51
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Choi SC, Bartha R. Environmental factors affecting mercury methylation in estuarine sediments. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 1994; 53:805-812. [PMID: 7881207 DOI: 10.1007/bf00196208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S C Choi
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Cook College, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903-0231
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52
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Florencio L, Field JA, Lettinga G. Importance of cobalt for individual trophic groups in an anaerobic methanol-degrading consortium. Appl Environ Microbiol 1994; 60:227-34. [PMID: 8117078 PMCID: PMC201293 DOI: 10.1128/aem.60.1.227-234.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Methanol is an important anaerobic substrate in industrial wastewater treatment and the natural environment. Previous studies indicate that cobalt greatly stimulates methane formation during anaerobic treatment of methanolic wastewaters. To evaluate the effect of cobalt in a mixed culture, a sludge with low background levels of cobalt was cultivated in an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor. Specific inhibitors in batch assays were then utilized to study the effect of cobalt on the growth rate and activity of different microorganisms involved in the anaerobic degradation of methanol. Only methylotrophic methanogens and acetogens were stimulated by cobalt additions, while the other trophic groups utilizing downstream intermediates, H2-CO2 or acetate, were largely unaffected. The optimal concentration of cobalt for the growth and activity of methanol-utilizing methanogens and acetogens was 0.05 mg liter-1. The higher requirement of cobalt is presumably due to the previously reported production of unique corrinoid-containing enzymes (or coenzymes) by direct utilizers of methanol. This distinctly high requirement of cobalt by methylotrophs should be considered during methanolic wastewater treatment. Methylotroph methanogens presented a 60-fold-higher affinity for methanol than acetogens. This result in combination with the fact that acetogens grow slightly faster than methanogens under optimal cobalt conditions indicates that acetogens can outcompete methanogens only when reactor methanol and cobalt concentrations are high, provided enough inorganic carbon is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Florencio
- Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen Agricultural University, The Netherlands
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53
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Kemner JM, Zeikus JG. Purification and characterization of membrane-bound hydrogenase from Methanosarcina barkeri MS. Arch Microbiol 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00248892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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54
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Schmidt JE, Ahring BK. Effects of hydrogen and formate on the degradation of propionate and butyrate in thermophilic granules from an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor. Appl Environ Microbiol 1993; 59:2546-51. [PMID: 8368842 PMCID: PMC182318 DOI: 10.1128/aem.59.8.2546-2551.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Degradation of propionate and butyrate in whole and disintegrated granules from a thermophilic (55 degrees C) upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor fed with acetate, propionate, and butyrate as substrates was examined. The propionate and butyrate degradation rates in whole granules were 1.16 and 4.0 mumol/min/g of volatile solids, respectively, and the rates decreased 35 and 25%, respectively, after disintegration of the granules. The effect of adding different hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria (both sulfate reducers and methanogens), some of which used formate in addition to hydrogen, to disintegrated granules was tested. Addition of either Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum delta H, a hydrogen-utilizing methanogen that does not use formate, or Methanobacterium sp. strain CB12, a hydrogen- and formate-utilizing methanogen, to disintegrated granules increased the degradation rate of both propionate and butyrate. Furthermore, addition of a thermophilic sulfate-reducing bacterium (a Desulfotomaculum sp. isolated in our laboratory) to disintegrated granules improved the degradation of both substrates even more than the addition of methanogens. By monitoring the hydrogen partial pressure in the cultures, a correlation between the hydrogen partial pressure and the degradation rate of propionate and butyrate was observed, showing a decrease in the degradation rate with increased hydrogen partial pressure. No significant differences in the stimulation of the degradation rates were observed when the disintegrated granules were supplied with methanogens that utilized hydrogen only or hydrogen and formate. This indicated that interspecies formate transfer was not important for stimulation of propionate and butyrate degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Schmidt
- Department of Biotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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55
