51
|
Farquharson S, Shende C, Smith W, Huang H, Inscore F, Sengupta A, Sperry J, Sickler T, Prugh A, Guicheteau J. Selective detection of 1000 B. anthracis spores within 15 minutes using a peptide functionalized SERS assay. Analyst 2014; 139:6366-70. [DOI: 10.1039/c4an01163e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We developed a SERS assay that allowed selective detection of 1000 B. anthracis Ames spores in less than 15 minutes using dipicolinic acid (DPA) as a biomarker.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jay Sperry
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology
- University of Rhode Island
- Kingston, USA
| | - Todd Sickler
- US Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center
- , USA
| | - Amber Prugh
- US Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center
- , USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
52
|
Sumithra T, Chaturvedi V, Gupta P, Sunita S, Rai A, Kutty M, Laxmi U, Murugan M. Development of a simple and rapid method for the specific identification of organism causing anthrax by slide latex agglutination. Lett Appl Microbiol 2013; 58:401-7. [DOI: 10.1111/lam.12204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T.G. Sumithra
- College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences; Pookode Kerala India
| | | | - P.K. Gupta
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute; Izatnagar U.P. India
| | - S.C. Sunita
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute; Izatnagar U.P. India
| | - A.K. Rai
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute; Izatnagar U.P. India
| | - M.V.H. Kutty
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute; Izatnagar U.P. India
| | - U. Laxmi
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute; Izatnagar U.P. India
| | - M.S. Murugan
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute; Izatnagar U.P. India
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Slotved HC, Tanassi JT, Sparding N, Lindqvist A, Steenhard NR, Heegaard NHH. Botulinum toxin field assays evaluated using cosmetic botox preparations. Biosecur Bioterror 2013; 11:280-6. [PMID: 24219493 DOI: 10.1089/bsp.2013.0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Several quick tests for identifying botulinum toxins (BoNTs) are commercially available, but generally these tests have not been evaluated by independent laboratories. This study presents data on the evaluation of a number of commercial tests and demonstrates the use of cosmetic preparations of BoNT A and B as positive controls. For reference we used an in-house ELISA procedure. The cosmetic toxins, Botox(®) and Neurobloc(®), were found to be useful-that is, they had a sufficiently high toxin content to be used in test evaluation studies. Some commercial kits based on columns (ABICAP(®)) or lateral flow technology were tested for their detection limits. The ABICAP column system was found to be a useful alternative to an in-house ELISA method. In general, the lateral flow-based test systems evaluated here were not able to detect BoNT, and a large proportion of the tests showed construction failures. In conclusion, this study showed that cosmetic BoNT products have enough toxin content to be used as convenient and accessible means of testing commercially available quick tests. The lateral flow tests used in this study were not satisfactory, while the ABICAP system was found to be a good alternative to an ELISA.
Collapse
|
54
|
ANTE- AND POSTMORTEM DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES FOR ANTHRAX: RETHINKING PATHOGEN EXPOSURE AND THE GEOGRAPHIC EXTENT OF THE DISEASE IN WILDLIFE. J Wildl Dis 2013; 49:786-801. [DOI: 10.7589/2013-05-126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
55
|
Li Q, Sun K, Chang K, Yu J, Chiu DT, Wu C, Qin W. Ratiometric luminescent detection of bacterial spores with terbium chelated semiconducting polymer dots. Anal Chem 2013; 85:9087-91. [PMID: 23964730 DOI: 10.1021/ac4016616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
