51
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Colledge M, Froehner SC. Tyrosine phosphorylation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor mediates Grb2 binding. J Neurosci 1997; 17:5038-45. [PMID: 9185541 PMCID: PMC6573310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine phosphorylation of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) is associated with an altered rate of receptor desensitization and also may play a role in agrin-induced receptor clustering. We have demonstrated a previously unsuspected interaction between Torpedo AChR and the adaptor protein Grb2. The binding is mediated by the Src homology 2 (SH2) domain of Grb2 and the tyrosine-phosphorylated delta subunit of the AChR. Dephosphorylation of the delta subunit abolishes Grb2 binding. A cytoplasmic domain of the delta subunit contains a binding motif (pYXNX) for the SH2 domain of Grb2. Indeed, a phosphopeptide corresponding to this region of the delta subunit binds to Grb2 SH2 fusion proteins with relatively high affinity, whereas a peptide lacking phosphorylation on tyrosine exhibits no binding. Grb2 is colocalized with the AChR on the innervated face of Torpedo electrocytes. Furthermore, Grb2 specifically copurifies with AChR solubilized from postsynaptic membranes. These data suggest a novel role for tyrosine phosphorylation of the AChR in the initiation of a Grb2-mediated signaling cascade at the postsynaptic membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Colledge
- Department of Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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52
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Duménil G, Rubini M, Dubois G, Baserga R, Fellous M, Pellegrini S. Identification of signalling components in tyrosine kinase cascades using phosphopeptide affinity chromatography. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997; 234:748-53. [PMID: 9175787 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1997.6702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Various methods are now available to identify the molecular partners of the component of a signal transduction pathway. Some interactions, however, can be technically difficult to detect because they depend upon transient tyrosine phosphorylation. Here, we present a simple affinity chromatography approach based on synthetic phosphopeptides to purify potential partners of phosphotyrosine-containing proteins. With this approach, we confirm the previously characterized interaction between Grb2 and the EGF receptor, and we identify novel partners of the IGF-1 receptor and of the JAK proteins. Methenyltetrahydrofolate synthetase (MTHFS) was identified as a potential mediator of IGF-1R dependent transformation. P85alpha, the regulatory subunit of PI3 kinase, was identified as one of four proteins recruited by a phosphopeptide mimicking a motif conserved in all JAK family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Duménil
- Unité INSERM 276, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
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53
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Edwards PR, Lowe PA, Leatherbarrow RJ. Ligand loading at the surface of an optical biosensor and its effect upon the kinetics of protein-protein interactions. J Mol Recognit 1997; 10:128-34. [PMID: 9408828 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-1352(199705/06)10:3<128::aid-jmr357>3.0.co;2-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Optical biosensors are finding increasing use in the determination of kinetic and equilibrium constants for a variety of biomolecular interactions. Usually these biosensors require one biomolecule, the ligand, to be covalently attached to a hydrogel matrix which itself is bonded to the sensing surface. The ligands partner, the ligate, then binds from solution resulting in a measurable change in response which the instrument records as a function of time. Although in many cases, optical biosensors are used in order to obtain parameters that relate to interactions in solution, it is becoming clear that measurements involving the interaction of ligate with immobilized ligands on surfaces require careful experimental design. Here we report on how the density of ligand loading within the hydogel matrix affects the measured interaction kinetics. It is found that crowding of ligand within this matrix results in a significant reduction in the measured association rate constant, with a corresponding effect in the calculated overall affinity. However, measurements at low ligand loadings show association rate constants that are comparable to those measured in solution. Clearly, where this comparison is required, it is important to perform measurements under such conditions.
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54
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Lynch BA, Loiacono KA, Tiong CL, Adams SE, MacNeil IA. A fluorescence polarization based Src-SH2 binding assay. Anal Biochem 1997; 247:77-82. [PMID: 9126374 DOI: 10.1006/abio.1997.2042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The tyrosine kinase pp60c.src has been implicated as being a potential therapeutic target in several human diseases including cancer and osteoporosis. An important region within this kinase is the SH2 domain (Src homology 2) which binds to phosphorylated tyrosine residues contained within specific peptide sequences. Homologous domains are found in a variety of cytoplasmic proteins and have been shown to be essential for controlling many important signaling pathways. Developing specific inhibitors of SH2 interactions would therefore be extremely useful for modulating a variety of signaling pathways and potentially be useful for the treatment of human disease. Current methodology for the development of organic molecules as drug leads requires the ability to test thousands of individual compounds or natural product extracts in biochemical assays. Such tests must be reproducible, simple, and versatile. This paper describes an assay based on fluorescence polarization for measuring the binding of compounds to the Src-SH2 domain. The assay is insensitive to changes in fluorescence intensity working even in solutions with moderate optical density and functions in the presence of up to 20% dimethyl sulfoxide. These features make it especially useful for high-throughput screening of both natural and synthetic compound libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Lynch
- ARIAD Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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55
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Emlet DR, Moscatello DK, Ludlow LB, Wong AJ. Subsets of epidermal growth factor receptors during activation and endocytosis. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:4079-86. [PMID: 9020117 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.7.4079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutation of the autophosphorylation sites of receptor protein-tyrosine kinases alters ligand dependent internalization and down-regulation, indicating a critical role for these sites in receptor processing. Currently, no differences in receptor processing based on an individual autophosphorylation site have been defined. By using a glutathione S-transferase fusion protein containing the src homology 2 domains of phospholipase C-gamma1 to specifically recognize tyrosine 992 on the EGF receptor (Tyr(P)992), we have found differences in this subpopulation of receptors. Following EGF stimulation, the number of Tyr(P)992 receptors increased 2-fold over receptors identified by an antibody that recognizes activated EGF receptors (alpha-Act. EGFR) in A431 cells. Confocal fluorescence microscopy showed that Tyr(P)992 receptors underwent endocytosis at a slower rate and did not rapidly concentrate in juxtanuclear bodies. Tyr(P)992 receptors were associated with more SOS, Ras-GTPase activating protein, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, and SHPTP2/syp, but less Grb2, than receptors in the general population, and these receptors were more heavily phosphorylated than the general population of active receptors. These findings suggest that autophosphorylation status is relevant to the endocytosis, degradation, and effector molecule interaction of individual EGF receptors. Further investigations based on phosphorylation status should provide new insights into how receptor protein-tyrosine kinase signaling is regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Emlet
- Department of Pharmacology, Kimmel Cancer Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
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56
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Rauffer-Bruyre N, Chatellier J, Weiss E, Van Regenmortel MH, Altschuh D. Cooperative effects of mutations in a recombinant Fab on the kinetics of antigen binding. Mol Immunol 1997; 34:165-73. [PMID: 9188849 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-5890(97)00003-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant Fabs, 57P and 174P, recognizing peptide 134-151 of the coat protein of tobacco mosaic virus, differ by 15 amino acid changes in the sequence of their variable region. Kinetic analysis using BIAcore showed that they recognized five peptide variants in the same ranking order, but that Fab 174P consistently dissociated faster from the peptides compared to Fab 57P. In order to identify amino acid substitutions that are responsible for differences in dissociation rates of the two Fabs, six hybrid Fabs have been constructed by exchanging three DNA segments. Four single and five multiple mutants were obtained by site-directed mutagenesis. All Fabs recognized variant peptides in a similar ranking order. The high precision of biosensor measurements made it possible to detect small contributions to dissociation kinetics of at least five substitutions, as well as the presence of small-magnitude non-additive effects of multiple substitutions. Our results demonstrate the cooperative influence on dissociation kinetics of amino acid residues located away from each other and away from the Fab combining site.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Rauffer-Bruyre
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du CNRS, Strasbourg, France
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57
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Kuriyan J, Cowburn D. Modular peptide recognition domains in eukaryotic signaling. ANNUAL REVIEW OF BIOPHYSICS AND BIOMOLECULAR STRUCTURE 1997; 26:259-88. [PMID: 9241420 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.biophys.26.1.259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 426] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A characteristic feature of cellular signal transduction pathways in eukaryotes is the separation of catalysis from target recognition. Several modular domains that recognize short peptide sequences and target signaling proteins to these sequences have been identified. The structural bases of the specificities of recognition by SH2, SH3, and PTB domains have been elucidated by X-ray crystallography and NMR, and these results are reviewed here. In addition, the mechanism of cooperative interactions between these domains is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kuriyan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA
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58
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Schuck P. Use of surface plasmon resonance to probe the equilibrium and dynamic aspects of interactions between biological macromolecules. ANNUAL REVIEW OF BIOPHYSICS AND BIOMOLECULAR STRUCTURE 1997; 26:541-66. [PMID: 9241429 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.biophys.26.1.541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 500] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Surface plasmon resonance biosensors have become increasingly popular for the qualitative and quantitative characterization of the specific binding of a mobile reactant to a binding partner immobilized on the sensor surface. This article reviews the use of this new technique to measure the binding affinities and the kinetic constants of reversible interactions between biological macromolecules. Immobilization techniques, the most commonly employed experimental strategies, and various analytical approaches are summarized. In recent years, several sources of potential artifacts have been identified: immobilization of the binding partner, steric hindrance of binding to adjacent binding sites at the sensor surface, and finite rate of mass transport of the mobile reactant to the sensor surface. Described here is the influence of these artifacts on the measured binding kinetics and equilibria, together with suggested control experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Schuck
- Section of Physical Biochemistry, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive, and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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59
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Chook YM, Gish GD, Kay CM, Pai EF, Pawson T. The Grb2-mSos1 complex binds phosphopeptides with higher affinity than Grb2. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:30472-8. [PMID: 8940013 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.48.30472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) stimulation leads to autophosphorylation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and tyrosine phosphorylation of Shc. The Grb2 SH2 domain binds to Tyr1068 of EGFR and Tyr317 of Shc while its SH3 domains bind to mSos1. Therefore, EGF treatment potentially results in the formation of several multimeric signaling complexes, including EGFR-Grb2-mSos1, EGFR-Shc-Grb2-mSos1, and Shc-Grb2-mSos1, linking the receptor to activation of the Ras GTPase. We have purified Grb2, mSos1, and the Grb2-mSos1 complex to high homogeneity, and used these isolated proteins to obtain binding affinities of mSos1 for Grb2 and of either Grb2 or Grb2-mSos1 for phosphotyrosine-containing peptides. mSos1 bound Grb2 with a KD of 0.4 microM; the stoichiometry of the Grb2-mSos1 complex was 1:1. An EGFR-derived phosphopeptide bound Grb2 with a KD of 0.7 microM, whereas the Shc-derived phosphopeptide bound Grb2 with a KD of 0.2 microM. Since Grb2 exists in a stable complex with mSos1, and both proteins can exist in a constitutive complex in unstimulated cells, we performed phosphopeptide binding studies on the Grb2-mSos1 complex to gain a better understanding of binding events in the intact cell. Grb2-mSos1 bound to both EGFR- and Shc-derived phosphopeptides with higher affinities (KD of 0.3 microM and 31 nM, respectively) than Grb2 alone. These findings suggest that the proximity of mSos1 to Grb2 in the complex can influence the interactions of the Grb2 SH2 domain with phosphopeptides and raise the possibility that in the Grb2-mSos1 complex the SH2 and SH3 domains of Grb2 are not independent of each other but may be indirectly linked by mSos1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y M Chook
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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60
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Matsuda M, Ota S, Tanimura R, Nakamura H, Matuoka K, Takenawa T, Nagashima K, Kurata T. Interaction between the amino-terminal SH3 domain of CRK and its natural target proteins. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:14468-72. [PMID: 8662907 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.24.14468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
CRK is a human homolog of chichen v-Crk, which is an adaptor protein. The SH2 domain of CRK binds to several tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins, including the epidermal growth factor receptor, p130(Cas), Shc, and paxillin. The SH3 domain, in turn, binds to cytosolic proteins of 135-145, 160, 180, and 220 kDa. We screened expression libraries by Far Western blotting, using CRK SH3 as a probe, and identified partial cDNA sequences of four distinct proteins, including C3G, DOCK180, EPS15, and clone ST12. The consensus sequence of the CRK SH3 binding sites as deduced from their amino acid sequences was Pro+3-Pro+2-X+1-Leu0-Pro-1-X-2-Lys-3. The interaction of the CRK SH3 domain with the DOCK180 peptide was examined with an optical biosensor, based on the principles of surface plasmon resonance. A low dissociation constant of the order of 10(-7) resulted from a high association rate constant (kassoc = 3 x 10(4)) and low dissociation rate constant (kdiss = 3 x 10(-3)). All CRK-binding proteins except clone ST12 also bound to another adaptor protein, Grb2. Mutational analysis revealed that glycine at position +1 of ST12 inhibited the binding to Grb2 while retaining the high affinity binding to CRK SH3. The result suggests that the amino acid at position +1 also contributes to the high affinity binding of the peptides to the SH3 domain of Grb2, but not to that of CRK.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Matsuda
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Health, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162, Japan
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61
