51
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Mekonnen SA, Palma Medina LM, Glasner C, Tsompanidou E, de Jong A, Grasso S, Schaffer M, Mäder U, Larsen AR, Gumpert H, Westh H, Völker U, Otto A, Becher D, van Dijl JM. Signatures of cytoplasmic proteins in the exoproteome distinguish community- and hospital-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus USA300 lineages. Virulence 2017; 8:891-907. [PMID: 28475476 PMCID: PMC5626246 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2017.1325064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is the common name for a heterogeneous group of highly drug-resistant staphylococci. Two major MRSA classes are distinguished based on epidemiology, namely community-associated (CA) and hospital-associated (HA) MRSA. Notably, the distinction of CA- and HA-MRSA based on molecular traits remains difficult due to the high genomic plasticity of S. aureus. Here we sought to pinpoint global distinguishing features of CA- and HA-MRSA through a comparative genome and proteome analysis of the notorious MRSA lineage USA300. We show for the first time that CA- and HA-MRSA isolates can be distinguished by 2 distinct extracellular protein abundance clusters that are predictive not only for epidemiologic behavior, but also for their growth and survival within epithelial cells. This ‘exoproteome profiling’ also groups more distantly related HA-MRSA isolates into the HA exoproteome cluster. Comparative genome analysis suggests that these distinctive features of CA- and HA-MRSA isolates relate predominantly to the accessory genome. Intriguingly, the identified exoproteome clusters differ in the relative abundance of typical cytoplasmic proteins, suggesting that signatures of cytoplasmic proteins in the exoproteome represent a new distinguishing feature of CA- and HA-MRSA. Our comparative genome and proteome analysis focuses attention on potentially distinctive roles of ‘liberated’ cytoplasmic proteins in the epidemiology and intracellular survival of CA- and HA-MRSA isolates. Such extracellular cytoplasmic proteins were recently invoked in staphylococcal virulence, but their implication in the epidemiology of MRSA is unprecedented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon A Mekonnen
- a Department of Medical Microbiology , University of Groningen, University Medical Center, Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Laura M Palma Medina
- b Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics , University Medicine Greifswald , Greifswald , Germany
| | - Corinna Glasner
- a Department of Medical Microbiology , University of Groningen, University Medical Center, Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Eleni Tsompanidou
- a Department of Medical Microbiology , University of Groningen, University Medical Center, Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Anne de Jong
- c Department of Molecular Genetics , University of Groningen, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Stefano Grasso
- a Department of Medical Microbiology , University of Groningen, University Medical Center, Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Marc Schaffer
- b Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics , University Medicine Greifswald , Greifswald , Germany
| | - Ulrike Mäder
- b Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics , University Medicine Greifswald , Greifswald , Germany
| | - Anders R Larsen
- d National Center for Antimicrobials and Infection Control , Statens Serum Institut , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Heidi Gumpert
- e Department of Clinical Microbiology , Hvidovre University Hospital , Hvidovre , Denmark
| | - Henrik Westh
- e Department of Clinical Microbiology , Hvidovre University Hospital , Hvidovre , Denmark.,f Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Uwe Völker
- b Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics , University Medicine Greifswald , Greifswald , Germany
| | - Andreas Otto
- g Institut für Mikrobiologie, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität Greifswald , Greifswald , Germany
| | - Dörte Becher
- g Institut für Mikrobiologie, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität Greifswald , Greifswald , Germany
| | - Jan Maarten van Dijl
- a Department of Medical Microbiology , University of Groningen, University Medical Center, Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
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52
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Walsh SI, Craney A, Romesberg FE. Not just an antibiotic target: Exploring the role of type I signal peptidase in bacterial virulence. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:6370-6378. [PMID: 27769673 PMCID: PMC5279723 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The looming antibiotic crisis has prompted the development of new strategies towards fighting infection. Traditional antibiotics target bacterial processes essential for viability, whereas proposed antivirulence approaches rely on the inhibition of factors that are required only for the initiation and propagation of infection within a host. Although antivirulence compounds have yet to prove their efficacy in the clinic, bacterial signal peptidase I (SPase) represents an attractive target in that SPase inhibitors exhibit broad-spectrum antibiotic activity, but even at sub-MIC doses also impair the secretion of essential virulence factors. The potential consequences of SPase inhibition on bacterial virulence have not been thoroughly examined, and are explored within this review. In addition, we review growing evidence that SPase has relevant biological functions outside of mediating secretion, and discuss how the inhibition of these functions may be clinically significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn I Walsh
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Arryn Craney
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Floyd E Romesberg
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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53
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Borsa BA, Tuna BG, Hernandez FJ, Hernandez LI, Bayramoglu G, Arica MY, Ozalp VC. Staphylococcus aureus detection in blood samples by silica nanoparticle-oligonucleotides conjugates. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 86:27-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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54
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Liang M, Zhou X, Xu C. Systems biology in biofuel. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2016-0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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55
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Liu X, Zhang W, Zhao Z, Dai X, Yang Y, Bai Z. Protein secretion in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2016; 37:541-551. [PMID: 27737570 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2016.1206059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Corynebacterium glutamicum, a Gram-positive bacterium, has been widely used for the industrial production of amino acids, such as glutamate and lysine, for decades. Due to several characteristics - its ability to secrete properly folded and functional target proteins into culture broth, its low levels of endogenous extracellular proteins and its lack of detectable extracellular hydrolytic enzyme activity - C. glutamicum is also a very favorable host cell for the secretory production of heterologous proteins, important enzymes, and pharmaceutical proteins. The target proteins are secreted into the culture medium, which has attractive advantages over the manufacturing process for inclusion of body expression - the simplified downstream purification process. The secretory process of proteins is complicated and energy consuming. There are two major secretory pathways in C. glutamicum, the Sec pathway and the Tat pathway, both have specific signal peptides that mediate the secretion of the target proteins. In the present review, we critically discuss recent progress in the secretory production of heterologous proteins and examine in depth the mechanisms of the protein translocation process in C. glutamicum. Some successful case studies of actual applications of this secretory expression host are also evaluated. Finally, the existing issues and solutions in using C. glutamicum as a host of secretory proteins are specifically addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuxia Liu