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Fetzer S, Conrad R. Effect of redox potential on methanogenesis by Methanosarcina barkeri. Arch Microbiol 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00288711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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56
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Lowe SE, Jain MK, Zeikus JG. Biology, ecology, and biotechnological applications of anaerobic bacteria adapted to environmental stresses in temperature, pH, salinity, or substrates. Microbiol Rev 1993; 57:451-509. [PMID: 8336675 PMCID: PMC372919 DOI: 10.1128/mr.57.2.451-509.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Anaerobic bacteria include diverse species that can grow at environmental extremes of temperature, pH, salinity, substrate toxicity, or available free energy. The first evolved archaebacterial and eubacterial species appear to have been anaerobes adapted to high temperatures. Thermoanaerobes and their stable enzymes have served as model systems for basic and applied studies of microbial cellulose and starch degradation, methanogenesis, ethanologenesis, acetogenesis, autotrophic CO2 fixation, saccharidases, hydrogenases, and alcohol dehydrogenases. Anaerobes, unlike aerobes, appear to have evolved more energy-conserving mechanisms for physiological adaptation to environmental stresses such as novel enzyme activities and stabilities and novel membrane lipid compositions and functions. Anaerobic syntrophs do not have similar aerobic bacterial counterparts. The metabolic end products of syntrophs are potent thermodynamic inhibitors of energy conservation mechanisms, and they require coordinated consumption by a second partner organism for species growth. Anaerobes adapted to environmental stresses and their enzymes have biotechnological applications in organic waste treatment systems and chemical and fuel production systems based on biomass-derived substrates or syngas. These kinds of anaerobes have only recently been examined by biologists, and considerably more study is required before they are fully appreciated by science and technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Lowe
- Department of Biochemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
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57
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58
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Wu WM, Hickey RF, Zeikus JG. Characterization of metabolic performance of methanogenic granules treating brewery wastewater: role of sulfate-reducing bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 1991; 57:3438-49. [PMID: 1785921 PMCID: PMC183994 DOI: 10.1128/aem.57.12.3438-3449.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Granules from an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket system treating a brewery wastewater that contained mainly ethanol, propionate, and acetate as carbon sources and sulfate (0.6 to 1.0 mM) were characterized for their physical and chemical properties, metabolic performance on various substrates, and microbial composition. Transmission electron microscopic examination showed that at least three types of microcolonies existed inside the granules. One type consisted of Methanothrix-like rods with low levels of Methanobacterium-like rods; two other types appeared to be associations between syntrophic-like acetogens and Methanobacterium-like organisms. The granules were observed to be have numerous vents or channels on the surface that extended into the interior portions of the granules that may be involved in release of gas formed within the granules. The maximum substrate conversion rates (millimoles per gram of volatile suspended solids per day) at 35 degrees C in the absence of sulfate were 45.1, 8.04, 4.14, and 5.75 for ethanol, acetate, propionate, and glucose, respectively. The maximum methane production rates (millimoles per gram of volatile suspended solids per day) from H2-CO2 and formate were essentially equal for intact granules (13.7 and 13.5) and for physically disrupted granules (42 and 37). During syntrophic ethanol conversion, both hydrogen and formate were formed by the granules. The concentrations of these two intermediates were maintained at a thermodynamic equilibrium, indicating that both are intermediate metabolites in degradation. Formate accumulated and was then consumed during methanogenesis from H2-CO2. Higher concentrations of formate accumulated in the absence of sulfate than in the presence of sulfate. The addition of sulfate (8 to 9 mM) increased the maximum substrate degradation rates for propionate and ethanol by 27 and 12%, respectively. In the presence of this level of sulfate, sulfate-reducing bacteria did not play a significant role in the metabolism of H2, formate, and acetate, but ethanol and propionate were converted via sulfate reduction by approximately 28 and 60%, respectively. In the presence of 2.0 mM molybdate, syntrophic propionate and ethanol conversion by the granules was inhibited by 97 and 29%, respectively. The data show that in this granular microbial consortium, methanogens and sulfate-reducing bacteria did not compete for common substrates. Syntrophic propionate and ethanol conversion was likely performed primarily by sulfate-reducing bacteria, while H2, formate, and acetate were consumed primarily by methanogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M Wu
- Michigan Biotechnology Institute, Lansing 48909
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59
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Bhosale S, Yeole T, Kshirsagar D. Distribution of transition metal ions in multiple forms of Methanosarcina hydrogenase. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1990. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1990.tb13985.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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60
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Rivard CJ, Bordeaux F, Henson JM, Smith PH. Effects of addition of soluble oxidants on the thermophilic anaerobic digestion of biomass to methane. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 1988. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02779161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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61
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Cord-Ruwisch R, Seitz HJ, Conrad R. The capacity of hydrogenotrophic anaerobic bacteria to compete for traces of hydrogen depends on the redox potential of the terminal electron acceptor. Arch Microbiol 1988. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00411655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 381] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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62
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Minami K, Tanimoto Y, Tasaki M, Ogawa S, Okamura K. Influence of pH on methane and sulfide production from methanol. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0385-6380(88)90137-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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63
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Thiele JH, Chartrain M, Zeikus JG. Control of Interspecies Electron Flow during Anaerobic Digestion: Role of Floc Formation in Syntrophic Methanogenesis. Appl Environ Microbiol 1988; 54:10-19. [PMID: 16347517 PMCID: PMC202390 DOI: 10.1128/aem.54.1.10-19.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The flora of an anaerobic whey-processing chemostat was separated by anaerobic sedimentation techniques into a free-living bacterial fraction and a bacterial floc fraction. The floc fraction constituted a major part (i.e., 57% total protein) of the total microbial population in the digestor, and it accounted for 87% of the total CO(2)-dependent methanogenic activity and 76% of the total ethanol-consuming acetogenic activity. Lactose was degraded by both cellular fractions, but in the free flora fraction it was associated with higher intermediary levels of H(2), ethanol, butyrate, and propionate production. Electron microscopic analysis of flocs showed bacterial diversity and juxtapositioning of tentative Desulfovibrio and Methanobacterium species without significant microcolony formation. Ethanol, an intermediary product of lactose-hydrolyzing bacteria, was converted to acetate and methane within the flocs by interspecies electron transfer. Ethanol-dependent methane formation was compartmentalized and closely coupled kinetically within the flocs but without significant formation of H(2) gas. Physical disruption of flocs into fragments of 10- to 20-mum diameter initially increased the H(2) partial pressure but did not change the carbon transformation kinetic patterns of ethanol metabolism or demonstrate a significant role for H(2) in CO(2) reduction to methane. The data demonstrate that floc formation in a whey-processing anaerobic digestor functions in juxtapositioning cells for interspecies electron transfer during syntrophic ethanol conversion into acetate and methane but by a mechanism which was independent of the available dissolved H(2) gas pool in the ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurgen H Thiele
- Michigan Biotechnology Institute, P.O. Box 27609, Lansing, Michigan 48909, and the Departments of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
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64
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Kemmer JM, Krzycki JA, Prince RC, Zeikus J. Spectroscopic and enzymatic evidence for membrane-bound electron transport carriers and hydrogenase and their relation to cytochromebfunction inMethanosarcina barkeri. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1987. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1987.tb02554.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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65
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Beeman RE, Suflita JM. Microbial ecology of a shallow unconfined ground water aquifer polluted by municipal landfill leachate. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 1987; 14:39-54. [PMID: 24202605 DOI: 10.1007/bf02011569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The microflora of a shallow anoxic aquifer underlying a municipal landfill in Oklahoma was characterized by direct light microscopy, most probable number determinations of sulfate reducers and methanogens, and measurements of methanogenesis in aquifer samples containing either endogenous or exogenous electron donors and various sulfate concentrations. Acridine orange direct counts of bacteria did not vary significantly with time or between 2 major sampling areas (1.70±0.16×10(7) to 11.2±2.1×10(7) cells/gdw). One site (B) was high in organic matter and low in sulfate, and methanogens generally outnumbered sulfate-reducers at most times of the year, whereas the opposite was true for another site (A). Greater than 75% of the theoretical amount of methane was detected within 7 weeks in both site A and B aquifer slurries amended with noncompetitive electron donors like methanol and trimethylamine. However, only site B slurries efficiently converted competitive donors like acetate, H2, and formate to the expected amount of methane. A mapping of sulfate and methane levels indicated that site A is relatively localized. These results suggest that the predominant flow of carbon and energy is through methanogenesis at aquifer site B whereas sulfate reduction predominated at site A. However, both methanogens and sulfate reducers could be isolated from either site.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Beeman
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, The University of Oklahoma, 73019, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
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66
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Bhatnagar L, Krzycki J, Zeikus J. Analysis of hydrogen metabolism in Methanosarcina barkeri: Regulation of hydrogenase and role of CO-dehydrogenase in H2 production. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1987. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1987.tb02223.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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67
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Krzycki J, Morgan J, Conrad R, Zeikus J. Hydrogen metabolism during methanogenesis from acetate byMethanosarcina barkeri. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1987. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1987.tb02024.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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68
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Boone DR, Menaia JA, Boone JE, Mah RA. Effects of Hydrogen Pressure during Growth and Effects of Pregrowth with Hydrogen on Acetate Degradation by
Methanosarcina
Species. Appl Environ Microbiol 1987; 53:83-7. [PMID: 16347269 PMCID: PMC203607 DOI: 10.1128/aem.53.1.83-87.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Methanosarcina barkeri
227 and
Methanosarcina mazei
S-6 grew with acetate as the substrate; we found little effect of H
2
on the rate of aceticlastic growth in the presence of various H
2
pressures between 2 and 810 Pa. We used physical (H
2
addition or flushing the headspace to remove H
2
) and biological (H
2
-producing or -utilizing bacteria in cocultures) methods for controlling H
2
pressure in
Methanosarcina
cultures growing on acetate. Added H
2
(ca. 100 Pa) was removed rapidly (a few hours) by
M. barkeri
and slowly (within a day) by
M. mazei
. When the H
2
produced by the aceticlastic methanogens was removed by coculturing with an H
2
-using
Desulfovibrio
sp., the H
2
pressure was about 2.2 Pa. Under these conditions the stoichiometry of aceticlastic methanogenesis did not change. H
2
-grown inocula of
M. barkeri
grew with acetate as the sole catabolic substrate if the inoculum culture was transferred during logarithmic growth to acetate-containing medium or if the transfer was accomplished within 1 or 2 days after exhaustion of H
2
. H
2
-grown cultures incubated for 4 or more days after exhaustion of H
2
were able to grow with H
2
but not with acetate as the sole catabolic substrate. Addition of small quantities of H
2
to acetate-containing medium permitted these cultures to initiate growth on acetate.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Boone
- Division of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90024, and Ministéro da Indústria, Energia e Exportação, Departmento de Tecnologia de Indústrias Quimicas, Estrada das Paleiras, 2745 Queluz de Baixo, Portugal
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69
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70
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71
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Nanninga HJ, Gottschal JC. Isolation of a sulfate-reducing bacterium growing with methanol. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1986. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1986.tb01959.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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72
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Schauder R, Eikmanns B, Thauer RK, Widdel F, Fuchs G. Acetate oxidation to CO2 in anaerobic bacteria via a novel pathway not involving reactions of the citric acid cycle. Arch Microbiol 1986. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00446775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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73
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Heijthuijsen J, Hansen T. Interspecies hydrogen transfer in co-cultures of methanol-utilizing acidogens and sulfate-reducing or methanogenic bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1986. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1986.tb01939.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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