We report a ratiometric fluorescent sensor based on semiconducting polymer dots chelated with terbium ions to detect bacterial spores in aqueous solution. Fluorescent polyfluorene (PFO) dots serve as a scaffold to coordinate with lanthanide ions that can be sensitized by calcium dipicolinate (CaDPA), an important biomarker of bacterial spores. The absorption band of PFO dots extends to deep UV region, allowing both the reference and the sensitizer can be excited with a single wavelength (~275 nm). The fluorescence of PFO remains constant as a reference, while the Tb(3+) ions exhibit enhanced luminescence upon binding with DPA. The sharp fluorescence peaks of β-phase PFO dots and the narrow-band emissions of Tb(3+) ions enable ratiometric and sensitive CaDPA detection with a linear response over nanomolar concentration and a detection limit of ~0.2 nM. The Pdots based sensor also show excellent selectivity to CaDPA over other aromatic ligands. Our results indicate that the Tb(3+) chelated Pdots sensor is promising for sensitive and rapid detection of bacterial spores.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Li
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University , Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
56
|
Double-color fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for the detection of Bacillus anthracis spores in environmental samples with a novel permeabilization protocol. J Microbiol Methods 2013; 93:177-84. [PMID: 23523967 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2013.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
For anti-bioterrorism measures against the use of Bacillus anthracis, a double-color fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is proposed, for the rapid and specific detection of B. anthracis. The probes were designed based on the differences in 16S and 23S rRNA genes of B. cereus group. A new permeabilization protocol was developed to enhance the permeability of FISH probes into B. anthracis spores. The highest detection rate (90.8 ± 0.69) of B. anthracis spores by FISH was obtained with successive incubation steps with 50% ethanol at 80 °C, a mixture of SDS/DTT solution (10mg/ml SDS, 50mM DTT) at 65 °C and finally in a lysozyme solution (20mg/ml) at 37 °C for 30 min each. This protocol was evaluated for the detection of B. anthracis spores in soil and air samples after adding formalin-fixed spores at different densities. The results have proven the success of double-color FISH in detecting B. anthracis spores in air samples in the range of 10(3) spores/m(3) and above. Conversely, for detecting B. anthracis spores in a soil sample, the lowest detection limit was found to be 10(7) spores/g dry soils. These results confirm the applicability of the developed permeabilization protocol, combined with the double-color FISH technique in specific detection of B. anthracis in soil and air samples.
Collapse
|
57
|
Shabani A, Marquette CA, Mandeville R, Lawrence MF. Carbon microarrays for the direct impedimetric detection of Bacillus anthracis using Gamma phages as probes. Analyst 2013; 138:1434-40. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an36830k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
58
|
Amperometric Detection ofBacillus anthracisSpores: A Portable, Low-Cost Approach to the ELISA. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1155/2013/803485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-based detection assays are generally robust, a desirable characteristic for in-the-field use. However, to quantify the colorimetric or fluorescent signal, these assays require expensive and fragile instruments which are ill-suited to in-the-field use. Lateral flow devices (LFDs) circumvent these barriers to portability but suffer from poor sensitivity and subjective interpretation. Here, an antibody-based method for detectingBacillus anthracisspores via amperometric signal generation is compared to ELISA and LFDs. This amperometric immunoassay uses antibody conjugated to magnetic beads and glucose oxidase (GOX) along with the electron mediator 2, 6-dichlorophenolindophenol (DCPIP) for production of a measurable current from a 0.4 V bias voltage. With similar sensitivity to ELISA, the assay can be completed in about 75 minutes while being completely powered and operated from a laptop computer. Immunoassay amperometry holds promise for bringing low-cost, quantitative detection of hazardous agents to the field.
Collapse
|
59
|
Kim Y, Lyvers DP, Wei A, Reifenberger RG, Low PS. Label-free detection of a bacterial pathogen using an immobilized siderophore, deferoxamine. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:971-976. [PMID: 22274807 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc20904g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria obtain the iron necessary for survival by releasing an iron chelator, termed a siderophore, and retrieving the iron-siderophore complex via a cell surface siderophore receptor. We have exploited the high affinity of Yersinia enterocolitica for its siderophore, deferoxamine, to develop a rapid method for capture and identification of Yersinia. In this methodology, a deferoxamine-bovine serum albumin conjugate is printed onto a gold-plated chip in a parallel line pattern. After flowing a suspension of Yersinia across the siderophore-derivatized chip, any Yersinia that binds to the chip is detected by dark-field microscopy analysis of the scattered light, followed by Fourier transform analysis of the scattering pattern. Since peak intensities are found to correlate with pathogen concentration, pathogen titers as low as 10(3) cfu/ml can be readily detected. Moreover, immobilized deferoxamine can distinguish Y. enterocolitica, which binds ferrioxamine (deferoxamine-Fe), from Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium smegmatis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which don't. Because human pathogens cannot easily mutate their iron retrieval systems without loss of viability, we suggest that few if any mutant Yersinia will emerge that can avoid detection. Together with previous results demonstrating selective capture of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by its immobilized siderophore (pyoverdin), these data suggest that pathogen-specific siderophores may constitute effective and immutable capture ligands for rapid detection and identification of their cognate pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youngsoon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
60
|
Rapid detection methods for Bacillus anthracis in environmental samples: a review. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 93:1411-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3845-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
61
|
Ma B, Zeng F, Zheng F, Wu S. Fluorescent detection of an anthrax biomarker based on PVA film. Analyst 2011; 136:3649-55. [DOI: 10.1039/c1an15384f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
62
|
Anthrax spore detection by a luminex assay based on monoclonal antibodies that recognize anthrose-containing oligosaccharides. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2010; 17:1446-51. [PMID: 20660139 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00205-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The similarity of endospore surface antigens between bacteria of the Bacillus cereus group complicates the development of selective antibody-based anthrax detection systems. The surface of B. anthracis endospores exposes a tetrasaccharide containing the monosaccharide anthrose. Anti-tetrasaccharide monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) and anti-anthrose-rhamnose disaccharide MAbs were produced and tested for their fine specificities in a direct spore enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with inactivated spores of a broad spectrum of B. anthracis strains and related species of the Bacillus genus. Although the two sets of MAbs had different fine specificities, all of them recognized the tested B. anthracis strains and showed only a limited cross-reactivity with two B. cereus strains. The MAbs were further tested for their ability to be implemented in a highly sensitive and specific bead-based Luminex assay. This assay detected spores from different B. anthracis strains and two cross-reactive B. cereus strains, correlating with the results obtained in direct spore ELISA. The Luminex assay (detection limit 10(3) to 10(4) spores per ml) was much more sensitive than the corresponding sandwich ELISA. Although not strictly specific for B. anthracis spores, the developed Luminex assay represents a useful first-line screening tool for the detection of B. anthracis spores.
Collapse
|
63
|
Yilmaz M, Hsu SH, Reinhoudt D, Velders A, Huskens J. Ratiometric Fluorescent Detection of an Anthrax Biomarker at Molecular Printboards. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:5938-41. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201000540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
64
|
Yilmaz M, Hsu SH, Reinhoudt D, Velders A, Huskens J. Ratiometric Fluorescent Detection of an Anthrax Biomarker at Molecular Printboards. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201000540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
65
|
Thavaselvam D, Vijayaraghavan R. Biological warfare agents. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND BIOALLIED SCIENCES 2010; 2:179-88. [PMID: 21829313 PMCID: PMC3148622 DOI: 10.4103/0975-7406.68499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Revised: 07/26/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent bioterrorist attacks using anthrax spores have emphasized the need to detect and decontaminate critical facilities in the shortest possible time. There has been a remarkable progress in the detection, protection and decontamination of biological warfare agents as many instrumentation platforms and detection methodologies are developed and commissioned. Even then the threat of biological warfare agents and their use in bioterrorist attacks still remain a leading cause of global concern. Furthermore in the past decade there have been threats due to the emerging new diseases and also the re-emergence of old diseases and development of antimicrobial resistance and spread to new geographical regions. The preparedness against these agents need complete knowledge about the disease, better research and training facilities, diagnostic facilities and improved public health system. This review on the biological warfare agents will provide information on the biological warfare agents, their mode of transmission and spread and also the detection systems available to detect them. In addition the current information on the availability of commercially available and developing technologies against biological warfare agents has also been discussed. The risk that arise due to the use of these agents in warfare or bioterrorism related scenario can be mitigated with the availability of improved detection technologies.