- a National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , China.,b The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education , School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi , China
| | - Wei Zhang
- a National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , China.,b The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education , School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi , China
| | - Zihao Zhao
- a National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , China.,b The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education , School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi , China
| | - Xiaofeng Dai
- a National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , China.,b The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education , School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi , China
| | - Yankun Yang
- a National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , China.,b The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education , School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi , China
| | - Zhonghu Bai
- a National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , China.,b The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education , School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi , China
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56
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Pompilio A, Riviello A, Crocetta V, Di Giuseppe F, Pomponio S, Sulpizio M, Di Ilio C, Angelucci S, Barone L, Di Giulio A, Di Bonaventura G. Evaluation of antibacterial and antibiofilm mechanisms by usnic acid against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Future Microbiol 2016; 11:1315-1338. [PMID: 27633726 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2016-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the antibacterial and antibiofilm mechanisms of usnic acid (USN) against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from cystic fibrosis patients. MATERIALS & METHODS The effects exerted by USN at subinhibitory concentrations on S. aureus Sa3 strain was evaluated by proteomic, real-time PCR and electron microscopy analyses. RESULTS & CONCLUSION Proteomic analysis showed that USN caused damage in peptidoglycan synthesis, as confirmed by microscopy. Real-time PCR analysis showed that antibiofilm activity of USN is mainly due to impaired adhesion to the host matrix binding proteins, and decreasing lipase and thermonuclease expression. Our data show that USN exerts anti-staphylococcal effects through multitarget inhibitory effects, thus confirming the rationale for considering it 'lead compound' for the treatment of cystic fibrosis infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Pompilio
- Department of Medical, Oral & Biotechnological Sciences, 'G d'Annunzio' University of Chieti-Pescara, Via Vestini 31, Chieti, Italy.,Aging Research Center and Translational Medicine, 'G d'Annunzio' University of Chieti-Pescara, Via L Polacchi 13, Chieti, Italy
| | - Antonella Riviello
- Department of Medical, Oral & Biotechnological Sciences, 'G d'Annunzio' University of Chieti-Pescara, Via Vestini 31, Chieti, Italy.,Aging Research Center and Translational Medicine, 'G d'Annunzio' University of Chieti-Pescara, Via L Polacchi 13, Chieti, Italy.,Stem TeCh Group, Via L Polacchi 13, Chieti, Italy
| | - Valentina Crocetta
- Department of Medical, Oral & Biotechnological Sciences, 'G d'Annunzio' University of Chieti-Pescara, Via Vestini 31, Chieti, Italy.,Aging Research Center and Translational Medicine, 'G d'Annunzio' University of Chieti-Pescara, Via L Polacchi 13, Chieti, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Di Giuseppe
- Department of Medical, Oral & Biotechnological Sciences, 'G d'Annunzio' University of Chieti-Pescara, Via Vestini 31, Chieti, Italy.,Aging Research Center and Translational Medicine, 'G d'Annunzio' University of Chieti-Pescara, Via L Polacchi 13, Chieti, Italy.,Stem TeCh Group, Via L Polacchi 13, Chieti, Italy
| | - Stefano Pomponio
- Department of Medical, Oral & Biotechnological Sciences, 'G d'Annunzio' University of Chieti-Pescara, Via Vestini 31, Chieti, Italy.,Aging Research Center and Translational Medicine, 'G d'Annunzio' University of Chieti-Pescara, Via L Polacchi 13, Chieti, Italy
| | - Marilisa Sulpizio
- Department of Medical, Oral & Biotechnological Sciences, 'G d'Annunzio' University of Chieti-Pescara, Via Vestini 31, Chieti, Italy.,Aging Research Center and Translational Medicine, 'G d'Annunzio' University of Chieti-Pescara, Via L Polacchi 13, Chieti, Italy.,Stem TeCh Group, Via L Polacchi 13, Chieti, Italy
| | - Carmine Di Ilio
- Department of Medical, Oral & Biotechnological Sciences, 'G d'Annunzio' University of Chieti-Pescara, Via Vestini 31, Chieti, Italy.,Aging Research Center and Translational Medicine, 'G d'Annunzio' University of Chieti-Pescara, Via L Polacchi 13, Chieti, Italy.,Stem TeCh Group, Via L Polacchi 13, Chieti, Italy
| | - Stefania Angelucci
- Department of Medical, Oral & Biotechnological Sciences, 'G d'Annunzio' University of Chieti-Pescara, Via Vestini 31, Chieti, Italy.,Aging Research Center and Translational Medicine, 'G d'Annunzio' University of Chieti-Pescara, Via L Polacchi 13, Chieti, Italy.,Stem TeCh Group, Via L Polacchi 13, Chieti, Italy
| | - Luana Barone
- Department of Science, LIME, University Roma Tre, Viale G Marconi 446, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Di Giulio
- Department of Science, LIME, University Roma Tre, Viale G Marconi 446, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Di Bonaventura
- Department of Medical, Oral & Biotechnological Sciences, 'G d'Annunzio' University of Chieti-Pescara, Via Vestini 31, Chieti, Italy.,Aging Research Center and Translational Medicine, 'G d'Annunzio' University of Chieti-Pescara, Via L Polacchi 13, Chieti, Italy
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57
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Shahmirzadi SV, Nguyen MT, Götz F. Evaluation of Staphylococcus aureus Lipoproteins: Role in Nutritional Acquisition and Pathogenicity. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1404. [PMID: 27679612 PMCID: PMC5020093 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial lipoproteins (Lpp) represent a major class of membrane proteins. They are distinguished by a lipid moiety at the N-terminus by which they are anchored either in the outer leaflet of the cytoplasmic membrane or, in Gram-negative bacteria, also in the inner leaflet of the outer membrane. In Gram-positive bacteria Lpp significantly contribute to nutrient transport, Toll-like receptor 2 activation and pathogenicity. Here we examine the Lpp of Staphylococcus aureus USA300, as a prototype for a multiple antibiotic resistant and community-acquired pathogen that is rapidly spreading worldwide. The compiled Lpp were grouped according to the postulated function and dissemination of homologs in the genus Staphylococcus and beyond. Based on this evaluation we also point out Lpp as promising vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shideh V Shahmirzadi
- Microbial Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen Tübingen, Germany
| | - Minh-Thu Nguyen
- Microbial Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen Tübingen, Germany
| | - Friedrich Götz
- Microbial Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen Tübingen, Germany
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58