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Hall H, Williams EJ, Moore SE, Walsh FS, Prochiantz A, Doherty P. Inhibition of FGF-stimulated phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis and neurite outgrowth by a cell-membrane permeable phosphopeptide. Curr Biol 1996; 6:580-7. [PMID: 8805278 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-9822(02)00544-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activated receptor tyrosine kinases bind downstream effector molecules with high affinity. Provided that they can be introduced into cells, peptides corresponding to these high-affinity sites should be able to compete for the interaction and thereby inhibit specific signal transduction cascades. The high-affinity binding site for phospholipase C gamma (PLCgamma) on the activated fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) is centred around the tyrosine at position 766 (766Tyr), and peptides corresponding to this site inhibit PLCgamma binding to the receptor in vitro. A 16 amino-acid peptide from the third helix of the Antennapedia homeodomain protein has recently been shown to be able to act as an internalization vector that can deliver other peptides into cells. Here, we have designed a peptide that contains both the internalization sequence and the FGFR high-affinity binding site for PLCgamma, and tested it in cultures of cerebellar neurons for its ability to inhibit the activation of PLCgamma by basic FGF. RESULTS The peptide containing the FGFR high-affinity binding site for PLCgamma inhibited phospholipid hydrolysis stimulated by basic FGF with a maximal effect at 1 microg ml-1. Phosphorylation of 766Tyr was required for this effect. The phosphorylated peptide had no effect on phospholipid hydrolysis stimulated by platelet-derived growth factor, neurotrophin-3 and bradykinin. The phosphorylated peptide also inhibited neurite outgrowth stimulated by FGF, but had no effect on neurite outgrowth stimulated by agents that activate the FGFR signal transduction cascade downstream from the activation of PLCgamma. CONCLUSIONS Cell-permeable peptides can be designed that inhibit the function of receptor tyrosine kinases. In this context we have developed a peptide that prevents the FGFR from activating PLCgamma, and have used this peptide to obtain the first direct evidence that activation of PLCgamma is required for the neurite outgrowth response stimulated by basic FGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hall
- Department of Experimental Pathology, UMDS, Guy's Hospital, London Bridge, London SE1 9RT, UK
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62
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Bougeret C, Delaunay T, Romero F, Jullien P, Sabe H, Hanafusa H, Benarous R, Fischer S. Detection of a physical and functional interaction between Csk and Lck which involves the SH2 domain of Csk and is mediated by autophosphorylation of Lck on tyrosine 394. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:7465-72. [PMID: 8631775 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.13.7465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The COOH-terminal Src kinase (Csk) is responsible for the phosphorylation of the conserved, negative regulatory, carboxyl-terminal tyrosine of most of the Src family protein tyrosine kinases. Up to now, no stable binding of Csk to Src kinases has been detected. We therefore decided to analyze this interaction using two systems which allow detection of transient interaction. We produced and purified recombinant proteins in the glutathione S-transferase prokaryotic expression system. First, using real-time biospecific interaction analysis (BIAcore(TM)), we detected in vitro a specific interaction between Csk and one of its substrates Lck, a lymphocyte-specific member of the Src family. This interaction requires the autophosphorylation of Lck on tyrosine 394 (the phosphorylation of which is correlated with an increase of the kinase activity) and involves a functional Csk SH2 domain. Second, using the yeast two-hybrid system, we confirmed in vivo the physical interaction between Csk and Lck. Furthermore, in vitro we showed that autophosphorylation of Lck on tyrosine 394 enhances the phosphorylation of Lck by Csk on the negative regulatory site, tyrosine 505, suggesting that activated Lck serves preferentially as substrate for Csk. These findings might explain the mechanism(s) by which Csk interacts with most of Src kinases to down-regulate their kinase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bougeret
- INSERM, Institut Cochin de Génétique Moleculaire/Université Paris, France
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63
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Bachelot C, Rameh L, Parsons T, Cantley LC. Association of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, via the SH2 domains of p85, with focal adhesion kinase in polyoma middle t-transformed fibroblasts. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1996; 1311:45-52. [PMID: 8603102 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4889(95)00176-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a non-receptor protein tyrosine kinase, becomes activated and phosphorylated on tyrosine in cells transformed with v-src. By cytoimmunofluorescence a sub-fraction of the p85 subunit of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) localized in focal adhesion plaques. We examined the possibility that FAK associates with PI 3-kinase. In fibroblasts transformed with polyoma middle t, PI 3-kinase activity co-immunoprecipitated with pp125FAK using two different antibodies against this protein. PP125FAK from middle t-transformed cells associated with a glutathione-S-transferase fusion protein containing the 85-kDa subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. Both of the SH2 domains and the SH3 domain of p85 also formed complexes with pp125FAK in vitro. Phosphopeptides that bind to the SH2 domains completely blocked the binding of full-length p85 to pp125FAK, while a peptide that binds to the SH3 domain was ineffective, indicating that the association between p85 and pp125FAK is mediated by the SH2 domains of p85.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bachelot
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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64
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Malek SN, Yang CH, Earnshaw WC, Kozak CA, Desiderio S. p150TSP, a conserved nuclear phosphoprotein that contains multiple tetratricopeptide repeats and binds specifically to SH2 domains. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:6952-62. [PMID: 8636124 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.12.6952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Src homology 2 (SH2) domains are structural modules that function in the assembly of multicomponent signaling complexes by binding to specific phosphopeptides. The tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) is a distinct structural motif that has been suggested to mediate protein-protein interactions. Among SH2-binding phosphoproteins purified from the mouse B cell lymphoma A20, a 150-kDa species was identified and the corresponding complementary DNA (cDNA) was molecularly cloned. This protein encoded by this cDNA, which we have termed p150TSP (for TPR-containing, SH2-binding phosphoprotein), is located predominantly in the nucleus and is highly conserved in evolution. The gene encoding p150TSP (Tsp) was mapped to chromosome 7 of the mouse with gene order: centromere-Tyr-Wnt11-Tsp-Zp2. The amino-terminal two-thirds of p150TSP consist almost entirely of tandemly arranged TPR units, which mediate specific, homotypic protein interactions in transfected cells. The carboxyl-terminal third of p150TSP, which is serine- and glutamic acid-rich, is essential for SH2 binding; this interaction is dependent on serine/threonine phosphorylation but independent of tyrosine phosphorylation. The sequence and binding properties of p150TSP suggest that it may mediate interactions between TPR-containing and SH2-containing proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Malek
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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65
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Liu WQ, Carreaux F, Meudal H, Roques BP, Garbay-Jaureguiberry C. Synthesis of constrained 4-(phosphonomethyl)phenylalanine derivatives as hydrolytically stable analogs of O-phosphotyrosine. Tetrahedron 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4020(96)00085-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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66
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Abstract
SH2 domain containing proteins play a key role in the process of intracellular transmission of signalling events initiated at the cell surface. As a pre-requisite in the fulfillment of this function, these proteins bind to a variety of phospho-tyrosine (pY) containing target molecules. Delineation of these binding sites as essentially short linear peptides (both structurally and functionally) has led to the suggestion that the activity of these signalling complexes may be manipulated by the development of relatively simple peptide reagents. This review examines the range of possibilities open on this approach and the extent to which positive results have already been realised.
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67
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Laminet AA, Apell G, Conroy L, Kavanaugh WM. Affinity, specificity, and kinetics of the interaction of the SHC phosphotyrosine binding domain with asparagine-X-X-phosphotyrosine motifs of growth factor receptors. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:264-9. [PMID: 8550571 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.1.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domain specifically binds to tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins, but differs in structure and mechanism of action from the SH2 domain family. We quantitated the affinity, specificity, and kinetics of the interaction of the SHC PTB domain with a sequence motif, asparagine-X-X-phosphotyrosine (NXX(pY)), found in several receptor tyrosine kinases and oncogenic proteins. PTB domain-mediated interaction with the NXX(pY) motif of c-ErbB2 was characterized by similar overall affinity but slower kinetics than that reported for SH2 domains. This suggested that unlike SH2 domains, PTB domains may not rapidly exchange among associated proteins. Furthermore, when directly and quantitatively compared, PTB domain binding specificity did not significantly overlap with a panel of seven SH2 domains. Thus, signaling pathways involving PTB and SH2 domain-mediated interactions can be regulated separately. Finally, our data define the minimal SHC PTB domain binding motif as NXX(pY), not NPX(pY) as suggested by other authors, and suggest a high affinity motif, hydrophobic residue-(D/E)-N-X-X-pY-(W/F), found in the Trk and ErbB receptor tyrosine kinase families. We conclude that PTB domains mediate specific protein-protein interactions independent from those mediated by SH2 domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Laminet
- Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, California 94608, USA
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68
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Obermeier A, Tinhofer I, Grunicke HH, Ullrich A. Transforming potentials of epidermal growth factor and nerve growth factor receptors inversely correlate with their phospholipase C gamma affinity and signal activation. EMBO J 1996; 15:73-82. [PMID: 8598208 PMCID: PMC449919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The exchange of nerve growth factor receptor/Trk and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) phospholipase C gamma (PLC gamma) binding sites resulted in the transfer of their distinct affinities for this Src homology 2 domain-containing protein. Relative to wild-type EGFR, the PLC gamma affinity increase of the EGFR switch mutant EGFR.X enhanced its inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and calcium signals and resulted in a more sustained mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase activation and accelerated receptor dephosphorylation. In parallel, EGFR.X exhibited a significantly decreased mitogenic and transforming potential in NIH 3T3 cells. Conversely, the transfer of the EGFR PLC gamma binding site into the Trk cytoplasmic domain context impaired the IP3/calcium signal and attenuated the MAP kinase activation and receptor dephosphorylation, but resulted in an enhancement of the ETR.X exchange mutant mitogenic and oncogenic capacity. Our findings establish the significance of PLC gamma affinity for signal definition, the role of this receptor tyrosine kinase substrate as a negative feedback regulator and the importance of this regulatory function for mitogenesis and its disturbance in oncogenic aberrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Obermeier
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max-Planck-Institute for Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
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69
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Sakaguchi K, Roller PP, Appella E. Chemical synthesis and applications of phosphopeptides. GENETIC ENGINEERING 1996; 18:249-278. [PMID: 8785124 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-1766-9_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K Sakaguchi
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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70
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71
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Chatellier J, Rauffer-Bruyère N, Van Regenmortel MH, Altschuh D, Weiss E. Comparative interaction kinetics of two recombinant Fabs and of the corresponding antibodies directed to the coat protein of tobacco mosaic virus. J Mol Recognit 1996; 9:39-51. [PMID: 8723318 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-1352(199601)9:1<39::aid-jmr239>3.0.co;2-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Two recombinant Fab fragments, 57P and 174P, recognizing peptide 134-146 of the coat protein of tobacco mosaic virus have been cloned, sequenced and expressed in Escherichia coli. They differ by 15 amino acid changes in the sequence of their variable region. The interaction kinetics of the Fabs with the wild-type and four mutant peptides have been compared using a BIAcoreTM biosensor instrument. The recombinant Fab 174P had the same reactivity as the Fab fragment obtained by enzymatic cleavage of monoclonal antibody 174P. The two recombinant Fabs recognized the various peptides in the same ranking order but Fab 174P consistently dissociated somewhat faster from the peptides compared to Fab 57P. The two whole antibodies showed the same relative differences in reactivity as the two recombinant Fabs. The location of amino acid changes was visualized on a model structure of the Fab. Differences in dissociation rates of the two antibodies are most likely due to changes located at the periphery of the antigen-combining site and/or at the interface between the light and heavy chain domains. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of detecting very small differences in binding affinity by the biosensor technology, which is a prerequisite for assessing the functional effect of limited structural changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Chatellier
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du CNRS, Laboratoire d'Immunochimie, Strasbourg, France
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72
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Katz BA, Cass RT, Liu B, Arze R, Collins N. Topochemical catalysis achieved by structure-based ligand design. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:31210-8. [PMID: 8537386 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.52.31210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, a cyclic peptide ligand, cyclo-Ac-[CHPQG-PPC]-NH2, that binds to streptavidin with high affinity was discovered by screening phage libraries. From the streptavidin-bound crystal structures of cyclo-Ac-[CHPQGPPC]-NH2 and of a related but more weakly binding linear ligand, FSHPQNT, we designed linear thiol-containing streptavidin binding ligands, FCH-PQNT-NH2 and Ac-CHPQNT-NH2, which are dimerized catalytically by the streptavidin crystal lattice of space group I222, as demonstrated by high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. The catalytic dimerization relies on presentation of the ligand thiols toward one another in the lattice. The streptavidin crystal lattice-mediated catalysis achieved by structure-based design is the first example of catalysis of a chemical reaction by a protein crystal lattice. The spontaneous and crystal catalyzed rates of disulfide formation were determined by high performance liquid chromatography at pH 3.1, 4.0, 5.0, and 6.0. The ratio of the catalyzed to uncatalyzed rate was maximal at pH 3.1 (kcat/kuncat = 3.8), diminishing to 1.2 at pH 6.0. The crystal structures of the streptavidin-bound dimerized peptide ligands, FCHPQNT-NH2 dimer at 1.95 A and Ac-CHPQNT-NH2 dimer at 1.80 A, are described and compared with the structures of streptavidin-bound FSHPQNT monomer and cyclo-Ac-[CHPQGPPC]-NH2 dimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Katz
- Arris Pharmaceutical Corporation, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
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73
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Zhou MM, Harlan JE, Wade WS, Crosby S, Ravichandran KS, Burakoff SJ, Fesik SW. Binding affinities of tyrosine-phosphorylated peptides to the COOH-terminal SH2 and NH2-terminal phosphotyrosine binding domains of Shc. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:31119-23. [PMID: 8537373 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.52.31119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The adaptor protein Shc has been implicated in Ras signaling via association with many tyrosine-phosphorylated receptors, including growth factor receptors, antigen receptors on T and B cells, and cytokine receptors. Shc could interact with the activated receptors through the carboxyl-terminal Src homology 2 (SH2) domain or the structurally unrelated amino-terminal phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domain. Using NMR and surface plasmon resonance techniques, we have measured the binding affinities of the SH2 and the PTB domains of Shc to a series of phosphotyrosine-containing peptides derived from known Shc binding sites. Tyrosine-phosphorylated peptides derived from Trk (pY490), polyoma virus middle T-antigen (pY250), ErbB3 (pY1309), and epidermal growth factor receptor (pY1086, pY1148, and pY1114) that contain NPXpY sequences bind preferentially to the PTB domain of Shc with Kd values of 0.02-5.3 microM. The binding affinities of these peptides to the Shc SH2 domain were in the range of 220-1290 microM. In contrast, tyrosine-phosphorylated peptides from epidermal growth factor receptor (pY992, pY1173) and the zeta chain of the T-cell receptor bind preferentially to the SH2 domain (Kd = 50-130 microM) versus the PTB domain (Kd > 680 microM). From these studies, the relative contribution of the individual domains of Shc for binding to the phosphotyrosine-containing portions of these proteins was determined. In addition, our data indicate that the high affinity binding of the PTB domain to the NPXpY-containing peptides results from a very high association rate and a rapid dissociation rate, which is similar to previous results observed for the SH2-phosphopeptide complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Zhou
- Pharmaceutical Discovery Division, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064, USA
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74
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Ruzza P, Deana AD, Calderan A, Pavanetto M, Cesaro L, Pinna LA, Borin G. Synthetic Tyr-phospho and non-hydrolyzable phosphonopeptides as PTKs and TC-PTP inhibitors. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE AND PROTEIN RESEARCH 1995; 46:535-46. [PMID: 8748714 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1995.tb01609.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosine-specific protein kinases and phosphatases are important signal transducing enzymes in normal cellular growth and differentiation and have been implicated in the etiology of a number of human neoplastic processes. In order to develop agents which inhibits the function of these two classes of enzymes by interfering with the binding of their substrates, we synthesized analogs derived from the peptide EDNEYTA. This sequence reproduces the main autophosphorylation site of Src tyrosine kinases. In this work we report the synthesis, by classical solution methods, of the phosphotyrosyl peptide EDNEYpTA as well as of three analogs in which the phosphotyrosine is replaced by a phosphinotyrosine and by two unnatural, non-hydrolyzable amino acids 4-phosphonomethyl-L-phenylalanine and 4-phosphono-L-phenylalanine. The Src peptide and its derivatives were tested as inhibitors of three non-receptor tyrosine kinases (Lyn, belonging to the Src family, CSK and PTK-IIB) and a non-receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase obtained from human T-cell (TC-PTP). The biomimetic analogues, which do not significantly affect the activity of CSK, PTK-IIB and TC-PTP, act as efficient inhibitors on Lyn, influencing both the exogenous phosphorylation and, especially, its autophosphorylation. In particular, the Pphe derivative may provide a basis for the design of a class of inhibitors specific for Lyn and possibly Src tyrosine kinases, capable of being used in vivo and in vitro conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ruzza
- CNR, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Padua, Italy
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75
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Abstract
Protein-tyrosine kinases interact with a diverse group of signaling molecules that share common structural elements known as Src homology 2 and 3 (SH2 and SH3) domains. SH2 domains bind with high affinity to peptide sequences within target proteins that contain phosphorylated tyrosine residues, but have no affinity for the unphosphorylated sequence. This property allows activated tyrosine kinases to initiate signal transduction by recruiting downstream effectors with SH2 domains. SH3 domains also mediate protein-protein interaction. Target sequences for SH3 domains are rich in proline and hydrophobic amino acids, but do not require phosphorylation. SH2- and SH3-mediated protein-protein interactions are required for the transmission of proliferative signals initiated by tyrosine kinases (e.g., Ras activation or stimulation of phosphatidylinositol-3' kinase activity). Peptidomimetic ligands based on the sequence of target proteins for SH2 and SH3 domains may represent new lead compounds for the therapy of proliferative diseases that are dependent upon constitutively activated tyrosine kinases (e.g., BCR/ABL in chronic myelogenous and acute lymphocytic leukemias or HER-2/Neu in breast and ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- T E Smithgall
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha 68198-6805, USA
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76
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Abstract
An emerging theme in both the biology of signal transduction and the biochemistry of proteins has been the modular function of small protein domains. In some cases these can directly regulate catalytic activity. In others, they serve to interconnect important regulatory proteins. SH2 (src homology 2) domains represent some of the best studied models. Originally identified on the basis of homology in src and fps [1], SH2s are elements that ordinarily respond to tyrosine phosphorylation by binding the phosphorylated sequence. As such, they are key elements in tyrosine kinase regulation of cellular processes. Because SH2 interactions result from phosphorylation, such elements provide a regulatable circuitry along which signals can be transmitted in a timely manner. Because the regulation is based on a common mechanism, signal generators can target several different proteins coordinately. The PDGF receptor (PDGFr), for example, may interact with as many as ten different elements [2,3]. There are a number of excellent reviews on SH2 domains available [4-11]. This discussion will try to show how genetic, biochemical and biophysical results can be integrated in a satisfying way.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Schaffhausen
- Department of Biochemistry, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA
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77
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Abstract
The function and activity of a protein are often modulated by other proteins with which it interacts. This review is intended as a practical guide to the analysis of such protein-protein interactions. We discuss biochemical methods such as protein affinity chromatography, affinity blotting, coimmunoprecipitation, and cross-linking; molecular biological methods such as protein probing, the two-hybrid system, and phage display: and genetic methods such as the isolation of extragenic suppressors, synthetic mutants, and unlinked noncomplementing mutants. We next describe how binding affinities can be evaluated by techniques including protein affinity chromatography, sedimentation, gel filtration, fluorescence methods, solid-phase sampling of equilibrium solutions, and surface plasmon resonance. Finally, three examples of well-characterized domains involved in multiple protein-protein interactions are examined. The emphasis of the discussion is on variations in the approaches, concerns in evaluating the results, and advantages and disadvantages of the techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Phizicky
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Rochester Medical School, New York 14642
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78
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Abstract
Communication between cells assumes particular importance in multicellular organisms. The growth, migration and differentiation of cells in the embryo, and their organization into specific tissues, depend on signals transmitted from one cell to another. In the adult, cell signalling orchestrates normal cellular behaviour and responses to wounding and infection. The consequences of breakdowns in this signalling underlie cancer, diabetes and disorders of the immune and cardiovascular systems. Conserved protein domains that act as key regulatory participants in many of these different signalling pathways are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Pawson
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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79
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Vetter ML, Bishop JM. Beta PDGF receptor mutants defective for mitogenesis promote neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells. Curr Biol 1995; 5:168-78. [PMID: 7743180 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-9822(95)00038-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) promotes mitogenesis in fibroblast cell lines but stimulates neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells that ectopically express the beta PDGF receptor. To determine which substrates must associate with this receptor protein-tyrosine kinase in order to promote neurite outgrowth, we introduced into PC12 pheochromocytoma cells three mutant forms of the beta PDGF receptor that no longer associate with specific substrate proteins. We then assayed the ability of these receptor mutants to affect neurite extension. RESULTS Receptors lacking the kinase-insert domain did not associate with either phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) or Ras GTPase-activating protein (Ras-GAP) in PC12 cells. A carboxy-terminal truncation of the beta PDGF receptor eliminated the association of phospholipase C-gamma 1 (PLC-gamma 1) with the receptor and prevented phosphorylation of PLC-gamma 1 in PC12 cells. Finally, beta PDGF receptors that have tyrosine-to-phenylalanine point mutations at positions 708, 719, 977 and 989 did not associate with either PI 3-kinase or PLC-gamma 1. All three mutant forms of the beta PDGF receptor promoted PDGF-dependent neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells and elicited activation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases. CONCLUSIONS PC12 cells expressing the beta PDGF receptor extend neurites in response to PDGF in the absence of signalling through PI 3-kinase, RasGAP, and PLC-gamma 1. This contrasts with the requirements for mitogenesis for epithelial and fibroblast cell lines, in which the association of PI 3-kinase with the beta PDGF receptor is essential. This receptor protein-tyrosine kinase therefore phosphorylates and activates a similar set of intracellular signalling molecules in the context of both mitogenesis and differentiation, but the importance of particular pathways for each phenotypic response is distinct.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Vetter
- George Williams Hooper Foundation, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0552, USA
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80
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Hutchinson AM. Evanescent wave biosensors. Real-time analysis of biomolecular interactions. Mol Biotechnol 1995; 3:47-54. [PMID: 7606504 DOI: 10.1007/bf02821334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Optical biosensors, based on evanescent wave technology, are analytical devices that measure the interactions between biomolecules in real time, without the need for any labels. Specific ligands are immobilized to a sensor surface, and a solution of receptor or antibody is injected over the top. Binding is measured by recording changes in the refractive index, caused by the molecules interacting near the sensor surface within the evanescent field. Evanescent wave-based biosensors are being used to study an increasing number of applications in the life sciences, including the binding and dissociation kinetics of antibodies and receptor-ligand pairs, protein-DNA and DNA-DNA interactions, epitope mapping, phage display libraries, and whole cell- and virus-protein interactions. There are currently four commercially available evanescent wave biosensors on the market. This article describes the technology behind their sensing techniques, as well as the range of applications in which they are employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Hutchinson
- Department of Natural Products, Glaxo Research and Development Ltd., Greenford, Middlesex, UK
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81
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Affiliation(s)
- G B Cohen
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139
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82
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Chapter 29. Applications of Biosensor Technology in Drug Discovery. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(08)60942-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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83
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Gish G, Larose L, Shen R, Pawson T. Biochemical analysis of SH2 domain-mediated protein interactions. Methods Enzymol 1995; 254:503-23. [PMID: 8531711 DOI: 10.1016/0076-6879(95)54036-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G Gish
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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84
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Chapter 24. SH2 and SH3 Domains: Choreographers of Multiple Signaling Pathways. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(08)60937-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
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85
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Helmke S, Pfenninger KH. Growth cone enrichment and cytoskeletal association of non-receptor tyrosine kinases. CELL MOTILITY AND THE CYTOSKELETON 1995; 30:194-207. [PMID: 7758136 DOI: 10.1002/cm.970300304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Fetal rat brain (E18) expresses at least three c-src-like, membrane-associated non-receptor tyrosine kinases: c-src, fyn, and lyn. c-src and fyn are the most abundant and are highly enriched in a subcellular fraction of nerve growth cones (GCPs). To study the cytoskeletal association of these tyrosine kinases, Triton X-100-resistant fractions were prepared from GCPs. All three non-receptor tyrosine kinases are associated with the cytoskeleton to a significant degree with the relative affinities: fyn > c-src > lyn. The binding is sensitive to ionic strength and to phosphotyrosine, but not to phosphoserine or phosphothreonine. To investigate the regulation of this association we used phosphatase inhibitors to increase phosphotyrosine levels in GCPs. This resulted in the release of c-src from the cytoskeleton. Under these conditions tyrosine phosphorylation was increased selectively in released c-src and primarily on tyrosine 527. Cytoskeletally bound c-src had a higher specific kinase activity than Triton X-100-soluble c-src. These findings indicate that src family members interact in a regulated manner with the cytoskeleton in non-transformed cells. This regulation is explained by a model in which c-src binds to the cytoskeleton via its SH2 domain and is released when phosphorylated tyrosine-527 binds to this domain intramolecularly, inhibiting kinase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Helmke
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, USA
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86
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Garcia P, Shoelson SE, Drew JS, Miller WT. Phosphopeptide occupancy and photoaffinity cross-linking of the v-Src SH2 domain attenuates tyrosine kinase activity. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)43852-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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87
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Malek SN, Desiderio S. A cyclin-dependent kinase homologue, p130PITSLRE is a phosphotyrosine-independent SH2 ligand. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(20)30091-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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88
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The beta D-sheet residues of the Lck-derived SH2 domain determine specificity of the interaction with tyrosine-phosphorylated ligands in Ramos B cells. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(20)30094-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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89
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Lemmon M, Ladbury J, Mandiyan V, Zhou M, Schlessinger J. Independent binding of peptide ligands to the SH2 and SH3 domains of Grb2. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)31745-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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90
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Payne G, Stolz LA, Pei D, Band H, Shoelson SE, Walsh CT. The phosphopeptide-binding specificity of Src family SH2 domains. CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY 1994; 1:99-105. [PMID: 9383377 DOI: 10.1016/1074-5521(94)90047-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Src homology 2 (SH2) domains mediate protein/protein interactions by binding phosphotyrosyl proteins with high specificity. The protein Lck, a Src-like lymphocyte-specific tyrosine kinase which is important in signals involved in T-cell development, contains one such domain. The crystal structure of a complex of the Lck SH2 domain with a high-affinity ligand, pY324, is known. This ligand has the sequence EPQpYEEIPIYL. RESULTS We designed and synthesized a series of phosphopeptides with single amino-acid changes in the four residues C-terminal to the phosphotyrosine (pTyr) in pY324. Surprisingly, the Glu one residue C-terminal to the phosphotyrosine (at position pY + 1) is sensitive to substitution, whereas the Ile at position pY + 3 is much less sensitive, accommodating a Glu with only modest loss of binding affinity. Replacement of the Glu and Pro on either side of the Ile had little effect, as predicted. Truncated phosphopeptides that end at position pY + 5 and have only an acetyl group N-terminal to the pTyr bound with only slightly lower affinity than pY324. In addition, naturally occurring phosphopeptide sequences that span a 1,000-fold range in binding affinity for the Lck SH2 domain have been identified. CONCLUSIONS The Lck SH2 domain is highly selective for phosphotyrosyl-peptide binding; its specificity is dictated by the first and third residues C-terminal to the pTyr. The unexpected effects of some amino-acid substitutions indicate that the interactions seen between SH2 domains and ligand in the crystal structure may not be identical to those that occur in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Payne
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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91
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Bardelli A, Ponzetto C, Comoglio PM. Identification of functional domains in the hepatocyte growth factor and its receptor by molecular engineering. J Biotechnol 1994; 37:109-22. [PMID: 7765452 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1656(94)90002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF) is a heparin-binding polypeptide which shares structural domains with enzymes of the blood clotting cascade. HGF/SF is secreted by cells of mesodermal origin and has powerful mitogenic, motogenic and morphogenic activity on epithelial and endothelial cells. HGF/SF is produced as a biologically inactive single-chain precursor (pro-HGF/SF) most of which is sequestered on the cell surface or bound to the extracellular matrix. Maturation into the active alpha beta heterodimer results from proteolytic cleavage by a urokinase-type protease, which acts as a pro-HGF/SF convertase. The primary determinant for receptor binding appears to be located within the alpha-chain. The interaction of the alpha-chain with the receptor is sufficient for the activation of the signal cascade involved in the motility response. However, the complete HGF/SF protein seems to be required to elicit a mitogenic response. HGF/SF binds with high affinity to a transmembrane receptor, p190MET, encoded by the MET proto-oncogene. p190MET is the prototype of a distinct subfamily of heterodimeric tyrosine kinases, including the putative receptors Ron and Sea. The mature form of p190MET is a heterodimer of two disulfide-linked subunits (alpha and beta). The alpha-subunit is extracellular and heavily glycosylated. The beta-subunit consists of an extracellular portion involved in ligand binding, a membrane spanning segment, and a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase domain. Both subunits derive from glycosylation and proteolytic cleavage of a common precursor of 170 kDa. In polarized epithelial cells the HGF/SF receptor is selectively exposed in the basolateral plasmalemma, where it is associated with detergent-insoluble components. Two Met isoforms, carrying an intact ligand binding domain but lacking the kinase domain due to truncation of the beta-subunit, arise from alternative post-transcriptional processing of the mature form. One truncated form is soluble and released from the cells. HGF/SF binding triggers tyrosine autophosphorylation of the receptor beta-subunit. Autophosphorylation on the major phosphorylation site Y1235 upregulates the kinase activity of the receptor, increasing the Vmax of the phosphotransfer reaction. Negative regulation of the kinase activity occurs through phosphorylation of a unique serine residue (S985) located in the juxtamembrane domain of the receptor. This phosphorylation is triggered by two distinct pathways involving either protein kinase C activation or increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration. Upon ligand binding, the HGF/SF receptor recruits and activates several cytoplasmic effectors, including phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-K), phospholipase C-gamma (PLC-gamma), pp60c-Src, a tyrosine phosphatase, and a Ras-guanine nucleotide exchanger.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bardelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Oncology, University of Torino School of Medicine, Italy
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92
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Viguera AR, Arrondo JL, Musacchio A, Saraste M, Serrano L. Characterization of the interaction of natural proline-rich peptides with five different SH3 domains. Biochemistry 1994; 33:10925-33. [PMID: 8086409 DOI: 10.1021/bi00202a011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of six different proline-rich peptides with five SH3 domains has been investigated by using spectroscopic techniques. These peptides correspond to natural sequences and have been implicated in the interaction of some SH3 domains with other proteins. We have determined the Kd values for all of the possible combinations between the peptides and the SH3 domains. Low specificity and low affinity (> 5 microM) are the most remarkable conclusions from these studies. None of the peptides tested here were found to bind with significant affinity to spectrin-SH3 or n-src-SH3. Abl-SH3 seems to be the most selective of the domains analyzed here, while Fyn-SH3 is the most promiscuous. CD and FTIR studies indicate that these peptides adopt to different extents a PPII-like structure in aqueous solution. However, analysis of the SH3 domain complexes with these peptides suggests that proline-rich peptides do not necessarily adopt an overall PPII structure over their entire length upon binding to the different SH3 domains.
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93
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Ma H, Yang H, Takano E, Hatanaka M, Maki M. Amino-terminal conserved region in proteinase inhibitor domain of calpastatin potentiates its calpain inhibitory activity by interacting with calmodulin-like domain of the proteinase. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)51102-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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94
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van der Merwe PA, Barclay AN, Mason DW, Davies EA, Morgan BP, Tone M, Krishnam AK, Ianelli C, Davis SJ. Human cell-adhesion molecule CD2 binds CD58 (LFA-3) with a very low affinity and an extremely fast dissociation rate but does not bind CD48 or CD59. Biochemistry 1994; 33:10149-60. [PMID: 7520278 DOI: 10.1021/bi00199a043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
CD2 is a T lymphocyte cell-adhesion molecule (CAM) belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) which mediates transient adhesion of T cells to antigen-presenting cells and target cells. Reported ligands for human CD2 include the structurally-related IgSF CAMs CD58 (LFA-3) and CD48 as well as, more controversially, the unrelated cell-surface glycoprotein CD59. Using surface plasmon resonance technology, which avoids several pitfalls of conventional binding assays, we recently reported that rat CD2 binds rat CD48 with a very low affinity (Kd 60-90 microM) and dissociates rapidly (koff > or = 6 s-1) [van der Merwe, P. A., Brown, M. H., Davis, S. J., & Barclay, A. N. (1993) EMBO J. 12, 4945-4954]. In contrast, a study using conventional equilibrium binding methods reported a much higher affinity (Kd 0.4 microM) for human CD2 binding CD58 which suggested that the weak binding of rat CD2 to CD48 may not represent a typical CAM interaction. In the present study we have used surface plasmon resonance to obtain definitive affinity and kinetic data on the interactions of a soluble, recombinant form of human CD2 with soluble forms of CD58, CD48, and CD59. Binding of CD2 to CD58 was readily detected but we were unable to detect any direct interaction between CD2 and either CD59 or CD48 under conditions in which very low affinity interactions (Kd approximately 0.5 mM) would have been detected. In contrast to previous reports we found that human CD2 bound CD58 with a very low affinity (Kd 9-22 microM) and dissociated with an extremely fast dissociation rate constant (koff > or = 4 s-1). The association rate constant (kon) could not be measured directly but was calculated to be > or = 400,000 M-1s-1. Taken together, these results provide conclusive evidence that CAM interactions can have very low affinities and extremely fast dissociation rate constants.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A van der Merwe
- MRC Cellular Immunology Unit, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, U.K
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95
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Fisher RJ, Fivash M. Surface plasmon resonance based methods for measuring the kinetics and binding affinities of biomolecular interactions. Curr Opin Biotechnol 1994; 5:389-95. [PMID: 7765171 DOI: 10.1016/0958-1669(94)90047-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Surface plasmon resonance is emerging as the method of choice to study biomolecular interactions between macromolecules because it allows the observation of real-time kinetics for these processes. The method is currently being applied to the study of antigen-antibody interactions, protein-DNA interactions, receptor SH2 domain-phosphotyrosine peptide interactions and receptor-ligand interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Fisher
- Laboratory of Cellular Biochemistry, PRI/DynCorp, NCI-Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, Maryland 21702-1201
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96
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Abstract
Currently, a central question in biology is how signals from the cell surface modulate intracellular processes. In recent years phosphoinositides have been shown to play a key role in signal transduction. Two phosphoinositide pathways have been characterized, to date. In the canonical phosphoinositide turnover pathway, activation of phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C results in the hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate and the generation of two second messengers, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and diacylglycerol. The 3-phosphoinositide pathway involves protein-tyrosine kinase-mediated recruitment and activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, resulting in the production of phosphatidylinositol 3,4-bisphosphate and phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate. The 3-phosphoinositides are not substrates of any known phospholipase C, are not components of the canonical phosphoinositide turnover pathway, and may themselves act as intracellular mediators. The 3-phosphoinositide pathway has been implicated in growth factor-dependent mitogenesis, membrane ruffling and glucose uptake. Furthermore the homology of the yeast vps34 with the mammalian phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase has suggested a role for this pathway in vesicular trafficking. In this review the different mechanisms employed by protein-tyrosine kinases to activate phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, and its involvement in the signaling cascade initiated by tyrosine phosphorylation, are examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kapeller
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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97
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Fry MJ. Structure, regulation and function of phosphoinositide 3-kinases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1994; 1226:237-68. [PMID: 8054357 DOI: 10.1016/0925-4439(94)90036-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M J Fry
- Section of Cell Biology and Experimental Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey, UK
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98
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Hensmann M, Booker GW, Panayotou G, Boyd J, Linacre J, Waterfield M, Campbell ID. Phosphopeptide binding to the N-terminal SH2 domain of the p85 alpha subunit of PI 3'-kinase: a heteronuclear NMR study. Protein Sci 1994; 3:1020-30. [PMID: 7522724 PMCID: PMC2142902 DOI: 10.1002/pro.5560030704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The N-terminal src-homology 2 domain of the p85 alpha subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3' kinase (SH2-N) binds specifically to phosphotyrosine-containing sequences. Notably, it recognizes phosphorylated Tyr 751 within the kinase insert of the cytoplasmic domain of the activated beta PDGF receptor. A titration of a synthetic 12-residue phosphopeptide (ESVDY*VPMLDMK) into a solution of the SH2-N domain was monitored using heteronuclear 2D and 3D NMR spectroscopy. 2D-(15N-1H) heteronuclear single-quantum correlation (HSQC) experiments were performed at each point of the titration to follow changes in both 15N and 1H chemical shifts in NH groups. When mapped onto the solution structure of the SH2-N domain, these changes indicate a peptide-binding surface on the protein. Line shape analysis of 1D profiles of individual (15N-1H)-HSQC peaks at each point of the titration suggests a kinetic exchange model involving at least 2 steps. To characterize changes in the internal dynamics of the domain, the magnitude of the (15N-1H) heteronuclear NOE for the backbone amide of each residue was determined for the SH2-N domain with and without bound peptide. These data indicate that, on a nanosecond timescale, there is no significant change in the mobility of either loops or regions of secondary structure. A mode of peptide binding that involves little conformational change except in the residues directly involved in the 2 binding pockets of the p85 alpha SH2-N domain is suggested by this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hensmann
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
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99
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Marengere LE, Songyang Z, Gish GD, Schaller MD, Parsons JT, Stern MJ, Cantley LC, Pawson T. SH2 domain specificity and activity modified by a single residue. Nature 1994; 369:502-5. [PMID: 7515480 DOI: 10.1038/369502a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Many intracellular targets of protein-tyrosine kinases possess Src homology 2 (SH2) domains that directly recognize phosphotyrosine-containing sites on autophosphorylated growth factor receptors and cytoplasmic proteins, and thereby mediate the activation of biochemical signalling pathways. SH2 domains possess relatively well conserved residues that form the phosphotyrosine-binding pocket, and more variable residues that are implicated in determining binding specificity by recognition of the three amino acids carboxy-terminal to phosphotyrosine (the +1 to +3 positions). One such residue, occupying the EF1 position of the +3-binding pocket, is a Thr in the SH2 domain of the Src tyrosine kinase, but is predicted to be a Trp in the SH2 domain of the Sem-5/drk/Grb2 adaptor protein. Here we report that changing this residue in the Src SH2 domain from Thr to Trp switches its selectivity to resemble that of the Sem-5/drk/Grb2 SH2 domain. Furthermore, this mutant Src SH2 domain effectively substitutes for the SH2 domain of the Sem-5 protein in activation of the Ras pathway in vivo. These results identify a residue that can modify SH2 selectivity, and indicate that the biological activity of an SH2 domain correlates with its binding specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Marengere
- Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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100
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Farrow NA, Muhandiram R, Singer AU, Pascal SM, Kay CM, Gish G, Shoelson SE, Pawson T, Forman-Kay JD, Kay LE. Backbone dynamics of a free and phosphopeptide-complexed Src homology 2 domain studied by 15N NMR relaxation. Biochemistry 1994; 33:5984-6003. [PMID: 7514039 DOI: 10.1021/bi00185a040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1719] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The backbone dynamics of the C-terminal SH2 domain of phospholipase C gamma 1 have been investigated. Two forms of the domain were studied, one in complex with a high-affinity binding peptide derived from the platelet-derived growth factor receptor and the other in the absence of this peptide. 2-D 1H-15N NMR methods, employing pulsed field gradients, were used to determine steady-state 1H-15N NOE values and T1 and T2 15N relaxation times. Backbone dynamics were characterized by the overall correlation time (tau m), order parameters (S2), effective correlation times for internal motions (tau e), and, if required, terms to account for motions on a microsecond-to-millisecond-time scale. An extended two-time-scale formalism was used for residues having relaxation data and that could not be fit adequately using a single-time-scale formalism. The overall correlation times of the uncomplexed and complexed forms of SH2 were found to be 9.2 and 6.5 ns, respectively, suggesting that the uncomplexed form is in a monomer-dimer equilibrium. This was subsequently confirmed by hydrodynamic measurements. Analysis of order parameters reveals that residues in the so-called phosphotyrosine-binding loop exhibited higher than average disorder in both forms of SH2. Although localized differences in order parameters were observed between the uncomplexed and complexed forms of SH2, overall, higher order parameters were not found in the peptide-bound form, indicating that on average, picosecond-time-scale disorder is not reduced upon binding peptide. The relaxation data of the SH2-phosphopeptide complex were fit with fewer exchange terms than the uncomplexed form. This may reflect the monomer-dimer equilibrium that exists in the uncomplexed form or may indicate that the complexed form has lower conformational flexibility on a microsecond-to-millisecond-time scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Farrow
- Protein Engineering Network Centres of Excellence, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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