Collapse
|
66
|
Gulledge JS, Luna VA, Luna AJ, Zartman R, Cannons AC. Detection of low numbers of Bacillus anthracis spores in three soils using five commercial DNA extraction methods with and without an enrichment step. J Appl Microbiol 2010; 109:1509-20. [PMID: 20553343 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04774.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To (i) compare the limits of detection of Bacillus anthracis spores in three soils (one Florida, one Texas, and one a commercial Garden product) by PCR using DNA extracted with five commercial extraction kits and (ii) examine if removing organic acids or adding an enrichment step utilizing a growth medium will improve the detection limits. METHODS AND RESULTS Bacillus anthracis spores were added to soil aliquots and used immediately with a DNA extraction kit or pretreated to remove organics or incubated overnight in a selective growth medium before the DNA extraction was performed. Using hybridization and PCR assays for capC, pag and lef genes, 10(5) -10(6) B. anthracis spores were detected in untreated Florida soil, 10(4) -10(7) spores in untreated Texas soil and 10(6) -10(7) in Garden soil. Pretreatment did not reliably improve detection. DNA from untreated and pretreated soils was suitable for hybridization but not always for PCR. When 10(1) -10(2) spores were added to the soils and allowed to amplify in a growth medium selective for B. anthracis, DNA extracted using four methods reliably produced PCR acceptable DNA positive for the B. anthracis genes. CONCLUSIONS The quality of DNA extracted with commercial kits appears to be influenced by the soil type and pretreatment. Yet, with an enrichment step added, four of five extraction methods produced PCR suitable DNA and detected ≤10(2) spores. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The enrichment step could enhance the detection of B. anthracis spores in soils and small samples contaminated with soil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J S Gulledge
- Center for Biological Defense, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
67
|
Development of antibodies against anthrose tetrasaccharide for specific detection of Bacillus anthracis spores. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2009; 16:1728-37. [PMID: 19793896 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00235-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Methods for the immunological detection of Bacillus anthracis in various environmental samples and the discrimination of B. anthracis from other members of the B. cereus group are not yet well established. To generate specific discriminating antibodies, we immunized rabbits, mice, and chickens with inactivated B. anthracis spores and, additionally, immunized rabbits and mice with the tetrasaccharide beta-Ant-(1-->3)-alpha-L-Rhap-(1-->3)-alpha-L-Rhap-(1-->2)-L-Rhap. It is a constituent of the exosporium glycoprotein BclA and contains the newly discovered sugar anthrose 2-O-methyl-4-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutamido)-4,6-dideoxy-beta-D-glucose. The BclA protein is a major component of the exosporium of B. anthracis spores and is decorated by the tetrasaccharide indicated above. The anthrose-containing tetrasaccharide chain seems to be highly specific for B. anthracis, which makes it a key biomarker for the detection of these spores. The different immunizations led to anthrose-reactive polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies which were analyzed by various methods to characterize their ability to discriminate between B. anthracis and other Bacillus spp. Multiple applications, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, indirect immunofluorescence assay, and electron microscopy, revealed the specificities of the polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies generated for B. anthracis spore detection. All polyclonal antibodies were able to correctly identify the B. anthracis strains tested and showed only minimal cross-reactivities with other Bacillus strains. Moreover, the antibodies generated proved functional in a new capture assay for B. anthracis spores and could therefore be useful for the detection of spores in complex samples.
Collapse
|
68
|
Ai K, Zhang B, Lu L. Europium-Based Fluorescence Nanoparticle Sensor for Rapid and Ultrasensitive Detection of an Anthrax Biomarker. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200804231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
69
|
Europium-Based Fluorescence Nanoparticle Sensor for Rapid and Ultrasensitive Detection of an Anthrax Biomarker. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:304-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200804231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
70
|
Taylor KML, Lin W. Hybrid silica nanoparticles for luminescent spore detection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/b900866g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
71
|
Development of a rapid and sensitive immunoassay for detection and subsequent recovery of Bacillus anthracis spores in environmental samples. J Microbiol Methods 2008; 73:242-6. [PMID: 18395279 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2008.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2008] [Revised: 02/26/2008] [Accepted: 02/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus anthracis is considered a major threat as an agent of bioterrorism. B. anthracis spores are readily dispersed as aerosols, are very persistent, and are resistant to normal disinfection treatments. Immunoassays have been developed to rapidly detect B. anthracis spores at high concentrations. However, detection of B. anthracis spores at lower concentrations is problematic due to the fact that closely related Bacillus species (e.g., B. thuringiensis) can cross-react with anti-B. anthracis antibodies, resulting in false positive detections. Subsequent polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis is required to differentiate virulent strains. We report here on a protocol for the rapid, sensitive detection of B. anthracis spore using the Integrating Waveguide Biosensor followed by a method for the rapid release and germination of immunocaptured spores. A detection limit of ca. 10(3) spores was achieved by incubating spores simultaneously with capture and detection antibodies ("liquid-phase" assay) prior to capture on capillary tubes/waveguides. Subsequent incubation with BHI broth directly in capillary tubes allowed for rapid germination, outgrowth, and release of spores, resulting in vegetative cells for PCR analysis.
Collapse
|
72
|
Tamborrini M, Werz DB, Frey J, Pluschke G, Seeberger PH. Antikörper gegen ein Kohlenhydrat-Antigen zum Nachweis von Anthrax-Sporen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200602048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
73
|
Tamborrini M, Werz DB, Frey J, Pluschke G, Seeberger PH. Anti-Carbohydrate Antibodies for the Detection of Anthrax Spores. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:6581-2. [PMID: 16917815 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200602048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
74
|
Fan J, Kraft AJ, Henrickson KJ. Current methods for the rapid diagnosis of bioterrorism-related infectious agents. Pediatr Clin North Am 2006; 53:817-42, vii-viii. [PMID: 17027612 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcl.2006.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bioterrorism is the calculated use of violence against civilians to attain political, religious, or ideologic goals using weapons of biological warfare. Bioterrorism is of particular concern because these weapons can be manufactured with ease and do not require highly sophisticated technology. Moreover, biologic agents can be delivered and spread easily and can effect a large population and geographic area. The terrorist attacks occurring around the world necessitate society's continued investment in adequate defense against these unpredictable and irrational events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Fan
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, and Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
75
|
Lim DV, Simpson JM, Kearns EA, Kramer MF. Current and developing technologies for monitoring agents of bioterrorism and biowarfare. Clin Microbiol Rev 2005; 18:583-607. [PMID: 16223949 PMCID: PMC1265906 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.18.4.583-607.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent events have made public health officials acutely aware of the importance of rapidly and accurately detecting acts of bioterrorism. Because bioterrorism is difficult to predict or prevent, reliable platforms to rapidly detect and identify biothreat agents are important to minimize the spread of these agents and to protect the public health. These platforms must not only be sensitive and specific, but must also be able to accurately detect a variety of pathogens, including modified or previously uncharacterized agents, directly from complex sample matrices. Various commercial tests utilizing biochemical, immunological, nucleic acid, and bioluminescence procedures are currently available to identify biological threat agents. Newer tests have also been developed to identify such agents using aptamers, biochips, evanescent wave biosensors, cantilevers, living cells, and other innovative technologies. This review describes these current and developing technologies and considers challenges to rapid, accurate detection of biothreat agents. Although there is no ideal platform, many of these technologies have proved invaluable for the detection and identification of biothreat agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel V Lim
- Department of Biology, Center for Biological Defense, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620-5200, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
76
|
Zhang X, Young MA, Lyandres O, Van Duyne RP. Rapid detection of an anthrax biomarker by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:4484-9. [PMID: 15783231 DOI: 10.1021/ja043623b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A rapid detection protocol suitable for use by first-responders to detect anthrax spores using a low-cost, battery-powered, portable Raman spectrometer has been developed. Bacillus subtilis spores, harmless simulants for Bacillus anthracis, were studied using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) on silver film over nanosphere (AgFON) substrates. Calcium dipicolinate (CaDPA), a biomarker for bacillus spores, was efficiently extracted by sonication in nitric acid and rapidly detected by SERS. AgFON surfaces optimized for 750 nm laser excitation have been fabricated and characterized by UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and SERS. The SERS signal from extracted CaDPA was measured over the spore concentration range of 10(-14)-10(-12) M to determine the saturation binding capacity of the AgFON surface and to calculate the adsorption constant (Kspore=1.7 x 10(13) M(-1)). At present, an 11 min procedure is capable of achieving a limit of detection (LOD) of approximately 2.6 x 10(3) spores, below the anthrax infectious dose of 10(4) spores. The data presented herein also demonstrate that the shelf life of prefabricated AgFON substrates can be as long as 40 days prior to use. Finally, these sensing capabilities have been successfully transitioned from a laboratory spectrometer to a field-portable instrument. Using this technology, 10(4) bacillus spores were detected with a 5 s data acquisition period on a 1 month old AgFON substrate. The speed and sensitivity of this SERS sensor indicate that this technology can be used as a viable option for the field analysis of potentially harmful environmental samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
77
|
Tarasenko O, Islam S, Paquiot D, Levon K. Glycoconjugates for the recognition of Bacillus spores. Carbohydr Res 2004; 339:2859-70. [PMID: 15582612 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2004.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2004] [Accepted: 10/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrates act as ligands in many biological processes, including the folding and secretion of proteins, cell-cell recognition, adhesion, and sporulation in the Bacillus genus. Fluorescent-labeled disaccharide glycoconjugates have been applied to evaluate binding to bacterial spores assuming that the spore surface is covered with carbohydrates. This study has shown that specific recognition of bacterial spores is based on interactions between disaccharide glycoconjugates acting as ligands and monosaccharide units expressed on the exterior of bacterial spores. Using fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis (FACE), carbohydrates that are expressed on the exterior of the spores were enumerated. The findings have an impact on how to improve ligand selection, essential for sensor development. In addition, the findings provide new information for inhibition of bacterial spores, and in general, demonstrate how carbohydrates function as recognition signals in nature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Tarasenko
- The Othmer Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences and Engineering, Polytechnic University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
78
|
Tims TB, Lim DV. Rapid detection of Bacillus anthracis spores directly from powders with an evanescent wave fiber-optic biosensor. J Microbiol Methods 2004; 59:127-30. [PMID: 15325759 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2004.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2003] [Revised: 02/09/2004] [Accepted: 02/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
There currently are no rapid, sensitive tests to directly and reliably detect Bacillus anthracis spores in common powders. Traditional culture is time consuming and molecular techniques cannot directly process powders. This study describes a biosensor assay that detects B. anthracis at concentrations of 3.2 x 10(5) spores/mg or higher in spiked powders in less than 1 h with minimal sample preparation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Bryan Tims
- Department of Biology and Center for Biological Defense, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, SCA 110, Tampa, FL 33620-5200, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
79
|
Brigati J, Williams DD, Sorokulova IB, Nanduri V, Chen IH, Turnbough CL, Petrenko VA. Diagnostic probes for Bacillus anthracis spores selected from a landscape phage library. Clin Chem 2004; 50:1899-906. [PMID: 15308600 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2004.038018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent use of Bacillus anthracis spores as a bioweapon has highlighted the need for a continuous monitoring system. Current monitoring systems rely on antibody-derived probes, which are not hardy enough to withstand long-term use under extreme conditions. We describe new, phage-derived probes that can be used as robust substitutes for antibodies. METHODS From a landscape phage library with random octapeptides displayed on all copies of the major phage coat protein of the phage fd-tet, we selected clones that bound to spores of B. anthracis (Sterne strain). ELISA, micropanning, and coprecipitation assays were used to evaluate the specificity and selectivity with which these phage bound to B. anthracis spores. RESULTS Peptides on the selected clones directed binding of the phage to B. anthracis spores. Most clones exhibited little or no binding to spores of distantly related Bacillus species, but some binding was observed with spores of closely related species. Our most specific spore-binding phage displayed a peptide EPRLSPHS (several thousand peptides per phage) and bound 3.5- to 70-fold better to spores of B. anthracis Sterne than to spores of other Bacillus species. CONCLUSIONS The selected phage probes bound preferentially to B. anthracis Sterne spores compared with other Bacillus species. These phage could possibly be further developed into highly specific and robust probes suitable for long-term use in continuous monitoring devices and biosorbents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Brigati
- Departments of Pathobiology and Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, Auburn University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
80
|
States S, Newberry J, Wichterman J, Kuchta J, Scheuring M, Casson L. Rapid Analytical Techniques for Drinking Water Security Investigations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/j.1551-8833.2004.tb10533.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|