51
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Kim D, Sengupta A, Niepa THR, Lee BH, Weljie A, Freitas-Blanco VS, Murata RM, Stebe KJ, Lee D, Koo H. Candida albicans stimulates Streptococcus mutans microcolony development via cross-kingdom biofilm-derived metabolites. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41332. [PMID: 28134351 PMCID: PMC5278416 DOI: 10.1038/srep41332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is frequently detected with heavy infection of Streptococcus mutans in plaque-biofilms from children affected with early-childhood caries, a prevalent and costly oral disease. The presence of C. albicans enhances S. mutans growth within biofilms, yet the chemical interactions associated with bacterial accumulation remain unclear. Thus, this study was conducted to investigate how microbial products from this cross-kingdom association modulate S. mutans build-up in biofilms. Our data revealed that bacterial-fungal derived conditioned medium (BF-CM) significantly increased the growth of S. mutans and altered biofilm 3D-architecture in a dose-dependent manner, resulting in enlarged and densely packed bacterial cell-clusters (microcolonies). Intriguingly, BF-CM induced S. mutans gtfBC expression (responsible for Gtf exoenzymes production), enhancing Gtf activity essential for microcolony development. Using a recently developed nanoculture system, the data demonstrated simultaneous microcolony growth and gtfB activation in situ by BF-CM. Further metabolites/chromatographic analyses of BF-CM revealed elevated amounts of formate and the presence of Candida-derived farnesol, which is commonly known to exhibit antibacterial activity. Unexpectedly, at the levels detected (25-50 μM), farnesol enhanced S. mutans-biofilm cell growth, microcolony development, and Gtf activity akin to BF-CM bioactivity. Altogether, the data provide new insights on how extracellular microbial products from cross-kingdom interactions stimulate the accumulation of a bacterial pathogen within biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyeop Kim
- Biofilm Research Laboratory, Department of Orthodontics and Divisions of Pediatric Dentistry &Community Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Arjun Sengupta
- Department of Systems Pharmacology &Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tagbo H R Niepa
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Byung-Hoo Lee
- Department of Food Science, Gachon University, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Aalim Weljie
- Department of Systems Pharmacology &Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Ramiro M Murata
- Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kathleen J Stebe
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daeyeon Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hyun Koo
- Biofilm Research Laboratory, Department of Orthodontics and Divisions of Pediatric Dentistry &Community Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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52
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Jørgensen MR, Kragelund C, Jensen PØ, Keller MK, Twetman S. Probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri has antifungal effects on oral Candida species in vitro. J Oral Microbiol 2017; 9:1274582. [PMID: 28326154 PMCID: PMC5328390 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2016.1274582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: An alternative approach for managing Candida infections in the oral cavity by modulating the oral microbiota with probiotic bacteria has been proposed. Objective: The aim was to investigate the antifungal potential of the probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus reuteri (DSM 17938 and ATCC PTA 5289) against six oral Candida species (C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. krusei, C. tropicalis, C. dubliniensis, and C. parapsilosis).
Design: The lactobacilli were tested for their ability to co-aggregate with and inhibit the growth of the yeasts assessed by spectrophotometry and the agar overlay inhibition assay. Additionally, the pH was evaluated with microsensors, and the production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by the lactobacilli was verified. Results: Both L. reuteri strains showed co-aggregation abilities with the yeasts. The lactobacilli almost completely inhibited the growth of C. albicans and C. parapsilosis, but did not affect C. krusei. Statistically significant differences in co-aggregation and growth inhibition capacities between the two L. reuteri strains were observed (p<0.001). The pH measurements suggested that C. krusei can resist the acids produced by the lactobacilli. Conclusions:L. reuteri exhibited antifungal properties against five of the six most common oral Candida species. Further, the results reconfirms that the probiotic capacity of L. reuteri is strain specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Rose Jørgensen
- Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Camilla Kragelund
- Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | | | - Mette Kirstine Keller
- Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Svante Twetman
- Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
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53
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Hirota K, Yumoto H, Sapaar B, Matsuo T, Ichikawa T, Miyake Y. Pathogenic factors in Candida biofilm-related infectious diseases. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 122:321-330. [PMID: 27770500 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Candida albicans is a commonly found member of the human microflora and is a major human opportunistic fungal pathogen. A perturbation of the microbiome can lead to infectious diseases caused by various micro-organisms, including C. albicans. Moreover, the interactions between C. albicans and bacteria are considered to play critical roles in human health. The major biological feature of C. albicans, which impacts human health, resides in its ability to form biofilms. In particular, the extracellular matrix (ECM) of Candida biofilm plays a multifaceted role and therefore may be considered as a highly attractive target to combat biofilm-related infectious diseases. In addition, extracellular DNA (eDNA) also plays a crucial role in Candida biofilm formation and its structural integrity and induces the morphological transition from yeast to the hyphal growth form during C. albicans biofilm development. This review focuses on pathogenic factors such as eDNA in Candida biofilm formation and its ECM production and provides meaningful information for future studies to develop a novel strategy to battle infectious diseases elicited by Candida-formed biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hirota
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - H Yumoto
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - B Sapaar
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Prosthodontics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - T Matsuo
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - T Ichikawa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Prosthodontics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Y Miyake
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
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54
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Rego S, Heal TJ, Pidwill GR, Till M, Robson A, Lamont RJ, Sessions RB, Jenkinson HF, Race PR, Nobbs AH. Structural and Functional Analysis of Cell Wall-anchored Polypeptide Adhesin BspA in Streptococcus agalactiae. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:15985-6000. [PMID: 27311712 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.726562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus agalactiae (group B Streptococcus, GBS) is the predominant cause of early-onset infectious disease in neonates and is responsible for life-threatening infections in elderly and immunocompromised individuals. Clinical manifestations of GBS infection include sepsis, pneumonia, and meningitis. Here, we describe BspA, a deviant antigen I/II family polypeptide that confers adhesive properties linked to pathogenesis in GBS. Heterologous expression of BspA on the surface of the non-adherent bacterium Lactococcus lactis confers adherence to scavenger receptor gp340, human vaginal epithelium, and to the fungus Candida albicans Complementary crystallographic and biophysical characterization of BspA reveal a novel β-sandwich adhesion domain and unique asparagine-dependent super-helical stalk. Collectively, these findings establish a new bacterial adhesin structure that has in effect been hijacked by a pathogenic Streptococcus species to provide competitive advantage in human mucosal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Rego
- From the School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 2LY, United Kingdom, the School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy J Heal
- the School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom, the Bristol Centre for Functional Nanomaterials, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TL, United Kingdom
| | - Grace R Pidwill
- From the School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 2LY, United Kingdom
| | - Marisa Till
- the School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom, the BrisSynBio Synthetic Biology Research Centre, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TQ, United Kingdom, and
| | - Alice Robson
- the School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J Lamont
- the Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202
| | - Richard B Sessions
- the School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom, the BrisSynBio Synthetic Biology Research Centre, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TQ, United Kingdom, and
| | - Howard F Jenkinson
- From the School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 2LY, United Kingdom
| | - Paul R Race
- the School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom, the BrisSynBio Synthetic Biology Research Centre, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TQ, United Kingdom, and
| | - Angela H Nobbs
- From the School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 2LY, United Kingdom,
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55
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Montelongo-Jauregui D, Srinivasan A, Ramasubramanian AK, Lopez-Ribot JL. An In Vitro Model for Oral Mixed Biofilms of Candida albicans and Streptococcus gordonii in Synthetic Saliva. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:686. [PMID: 27242712 PMCID: PMC4864667 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
As a member of the normal human oral microbiota, the fungus Candida albicans is often found in association with Streptococcus gordonii, a member of dental plaque forming bacteria. Evidence suggests that S. gordonii serves as a facilitator of C. albicans adherence to dental tissues, which represents a clinically relevant problem, particularly for immunocompromised individuals that could subsequently develop fungal infections. In this study we describe the development of a relatively simple and economical in vitro model that allows for the growth of mixed bacterial/fungal biofilms in 96-well microtiter plates. We have applied this method to test and compare the growth characteristics of single and dual species biofilms in traditional microbiological media versus a synthetic saliva medium (basal medium mucin, BMM) that more closely resembles physiological conditions within the oral cavity. Results indicated a synergistic effect for the formation of biofilms when both microorganisms were seeded together under all conditions tested. The structural and architectural features of the resulting biofilms were further characterized using scanning electron microscopy and confocal scanning laser microscopy. We also performed drug susceptibility assays against single and mixed species biofilms using commonly used antifungals and antibacterial antibiotics, both in monotherapy and in combination therapy, for a direct comparison of resistance against antimicrobial treatment. As expected, mixed species biofilms displayed higher levels of resistance to antimicrobial treatment at every dose tested in both traditional media and BMM synthetic saliva, as compared to single-species biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Montelongo-Jauregui
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas at San AntonioSan Antonio, TX, USA; South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San AntonioSan Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Anand Srinivasan
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San AntonioSan Antonio, TX, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at San AntonioSan Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Anand K Ramasubramanian
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San AntonioSan Antonio, TX, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at San AntonioSan Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Jose L Lopez-Ribot
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas at San AntonioSan Antonio, TX, USA; South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San AntonioSan Antonio, TX, USA
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56
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Höfs S, Mogavero S, Hube B. Interaction of Candida albicans with host cells: virulence factors, host defense, escape strategies, and the microbiota. J Microbiol 2016; 54:149-69. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-016-5514-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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57
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Smeekens SP, van de Veerdonk FL, Netea MG. An Omics Perspective on Candida Infections: Toward Next-Generation Diagnosis and Therapy. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:154. [PMID: 26909070 PMCID: PMC4754423 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida species can cause severe infections associated with high morbidity and mortality. Therefore, it is essential to gain more insight into the anti-fungal host defense response. The advent of omics technology and development of advanced systems biology tools has permitted to approach this in an unbiased and quantitative manner. This review summarizes the insights gained on anti-Candida immunity from genetic-, transcriptome-, proteome-, metabolome-, microbiome-, mycobiome-, and computational systems biology studies and discusses practical aspects and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Smeekens
- Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - M G Netea
- Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Netherlands
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58
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James KM, MacDonald KW, Chanyi RM, Cadieux PA, Burton JP. Inhibition of Candida albicans biofilm formation and modulation of gene expression by probiotic cells and supernatant. J Med Microbiol 2016; 65:328-336. [PMID: 26847045 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral candidiasis is a disease caused by opportunistic species of Candida that normally reside on human mucosal surfaces. The transition of Candida from budding yeast to filamentous hyphae allows for covalent attachment to oral epithelial cells, followed by biofilm formation, invasion and tissue damage. In this study, combinations of Lactobacillus plantarum SD5870, Lactobacillus helveticus CBS N116411 and Streptococcus salivarius DSM 14685 were assessed for their ability to inhibit the formation of and disrupt Candida albicans biofilms. Co-incubation with probiotic supernatants under hyphae-inducing conditions reduced C. albicans biofilm formation by >75 % in all treatment groups. Likewise, combinations of live probiotics reduced biofilm formation of C. albicans by >67 %. When live probiotics or their supernatants were overlaid on preformed C. albicans biofilms, biofilm size was reduced by >63 and >65 % respectively. Quantitative real-time PCR results indicated that the combined supernatants of SD5870 and CBS N116411 significantly reduced the expression of several C. albicans genes involved in the yeast-hyphae transition: ALS3 (adhesin/invasin) by 70 % (P < 0.0001), EFG1 (hyphae-specific gene activator) by 47 % (P = 0.0061), SAP5 (secreted protease) by 49 % (P < 0.0001) and HWP1 (hyphal wall protein critical to biofilm formation) by >99 % (P < 0.0001). These findings suggest the combination of L. plantarum SD5870, L. helveticus CBS N116411 and S. salivarius DSM 14685 is effective at both preventing the formation of and removing preformed C. albicans biofilms. Our novel results point to the downregulation of several Candida genes critical to the yeast-hyphae transition, biofilm formation, tissue invasion and cellular damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M James
- Fanshawe College, London, Ontario, Canada.,Integra Medical Inc., Stiller Center for Technology Commercialization, Western University Research Park, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - K W MacDonald
- Integra Medical Inc., Stiller Center for Technology Commercialization, Western University Research Park, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - R M Chanyi
- Fanshawe College, London, Ontario, Canada.,Integra Medical Inc., Stiller Center for Technology Commercialization, Western University Research Park, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - P A Cadieux
- Fanshawe College, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Canadian Centre for Human Microbiome and Probiotics, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - J P Burton
- Canadian Centre for Human Microbiome and Probiotics, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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59
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Dutton LC, Jenkinson HF, Lamont RJ, Nobbs AH. Role of Candida albicans secreted aspartyl protease Sap9 in interkingdom biofilm formation. Pathog Dis 2016; 74:ftw005. [PMID: 26772652 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftw005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungus Candida albicans colonizes oral cavity surfaces and is carried by up to 60% of human populations. Biofilm development by C. albicans may be modulated by oral streptococci, such as Streptococcus gordonii, S. oralis or S. mutans, so as to augment pathogenicity. In this study we sought to determine if the cell wall-associated secreted aspartyl proteinase Sap9 was necessary for hyphal adhesin functions associated with biofilm community development. A sap9Δ mutant of C. albicans SC5314 formed biofilms that were flatter, and contained fewer blastospores and more hyphal filaments than the parent strain. This phenotypic difference was accentuated under flow (shear) conditions and in the presence of S. gordonii. Dual-species biofilms of C. albicans sap9Δ with S. oralis, S. sanguinis, S. parasanguinis, S. mutans and Enterococcus faecalis all contained more matted hyphae and more bacteria bound to substratum compared to C. albicans wild type. sap9Δ mutant hyphae showed significantly increased cell surface hydrophobicity, ∼25% increased levels of binding C. albicans cell wall protein Als3, and reduced interaction with Eap1, implicating Sap9 in fungal cell-cell recognition. These observations suggest that Sap9 is associated with protein-receptor interactions between fungal cells, and with interkingdom communication in the formation of polymicrobial biofilm communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay C Dutton
- School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 2LY, UK
| | - Howard F Jenkinson
- School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 2LY, UK
| | - Richard J Lamont
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Angela H Nobbs
- School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 2LY, UK
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60
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Nair VV, Karibasappa GN, Dodamani A, Prashanth VK. Microbial contamination of removable dental prosthesis at different interval of usage: An in vitro study. J Indian Prosthodont Soc 2016; 16:346-351. [PMID: 27746598 PMCID: PMC5062147 DOI: 10.4103/0972-4052.176536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Loss of teeth affects the individual's health. Many factors determine the need to wear a removable dental prosthesis. Due to nature of design, age and lack of awareness, prosthesis often are neglected to maintain in an aseptic condition leading to microbial contamination. This provided an impetus for the present study with the aim of determining the microbial contamination of removable dental prosthesis. Methodology: Total, 45 patients wearing removable dental prosthesis were randomly selected. Patients were divided into three groups as per duration of usage since 1 month, 6 month and ≥1 year. Sterile cotton swab moistened with phosphate buffer saline (PBS) was used to collect swab from the fitting areas of prosthesis. Swab samples was inserted immediately into the sterile tube containing 1 ml of PBS solution, 10 μl PBS is inoculated on the blood agar and MacConkey agar plates using spread plate technique. Samples were cultured and incubated at 37°C for 48 h. Calibrated microbiologist isolated, identified and counted microorganisms using colony counter. Depending on the nature of data, statistical analysis was done applying Kruskal–Wallis test, Mann–Whitney U-test and Chi-square test. Result: Streptococcus species and Staphylococcus aureus were the common microorganisms isolated in all three groups and was statistically significant at P <0.05. Candida albicans, Diptheroid, Escherichia coli, Micrococcus species were isolated from Group II and Group III. Conclusion: There is a linear increase in microbial contamination of removable dental prosthesis as the duration of usage increases and might increase the susceptibility of individuals' to many diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijita Vijay Nair
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, ACPM Dental College and Hospital, Dhule, Maharashtra, India
| | - G N Karibasappa
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, ACPM Dental College and Hospital, Dhule, Maharashtra, India
| | - Arun Dodamani
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, ACPM Dental College and Hospital, Dhule, Maharashtra, India
| | - V K Prashanth
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, ACPM Dental College and Hospital, Dhule, Maharashtra, India
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61
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Shirley KP, Windsor LJ, Eckert GJ, Gregory RL. In Vitro Effects of Plantago Major Extract, Aucubin, and Baicalein on Candida albicans Biofilm Formation, Metabolic Activity, and Cell Surface Hydrophobicity. J Prosthodont 2015; 26:508-515. [PMID: 26618515 DOI: 10.1111/jopr.12411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the in vitro effectiveness of Plantago major extract, along with two of its active components, aucubin and baicalein, on the inhibition of Candida albicans growth, biofilm formation, metabolic activity, and cell surface hydrophobicity. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twofold dilutions of P. major, aucubin, and baicalein were used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC), and the minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC) of each solution. Separately, twofold dilutions of P. major, aucubin, and baicalein were used to determine the metabolic activity of established C. albicans biofilm using a 2,3-bis (2- methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-carboxanilide reduction assay. Twofold dilutions of P. major, aucubin, and baicalein were used to determine the cell surface hydrophobicity of treated C. albicans biofilm by a two-phase assay using hexadecane. The hydrophobicity percentage of the cell surface was then calculated. A mixed-model ANOVA test was used for intergroup comparisons. RESULTS The MICs of P. major extract (diluted 1:2 to 1:8), aucubin (61 to 244 μg/ml), and baicalein (0.0063 to 100 μg/ml) on the total growth of C. albicans were noticeable at their highest concentrations, and the inhibition was dose dependent. The MFC was evaluated after 48 hours of incubation, and aucubin (244 μg/ml) exhibited a strong fungicidal activity at its highest concentration against C. albicans growth. The MBIC indicated no growth or reduced growth of C. albicans biofilm at the highest concentrations of aucubin (61 to 244 μg/ml) and baicalein (25 to 100 μg/ml). Similarly, the effects of these reagents on C. albicans biofilm metabolic activity and hydrophobicity demonstrated high effectiveness at their highest concentrations. CONCLUSION P. major extract, aucubin, and baicalein caused a dose-dependent reduction on the total growth, biofilm formation, metabolic activity, and cell surface hydrophobicity of C. albicans. This demonstrates their effectiveness as antifungals and suggests their promising potential use as solutions for C. albicans biofilm-related infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Pezo Shirley
- Department of Prosthodontics, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN
| | - L Jack Windsor
- Department of Oral Biology, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN
| | - George J Eckert
- Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Richard L Gregory
- Department of Oral Biology, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN
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62
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Susewind S, Lang R, Hahnel S. Biofilm formation and Candida albicans morphology on the surface of denture base materials. Mycoses 2015; 58:719-27. [PMID: 26471334 DOI: 10.1111/myc.12420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Fungal biofilms may contribute to the occurrence of denture stomatitis. The objective of the study was to investigate the biofilm formation and morphology of Candida albicans in biofilms on the surface of denture base materials. Specimens were prepared from different denture base materials. After determination of surface properties and salivary pellicle formation, mono- and multispecies biofilm formation including Candida albicans ATCC 10231 was initiated. Relative amounts of adherent cells were determined after 20, 44, 68 and 188 h; C. albicans morphology was analysed employing selective fluorescence microscopic analysis. Significant differences were identified in the relative amount of cells adherent to the denture base materials. Highest blastospore/hyphae index suggesting an increased percentage of hyphae was observed in mono- and multispecies biofilms on the soft denture liner, which did not necessarily respond to the highest relative amount of adherent cells. For both biofilm models, lowest relative amount of adherent cells was identified on the methacrylate-based denture base material, which did not necessarily relate to a significantly lower blastospore/hyphae index. The results indicate that there are significant differences in both biofilm formation as well as the morphology of C. albicans cells in biofilms on the surface of different denture base materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Susewind
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Regensburg University Medical Center, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Reinhold Lang
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Regensburg University Medical Center, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Hahnel
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Regensburg University Medical Center, Regensburg, Germany
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63
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Jesionowski AM, Mansfield JM, Brittan JL, Jenkinson HF, Vickerman MM. Transcriptome analysis of Streptococcus gordonii Challis DL1 indicates a role for the biofilm-associated fruRBA operon in response to Candida albicans. Mol Oral Microbiol 2015; 31:314-28. [PMID: 26280461 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Multiple levels of interkingdom signaling have been implicated in maintaining the ecological balance between Candida albicans and commensal streptococci to assure a state of oral health. To better understand the molecular mechanisms involved in the initial streptococcal response to the presence of C. albicans that can initiate oral surface colonization and biofilm formation, hypha-forming cells were incubated with Streptococcus gordonii cells for 30 min to assess the streptococcal transcriptome response. A genome-wide microarray analysis and quantitative polymerase chain reaction validation of S. gordonii transcripts identified a number of genes, the majority of which were involved in metabolic functions that were differentially expressed in the presence of hyphae. The fruR, fruB, and fruA genes encoding the transcriptional regulator, fructose-1-phosphate kinase, and fructose-specific permease, respectively, of the phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent fructose phosphotransferase system, were consistently upregulated. An S. gordonii mutant in which these genes were deleted by allelic replacement formed an architecturally distinct, less robust biofilm with C. albicans than did parental strain cells. Complementing the mutant with plasmid borne fruR, fruB, and fruA genes caused phenotype reversion, indicating that the genes in this operon played a role in dual-species biofilm formation. This genome-wide analysis of the S. gordonii transcriptional response to C. albicans has identified several genes that have potential roles in interkingdom signaling and responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Jesionowski
- Department of Oral Biology and Department of Periodontics and Endodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - J M Mansfield
- Department of Oral Biology and Department of Periodontics and Endodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - J L Brittan
- School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - H F Jenkinson
- School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - M M Vickerman
- Department of Oral Biology and Department of Periodontics and Endodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Netea MG, Joosten LAB, van der Meer JWM, Kullberg BJ, van de Veerdonk FL. Immune defence against Candida fungal infections. Nat Rev Immunol 2015; 15:630-42. [DOI: 10.1038/nri3897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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65
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O'Donnell LE, Millhouse E, Sherry L, Kean R, Malcolm J, Nile CJ, Ramage G. PolymicrobialCandidabiofilms: friends and foe in the oral cavity. FEMS Yeast Res 2015; 15:fov077. [DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/fov077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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66
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Dutton LC, Paszkiewicz KH, Silverman RJ, Splatt PR, Shaw S, Nobbs AH, Lamont RJ, Jenkinson HF, Ramsdale M. Transcriptional landscape of trans-kingdom communication between Candida albicans and Streptococcus gordonii. Mol Oral Microbiol 2015; 31:136-61. [PMID: 26042999 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that the transcriptional landscape of the pleiomorphic fungus Candida albicans is highly dependent upon growth conditions. Here using a dual RNA-seq approach we identified 299 C. albicans and 72 Streptococcus gordonii genes that were either upregulated or downregulated specifically as a result of co-culturing these human oral cavity microorganisms. Seventy-five C. albicans genes involved in responses to chemical stimuli, regulation, homeostasis, protein modification and cell cycle were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) upregulated, whereas 36 genes mainly involved in transport and translation were downregulated. Upregulation of filamentation-associated TEC1 and FGR42 genes, and of ALS1 adhesin gene, concurred with previous evidence that the C. albicans yeast to hypha transition is promoted by S. gordonii. Increased expression of genes required for arginine biosynthesis in C. albicans was potentially indicative of a novel oxidative stress response. The transcriptional response of S. gordonii to C. albicans was less dramatic, with only eight S. gordonii genes significantly (P ≤ 0.05) upregulated at least two-fold (glpK, rplO, celB, rplN, rplB, rpsE, ciaR and gat). The expression patterns suggest that signals from S. gordonii cause a positive filamentation response in C. albicans, whereas S. gordonii appears to be transcriptionally less influenced by C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Dutton
- School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - K H Paszkiewicz
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - R J Silverman
- School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - P R Splatt
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - S Shaw
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - A H Nobbs
- School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - R J Lamont
- University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - H F Jenkinson
- School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - M Ramsdale
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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67
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Hwang G, Marsh G, Gao L, Waugh R, Koo H. Binding Force Dynamics of Streptococcus mutans-glucosyltransferase B to Candida albicans. J Dent Res 2015; 94:1310-7. [PMID: 26138722 DOI: 10.1177/0022034515592859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans cells are often detected with Streptococcus mutans in plaque biofilms from children affected with early childhood caries. The coadhesion between these 2 organisms appears to be largely mediated by the S. mutans-derived exoenzyme glucosyltransferase B (GtfB); GtfB readily binds to C. albicans cells in an active form, producing glucans locally that provide enhanced binding sites for S. mutans. However, knowledge is limited about the mechanisms by which the bacterial exoenzyme binds to and functions on the fungal surface to promote this unique cross-kingdom interaction. In this study, we use atomic force microscopy to understand the strength and binding dynamics modulating GtfB-C. albicans adhesive interactions in situ. Single-molecule force spectroscopy with GtfB-functionalized atomic force microscopy tips demonstrated that the enzyme binds with remarkable strength to the C. albicans cell surface (~2 nN) and showed a low dissociation rate, suggesting a highly stable bond. Strikingly, the binding strength of GtfB to the C. albicans surface was ~2.5-fold higher and the binding stability, ~20 times higher, as compared with the enzyme adhesion to S. mutans. Furthermore, adhesion force maps showed an intriguing pattern of GtfB binding. GtfB adhered heterogeneously on the surface of C. albicans, showing a higher frequency of adhesion failure but large sections of remarkably strong binding forces, suggesting the presence of GtfB binding domains unevenly distributed on the fungal surface. In contrast, GtfB bound uniformly across the S. mutans cell surface with less adhesion failure and a narrower range of binding forces (vs. the C. albicans surface). The data provide the first insights into the mechanisms underlying the adhesive and mechanical properties governing GtfB interactions with C. albicans. The strong and highly stable GtfB binding to C. albicans could explain, at least in part, why this bacterially derived exoenzyme effectively modulates this virulent cross-kingdom interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Hwang
- Biofilm Research Labs, Levy Center for Oral Health, Department of Orthodontics and Divisions of Pediatric Dentistry & Community Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - G Marsh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - L Gao
- Biofilm Research Labs, Levy Center for Oral Health, Department of Orthodontics and Divisions of Pediatric Dentistry & Community Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - R Waugh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - H Koo
- Biofilm Research Labs, Levy Center for Oral Health, Department of Orthodontics and Divisions of Pediatric Dentistry & Community Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
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Xu H, Jenkinson HF, Dongari-Bagtzoglou A. Innocent until proven guilty: mechanisms and roles of Streptococcus-Candida interactions in oral health and disease. Mol Oral Microbiol 2015; 29:99-116. [PMID: 24877244 PMCID: PMC4238848 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Candida albicans and streptococci of the mitis group colonize the oral cavities of the majority of healthy humans. While C. albicans is considered an opportunistic pathogen, streptococci of this group are broadly considered avirulent or even beneficial organisms. However, recent evidence suggests that multi-species biofilms with these organisms may play detrimental roles in host homeostasis and may promote infection. In this review we summarize the literature on molecular interactions between members of this streptococcal group and C. albicans, with emphasis on their potential role in the pathogenesis of opportunistic oral mucosal infections.
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69
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Møretrø T, Sharifzadeh S, Langsrud S, Heir E, Rickard AH. Coaggregation between Rhodococcus and Acinetobacter strains isolated from the food industry. Can J Microbiol 2015; 61:503-12. [DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2015-0210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this study, coaggregation interactions between Rhodococcus and Acinetobacter strains isolated from food-processing surfaces were characterized. Rhodococcus sp. strain MF3727 formed intrageneric coaggregates with Rhodococcus sp. strain MF3803 and intergeneric coaggregates with 2 strains of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus (MF3293, MF3627). Stronger coaggregation between A. calcoaceticus MF3727 and Rhodococcus sp. MF3293 was observed after growth in batch culture at 30 °C than at 20 °C, after growth in tryptic soy broth than in liquid R2A medium, and between cells in exponential and early stationary phases than cells in late stationary phase. The coaggregation ability of Rhodococcus sp. MF3727 was maintained even after heat and Proteinase K treatment, suggesting its ability to coaggregate was protein independent whereas the coaggregation determinants of the other strains involved proteinaceous cell-surface-associated polymers. Coaggregation was stable at pH 5–9. The mechanisms of coaggregation among Acinetobacter and Rhodococcus strains bare similarity to those displayed by coaggregating bacteria of oral and freshwater origin, with respect to binding between proteinaceous and nonproteinaceous determinants and the effect of environmental factors on coaggregation. Coaggregation may contribute to biofilm formation on industrial food surfaces, protecting bacteria against cleaning and disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trond Møretrø
- Nofima, The Norwegian Institute of Food, Fishery and Aquaculture Research, P.O. Box 210, N-1431 Aas, Norway
| | - Shahab Sharifzadeh
- Nofima, The Norwegian Institute of Food, Fishery and Aquaculture Research, P.O. Box 210, N-1431 Aas, Norway
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
| | - Solveig Langsrud
- Nofima, The Norwegian Institute of Food, Fishery and Aquaculture Research, P.O. Box 210, N-1431 Aas, Norway
| | - Even Heir
- Nofima, The Norwegian Institute of Food, Fishery and Aquaculture Research, P.O. Box 210, N-1431 Aas, Norway
| | - Alexander H. Rickard
- The University of Michigan, School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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70
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Rathi N, Singh S, Osbone J, Babu S. Co-aggregation of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis in culture and co-colonization in black gram (Vigna mungo L.) roots. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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71
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Shaping the oral mycobiota: interactions of opportunistic fungi with oral bacteria and the host. Curr Opin Microbiol 2015; 26:65-70. [PMID: 26100661 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The oral mycobiota is an important component of the oral microbiota that has only recently received increased attention. The diversity and complexity of the oral mycobiota in healthy humans is greater than any other body site. Dysbiotic imbalance of indigenous fungal communities in immunosuppressed hosts has been proposed to lead to oropharyngeal fungal infections. As in other body sites, to survive and thrive in the oral cavity fungi have to maintain mutually beneficial relationships with the resident bacterial microbiota and the host. Here we review our current understanding of the composition of the oral mycobiota and how it may be influenced by oral commensal bacteria and the host environment.
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72
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Arzmi MH, Dashper S, Catmull D, Cirillo N, Reynolds EC, McCullough M. Coaggregation ofCandida albicans,Actinomyces naeslundiiandStreptococcus mutansisCandida albicansstrain dependent. FEMS Yeast Res 2015; 15:fov038. [DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/fov038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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73
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Abstract
Only few Candida species, e.g., Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida dubliniensis, and Candida parapsilosis, are successful colonizers of a human host. Under certain circumstances these species can cause infections ranging from superficial to life-threatening disseminated candidiasis. The success of C. albicans, the most prevalent and best studied Candida species, as both commensal and human pathogen depends on its genetic, biochemical, and morphological flexibility which facilitates adaptation to a wide range of host niches. In addition, formation of biofilms provides additional protection from adverse environmental conditions. Furthermore, in many host niches Candida cells coexist with members of the human microbiome. The resulting fungal-bacterial interactions have a major influence on the success of C. albicans as commensal and also influence disease development and outcome. In this chapter, we review the current knowledge of important survival strategies of Candida spp., focusing on fundamental fitness and virulence traits of C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Polke
- Research Group Microbial Immunology, Hans-Knoell-Institute, Jena, Germany; Department Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans-Knoell-Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Department Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans-Knoell-Institute, Jena, Germany; Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany; Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Ilse D Jacobsen
- Research Group Microbial Immunology, Hans-Knoell-Institute, Jena, Germany; Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
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74
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Candida albicans: Molecular interactions with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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75
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Clinical implications of oral candidiasis: host tissue damage and disseminated bacterial disease. Infect Immun 2014; 83:604-13. [PMID: 25422264 DOI: 10.1128/iai.02843-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical significance of polymicrobial interactions, particularly those between commensal species with high pathogenic potential, remains largely understudied. Although the dimorphic fungal species Candida albicans and the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus are common cocolonizers of humans, they are considered leading opportunistic pathogens. Oral candidiasis specifically, characterized by hyphal invasion of oral mucosal tissue, is the most common opportunistic infection in HIV(+) and immunocompromised individuals. In this study, building on our previous findings, a mouse model was developed to investigate whether the onset of oral candidiasis predisposes the host to secondary staphylococcal infection. The findings demonstrated that in mice with oral candidiasis, subsequent exposure to S. aureus resulted in systemic bacterial infection with high morbidity and mortality. Histopathology and scanning electron microscopy of tongue tissue from moribund animals revealed massive C. albicans hyphal invasion coupled with S. aureus deep tissue infiltration. The crucial role of hyphae in the process was demonstrated using a non-hypha-producing and a noninvasive hypha-producing mutant strains of C. albicans. Further, in contrast to previous findings, S. aureus dissemination was aided but not contingent upon the presence of the Als3p hypha-specific adhesion. Importantly, impeding development of mucosal C. albicans infection by administering antifungal fluconazole therapy protected the animals from systemic bacterial disease. The combined findings from this study demonstrate that oral candidiasis may constitute a risk factor for disseminated bacterial disease warranting awareness in terms of therapeutic management of immunocompromised individuals.
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76
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Sztajer H, Szafranski SP, Tomasch J, Reck M, Nimtz M, Rohde M, Wagner-Döbler I. Cross-feeding and interkingdom communication in dual-species biofilms of Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans. THE ISME JOURNAL 2014; 8:2256-71. [PMID: 24824668 PMCID: PMC4992082 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2014.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Polymicrobial biofilms are of large medical importance, but relatively little is known about the role of interspecies interactions for their physiology and virulence. Here, we studied two human pathogens co-occuring in the oral cavity, the opportunistic fungus Candida albicans and the caries-promoting bacterium Streptococcus mutans. Dual-species biofilms reached higher biomass and cell numbers than mono-species biofilms, and the production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) by S. mutans was strongly suppressed, which was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and transcriptome analysis. To detect interkingdom communication, C. albicans was co-cultivated with a strain of S. mutans carrying a transcriptional fusion between a green fluorescent protein-encoding gene and the promoter for sigX, the alternative sigma factor of S. mutans, which is induced by quorum sensing signals. Strong induction of sigX was observed in dual-species biofilms, but not in single-species biofilms. Conditioned media from mixed biofilms but not from C. albicans or S. mutans cultivated alone activated sigX in the reporter strain. Deletion of comS encoding the synthesis of the sigX-inducing peptide precursor abolished this activity, whereas deletion of comC encoding the competence-stimulating peptide precursor had no effect. Transcriptome analysis of S. mutans confirmed induction of comS, sigX, bacteriocins and the downstream late competence genes, including fratricins, in dual-species biofilms. We show here for the first time the stimulation of the complete quorum sensing system of S. mutans by a species from another kingdom, namely the fungus C. albicans, resulting in fundamentally changed virulence properties of the caries pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Sztajer
- Research Group Microbial Communication, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Szymon P Szafranski
- Research Group Microbial Communication, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jürgen Tomasch
- Research Group Microbial Communication, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Reck
- Research Group Microbial Communication, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Manfred Nimtz
- Research Group Proteomics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Manfred Rohde
- Central Facility for Microscopy, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Irene Wagner-Döbler
- Research Group Microbial Communication, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
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77
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Oever JT, Netea MG. The bacteriome-mycobiome interaction and antifungal host defense. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:3182-91. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201344405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaap ten Oever
- Department of Internal Medicine; Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Mihai G. Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine; Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen The Netherlands
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78
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Schlecht LM, Peters BM, Krom BP, Freiberg JA, Hänsch GM, Filler SG, Jabra-Rizk MA, Shirtliff ME. Systemic Staphylococcus aureus infection mediated by Candida albicans hyphal invasion of mucosal tissue. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2014; 161:168-181. [PMID: 25332378 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.083485-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus are often co-isolated in cases of biofilm-associated infections. C. albicans can cause systemic disease through morphological switch from the rounded yeast to the invasive hyphal form. Alternatively, systemic S. aureus infections arise from seeding through breaks in host epithelial layers although many patients have no documented portal of entry. We describe a novel strategy by which S. aureus is able to invade host tissue and disseminate via adherence to the invasive hyphal elements of Candida albicans. In vitro and ex vivo findings demonstrate a specific binding of the staphylococci to the candida hyphal elements. The C. albicans cell wall adhesin Als3p binds to multiple staphylococcal adhesins. Furthermore, Als3p is required for C. albicans to transport S. aureus into the tissue and cause a disseminated infection in an oral co-colonization model. These findings suggest that C. albicans can facilitate the invasion of S. aureus across mucosal barriers, leading to systemic infection in co-colonized patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Marie Schlecht
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland - Baltimore, Dental School, 650 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.,Department of Restorative Dentistry and Periodontology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Goethestrasse 70, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Brian M Peters
- Graduate Program in Life Sciences, Molecular Microbiology and Immunology Program, University of Maryland - Baltimore, 660 W. Redwood Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.,Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland - Baltimore, Dental School, 650 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Bastiaan P Krom
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Free University Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey A Freiberg
- Graduate Program in Life Sciences, Molecular Microbiology and Immunology Program, University of Maryland - Baltimore, 660 W. Redwood Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.,Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland - Baltimore, Dental School, 650 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Gertrud M Hänsch
- Department of Immunology, Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 305, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Scott G Filler
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1124 W. Carson St., Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Mary Ann Jabra-Rizk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland - Baltimore, 660 W. Redwood Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.,Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental School, University of Maryland - Baltimore, 650 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Mark E Shirtliff
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland - Baltimore, 660 W. Redwood Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.,Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland - Baltimore, Dental School, 650 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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79
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Bamford CV, Nobbs AH, Barbour ME, Lamont RJ, Jenkinson HF. Functional regions of Candida albicans hyphal cell wall protein Als3 that determine interaction with the oral bacterium Streptococcus gordonii. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2014; 161:18-29. [PMID: 25332379 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.083378-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The opportunistic pathogen Candida albicans colonizes the oral cavity and gastrointestinal tract. Adherence to host cells, extracellular matrix and salivary glycoproteins that coat oral surfaces, including prostheses, is an important prerequisite for colonization. In addition, interactions of C. albicans with commensal oral streptococci are suggested to promote retention and persistence of fungal cells in mixed-species communities. The hyphal filament specific cell wall protein Als3, a member of the Als protein family, is a major determinant in C. albicans adherence. Here, we utilized site-specific in-frame deletions within Als3 expressed on the surface of heterologous Saccharomyces cerevisiae to determine regions involved in interactions of Als3 with Streptococcus gordonii. N-terminal region amino acid residue deletions Δ166-225, Δ218-285, Δ270-305 and Δ277-286 were each effective in inhibiting binding of Strep. gordonii to Als3. In addition, these deletions differentially affected biofilm formation, hydrophobicity, and adherence to silicone and human tissue proteins. Deletion of the central repeat domain (Δ434-830) did not significantly affect interaction of Als3 with Strep. gordonii SspB protein, but affected other adherence properties and biofilm formation. Deletion of the amyloid-forming region (Δ325-331) did not affect interaction of Als3 with Strep. gordonii SspB adhesin, suggesting this interaction was amyloid-independent. These findings highlighted the essential function of the N-terminal domain of Als3 in mediating the interaction of C. albicans with S. gordonii, and suggested that amyloid formation is not essential for the inter-kingdom interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline V Bamford
- School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol BS1 2LY, UK
| | - Angela H Nobbs
- School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol BS1 2LY, UK
| | - Michele E Barbour
- School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol BS1 2LY, UK
| | - Richard J Lamont
- School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Howard F Jenkinson
- School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol BS1 2LY, UK
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80
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Asam D, Spellerberg B. Molecular pathogenicity of Streptococcus anginosus. Mol Oral Microbiol 2014; 29:145-55. [PMID: 24848553 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus anginosus and the closely related species Streptococcus constellatus and Streptococcus intermedius, are primarily commensals of the mucosa. The true pathogenic potential of this group has been under-recognized for a long time because of difficulties in correct species identification as well as the commensal nature of these species. In recent years, streptococci of the S. anginosus group have been increasingly found as relevant microbial pathogens in abscesses and blood cultures and they play a pathogenic role in cystic fibrosis. Several international studies have shown a surprisingly high frequency of infections caused by the S. anginosus group. Recent studies and a genome-wide comparative analysis suggested the presence of multiple putative virulence factors that are well-known from other streptococcal species. However, very little is known about the molecular basis of pathogenicity in these bacteria. This review summarizes our current knowledge of pathogenicity factors and their regulation in S. anginosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Asam
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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81
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Arzmi M, Alshwaimi E, Harun WW, Razak FA, Farina F, McCullough M, Cirillo N. Gaining More Insight into the Determinants of Candida Species Pathogenicity in the Oral Cavity. EUR J INFLAMM 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/1721727x1401200202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida infection (candidiasis) is potentially life threatening and can occur in almost all anatomical sites, including the mouth. Candida species are in fact the most common fungal pathogens isolated from the oral cavity and frequently cause superficial infections such as oral candidiasis and denture-associated erythematous stomatitis. Whilst systemic dissemination of Candida from intraoral foci is rare and largely due to severe deficits of the host immune defenses, the development of localized oral candidiasis is most commonly related to a variety of non-immune determinants such as Candida virulence factors and permissive oral microenvironment. In particular, phenotypic switching and dental biofilm have emerged as major determinants for the pathogenicity of Candida and are currently the subject of intense research. An understanding of the molecular aspects underlying the biological behavior of Candida will be the key to the development of effective preventive as well as therapeutic measures for invasive and oral candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.H. Arzmi
- Melbourne Dental School and Oral Health CRC, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Kulliyyah of Dentistry, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - E. Alshwaimi
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Dammam, KSA
| | - W.H.A. Wan Harun
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - F. Abdul Razak
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - F. Farina
- Facultatea de Medicina si Medicina Dentara Titu Maiorescu, Bucharest, Romania
- Centro per l'Innovazione, la Ricerca, l'Istruzione, la Salute (IRIS), Italy
| | - M.J. McCullough
- Melbourne Dental School and Oral Health CRC, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - N. Cirillo
- Melbourne Dental School and Oral Health CRC, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Centro per l'Innovazione, la Ricerca, l'Istruzione, la Salute (IRIS), Italy
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82
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Falsetta ML, Klein MI, Colonne PM, Scott-Anne K, Gregoire S, Pai CH, Gonzalez-Begne M, Watson G, Krysan DJ, Bowen WH, Koo H. Symbiotic relationship between Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans synergizes virulence of plaque biofilms in vivo. Infect Immun 2014; 82:1968-81. [PMID: 24566629 PMCID: PMC3993459 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00087-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans is often cited as the main bacterial pathogen in dental caries, particularly in early-childhood caries (ECC). S. mutans may not act alone; Candida albicans cells are frequently detected along with heavy infection by S. mutans in plaque biofilms from ECC-affected children. It remains to be elucidated whether this association is involved in the enhancement of biofilm virulence. We showed that the ability of these organisms together to form biofilms is enhanced in vitro and in vivo. The presence of C. albicans augments the production of exopolysaccharides (EPS), such that cospecies biofilms accrue more biomass and harbor more viable S. mutans cells than single-species biofilms. The resulting 3-dimensional biofilm architecture displays sizeable S. mutans microcolonies surrounded by fungal cells, which are enmeshed in a dense EPS-rich matrix. Using a rodent model, we explored the implications of this cross-kingdom interaction for the pathogenesis of dental caries. Coinfected animals displayed higher levels of infection and microbial carriage within plaque biofilms than animals infected with either species alone. Furthermore, coinfection synergistically enhanced biofilm virulence, leading to aggressive onset of the disease with rampant carious lesions. Our in vitro data also revealed that glucosyltransferase-derived EPS is a key mediator of cospecies biofilm development and that coexistence with C. albicans induces the expression of virulence genes in S. mutans (e.g., gtfB, fabM). We also found that Candida-derived β1,3-glucans contribute to the EPS matrix structure, while fungal mannan and β-glucan provide sites for GtfB binding and activity. Altogether, we demonstrate a novel mutualistic bacterium-fungus relationship that occurs at a clinically relevant site to amplify the severity of a ubiquitous infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L. Falsetta
- Center for Oral Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Marlise I. Klein
- Center for Oral Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Punsiri M. Colonne
- Center for Oral Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Kathleen Scott-Anne
- Center for Oral Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Stacy Gregoire
- Center for Oral Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Chia-Hua Pai
- Center for Oral Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Mireya Gonzalez-Begne
- Center for Oral Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Gene Watson
- Center for Oral Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Damian J. Krysan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NewYork, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - William H. Bowen
- Center for Oral Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NewYork, USA
| | - Hyun Koo
- Center for Oral Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NewYork, USA
- Biofilm Research Laboratory, Levy Center for Oral Health, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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83
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Kaufman DA, Brown AT, Eisenhuth KK, Yue J, Grossman LB, Hazen KC. More serious infectious morbidity and mortality associated with simultaneous candidemia and coagulase-negative staphylococcal bacteremia in neonates and in vitro adherence studies between Candida albicans and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Early Hum Dev 2014; 90 Suppl 1:S66-70. [PMID: 24709464 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-3782(14)70021-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Candida species and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) are common etiologies of hospital acquired bloodstream infection in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Sepsis with either organism may result in serious infectious sequelae and along with other staphylococci are the most common causes of abscess formation in preterm infants. This increased incidence of abscess formation may be in part due to adherence factors of both pathogens. METHODS All cases of concurrent positive blood cultures for both Candida species and CoNS were identified from the microbiology database in NICU patients from January 1998 to December 2000 and analyzed for risk factors and outcomes. In vitro co-aggregation studies between Candida albicans and Staphylococcus epidermidis were also performed. RESULTS Six premature infants were identified as having concurrent Candida and CoNS bloodstream infections during this time period. Four of the six patients developed end-organ dissemination with abscess or infected thrombus formation. Three of the six patients expired during or after their infection. In vitro, co-aggregation studies did not demonstrate reproducible direct adherence between C. albicans and S. epidermidis. CONCLUSIONS Simultaneous bloodstream infection with Candida and CoNS, compared to either one alone, is more likely to predispose to abscess formation, septic thrombophlebitis and mortality. Further studies are needed to examine the pathogenesis of these complex infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Kaufman
- Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
| | - Anna T Brown
- Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The John's Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Joyce Yue
- Texas Children's Pediatrics, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Leigh B Grossman
- Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Kevin C Hazen
- Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
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84
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Ricker A, Vickerman M, Dongari-Bagtzoglou A. Streptococcus gordonii glucosyltransferase promotes biofilm interactions with Candida albicans. J Oral Microbiol 2014; 6:23419. [PMID: 24490004 PMCID: PMC3907680 DOI: 10.3402/jom.v6.23419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Candida albicans co-aggregates with Streptococcus gordonii to form biofilms and their interactions in mucosal biofilms may lead to pathogenic synergy. Although the functions of glucosyltransferases (Gtf) of Mutans streptococci have been well characterized, the biological roles of these enzymes in commensal oral streptococci, such as S. gordonii, in oral biofilm communities are less clear. Objective The objective of this work was to explore the role of GtfG, the single Gtf enzyme of S. gordonii, in biofilm interactions with C. albicans. Design Biofilms were grown under salivary flow in flow cells in vitro, or under static conditions in 96 well plates. A panel of isogenic S. gordonii CH1 gtfG mutants and complemented strains were co-inoculated with C. albicans strain SC5314 to form mixed biofilms. Biofilm accretion and binding interactions between the two organisms were tested. Biofilms were quantified using confocal microscopy or the crystal violet assay. Results The presence of GtfG enhanced dual biofilm accretion, and sucrose supplementation further augmented dual biofilm formation, pointing to a role of newly synthesized glucans. GtfG also promoted binding to C. albicans preformed biofilms. Soluble α-1,6-glucans played a role in these interactions since: 1) a strain producing only soluble glucans (CH107) formed robust dual biofilms under conditions of salivary flow; and 2) the dual biofilm was susceptible to enzymatic breakdown by dextranase which specifically degrades soluble α-1,6-glucans. Conclusion Our work identified a novel molecular mechanism for C. albicans and S. gordonii biofilm interactions, mediated by GtfG. This protein promotes early biofilm binding of S. gordonii to C. albicans which leads to increased accretion of streptococcal cells in mixed biofilms. We also showed that soluble glucans, with α-1,6-linkages, promoted inter-generic adhesive interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin Ricker
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Margaret Vickerman
- School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
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85
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Demuyser L, Jabra-Rizk MA, Van Dijck P. Microbial cell surface proteins and secreted metabolites involved in multispecies biofilms. Pathog Dis 2014; 70:219-30. [PMID: 24376219 DOI: 10.1111/2049-632x.12123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A considerable number of infectious diseases involve multiple microbial species coexisting and interacting in a host. Only recently however the impact of these polymicrobial diseases has been appreciated and investigated. Often, the causative microbial species are embedded in an extracellular matrix forming biofilms, a form of existence that offers protection against chemotherapeutic agents and host immune defenses. Therefore, recent efforts have focused on developing novel therapeutic strategies targeting biofilm-associated polymicrobial infections, a task that has proved to be challenging. One promising approach to inhibit the development of such complex infections is to impede the interactions between the microbial species via inhibition of adhesion. To that end, studies have focused on identifying specific cell wall adhesins and receptors involved in the interactions between the various bacterial species and the most pathogenic human fungal species Candida albicans. This review highlights the important findings from these studies and describes the available tools and techniques that have provided insights into the role of secreted molecules orchestrating microbial interactions in biofilms. Specifically, we focus on the interactions that take place in oral biofilms and the implications of these interactions on oral health and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesbeth Demuyser
- VIB Department of Molecular Microbiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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86
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Ovchinnikova ES, van der Mei HC, Krom BP, Busscher HJ. Exchange of adsorbed serum proteins during adhesion of Staphylococcus aureus to an abiotic surface and Candida albicans hyphae--an AFM study. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2013; 110:45-50. [PMID: 23707849 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans are the second and third most commonly isolated microorganisms in hospital-related-infections, that are often multi-species in nature causing high morbidity and mortality. Here, adhesion forces between a S. aureus strain and abiotic (tissue-culture-polystyrene, TCPS) or partly biotic (TCPS with adhering hyphae of C. albicans) surfaces were investigated in presence of fetal-bovine-serum or individual serum proteins and related with staphylococcal adhesion. Atomic-force-microscopy was used to measure adhesion forces between S. aureus and the abiotic and biotic surfaces. Adsorption of individual serum proteins like albumin and apo-transferrin to abiotic TCPS surfaces during 60min, impeded development of strong adhesion forces as compared to fibronectin, while 60min adsorption of proteins from fetal-bovine-serum yielded a decrease in adhesion force from -5.7nN in phosphate-buffered-saline to -0.6nN. Adsorption of albumin and apo-transferrin also decreased staphylococcal adhesion forces to hyphae as compared with fibronectin. During 60min exposure to fetal-bovine-serum however, initial (5min protein adsorption) staphylococcal adhesion forces were low (-1.6nN), but strong adhesion forces of around -5.5nN were restored within 60min. This suggests for the first time that in whole fetal-bovine-serum exchange of non-adhesive proteins by fibronectin occurs on biotic C. albicans hyphal surfaces. No evidence was found for such protein exchange on abiotic TCPS surfaces. Staphylococcal adhesion of abiotic and biotic surfaces varied in line with the adhesion forces and was low on TCPS in presence of fetal-bovine-serum. On partly biotic TCPS, staphylococci aggregated in presence of fetal-bovine-serum around adhering C. albicans hyphae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina S Ovchinnikova
- University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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87
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Biofilm of Candida albicans from oral cavity of an HIV-infected child: challenge on enamel microhardness. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2013; 115:500-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2012.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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88
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Guo L, Shi W. Salivary biomarkers for caries risk assessment. JOURNAL OF THE CALIFORNIA DENTAL ASSOCIATION 2013; 41:107-118. [PMID: 23505756 PMCID: PMC3825179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Saliva contains various microbes and host biological components that could be used for caries risk assessment. This review focuses on the research topics that connect dental caries with saliva, including both the microbial and host components within saliva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Guo
- University of California, Los Angeles, School of Dentistry, USA
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89
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Ibarra-Trujillo C, Villar-Vidal M, Gaitán-Cepeda LA, Pozos-Guillen A, Mendoza-de Elias R, Sánchez-Vargas LO. [Formation and quantification assay of Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus mixed biofilm]. Rev Iberoam Micol 2012; 29:214-22. [PMID: 22391328 DOI: 10.1016/j.riam.2012.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Revised: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study quantifies the production of single and mixed biofilms of Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus to determine if such mixed biofilms have synergistic effects. Assays were performed using polystyrene microtitre plates of 96 wells, metabolic activity was measured by the enzymatic reduction of a tetrazolium salt (XTT) and colorimetric changes were measured at 490 nm. Confocal scanning laser microscopy was used to visualise the biofilms of each microorganism and its growth kinetics. The highest levels of biofilm formation were observed in mixed biofilms, followed by those of Candida albicans only, with the lowest levels of biofilm formation being detected for Staphylococcus aureus; all together these results suggest a synergistic relationship between the tested microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Consuelo Ibarra-Trujillo
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, México
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90
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Peters BM, Ovchinnikova ES, Krom BP, Schlecht LM, Zhou H, Hoyer LL, Busscher HJ, van der Mei HC, Jabra-Rizk MA, Shirtliff ME. Staphylococcus aureus adherence to Candida albicans hyphae is mediated by the hyphal adhesin Als3p. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2012; 158:2975-2986. [PMID: 22918893 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.062109-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The bacterium Staphylococcus (St.) aureus and the opportunistic fungus Candida albicans are currently among the leading nosocomial pathogens, often co-infecting critically ill patients, with high morbidity and mortality. Previous investigations have demonstrated preferential adherence of St. aureus to C. albicans hyphae during mixed biofilm growth. In this study, we aimed to characterize the mechanism behind this observed interaction. C. albicans adhesin-deficient mutant strains were screened by microscopy to identify the specific receptor on C. albicans hyphae recognized by St. aureus. Furthermore, an immunoassay was developed to validate and quantify staphylococcal binding to fungal biofilms. The findings from these experiments implicated the C. albicans adhesin agglutinin-like sequence 3 (Als3p) in playing a major role in the adherence process. This association was quantitatively established using atomic force microscopy, in which the adhesion force between single cells of the two species was significantly reduced for a C. albicans mutant strain lacking als3. Confocal microscopy further confirmed these observations, as St. aureus overlaid with a purified recombinant Als3 N-terminal domain fragment (rAls3p) exhibited robust binding. Importantly, a strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae heterologously expressing Als3p was utilized to further confirm this adhesin as a receptor for St. aureus. Although the parental strain does not bind bacteria, expression of Als3p on the cell surface conferred upon the yeast the ability to strongly bind St. aureus. To elucidate the implications of these in vitro findings in a clinically relevant setting, an ex vivo murine model of co-infection was designed using murine tongue explants. Fluorescent microscopic images revealed extensive hyphal penetration of the epithelium typical of C. albicans mucosal infection. Interestingly, St. aureus bacterial cells were only seen within the epithelial tissue when associated with the invasive hyphae. This differed from tongues infected with St. aureus alone or in conjunction with the als3 mutant strain of C. albicans, where bacterial presence was limited to the outer layers of the oral tissue. Collectively, the findings generated from this study identified a key role for C. albicans Als3p in mediating this clinically relevant fungal-bacterial interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Peters
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland - Baltimore, Dental School, 650 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.,Graduate Program in Life Sciences, Molecular Microbiology and Immunology Program, University of Maryland - Baltimore, 660 W. Redwood Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Ekaterina S Ovchinnikova
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, W. J. Kolff Institute, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan P Krom
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Free University Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, W. J. Kolff Institute, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lisa Marie Schlecht
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Periodontology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Goethestrasse 70, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Han Zhou
- West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, PR China.,Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland - Baltimore, Dental School, 650 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Lois L Hoyer
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois, 2001 S. Lincoln Ave., Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - Henk J Busscher
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, W. J. Kolff Institute, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henny C van der Mei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, W. J. Kolff Institute, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mary Ann Jabra-Rizk
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, USA.,Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental School, University of Maryland - Baltimore, 650 W Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland - Baltimore, 660 W. Redwood Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Mark E Shirtliff
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland - Baltimore, 660 W. Redwood Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.,Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland - Baltimore, Dental School, 650 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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91
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Kraneveld EA, Buijs MJ, Bonder MJ, Visser M, Keijser BJF, Crielaard W, Zaura E. The relation between oral Candida load and bacterial microbiome profiles in Dutch older adults. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42770. [PMID: 22900048 PMCID: PMC3416775 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently there are no evidence-based ecological measures for prevention of overgrowth and subsequent infection by fungi in the oral cavity. The aim of this study was to increase our knowledge on fungal-bacterial ecological interactions. Salivary Candida abundance of 82 Dutch adults aged 58-80 years was established relative to the bacterial load by quantitative PCR analysis of the Internal Transcribed (ITS) region (Candida) and 16S rDNA gene (bacteria). The salivary microbiome was assessed using barcoded pyrosequencing of the bacterial hypervariable regions V5-V7 of 16S rDNA. Sequencing data was preprocessed by denoising and chimera removal, clustered in Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) and assigned to taxonomy. Both OTU-based (PCA, diversity statistics) and phylogeny-based analyses (UniFrac, PCoA) were performed. Saliva of Dutch older adults contained 0-4 × 10(8) CFU/mL Candida with a median Candida load of 0.06%. With increased Candida load the diversity of the salivary microbiome decreased significantly (p<0.001). Increase in the Candida load correlated positively with class Bacilli, and negatively with class Fusobacteria, Flavobacteria, and Bacteroidia. Microbiomes with high Candida load were less diverse and had a distinct microbial composition towards dominance by saccharolytic and acidogenic bacteria--streptococci. The control of the acidification of the oral environment may be a potential preventive measure for Candida outgrowth that should be evaluated in longitudinal clinical intervention trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eefje A. Kraneveld
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mark J. Buijs
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marc J. Bonder
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Visser
- Department of Health Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bart J. F. Keijser
- Microbiology and Systems Biology, TNO Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences, Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Wim Crielaard
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Egija Zaura
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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92
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Determination of the effect of Nd:YAG laser irradiation through dentinal tubules on several oral pathogens. Lasers Med Sci 2012; 28:281-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s10103-012-1150-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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93
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Yang XQ, Zhang Q, Lu LY, Yang R, Liu Y, Zou J. Genotypic distribution of Candida albicans in dental biofilm of Chinese children associated with severe early childhood caries. Arch Oral Biol 2012; 57:1048-53. [PMID: 22717324 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2012.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM Candida albicans causes a wide range of infections in the oral mucosa, especially candidiasis. A strong association has been found between C. albicans and dental caries. In this study, we investigated the presence and genotypic distribution of C. albicans in the dental biofilm of Chinese children with severe early childhood caries (S-ECC). DESIGN Dental biofilm samples were collected from 41 Chinese children (21 children with S-ECC and 20 children without caries) aged 3-6 years. Samples collected were cultured in CHROMagar Candida (CA) medium. Cellular DNA of typical C. albicans isolates in the CA medium was isolated, and PCR using primers reported to span a transposable intron region in the 25S rRNA gene was performed to determine genotypic subgroups. RESULTS C. albicans was detected in 57.1% of individuals with S-ECC. Additionally, three genotypic subgroups of C. albicans (genotypes A, B, and C) were found in children with S-ECC, and genotype A was dominant. CONCLUSIONS C. albicans is an important component of dental biofilm associated with S-ECC, and C. albicans genotypic subgroup A is the dominant strain in the dental biofilm of children with S-ECC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Qiong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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94
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Ribeiro DG, Pavarina AC, Dovigo LN, Machado AL, Giampaolo ET, Vergani CE. Prevalence of Candida spp. associated with bacteria species on complete dentures. Gerodontology 2012; 29:203-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-2358.2011.00578.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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95
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López C, Bulacio L, Espejo T, Paz M, Pairoba C, Escovich L. Prevalence of chronic hyperplasic candidiasis. Its association to risk factors in an Oral Medicine Service in Rosario, Argentina. J Mycol Med 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2011.12.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C López
- CEREMIC (The Mycology Reference Center, Rosario), School of Biochemistry and Pharmacy, National University of Rosario-Argentina: Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina.
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96
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Elias S, Banin E. Multi-species biofilms: living with friendly neighbors. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2012; 36:990-1004. [PMID: 22229800 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2012.00325.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 445] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Revised: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Our knowledge regarding the nature and development of microbial biofilms has grown significantly since the first report of these communities by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in the late 1600s. Nevertheless, most biofilm studies examine mono-species cultures, whereas nearly all biofilm communities in nature comprise a variety of microorganisms. The species that constitute a mixed biofilm and the interactions between these microorganisms critically influence the development and shape of the community. In this review, we focus on interactions occurring within a multi-species biofilm and their effects on the nature of the mixed community. In general, interspecies interactions involve communication, typically via quorum sensing, and metabolic cooperation or competition. Interactions among species within a biofilm can be antagonistic, such as competition over nutrients and growth inhibition, or synergistic. The latter can result in the development of several beneficial phenotypes. These include the promotion of biofilm formation by co-aggregation, metabolic cooperation where one species utilizes a metabolite produced by a neighboring species, and increased resistance to antibiotics or host immune responses compared to the mono-species biofilms. These beneficial interactions in mixed biofilms have important environmental, industrial, and clinical implications. The latter, for example, impacts the course and treatment of biofilm-related infections, such as those manifested in the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivan Elias
- The Bacterial Biofilm Research Laboratory, The Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
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97
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Phuong K, Hanazaki S, Kakii K, Nikata T. Involvement of Acinetobacter sp. in the floc-formation in activated sludge process. J Biotechnol 2012; 157:505-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2011.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Revised: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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98
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Peters BM, Jabra-Rizk MA, O'May GA, Costerton JW, Shirtliff ME. Polymicrobial interactions: impact on pathogenesis and human disease. Clin Microbiol Rev 2012; 25:193-213. [PMID: 22232376 PMCID: PMC3255964 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00013-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 455] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms coexist in a complex milieu of bacteria, fungi, archaea, and viruses on or within the human body, often as multifaceted polymicrobial biofilm communities at mucosal sites and on abiotic surfaces. Only recently have we begun to appreciate the complicated biofilm phenotype during infection; moreover, even less is known about the interactions that occur between microorganisms during polymicrobial growth and their implications in human disease. Therefore, this review focuses on polymicrobial biofilm-mediated infections and examines the contribution of bacterial-bacterial, bacterial-fungal, and bacterial-viral interactions during human infection and potential strategies for protection against such diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M. Peters
- Graduate Program in Life Sciences, Molecular Microbiology and Immunology Program, University of Maryland—Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland—Baltimore, Dental School, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Mary Ann Jabra-Rizk
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental School, University of Maryland—Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland—Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Graeme A. O'May
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland—Baltimore, Dental School, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - J. William Costerton
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Center for Genomic Sciences, Allegheny-Singer Research Institute, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mark E. Shirtliff
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland—Baltimore, Dental School, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland—Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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99
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Synergistic interaction between Candida albicans and commensal oral streptococci in a novel in vitro mucosal model. Infect Immun 2011; 80:620-32. [PMID: 22104105 DOI: 10.1128/iai.05896-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a commensal colonizer of the gastrointestinal tract of humans, where it coexists with highly diverse bacterial communities. It is not clear whether this interaction limits or promotes the potential of C. albicans to become an opportunistic pathogen. Here we investigate the interaction between C. albicans and three species of streptococci from the viridans group, which are ubiquitous and abundant oral commensal bacteria. The ability of C. albicans to form biofilms with Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus sanguinis, or Streptococcus gordonii was investigated using flow cell devices that allow abiotic biofilm formation under salivary flow. In addition, we designed a novel flow cell system that allows mucosal biofilm formation under conditions that mimic the environment in the oral and esophageal mucosae. It was observed that C. albicans and streptococci formed a synergistic partnership where C. albicans promoted the ability of streptococci to form biofilms on abiotic surfaces or on the surface of an oral mucosa analogue. The increased ability of streptococci to form biofilms in the presence of C. albicans could not be explained by a growth-stimulatory effect since the streptococci were unaffected in their growth in planktonic coculture with C. albicans. Conversely, the presence of streptococci increased the ability of C. albicans to invade organotypic models of the oral and esophageal mucosae under conditions of salivary flow. Moreover, characterization of mucosal invasion by the biofilm microorganisms suggested that the esophageal mucosa is more permissive to invasion than the oral mucosa. In summary, C. albicans and commensal oral streptococci display a synergistic interaction with implications for the pathogenic potential of C. albicans in the upper gastrointestinal tract.
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100
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Role of glucosyltransferase B in interactions of Candida albicans with Streptococcus mutans and with an experimental pellicle on hydroxyapatite surfaces. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:6357-67. [PMID: 21803906 DOI: 10.1128/aem.05203-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans and mutans streptococci are frequently detected in dental plaque biofilms from toddlers afflicted with early childhood caries. Glucosyltransferases (Gtfs) secreted by Streptococcus mutans bind to saliva-coated apatite (sHA) and to bacterial surfaces, synthesizing exopolymers in situ, which promote cell clustering and adherence to tooth enamel. We investigated the potential role Gtfs may play in mediating the interactions between C. albicans SC5314 and S. mutans UA159, both with each other and with the sHA surface. GtfB adhered effectively to the C. albicans yeast cell surface in an enzymatically active form, as determined by scintillation spectroscopy and fluorescence imaging. The glucans formed on the yeast cell surface were more susceptible to dextranase than those synthesized in solution or on sHA and bacterial cell surfaces (P < 0.05), indicating an elevated α-1,6-linked glucose content. Fluorescence imaging revealed that larger numbers of S. mutans cells bound to C. albicans cells with glucans present on their surface than to yeast cells without surface glucans (uncoated). The glucans formed in situ also enhanced C. albicans interactions with sHA, as determined by a novel single-cell micromechanical method. Furthermore, the presence of glucan-coated yeast cells significantly increased the accumulation of S. mutans on the sHA surface (versus S. mutans incubated alone or mixed with uncoated C. albicans; P < 0.05). These data reveal a novel cross-kingdom interaction that is mediated by bacterial GtfB, which readily attaches to the yeast cell surface. Surface-bound GtfB promotes the formation of a glucan-rich matrix in situ and may enhance the accumulation of S. mutans on the tooth enamel surface, thereby modulating the development of virulent biofilms.
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