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Liu Y, Zhang J, Zhong D, Ji L, Yang J, Phillips J, Ji Y. Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from pediatric patients with cystic fibrosis. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 32:162. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-016-2122-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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59
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Krismastuti FSH, Cavallaro A, Prieto-Simon B, Voelcker NH. Toward Multiplexing Detection of Wound Healing Biomarkers on Porous Silicon Resonant Microcavities. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2016; 3:1500383. [PMID: 27812471 PMCID: PMC5067563 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201500383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial wound infections can cause septicemia and lead to limb amputation or death. Therefore, early detection of bacteria is important in chronic wound management. Here, an optical biosensor based on porous silicon resonant microcavity (pSiRM) structure modified with fluorogenic peptide substrate is demonstrated to detect the presence of Sortase A (SrtA), a bacterial enzyme found in the cell membrane protein of Staphylococcus aureus. The combination of fluorescence enhancement effects of the pSiRM architecture with the incorporation of SrtA fluorogenic peptide substrate within the pSi matrix enables the sensing of SrtA with an outstanding limit of detection of 8 × 10-14 m. Modification of the pSiRM structure with microscale spots of two fluorogenic peptide substrates, one specific for SrtA and the other for matrix metalloproteinases, effectively demonstrates the feasibility to perform multiplexed biomarker analysis. The results in this study highlight the potential of the pSiRM sensing platform as a point-of-care diagnostic tool for biomarkers of bacterial wound infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fransiska Sri Herwahyu Krismastuti
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology Future Industries Institute University of South Australia Mawson Lakes, Adelaide South Australia 5095 Australia
| | - Alex Cavallaro
- Future Industries Institute University of South Australia Mawson Lakes South Australia 5095 Australia
| | - Beatriz Prieto-Simon
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology Future Industries Institute University of South Australia Mawson Lakes, Adelaide South Australia 5095 Australia
| | - Nicolas H Voelcker
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology Future Industries Institute University of South Australia Mawson Lakes, Adelaide South Australia 5095 Australia
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60
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Excreted Cytoplasmic Proteins Contribute to Pathogenicity in Staphylococcus aureus. Infect Immun 2016; 84:1672-81. [PMID: 27001537 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00138-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Excretion of cytoplasmic proteins in pro- and eukaryotes, also referred to as "nonclassical protein export," is a well-known phenomenon. However, comparatively little is known about the role of the excreted proteins in relation to pathogenicity. Here, the impact of two excreted glycolytic enzymes, aldolase (FbaA) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), on pathogenicity was investigated in Staphylococcus aureus Both enzymes bound to certain host matrix proteins and enhanced adherence of the bacterial cells to host cells but caused a decrease in host cell invasion. FbaA and GAPDH also bound to the cell surfaces of staphylococcal cells by interaction with the major autolysin, Atl, that is involved in host cell internalization. Surprisingly, FbaA showed high cytotoxicity to both MonoMac 6 (MM6) and HaCaT cells, while GAPDH was cytotoxic only for MM6 cells. Finally, the contribution of external FbaA and GAPDH to S. aureus pathogenicity was confirmed in an insect infection model.
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61
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Kim BR, Bae YM, Hwang JH, Lee SY. Biofilm formation and cell surface properties of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from various sources. Food Sci Biotechnol 2016; 25:643-648. [PMID: 30263318 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-016-0090-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated biofilm formation, cell surface hydrophobicity, colony spreading, and slime production for 112 Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from various sources (leaf vegetables, pea leaf, perilla leaf, Kim-bab, person, and animal). When biofilm formation was classified by origin, S. aureus isolated from animal origin showed a significantly higher level of biofilm formation than others (p≤0.05). When S. aureus groups with different levels of biofilm formation (very strong, strong, moderate, and weak) were evaluated for the correlation with cell surface properties, there was a positive correlation between biofilm formation and hydrophobicity (r=0.926). Biofilm formation and colony spreading on tryptic soy broth (without dextrose) also showed positive correlation (r=0.863). In contrast, biofilm formation and slime production were negatively correlated (r=-0.973). Based on these results, the biofilm forming ability of S. aureus differs depending on their origin and might be affected by cell surface properties such as cell surface hydrophobicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Ram Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi, 17546 Korea
| | - Young-Min Bae
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi, 17546 Korea
| | - Jin-Ha Hwang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi, 17546 Korea
| | - Sun-Young Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi, 17546 Korea
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62
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Mäder U, Nicolas P, Depke M, Pané-Farré J, Debarbouille M, van der Kooi-Pol MM, Guérin C, Dérozier S, Hiron A, Jarmer H, Leduc A, Michalik S, Reilman E, Schaffer M, Schmidt F, Bessières P, Noirot P, Hecker M, Msadek T, Völker U, van Dijl JM. Staphylococcus aureus Transcriptome Architecture: From Laboratory to Infection-Mimicking Conditions. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1005962. [PMID: 27035918 PMCID: PMC4818034 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major pathogen that colonizes about 20% of the human population. Intriguingly, this Gram-positive bacterium can survive and thrive under a wide range of different conditions, both inside and outside the human body. Here, we investigated the transcriptional adaptation of S. aureus HG001, a derivative of strain NCTC 8325, across experimental conditions ranging from optimal growth in vitro to intracellular growth in host cells. These data establish an extensive repertoire of transcription units and non-coding RNAs, a classification of 1412 promoters according to their dependence on the RNA polymerase sigma factors SigA or SigB, and allow identification of new potential targets for several known transcription factors. In particular, this study revealed a relatively low abundance of antisense RNAs in S. aureus, where they overlap only 6% of the coding genes, and only 19 antisense RNAs not co-transcribed with other genes were found. Promoter analysis and comparison with Bacillus subtilis links the small number of antisense RNAs to a less profound impact of alternative sigma factors in S. aureus. Furthermore, we revealed that Rho-dependent transcription termination suppresses pervasive antisense transcription, presumably originating from abundant spurious transcription initiation in this A+T-rich genome, which would otherwise affect expression of the overlapped genes. In summary, our study provides genome-wide information on transcriptional regulation and non-coding RNAs in S. aureus as well as new insights into the biological function of Rho and the implications of spurious transcription in bacteria. The major human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus can survive under a wide range of conditions, both inside and outside the human body. The goal of this study was to determine how S. aureus adapts to such different conditions and, additionally, we wanted to identify general factors governing the staphylococcal transcriptome architecture. Therefore, we performed a precise analysis of all RNA transcripts of S. aureus across experimental conditions ranging from in vitro growth in different media to internalization by eukaryotic host cells. We systematically mapped all transcription units, annotated non-coding RNAs, and assigned promoters controlled by particular RNA polymerase sigma factors and transcription factors. By a comparison with data available for the related Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis, we made key observations concerning the abundance and origin of antisense RNAs. Intriguingly, these findings support the view that many antisense RNAs in a bacterium like B. subtilis could be byproducts of spurious promoter recognition by condition-specific alternative sigma factors. We also report that the transcription termination factor Rho prevents widespread antisense transcription, presumably caused by pervasive transcription initiation in the A+T-rich genome of S. aureus. Altogether our study presents new perspectives on the biological significance of antisense and pervasive transcription in bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Mäder
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Pierre Nicolas
- MaIAGE, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Maren Depke
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jan Pané-Farré
- Institute for Microbiology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Michel Debarbouille
- Biology of Gram-Positive Pathogens, Department of Microbiology, Institut Pasteur and CNRS ERL 3526, Paris, France
| | - Magdalena M. van der Kooi-Pol
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cyprien Guérin
- MaIAGE, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Sandra Dérozier
- MaIAGE, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Aurelia Hiron
- Biology of Gram-Positive Pathogens, Department of Microbiology, Institut Pasteur and CNRS ERL 3526, Paris, France
| | - Hanne Jarmer
- Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Aurélie Leduc
- MaIAGE, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Stephan Michalik
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ewoud Reilman
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marc Schaffer
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Frank Schmidt
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Philippe Noirot
- Institut Micalis, INRA and AgroParisTech, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Michael Hecker
- Institute for Microbiology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Tarek Msadek
- Biology of Gram-Positive Pathogens, Department of Microbiology, Institut Pasteur and CNRS ERL 3526, Paris, France
| | - Uwe Völker
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- * E-mail: (UV); (JMvD)
| | - Jan Maarten van Dijl
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail: (UV); (JMvD)
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63
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Smith DS, Siggins MK, Gierula M, Pichon B, Turner CE, Lynskey NN, Mosavie M, Kearns AM, Edwards RJ, Sriskandan S. Identification of commonly expressed exoproteins and proteolytic cleavage events by proteomic mining of clinically relevant UK isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. Microb Genom 2016; 2:e000049. [PMID: 28348843 PMCID: PMC5320583 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The range of exoproteins and core exoproteome of 14 Staphylococcus aureus isolates representing major lineages associated with asymptomatic carriage and clinical disease in the UK was identified by MS proteomics using a combined database incorporating sequences derived from 39 S. aureus genomes. In all, 632 different proteins were identified and, of these, only 52 (8 %) were found in all 14 isolates whereas 144 (23 %) were found in just a single isolate. Comparison of the observed mass of each protein (based on migration by SDS-PAGE) with its predicted mass (based on amino acid sequence) suggested that 95 % of the proteins identified were not subject to any major post-translational modification. Migration of 5 % of the proteins was not as expected: 1 % of the proteins migrated at a mass greater than predicted, while 4 % appeared to have undergone proteolytic cleavage; these included SsaA2, Aur, SspP, Ebh as well as BlaR1, MecR1, FsH, OatA and LtaS. Intriguingly, a truncated SasG was produced by a single CC8 USA300-like strain. The analysis provided evidence of the marked heterogeneity in protein expression by S. aureus in broth, while yielding a core but narrow common exoproteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra S Smith
- 1Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew K Siggins
- 1Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Magdalena Gierula
- 1Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Bruno Pichon
- 2Antimicrobial Resistance and Healthcare Associated Infections Reference Unit, National Infection Service, Public Health England, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, NW9 5EQ, United Kingdom
| | - Claire E Turner
- 1Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola N Lynskey
- 1Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Mia Mosavie
- 1Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Angela M Kearns
- 2Antimicrobial Resistance and Healthcare Associated Infections Reference Unit, National Infection Service, Public Health England, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, NW9 5EQ, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J Edwards
- 1Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Shiranee Sriskandan
- 1Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
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Global analysis of the impact of linezolid onto virulence factor production in S. aureus USA300. Int J Med Microbiol 2016; 306:131-40. [PMID: 26996810 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The translation inhibitor linezolid is an antibiotic of last resort against Gram-positive pathogens including methicillin resistant strains of the nosocomial pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. Linezolid is reported to inhibit production of extracellular virulence factors, but the molecular cause is unknown. To elucidate the physiological response of S. aureus to linezolid in general and the inhibition of virulence factor synthesis in particular a holistic study was performed. Linezolid was added to exponentially growing S. aureus cells and the linezolid stress response was analyzed with transcriptomics and quantitative proteomics methods. In addition, scanning and transmission electron microscopy experiments as well as fluorescence microscopy analyses of the cellular DNA and membrane were performed. As previously observed in studies on other translation inhibitors, S. aureus adapts its protein biosynthesis machinery to the reduced translation efficiency. For example the synthesis of ribosomal proteins was induced. Also unexpected results like a decline in the amount of extracellular and membrane proteins were obtained. In addition, cell shape and size changed after linezolid stress and cell division was diminished. Finally, the chromosome was condensed after linezolid stress and lost contact to the membrane. These morphological changes cannot be explained by established theories. A new hypothesis is discussed, which suggests that the reduced amount of membrane and extracellular proteins and observed defects in cell division are due to the disintegration of transertion complexes by linezolid.
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65
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Ebner P, Rinker J, Götz F. Excretion of cytoplasmic proteins in Staphylococcus is most likely not due to cell lysis. Curr Genet 2016. [PMID: 26148975 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-015-054-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
The excretion of cytoplasmic proteins (ECP) is a long-known phenomenon in bacteria and eukaryotes. So far, it was not possible to associate either a signal peptide-dependent or a signal peptide-independent pathway to ECP. Nevertheless 25% of the proteins found in Staphylococcus aureus supernatants were cytoplasmic proteins. Because the excreted proteins do not possess a common motive, the most widespread opinion is that ECP is due to cell lysis. This explanation seems to be too easy since several indications imply that there exists a yet unknown mechanism for ECP. Certainly, the up-regulation of autolysins as well as decreased peptidoglycan cross-linking increased ECP. However, in recent years, several evidences arose that cell lysis is not the only reason for ECP. It seems that ECP is a part of the normal cell cycle of S. aureus as it turned out that ECP with several model proteins occurs mainly during cell growth. It has common features as proteins secreted via the Sec translocon and finally the excretion site is the cross wall of dividing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Ebner
- Microbial Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine (IMIT), University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Janina Rinker
- Microbial Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine (IMIT), University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Friedrich Götz
- Microbial Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine (IMIT), University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
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66
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Chan YGY, Frankel MB, Missiakas D, Schneewind O. SagB Glucosaminidase Is a Determinant of Staphylococcus aureus Glycan Chain Length, Antibiotic Susceptibility, and Protein Secretion. J Bacteriol 2016; 198:1123-36. [PMID: 26811319 PMCID: PMC4800868 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00983-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The envelope of Staphylococcus aureus is comprised of peptidoglycan and its attached secondary polymers, teichoic acid, capsular polysaccharide, and protein. Peptidoglycan synthesis involves polymerization of lipid II precursors into glycan strands that are cross-linked at wall peptides. It is not clear whether peptidoglycan structure is principally determined during polymerization or whether processive enzymes affect cell wall structure and function, for example, by generating conduits for protein secretion. We show here that S. aureus lacking SagB, a membrane-associated N-acetylglucosaminidase, displays growth and cell-morphological defects caused by the exaggerated length of peptidoglycan strands. SagB cleaves polymerized glycan strands to their physiological length and modulates antibiotic resistance in methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Deletion of sagB perturbs protein trafficking into and across the envelope, conferring defects in cell wall anchoring and secretion, as well as aberrant excretion of cytoplasmic proteins. IMPORTANCE Staphylococcus aureus is thought to secrete proteins across the plasma membrane via the Sec pathway; however, protein transport across the cell wall envelope has heretofore not been studied. We report that S. aureus sagB mutants generate elongated peptidoglycan strands and display defects in protein secretion as well as aberrant excretion of cytoplasmic proteins. These results suggest that the thick peptidoglycan layer of staphylococci presents a barrier for protein secretion and that SagB appears to extend the Sec pathway across the cell wall envelope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne G Y Chan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Matthew B Frankel
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Dominique Missiakas
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA Howard Taylor Ricketts Laboratory, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, USA
| | - Olaf Schneewind
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA Howard Taylor Ricketts Laboratory, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, USA
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Cui J, Jin J, Chaudhary AS, Hsieh YH, Zhang H, Dai C, Damera K, Chen W, Tai PC, Wang B. Design, Synthesis and Evaluation of Triazole-Pyrimidine Analogues as SecA Inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:43-56. [PMID: 26607404 PMCID: PMC4778717 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
SecA, a key component of the bacterial Sec-dependent secretion pathway, is an attractive target for the development of new antimicrobial agents. Through a combination of virtual screening and experimental exploration of the surrounding chemical space, we identified a hit bistriazole SecA inhibitor, SCA-21, and studied a series of analogues by systematic dissections of the core scaffold. Evaluation of these analogues allowed us to establish an initial structure-activity relationship in SecA inhibition. The best compounds in this group are potent inhibitors of SecA-dependent protein-conducting channel activity and protein translocation activity at low- to sub-micromolar concentrations. They also have minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values against various strains of bacteria that correlate well with the SecA and protein translocation inhibition data. These compounds are effective against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains with various levels of efflux pump activity, indicating the capacity of SecA inhibitors to null the effect of multidrug resistance. Results from studies of drug-affinity-responsive target stability and protein pull-down assays are consistent with SecA as a target for these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmei Cui
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Jinshan Jin
- Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | | | - Ying-hsin Hsieh
- Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Chaofeng Dai
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Krishna Damera
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Weixuan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Phang C Tai
- Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA.
| | - Binghe Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA.
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68
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The Staphylococcus aureus Chaperone PrsA Is a New Auxiliary Factor of Oxacillin Resistance Affecting Penicillin-Binding Protein 2A. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 60:1656-66. [PMID: 26711778 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02333-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of the methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) phenotype results from the expression of the extra penicillin-binding protein 2A (PBP2A), which is encoded by mecA and acquired horizontally on part of the SCCmec cassette. PBP2A can catalyze dd-transpeptidation of peptidoglycan (PG) because of its low affinity for β-lactam antibiotics and can functionally cooperate with the PBP2 transglycosylase in the biosynthesis of PG. Here, we focus upon the role of the membrane-bound PrsA foldase protein as a regulator of β-lactam resistance expression. Deletion of prsA altered oxacillin resistance in three different SCCmec backgrounds and, more importantly, caused a decrease in PBP2A membrane amounts without affecting mecA mRNA levels. The N- and C-terminal domains of PrsA were found to be critical features for PBP2A protein membrane levels and oxacillin resistance. We propose that PrsA has a role in posttranscriptional maturation of PBP2A, possibly in the export and/or folding of newly synthesized PBP2A. This additional level of control in the expression of the mecA-dependent MRSA phenotype constitutes an opportunity to expand the strategies to design anti-infective agents.
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69
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Neef J, Milder FJ, Koedijk DGAM, Klaassens M, Heezius EC, van Strijp JAG, Otto A, Becher D, van Dijl JM, Buist G. Versatile vector suite for the extracytoplasmic production and purification of heterologous His-tagged proteins in Lactococcus lactis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:9037-48. [PMID: 26160391 PMCID: PMC4619460 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6778-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that the Gram-positive bacterium Lactococcus lactis can be exploited for the expression of heterologous proteins; however, a versatile set of vectors suitable for inducible extracellular protein production and subsequent purification of the expressed proteins by immobilized metal affinity chromatography was so far lacking. Here we describe three novel vectors that, respectively, facilitate the nisin-inducible production of N- or C-terminally hexa-histidine (His6)-tagged proteins in L. lactis. One of these vectors also encodes a tobacco etch virus (TEV) protease cleavage site allowing removal of the N-terminal His6-tag from expressed proteins. Successful application of the developed vectors for protein expression, purification and/or functional studies is exemplified with six different cell wall-bound or secreted proteins from Staphylococcus aureus. The results show that secretory production of S. aureus proteins is affected by the position, N- or C-terminal, of the His6-tag. This seems to be due to an influence of the His6-tag on protein stability. Intriguingly, the S. aureus IsdB protein, which is phosphorylated in S. aureus, was also found to be phosphorylated when heterologously produced in L. lactis, albeit not on the same Tyr residue. This implies that this particular post-translational protein modification is to some extent conserved in S. aureus and L. lactis. Altogether, we are confident that the present vector set combined with the L. lactis expression host has the potential to become a very useful tool in optimization of the expression, purification and functional analysis of extracytoplasmic bacterial proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanda Neef
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Fin J Milder
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO G04.614, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Danny G A M Koedijk
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marindy Klaassens
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik C Heezius
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO G04.614, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jos A G van Strijp
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO G04.614, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Otto
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt Universität Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Str. 15, D-17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Dörte Becher
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt Universität Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Str. 15, D-17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jan Maarten van Dijl
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Girbe Buist
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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70
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Jin J, Cui J, Chaudhary AS, Hsieh YH, Damera K, Zhang H, Yang H, Wang B, Tai PC. Evaluation of small molecule SecA inhibitors against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:7061-8. [PMID: 26432604 PMCID: PMC4661110 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Due to the emergence and rapid spread of drug resistance in bacteria, there is an urgent need for the development of novel antimicrobials. SecA, a key component of the general bacterial secretion system required for viability and virulence, is an attractive antimicrobial target. Earlier we reported that systematical dissection of a SecA inhibitor, Rose Bengal (RB), led to the development of novel small molecule SecA inhibitors active against Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. In this study, two potent RB analogs were further evaluated for activities against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains and for their mechanism of actions. These analogs showed inhibition on the ATPase activities of S. aureus SecA1 (SaSecA1) and SecA2 (SaSecA2), and inhibition of SaSecA1-dependent protein-conducting channel. Moreover, these inhibitors reduce the secretion of three toxins from S. aureus and exert potent bacteriostatic effects against three MRSA strains. Our best inhibitor SCA-50 showed potent concentration-dependent bactericidal activity against MRSA Mu50 strain and very importantly, 2-60 fold more potent inhibitory effect on MRSA Mu50 than all the commonly used antibiotics including vancomycin, which is considered the last resort option in treating MRSA-related infections. Protein pull down experiments further confirmed SaSecA1 as a target. Deletion or overexpression of NorA and MepA efflux pumps had minimal effect on the antimicrobial activities against S. aureus, indicating that the effects of SecA inhibitors were not affected by the presence of these efflux pumps. Our studies show that these small molecule analogs target SecA functions, have potent antimicrobial activities, reduce the secretion of toxins, and have the ability to overcome the effect efflux pumps, which are responsible for multi-drug resistance. Thus, targeting SecA is an attractive antimicrobial strategy against MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinshan Jin
- Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
| | - Jianmei Cui
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
| | - Arpana Sagwal Chaudhary
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
| | - Ying-Hsin Hsieh
- Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
| | - Krishna Damera
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
| | - Hsiuchin Yang
- Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
| | - Binghe Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
| | - Phang C Tai
- Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
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71
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In Silico Sub-unit Hexavalent Peptide Vaccine Against an Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm-Related Infection. Int J Pept Res Ther 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-015-9489-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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72
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Excretion of cytoplasmic proteins in Staphylococcus is most likely not due to cell lysis. Curr Genet 2015; 62:19-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s00294-015-0504-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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73
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Ebner P, Prax M, Nega M, Koch I, Dube L, Yu W, Rinker J, Popella P, Flötenmeyer M, Götz F. Excretion of cytoplasmic proteins (ECP) inStaphylococcus aureus. Mol Microbiol 2015; 97:775-89. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Ebner
- Microbial Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine (IMIT); University of Tübingen; Auf der Morgenstelle 28 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Marcel Prax
- Microbial Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine (IMIT); University of Tübingen; Auf der Morgenstelle 28 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Mulugeta Nega
- Microbial Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine (IMIT); University of Tübingen; Auf der Morgenstelle 28 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Iris Koch
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology; Spemannstr. 35 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Linda Dube
- Microbial Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine (IMIT); University of Tübingen; Auf der Morgenstelle 28 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Wenqi Yu
- Microbial Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine (IMIT); University of Tübingen; Auf der Morgenstelle 28 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Janina Rinker
- Microbial Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine (IMIT); University of Tübingen; Auf der Morgenstelle 28 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Peter Popella
- Microbial Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine (IMIT); University of Tübingen; Auf der Morgenstelle 28 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Matthias Flötenmeyer
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology; Spemannstr. 35 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Friedrich Götz
- Microbial Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine (IMIT); University of Tübingen; Auf der Morgenstelle 28 72076 Tübingen Germany
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74
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The νSaα Specific Lipoprotein Like Cluster (lpl) of S. aureus USA300 Contributes to Immune Stimulation and Invasion in Human Cells. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004984. [PMID: 26083414 PMCID: PMC4470592 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
All Staphylococcus aureus genomes contain a genomic island, which is termed νSaα and characterized by two clusters of tandem repeat sequences, i.e. the exotoxin (set) and 'lipoprotein-like' genes (lpl). Based on their structural similarities the νSaα islands have been classified as type I to IV. The genomes of highly pathogenic and particularly epidemic S. aureus strains (USA300, N315, Mu50, NCTC8325, Newman, COL, JH1 or JH9) belonging to the clonal complexes CC5 and CC8 bear a type I νSaα island. Since the contribution of the lpl gene cluster encoded in the νSaα island to virulence is unclear to date, we deleted the entire lpl gene cluster in S. aureus USA300. The results showed that the mutant was deficient in the stimulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines in human monocytes, macrophages and keratinocytes. Purified lipoprotein Lpl1 was further shown to elicit a TLR2-dependent response. Furthermore, heterologous expression of the USA300 lpl cluster in other S. aureus strains enhanced their immune stimulatory activity. Most importantly, the lpl cluster contributed to invasion of S. aureus into human keratinocytes and mouse skin and the non-invasive S. carnosus expressing the lpl gene cluster became invasive. Additionally, in a murine kidney abscess model the bacterial burden in the kidneys was higher in wild type than in mutant mice. In this infection model the lpl cluster, thus, contributes to virulence. The present report is one of the first studies addressing the role of the νSaα encoded lpl gene cluster in staphylococcal virulence. The finding that the lpl gene cluster contributes to internalization into non-professional antigen presenting cells such as keratinocytes highlights the lpl as a new cell surface component that triggers host cell invasion by S. aureus. Increased invasion in murine skin and an increased bacterial burden in a murine kidney abscess model suggest that the lpl gene cluster serves as an important virulence factor. Highly pathogenic and epidemic Staphylococcus aureus strains carry a pathogenicity island in their genome that contains a cluster of lipoprotein-encoding genes termed lpl. As the role lpl in virulence is still unclear, we deleted the entire lpl cluster in the community-acquired methicillin-resistant S. aureus (CA-MRSA) USA300 and found that the mutant was defective in stimulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines in human immune cells. Moreover, the major finding highlighted in this study is that the lpl cluster contributes to invasion into non-professional phagocytes such as epithelial cells and keratinocytes. Furthermore, the lpl-dependent increase in invasive activity, most likely, accounts for the enhanced bacterial burden observed in a murine kidney abscess model. In general, internalization of a pathogen into host epithelial cells shields the pathogen from immune defense and antibiotic treatment. However, further investigation is needed to clarify whether the increased ability to invade host cells is responsible for the potent disseminative activity and hypervirulent phenotype characterizing the νSaα type I island expressing S. aureus strains, including the USA300 CA-MRSA strain.
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75
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Ünlü A, Tanriseven A, Sezen İY, Çelik A. A new lipase as a pharmaceutical target for battling infections caused byStaphylococcus aureus: Gene cloning and biochemical characterization. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2015; 62:642-51. [DOI: 10.1002/bab.1316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aişe Ünlü
- Department of Chemistry; Gebze Institute of Technology; Gebze, Kocaeli Turkey
| | - Aziz Tanriseven
- Department of Chemistry; Gebze Institute of Technology; Gebze, Kocaeli Turkey
| | - İ. Yavuz Sezen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics; Gebze Institute of Technology; Gebze-Kocaeli Turkey
| | - Ayhan Çelik
- Department of Chemistry; Gebze Institute of Technology; Gebze, Kocaeli Turkey
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76
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Chung D, Young J, Bomble YJ, Vander Wall TA, Groom J, Himmel ME, Westpheling J. Homologous expression of the Caldicellulosiruptor bescii CelA reveals that the extracellular protein is glycosylated. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119508. [PMID: 25799047 PMCID: PMC4370642 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the bacterial genus Caldicellulosiruptor are the most thermophilic cellulolytic microbes described with ability to digest lignocellulosic biomass without conventional pretreatment. The cellulolytic ability of different species varies dramatically and correlates with the presence of the multimodular cellulase CelA, which contains both a glycoside hydrolase family 9 endoglucanase and a glycoside hydrolase family 48 exoglucanase known to be synergistic in their activity, connected by three cellulose-binding domains via linker peptides. This architecture exploits the cellulose surface ablation driven by its general cellulase processivity as well as excavates cavities into the surface of the substrate, revealing a novel paradigm for cellulase activity. We recently reported that a deletion of celA in C. bescii had a significant effect on its ability to utilize complex biomass. To analyze the structure and function of CelA and its role in biomass deconstruction, we constructed a new expression vector for C. bescii and were able, for the first time, to express significant quantities of full-length protein in vivo in the native host. The protein, which contains a Histidine tag, was active and excreted from the cell. Expression of CelA protein with and without its signal sequence allowed comparison of protein retained intracellularly to protein transported extracellularly. Analysis of protein in culture supernatants revealed that the extracellular CelA protein is glycosylated whereas the intracellular CelA is not, suggesting that either protein transport is required for this post-translational modification or that glycosylation is required for protein export. The mechanism and role of protein glycosylation in bacteria is poorly understood and the ability to express CelA in vivo in C. bescii will allow the study of the mechanism of protein glycosylation in this thermophile. It will also allow the study of glycosylation of CelA itself and its role in the structure and function of this important enzyme in biomass deconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daehwan Chung
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- The BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jenna Young
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- The BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Yannick J. Bomble
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado, United States of America
- The BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Todd A. Vander Wall
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado, United States of America
- The BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Joseph Groom
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- The BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Michael E. Himmel
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado, United States of America
- The BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Janet Westpheling
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- The BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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77
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Craney A, Romesberg FE. A putative cro-like repressor contributes to arylomycin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:3066-74. [PMID: 25753642 PMCID: PMC4432125 DOI: 10.1128/aac.04597-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are a significant public health concern and motivate efforts to develop new classes of antibiotics. One such class of antibiotics is the arylomycins, which target type I signal peptidase (SPase), the enzyme responsible for the release of secreted proteins from their N-terminal leader sequences. Despite the essentiality, conservation, and relative accessibility of SPase, the activity of the arylomycins is limited against some bacteria, including the important human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. To understand the origins of the limited activity against S. aureus, we characterized the susceptibility of a panel of strains to two arylomycin derivatives, arylomycin A-C16 and its more potent analog arylomycin M131. We observed a wide range of susceptibilities to the two arylomycins and found that resistant strains were sensitized by cotreatment with tunicamycin, which inhibits the first step of wall teichoic acid synthesis. To further understand how S. aureus responds to the arylomycins, we profiled the transcriptional response of S. aureus NCTC 8325 to growth-inhibitory concentrations of arylomycin M131 and found that it upregulates the cell wall stress stimulon (CWSS) and an operon consisting of a putative transcriptional regulator and three hypothetical proteins. Interestingly, we found that mutations in the putative transcriptional regulator are correlated with resistance, and selection for resistance ex vivo demonstrated that mutations in this gene are sufficient for resistance. The results begin to elucidate how S. aureus copes with secretion stress and how it evolves resistance to the inhibition of SPase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arryn Craney
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Floyd E Romesberg
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
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78
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Contribution of the multiple Type I signal peptidases to the secretome of Listeria monocytogenes: Deciphering their specificity for secreted exoproteins by exoproteomic analysis. J Proteomics 2015; 117:95-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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79
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van den Berg S, Koedijk DGAM, Back JW, Neef J, Dreisbach A, van Dijl JM, Bakker-Woudenberg IAJM, Buist G. Active immunization with an octa-valent Staphylococcus aureus antigen mixture in models of S. aureus bacteremia and skin infection in mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116847. [PMID: 25710376 PMCID: PMC4339199 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteomic studies with different Staphylococcus aureus isolates have shown that the cell surface-exposed and secreted proteins IsaA, LytM, Nuc, the propeptide of Atl (pro-Atl) and four phenol-soluble modulins α (PSMα) are invariantly produced by this pathogen. Therefore the present study was aimed at investigating whether these proteins can be used for active immunization against S. aureus infection in mouse models of bacteremia and skin infection. To this end, recombinant His-tagged fusions of IsaA, LytM, Nuc and pro-Atl were isolated from Lactococcus lactis or Escherichia coli, while the PSMα1-4 peptides were chemically synthesized. Importantly, patients colonized by S. aureus showed significant immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses against all eight antigens. BALB/cBYJ mice were immunized subcutaneously with a mixture of the antigens at day one (5 μg each), and boosted twice (25 μg of each antigen) with 28 days interval. This resulted in high IgG responses against all antigens although the response against pro-Atl was around one log lower compared to the other antigens. Compared to placebo-immunized mice, immunization with the octa-valent antigen mixture did not reduce the S. aureus isolate P load in blood, lungs, spleen, liver, and kidneys in a bacteremia model in which the animals were challenged for 14 days with a primary load of 3 × 105 CFU. Discomfort scores and animal survival rates over 14 days did not differ between immunized mice and placebo-immunized mice upon bacteremia with S. aureus USA300 (6 × 105 CFU). In addition, this immunization did not reduce the S. aureus isolate P load in mice with skin infection. These results show that the target antigens are immunogenic in both humans and mice, but in the used animal models do not result in protection against S. aureus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne van den Berg
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Dennis G. A. M. Koedijk
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Jolanda Neef
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Annette Dreisbach
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Maarten van Dijl
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Girbe Buist
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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80
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Protein A is released into the Staphylococcus aureus culture supernatant with an unprocessed sorting signal. Infect Immun 2015; 83:1598-609. [PMID: 25644005 DOI: 10.1128/iai.03122-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The immunoglobulin binding protein A (SpA) of Staphylococcus aureus is synthesized as a precursor with a C-terminal sorting signal. The sortase A enzyme mediates covalent attachment to peptidoglycan so that SpA is displayed on the surface of the bacterium. Protein A is also found in the extracellular medium, but the processes involved in its release are not fully understood. Here, we show that a portion of SpA is released into the supernatant with an intact sorting signal, indicating that it has not been processed by sortase A. Release of SpA was reduced when the native sorting signal of SpA was replaced with the corresponding region of another sortase-anchored protein (SdrE). Similarly, a reporter protein fused to the sorting signal of SpA was released to a greater extent than the same polypeptide fused to the SdrE sorting signal. Released SpA protected bacteria from killing in human blood, indicating that it contributes to immune evasion.
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81
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Nega M, Dube L, Kull M, Ziebandt AK, Ebner P, Albrecht D, Krismer B, Rosenstein R, Hecker M, Götz F. Secretome analysis revealed adaptive and non-adaptive responses of the Staphylococcus carnosus femB mutant. Proteomics 2015; 15:1268-79. [PMID: 25430637 PMCID: PMC4409834 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
FemABX peptidyl transferases are involved in non-ribosomal pentaglycine interpeptide bridge biosynthesis. Here, we characterized the phenotype of a Staphylococcus carnosus femB deletion mutant, which was affected in growth and showed pleiotropic effects such as enhanced methicillin sensitivity, lysostaphin resistance, cell clustering, and decreased peptidoglycan cross-linking. However, comparative secretome analysis revealed a most striking difference in the massive secretion or release of proteins into the culture supernatant in the femB mutant than the wild type. The secreted proteins can be categorized into typical cytosolic proteins and various murein hydrolases. As the transcription of the murein hydrolase genes was up-regulated in the mutant, they most likely represent an adaption response to the life threatening mutation. Even though the transcription of the cytosolic protein genes was unaltered, their high abundance in the supernatant of the mutant is most likely due to membrane leakage triggered by the weakened murein sacculus and enhanced autolysins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mulugeta Nega
- Microbial Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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82
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Hildebrandt JP. Pore-forming virulence factors of Staphylococcus aureus destabilize epithelial barriers-effects of alpha-toxin in the early phases of airway infection. AIMS Microbiol 2015. [DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2015.1.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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83
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Götz F, Yu W, Dube L, Prax M, Ebner P. