio Maggi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, via H Dunant 5, 21100 Varese, Italy; (D.B.); (A.B.); (M.B.); (F.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Maria Cecilia Giron
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Largo Meneghetti 2, 35131 Padova, Italy; (S.C.); (M.C.G.)
| | - Cristina Giaroni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, via H Dunant 5, 21100 Varese, Italy; (D.B.); (A.B.); (M.B.); (F.M.); (A.B.)
- Centre of Neuroscience, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Andreina Baj
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, via H Dunant 5, 21100 Varese, Italy; (D.B.); (A.B.); (M.B.); (F.M.); (A.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Hagi T, Geerlings SY, Nijsse B, Belzer C. The effect of bile acids on the growth and global gene expression profiles in Akkermansia muciniphila. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:10641-10653. [PMID: 33159542 PMCID: PMC7671984 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10976-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Akkermansia muciniphila is a prominent member of the gut microbiota and the organism gets exposed to bile acids within this niche. Several gut bacteria have bile response genes to metabolize bile acids or an ability to change their membrane structure to prevent membrane damage from bile acids. To understand the response to bile acids and how A. muciniphila can persist in the gut, we studied the effect of bile acids and individual bile salts on growth. In addition, the change in gene expression under ox-bile condition was studied. The growth of A. muciniphila was inhibited by ox-bile and the bile salts mixture. Individual bile salts have differential effects on the growth. Although most bile salts inhibited the growth of A. muciniphila, an increased growth was observed under culture conditions with sodium deoxycholate. Zaragozic acid A, which is a squalene synthase inhibitor leading to changes in the membrane structure, increased the susceptibility of A. muciniphila to bile acids. Transcriptome analysis showed that gene clusters associated with an ABC transporter and RND transporter were upregulated in the presence of ox-bile. In contrast, a gene cluster containing a potassium transporter was downregulated. Membrane transporter inhibitors also decreased the tolerance to bile acids of A. muciniphila. Our results indicated that membrane transporters and the squalene-associated membrane structure could be major bile response systems required for bile tolerance in A. muciniphila. KEY POINTS: • The growth of Akkermansia muciniphila was inhibited by most bile salts. • Sodium deoxycholate increased the growth of A. muciniphila. • The genes encoding transporters and hopanoid synthesis were upregulated by ox-bile. • The inhibitors of transporters and hopanoid synthesis reduced ox-bile tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuro Hagi
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands. .,Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 2 Ikenodai, Tsukuba, 305-0901, Ibaraki, Japan.
| | - Sharon Y Geerlings
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart Nijsse
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Clara Belzer
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Shao X, Sun C, Tang X, Zhang X, Han D, Liang S, Qu R, Hui X, Shan Y, Hu L, Fang H, Zhang H, Wu X, Chen C. Anti-Inflammatory and Intestinal Microbiota Modulation Properties of Jinxiang Garlic ( Allium sativum L.) Polysaccharides toward Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Colitis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:12295-12309. [PMID: 33095019 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Garlic polysaccharides are great potential agents because of their anti-inflammation, antioxidation, and immunomodulation properties. However, few studies have reported their anti-inflammatory effects on improving the colon system and corresponding intestinal microbiota. Herein, a water-soluble garlic polysaccharide (WSGP) was extracted from Jinxiang garlic to evaluate its effects on ameliorating dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in a mouse model. The results showed that (1) after administration of the WSGP (200 or 400 mg/kg/day), the feed intake, body weight, and colon length of colitic mice were increased, while the disease activity index and the histological score of colitic mice were decreased; (2) the WSGP reduced the colonic tissue damage and inhibited the expression of inflammatory factors (interleukin 6, interleukin 1 beta , and tumor necrosis factor alpha); and (3) the WSGP enhanced the production of short-chain fatty acids and improved the composition of intestinal microbiota. The key microorganisms, including Muribaculaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, Mucispirillum, Helicobacter, Ruminococcus_1, and Ruminiclostridium_5, were identified to be associated with inflammatory bowel diseases. Taken together, this study proved that WSGP supplementation could alleviate DSS-induced colitis by improving mucosal barriers, blocking proinflammatory cytokines, and modulating gut microbiota.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Shao
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Chongzhen Sun
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Xin Tang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaosa Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Duo Han
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Shan Liang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Rong Qu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaodan Hui
- Department of Wine, Food, and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Yangwei Shan
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Linhui Hu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Heng Fang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Huidan Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiyang Wu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Chunbo Chen
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Wu L, Wang Y, Zhu S, Bao X, Fu Z, Zhen T, Yuan Z, Li Q, Deng Z, Sun J, Chen T. Changes in plasma bile acids are associated with gallbladder stones and polyps. BMC Gastroenterol 2020; 20:363. [PMID: 33129276 PMCID: PMC7603702 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-020-01512-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of gallbladder disease (GBD) is related to bile acid (BA) metabolism, and the rate of BA circulation increases the risk of biliary cancer. However, it is unclear whether patterns of circulating bile acids (BAs) change in patients with benign GBDs such as gallbladder stones and polyps. Herein, we compared and characterised plasma BA profiles in patients with cholecystolithiasis and non-neoplastic polyps with healthy controls, and explored relationships between plasma BA profiles, demographics, and laboratory test indices. METHODS A total of 330 subjects (13 healthy controls, 292 cholecystolithiasis and 25 non-neoplastic polyps) were recruited and plasma BA profiles including 14 metabolites from patients with pathologically confirmed cholecystolithiasis and non-neoplastic polyps were compared with controls. BAs were quantitated by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry, and statistical and regression analyses of demographics and laboratory test indices were performed. RESULTS Females displayed a higher burden of GBD than males (63.36% cholecystolithiasis, 60% non-neoplastic polyps). Cholecystolithiasis and non-neoplastic polyps were associated with increased plasma total secondary BAs, while levels of primary BAs were lower than in healthy controls. Plasma ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), glycyurdeoxycholic acid (GUDCA), taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDCA) and glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDCA) were decreased significantly in GBDs, and ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) was negatively correlated with white blood cell count and neutrophil percentage. CONCLUSIONS Secondary BA levels were higher in patients with cholecystolithiasis and non-neoplastic polyps. White blood cell count and percentage of neutrophil in peripheral blood were negatively correlated with UDCA, indicating an anti-inflammation effect of UDCA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linshi Wu
- Department of General Surgery, South Campus, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, South Campus, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, No. 2000 Jiangyue Road, Pujin Street, Minhang District, Shanghai, 201100 China
| | - Yinping Wang
- Department of General Surgery, South Campus, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, South Campus, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, No. 2000 Jiangyue Road, Pujin Street, Minhang District, Shanghai, 201100 China
| | - Sibo Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433 China
- Cinoasia Institute, No.1688 North Guoquan Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Xunxia Bao
- Cinoasia Institute, No.1688 North Guoquan Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Zhiliang Fu
- Cinoasia Institute, No.1688 North Guoquan Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Timing Zhen
- Cinoasia Institute, No.1688 North Guoquan Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Zhiqing Yuan
- Department of General Surgery, South Campus, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, South Campus, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, No. 2000 Jiangyue Road, Pujin Street, Minhang District, Shanghai, 201100 China
| | - Qiwei Li
- Department of General Surgery, South Campus, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, South Campus, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, No. 2000 Jiangyue Road, Pujin Street, Minhang District, Shanghai, 201100 China
| | - Zheng Deng
- Department of General Surgery, South Campus, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, South Campus, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, No. 2000 Jiangyue Road, Pujin Street, Minhang District, Shanghai, 201100 China
| | - Jianhua Sun
- Department of General Surgery, South Campus, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, South Campus, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, No. 2000 Jiangyue Road, Pujin Street, Minhang District, Shanghai, 201100 China
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of General Surgery, South Campus, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, South Campus, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, No. 2000 Jiangyue Road, Pujin Street, Minhang District, Shanghai, 201100 China
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
van Best N, Rolle-Kampczyk U, Schaap FG, Basic M, Olde Damink SWM, Bleich A, Savelkoul PHM, von Bergen M, Penders J, Hornef MW. Bile acids drive the newborn's gut microbiota maturation. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3692. [PMID: 32703946 PMCID: PMC7378201 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17183-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Following birth, the neonatal intestine is exposed to maternal and environmental bacteria that successively form a dense and highly dynamic intestinal microbiota. Whereas the effect of exogenous factors has been extensively investigated, endogenous, host-mediated mechanisms have remained largely unexplored. Concomitantly with microbial colonization, the liver undergoes functional transition from a hematopoietic organ to a central organ of metabolic regulation and immune surveillance. The aim of the present study was to analyze the influence of the developing hepatic function and liver metabolism on the early intestinal microbiota. Here, we report on the characterization of the colonization dynamics and liver metabolism in the murine gastrointestinal tract (n = 6-10 per age group) using metabolomic and microbial profiling in combination with multivariate analysis. We observed major age-dependent microbial and metabolic changes and identified bile acids as potent drivers of the early intestinal microbiota maturation. Consistently, oral administration of tauro-cholic acid or β-tauro-murocholic acid to newborn mice (n = 7-14 per group) accelerated postnatal microbiota maturation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N van Best
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, RWTH University, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - U Rolle-Kampczyk
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - F G Schaap
- Department of General Surgery, NUTRIM, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - M Basic
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - S W M Olde Damink
- Department of General Surgery, NUTRIM, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - A Bleich
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - P H M Savelkoul
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - M von Bergen
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - J Penders
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
- School of Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - M W Hornef
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, RWTH University, Aachen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Injectable Hydrogel Containing Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid for Anti-neuroinflammatory Therapy After Spinal Cord Injury in Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:4007-4017. [PMID: 32647974 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02010-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of injectable hydrogel containing tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) in a spinal cord injury (SCI) model. To this end, TUDCA-hydrogel (TC gel) is created by immersing the synthesized hydrogel in a TUDCA solution for 1 h. A mechanical SCI was imposed on rats, after which we injected the TC gel. After the SCI and injections, motor functions and lesions were significantly improved in the TC gel group compared with those in the saline group. The TC gel significantly decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine levels compared with the saline; TUDCA and glycol chitosan-oxidized hyaluronate were mixed at a ratio of 9:1 (CHA) gel independently. In addition, the TC gel significantly suppressed the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (p-JNK) in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway compared with the saline, TUDCA, and CHA gel independently. It also decreased tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), inflammatory marker, at the injured sites more than those in the saline, TUDCA, and CHA gel groups. In conclusion, the results of this study demonstrate the neuroinflammatory inhibition effects of TC gel in SCI and suggest that TC gel can be an alternative drug system for SCI cases.
Collapse
|
72
|
Amoroso C, Perillo F, Strati F, Fantini M, Caprioli F, Facciotti F. The Role of Gut Microbiota Biomodulators on Mucosal Immunity and Intestinal Inflammation. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051234. [PMID: 32429359 PMCID: PMC7291275 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations of the gut microbiota may cause dysregulated mucosal immune responses leading to the onset of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) in genetically susceptible hosts. Restoring immune homeostasis through the normalization of the gut microbiota is now considered a valuable therapeutic approach to treat IBD patients. The customization of microbe-targeted therapies, including antibiotics, prebiotics, live biotherapeutics and faecal microbiota transplantation, is therefore considered to support current therapies in IBD management. In this review, we will discuss recent advancements in the understanding of host−microbe interactions in IBD and the basis to promote homeostatic immune responses through microbe-targeted therapies. By considering gut microbiota dysbiosis as a key feature for the establishment of chronic inflammatory events, in the near future it will be suitable to design new cost-effective, physiologic, and patient-oriented therapeutic strategies for the treatment of IBD that can be applied in a personalized manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Amoroso
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20139 Milan, Italy; (C.A.); (F.P.); (F.S.)
| | - Federica Perillo
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20139 Milan, Italy; (C.A.); (F.P.); (F.S.)
| | - Francesco Strati
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20139 Milan, Italy; (C.A.); (F.P.); (F.S.)
| | - Massimo Fantini
- Gastroenterology Unit, Duilio Casula Hospital, AOU Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy;
- Department of Medical Science and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Flavio Caprioli
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20135 Milan, Italy;
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20135 Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Facciotti
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20139 Milan, Italy; (C.A.); (F.P.); (F.S.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
The Effect of Ursodeoxycholic Acid on Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth in Patients with Functional Dyspepsia: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051410. [PMID: 32422942 PMCID: PMC7284594 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional dyspepsia (FD) is associated with small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO). Several animal studies have reported that ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) has antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects in the intestine. We hypothesized that UDCA may be effective against dyspeptic symptoms and SIBO in patients with FD. We conducted this randomized controlled trial to investigate the effects of UDCA in FD patients with SIBO. Twenty-four patients diagnosed with FD and SIBO based on lactulose breath test (LBT) were randomly assigned to either a UDCA treatment group or an untreated group. The treatment group received 100 mg of UDCA three times per day for two months; the untreated group was monitored for two months without intervention. After two months in both groups, we reevaluated LBT and FD symptoms using the Nepean dyspepsia index-K. FD symptoms in the UDCA-treated group were significantly reduced after two months compared with baseline and FD symptom scores between the UDCA-treated and untreated groups showed statistically significant differences after two months. In addition, the total methane gas levels for 90 minutes in LBT were significantly decreased after two months compared with baseline in the UDCA-treated group. In this preliminary exploratory study, we found that two months of UDCA treatment resulted in FD symptom improvement and reduced methane values during 90 minutes on the LBT, suggesting that methane-producing SIBO were associated with symptoms of dyspepsia and that UDCA was helpful in these patients. These findings need to be validated via large-scale controlled and well-designed studies.
Collapse
|
74
|
Wu IW, Gao SS, Chou HC, Yang HY, Chang LC, Kuo YL, Dinh MCV, Chung WH, Yang CW, Lai HC, Hsieh WP, Su SC. Integrative metagenomic and metabolomic analyses reveal severity-specific signatures of gut microbiota in chronic kidney disease. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:5398-5411. [PMID: 32373220 PMCID: PMC7196299 DOI: 10.7150/thno.41725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a serious healthcare dilemma, associated with specific changes in gut microbiota and circulating metabolome. Yet, the functional capacity of CKD microbiome and its intricate relationship with the host metabolism at different stages of disease are less understood. Methods: Here, shotgun sequencing of fecal samples and targeted metabolomics profiling of serum bile acids, short- and medium-chain fatty acids, and uremic solutes were performed in a cohort of CKD patients with different severities and non-CKD controls. Results: We identified that levels of 13 microbial species and 6 circulating metabolites were significantly altered across early to advanced stages or only in particular stage(s). Among these, Prevotella sp. 885 (decreased) was associated with urea excretion, while caproic acid (decreased) and p-cresyl sulfate (elevated) were positively and negatively correlated with the glomerular filtration rate, respectively. In addition, we identified gut microbial species linked to changes in circulating metabolites. Microbial genes related to secondary bile acid biosynthesis were differentially abundant at the early stage, while pathway modules related to lipid metabolism and lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis were enriched in the CKD microbiome at the advanced stage, suggesting that changes in microbial metabolism and host inflammation may contribute to renal health. Further, we identified metagenomic and metabolomic markers to discriminate cases of different severities from the controls, among which Bacteroides eggerthii individually was of particular value in early diagnosis. Conclusions: Our dual-omics data reveal the connections between intestinal microbes and circulating metabolites perturbed in CKD, which may be of etiological and diagnostic importance.
Collapse
|
75
|
Lemoinne S, Kemgang A, Ben Belkacem K, Straube M, Jegou S, Corpechot C, Chazouillères O, Housset C, Sokol H. Fungi participate in the dysbiosis of gut microbiota in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Gut 2020; 69:92-102. [PMID: 31003979 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2018-317791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) were previously shown to display a bacterial gut dysbiosis but fungal microbiota has never been examined in these patients. The aim of this study was to assess the fungal gut microbiota in patients with PSC. DESIGN We analysed the faecal microbiota of patients with PSC and concomitant IBD (n=27), patients with PSC and no IBD (n=22), patients with IBD and no PSC (n=33) and healthy subjects (n=30). Bacterial and fungal composition of the faecal microbiota was determined using 16S and ITS2 sequencing, respectively. RESULTS We found that patients with PSC harboured bacterial dysbiosis characterised by a decreased biodiversity, an altered composition and a decreased correlation network density. These alterations of the microbiota were associated with PSC, independently of IBD status. For the first time, we showed that patients with PSC displayed a fungal gut dysbiosis, characterised by a relative increase in biodiversity and an altered composition. Notably, we observed an increased proportion of Exophiala and a decreased proportion of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Compared with patients with IBD and healthy subjects, the gut microbiota of patients with PSC exhibited a strong disruption in bacteria-fungi correlation network, suggesting an alteration in the interkingdom crosstalk. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that bacteria and fungi contribute to gut dysbiosis in PSC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Lemoinne
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Paris, France.,Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Paris, France.,Reference Center for Inflammatory Biliary Diseases and Autoimmune Hepatitis (MIVB-H), Department of Hepatology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Astrid Kemgang
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Paris, France.,Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Paris, France.,Reference Center for Inflammatory Biliary Diseases and Autoimmune Hepatitis (MIVB-H), Department of Hepatology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Karima Ben Belkacem
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Paris, France.,Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Paris, France.,Reference Center for Inflammatory Biliary Diseases and Autoimmune Hepatitis (MIVB-H), Department of Hepatology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Marjolène Straube
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Paris, France.,Department of Gastroenterology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Sarah Jegou
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Paris, France.,Department of Gastroenterology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Christophe Corpechot
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Paris, France.,Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Paris, France.,Reference Center for Inflammatory Biliary Diseases and Autoimmune Hepatitis (MIVB-H), Department of Hepatology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | | | - Olivier Chazouillères
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Paris, France.,Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Paris, France.,Reference Center for Inflammatory Biliary Diseases and Autoimmune Hepatitis (MIVB-H), Department of Hepatology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Chantal Housset
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Paris, France.,Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Paris, France.,Reference Center for Inflammatory Biliary Diseases and Autoimmune Hepatitis (MIVB-H), Department of Hepatology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Harry Sokol
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Paris, France.,Department of Gastroenterology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France.,UMR1319 Micalis, AgroParisTech, INRA, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Manipulating resident microbiota to enhance regulatory immune function to treat inflammatory bowel diseases. J Gastroenterol 2020; 55:4-14. [PMID: 31482438 PMCID: PMC6942586 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-019-01618-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Altered intestinal microbial composition (dysbiosis) and metabolic products activate aggressive mucosal immune responses that mediate inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). This dysbiosis impairs the function of regulatory immune cells, which normally promote mucosal homeostasis. Normalizing and maintaining regulatory immune cell function by correcting dysbiosis provides a promising approach to treat IBD patients. However, existing microbe-targeted therapies, including antibiotics, prebiotics, probiotics, and fecal microbial transplantation, provide variable outcomes that are not optimal for current clinical application. This review discusses recent progress in understanding the dysbiosis of IBD and the basis for therapeutic restoration of homeostatic immune function by manipulating an individual patient's microbiota composition and function. We believe that identifying more precise therapeutic targets and developing appropriate rapid diagnostic tools will guide more effective and safer microbe-based induction and maintenance treatments for IBD patients that can be applied in a personalized manner.
Collapse
|
77
|
Yang M, Bose S, Lim SK, Kim H. Preventive Effects of Pyungwi-san against Dextran Sulfate Sodium- and Clostridium difficile-Induced Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246346. [PMID: 31888274 PMCID: PMC6940993 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Several lines of evidence indicate that inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is associated with Clostridium difficile (CD) infection as a consequence of gut dysbiosis. Currently available treatments of IBD are either not very effective or have adverse effects. Pyungwi-san (PWS), a traditional Chinese herbal formulation, has long been used to treat gastrointestinal disorders. The present study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of PWS against dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) + CD-induced IBD in mice. The animals received DSS in drinking water for seven days to produce DSS-induced acute colitis. In the DSS + CD group, the DSS-fed animals were orally administered with CD spores twice during the DSS treatment period. We observed that exposure of DSS + CD-treated animals to PWS significantly decreased the disease activity index; prevented the shortening of colonic length and increases in spleen size and weight; restored colonic histological parameters by significantly increasing mucus thickness, crypt depth, and goblet cell numbers; protected the tight junction proteins; improved the profiles of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines; and normalized the abundance ratio of the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes in the gut. Thus, PWS exerted a number of protective effects on DSS + CD-induced colitis, which might be mediated via restoration of a balance in gut microbial communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Yang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, 814 Siksa-dong, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si 10326, Korea; (M.Y.); (S.-K.L.)
| | - Shambhunath Bose
- Scientific Consultant Board, BexPharm Korea Healthcare Ltd. 51, Seongsui-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04781, Korea;
| | - Soo-Kyoung Lim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, 814 Siksa-dong, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si 10326, Korea; (M.Y.); (S.-K.L.)
| | - Hojun Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, 814 Siksa-dong, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si 10326, Korea; (M.Y.); (S.-K.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-961-9111; Fax: +82-31-961-9009
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Mechanisms Underlying Bone Loss Associated with Gut Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246323. [PMID: 31847438 PMCID: PMC6940820 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with gastrointestinal diseases frequently suffer from skeletal abnormality, characterized by reduced bone mineral density, increased fracture risk, and/or joint inflammation. This pathological process is characterized by altered immune cell activity and elevated inflammatory cytokines in the bone marrow microenvironment due to disrupted gut immune response. Gastrointestinal disease is recognized as an immune malfunction driven by multiple factors, including cytokines and signaling molecules. However, the mechanism by which intestinal inflammation magnified by gut-residing actors stimulates bone loss remains to be elucidated. In this article, we discuss the main risk factors potentially contributing to intestinal disease-associated bone loss, and summarize current animal models, illustrating gut-bone axis to bridge the gap between intestinal inflammation and skeletal disease.
Collapse
|
79
|
TUDCA attenuates intestinal injury and inhibits endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated intestinal cell apoptosis in necrotizing enterocolitis. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 74:105665. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
80
|
Impaired Intestinal Farnesoid X Receptor Signaling in Cystic Fibrosis Mice. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 9:47-60. [PMID: 31470114 PMCID: PMC6881665 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2019.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The bile acid (BA)-activated farnesoid X receptor (FXR) controls hepatic BA synthesis and cell proliferation via the intestinal hormone fibroblast growth factor 19. Because cystic fibrosis (CF) is associated with intestinal dysbiosis, anomalous BA handling, and biliary cirrhosis, we investigated FXR signaling in CF. METHODS Intestinal and hepatic expression of FXR target genes and inflammation markers was assessed in Cftr null mice and controls. Localization of the apical sodium-dependent BA transporter was assessed, and BAs in gastrointestinal tissues were analyzed. The CF microbiota was characterized and FXR signaling was investigated in intestinal tissue and organoids. RESULTS Ileal murine fibroblast growth factor 19 ortholog (Fgf15) expression was strongly reduced in CF mice, compared with controls. Luminal BA levels and localization of apical sodium-dependent BA transporter was not affected, and BAs induced Fgf15 up to normal levels in CF ileum, ex vivo, and CF organoids. CF mice showed a dysbiosis that was associated with a marked up-regulation of genes involved in host-microbe interactions, including those involved in mucin glycosylation, antimicrobial defense, and Toll-like receptor signaling. Antibiotic treatment reversed the up-regulation of inflammatory markers and restored intestinal FXR signaling in CF mice. Conversely, FXR-dependent gene induction in ileal tissue and organoids was repressed by bacterial lipopolysaccharide and proinflammatory cytokines, respectively. Loss of intestinal FXR activity was associated with a markedly blunted hepatic trophic response to oral BA supplementation, and with impaired repression of Cyp7a1, the gene encoding the rate-limiting enzyme in BA synthesis. CONCLUSIONS In CF mice, the gut microbiota represses intestinal FXR activity, and, consequently, FXR-dependent hepatic cell proliferation and feedback control of BA synthesis.
Collapse
|
81
|
Dempsey JL, Little M, Cui JY. Gut microbiome: An intermediary to neurotoxicity. Neurotoxicology 2019; 75:41-69. [PMID: 31454513 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2019.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There is growing recognition that the gut microbiome is an important regulator for neurological functions. This review provides a summary on the role of gut microbiota in various neurological disorders including neurotoxicity induced by environmental stressors such as drugs, environmental contaminants, and dietary factors. We propose that the gut microbiome remotely senses and regulates CNS signaling through the following mechanisms: 1) intestinal bacteria-mediated biotransformation of neurotoxicants that alters the neuro-reactivity of the parent compounds; 2) altered production of neuro-reactive microbial metabolites following exposure to certain environmental stressors; 3) bi-directional communication within the gut-brain axis to alter the intestinal barrier integrity; and 4) regulation of mucosal immune function. Distinct microbial metabolites may enter systemic circulation and epigenetically reprogram the expression of host genes in the CNS, regulating neuroinflammation, cell survival, or cell death. We will also review the current tools for the study of the gut-brain axis and provide some suggestions to move this field forward in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L Dempsey
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, United States
| | - Mallory Little
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, United States
| | - Julia Yue Cui
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Emerging roles of bile acids in mucosal immunity and inflammation. Mucosal Immunol 2019; 12:851-861. [PMID: 30952999 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-019-0162-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bile acids are cholesterol-derived surfactants that circulate actively between the liver and ileum and that are classically recognized for emulsifying dietary lipids to facilitate absorption. More recent studies, however, have revealed new functions of bile acids; as pleotropic signaling metabolites that regulate diverse metabolic and inflammatory pathways in multiple cell types and tissues through dynamic interactions with both germline-encoded host receptors and the microbiota. Accordingly, perturbed bile acid circulation and/or metabolism is now implicated in the pathogenesis of cholestatic liver diseases, metabolic syndrome, colon cancer, and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). Here, we discuss the three-dimensional interplay between bile acids, the microbiota, and the mucosal immune system, focusing on the mechanisms that regulate intestinal homeostasis and inflammation. Although the functions of bile acids in mucosal immune regulation are only beginning to be appreciated, targeting bile acids and their cellular receptors has already proven an important area of new drug discovery.
Collapse
|
83
|
Das P, Marcišauskas S, Ji B, Nielsen J. Metagenomic analysis of bile salt biotransformation in the human gut microbiome. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:517. [PMID: 31234773 PMCID: PMC6591925 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5899-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the biochemical milieu of human colon, bile acids act as signaling mediators between the host and its gut microbiota. Biotransformation of primary to secondary bile acids have been known to be involved in the immune regulation of human physiology. Several 16S amplicon-based studies with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) subjects were found to have an association with the level of fecal bile acids. However, a detailed investigation of all the bile salt biotransformation genes in the gut microbiome of healthy and IBD subjects has not been performed. RESULTS Here, we report a comprehensive analysis of the bile salt biotransformation genes and their distribution at the phyla level. Based on the analysis of shotgun metagenomes, we found that the IBD subjects harbored a significantly lower abundance of these genes compared to the healthy controls. Majority of these genes originated from Firmicutes in comparison to other phyla. From metabolomics data, we found that the IBD subjects were measured with a significantly low level of secondary bile acids and high levels of primary bile acids compared to that of the healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS Our bioinformatics-driven approach of identifying bile salt biotransformation genes predicts the bile salt biotransformation potential in the gut microbiota of IBD subjects. The functional level of dysbiosis likely contributes to the variation in the bile acid pool. This study sets the stage to envisage potential solutions to modulate the gut microbiome with the objective to restore the bile acid pool in the gut.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Promi Das
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Simonas Marcišauskas
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Boyang Ji
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Vonaesch P, Anderson M, Sansonetti PJ. Pathogens, microbiome and the host: emergence of the ecological Koch's postulates. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2018; 42:273-292. [PMID: 29325027 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuy003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Even though tremendous progress has been made in the last decades to elucidate the mechanisms of intestinal homeostasis, dysbiosis and disease, we are only at the beginning of understanding the complexity of the gut ecosystem and the underlying interaction networks. We are also only starting to unravel the mechanisms that pathogens have evolved to overcome the barriers imposed by the microbiota and host to exploit the system to their own benefit. Recent work in these domains clearly indicates that the 'traditional Koch's postulates', which state that a given pathogen leads to a distinct disease, are not valid for all 'infectious' diseases, but that a more complete and complex interpretation of Koch's postulates is needed in order to understand and explain them. This review summarises the current understanding of what defines a healthy gut ecosystem and highlights recent progress in uncovering the interplay between the host, its microbiota and invading intestinal pathogens. Based on these recent findings, we propose a new interpretation of Koch's postulates that we term 'ecological Koch's postulates'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Vonaesch
- Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, Paris 75015, France
| | - Mark Anderson
- Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, Paris 75015, France
| | - Philippe J Sansonetti
- Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, Paris 75015, France
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
Hanafi NI, Mohamed AS, Sheikh Abdul Kadir SH, Othman MHD. Overview of Bile Acids Signaling and Perspective on the Signal of Ursodeoxycholic Acid, the Most Hydrophilic Bile Acid, in the Heart. Biomolecules 2018; 8:E159. [PMID: 30486474 PMCID: PMC6316857 DOI: 10.3390/biom8040159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile acids (BA) are classically known as an important agent in lipid absorption and cholesterol metabolism. Nowadays, their role in glucose regulation and energy homeostasis are widely reported. BAs are involved in various cellular signaling pathways, such as protein kinase cascades, cyclic AMP (cAMP) synthesis, and calcium mobilization. They are ligands for several nuclear hormone receptors, including farnesoid X-receptor (FXR). Recently, BAs have been shown to bind to muscarinic receptor and Takeda G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5), both G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), independent of the nuclear hormone receptors. Moreover, BA signals have also been elucidated in other nonclassical BA pathways, such as sphingosine-1-posphate and BK (large conductance calcium- and voltage activated potassium) channels. Hydrophobic BAs have been proven to affect heart rate and its contraction. Elevated BAs are associated with arrhythmias in adults and fetal heart, and altered ratios of primary and secondary bile acid are reported in chronic heart failure patients. Meanwhile, in patients with liver cirrhosis, cardiac dysfunction has been strongly linked to the increase in serum bile acid concentrations. In contrast, the most hydrophilic BA, known as ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), has been found to be beneficial in improving peripheral blood flow in chronic heart failure patients and in protecting the heart against reperfusion injury. This review provides an overview of BA signaling, with the main emphasis on past and present perspectives on UDCA signals in the heart.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noorul Izzati Hanafi
- Institute of Medical Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh 47000, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Anis Syamimi Mohamed
- Institute of Medical Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh 47000, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Siti Hamimah Sheikh Abdul Kadir
- Institute of Medical Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh 47000, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh 47000, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bharu 81310, Johor, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Kim SJ, Ko WK, Jo MJ, Arai Y, Choi H, Kumar H, Han IB, Sohn S. Anti-inflammatory effect of Tauroursodeoxycholic acid in RAW 264.7 macrophages, Bone marrow-derived macrophages, BV2 microglial cells, and spinal cord injury. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3176. [PMID: 29453346 PMCID: PMC5816629 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21621-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) after spinal cord injury (SCI) in rats. We induced an inflammatory process in RAW 264.7 macrophages, BV2 microglial cells, and bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMM) using lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The anti-inflammatory effects of TUDCA on LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages, BV2 microglial cells, and BMMs were analyzed using nitric oxide (NO) assays, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reactions (qRT-PCR), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). The pathological changes in lesions of the spinal cord tissue were evaluated by hematoxylin & eosin (H&E) staining, luxol fast blue/cresyl violet-staining and immunofluorescent staining. TUDCA decreased the LPS-stimulated inflammatory mediator, NO. It also suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokines of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin 1-β (IL-1β), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in both mRNA and protein levels. In addition, TUDCA decreased prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). After SCI, TUDCA supported the recovery of the injury site and suppressed the expression of inflammatory cytokines such as iNOS, CD68 and CD86. In addition, TUDCA induced the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokine, Arg-1. In conclusion, TUDCA inhibits inflammatory responses in RAW 264.7 macrophages, BV2 microglial cells, and BMMs. TUDCA can be a potential alternative drug for SCI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seong Jun Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHA University, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan-Kyu Ko
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHA University, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Jae Jo
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHA University, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoshie Arai
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyemin Choi
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHA University, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hemant Kumar
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHA University, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Bo Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHA University, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seil Sohn
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHA University, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Ghaffarzadegan T, Zhong Y, Fåk Hållenius F, Nyman M. Effects of barley variety, dietary fiber and β-glucan content on bile acid composition in cecum of rats fed low- and high-fat diets. J Nutr Biochem 2017; 53:104-110. [PMID: 29202273 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance have been linked to changes in bile acid (BA) profiles, which in turn are highly dependent on the dietary composition and activity of the gut microbiota. The objective of the present study was to investigate whether the type and level of fiber had an effect on cecal BA composition when included in low- and high-fat diets. Groups of rats were fed two barley varieties, which resulted in three test diets containing three levels of β-glucans and two levels of dietary fiber. BAs were preconcentrated using hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction and quantified by gas chromatography. The amount of the secondary BAs, lithocholic-, deoxycholic- and hyodexycholic acids was generally higher in groups fed high-fat diets compared with corresponding acids in groups fed low-fat diets (P<.05). In contrast, most of the primary and the secondary BAs, ursodeoxycholic acid and β- and ω-muricholic acids, were two to five times higher (P<.05) in groups fed low-fat diets than in groups fed high-fat diets. This was particularly true for groups fed the highest level of β-glucans and in some cases also the medium level. The BA profile in the gut was strongly dependent on the amount and type of dietary fiber in the diet, which may be useful in the prevention/treatment of diseases associated with changes in BA profiles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tannaz Ghaffarzadegan
- Food for Health Science Centre, Kemicentrum, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Yadong Zhong
- Food for Health Science Centre, Kemicentrum, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Frida Fåk Hållenius
- Food for Health Science Centre, Kemicentrum, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Margareta Nyman
- Food for Health Science Centre, Kemicentrum, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
88
|
Ward JBJ, Lajczak NK, Kelly OB, O'Dwyer AM, Giddam AK, Ní Gabhann J, Franco P, Tambuwala MM, Jefferies CA, Keely S, Roda A, Keely SJ. Ursodeoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid exert anti-inflammatory actions in the colon. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2017; 312:G550-G558. [PMID: 28360029 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00256.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Ward JB, Lajczak NK, Kelly OB, O'Dwyer AM, Giddam AK, Ní Gabhann J, Franco P, Tambuwala MM, Jefferies CA, Keely S, Roda A, Keely SJ. Ursodeoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid exert anti-inflammatory actions in the colon. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 312: G550-G558, 2017. First published March 30, 2017; doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00256.2016.-Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) comprise a group of common and debilitating chronic intestinal disorders for which currently available therapies are often unsatisfactory. The naturally occurring secondary bile acid, ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), has well-established anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective actions and may therefore be effective in treating IBD. We aimed to investigate regulation of colonic inflammatory responses by UDCA and to determine the potential impact of bacterial metabolism on its therapeutic actions. The anti-inflammatory efficacy of UDCA, a nonmetabolizable analog, 6α-methyl-UDCA (6-MUDCA), and its primary colonic metabolite lithocholic acid (LCA) was assessed in the murine dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) model of mucosal injury. The effects of bile acids on cytokine (TNF-α, IL-6, Il-1β, and IFN-γ) release from cultured colonic epithelial cells and mouse colonic tissue in vivo were investigated. Luminal bile acids were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. UDCA attenuated release of proinflammatory cytokines from colonic epithelial cells in vitro and was protective against the development of colonic inflammation in vivo. In contrast, although 6-MUDCA mimicked the effects of UDCA on epithelial cytokine release in vitro, it was ineffective in preventing inflammation in the DSS model. In UDCA-treated mice, LCA became the most common colonic bile acid. Finally, LCA treatment more potently inhibited epithelial cytokine release and protected against DSS-induced mucosal inflammation than did UDCA. These studies identify a new role for the primary metabolite of UDCA, LCA, in preventing colonic inflammation and suggest that microbial metabolism of UDCA is necessary for the full expression of its protective actions.NEW & NOTEWORTHY On the basis of its cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory actions, the secondary bile acid ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) has well-established uses in both traditional and Western medicine. We identify a new role for the primary metabolite of UDCA, lithocholic acid, as a potent inhibitor of intestinal inflammatory responses, and we present data to suggest that microbial metabolism of UDCA is necessary for the full expression of its protective effects against colonic inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph B J Ward
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Natalia K Lajczak
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Orlaith B Kelly
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aoife M O'Dwyer
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ashwini K Giddam
- School of Biomedical Science and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joan Ní Gabhann
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Placido Franco
- Department. of Chemistry, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Murtaza M Tambuwala
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland; and
| | - Caroline A Jefferies
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Simon Keely
- School of Biomedical Science and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Aldo Roda
- Department. of Chemistry, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stephen J Keely
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland;
| |
Collapse
|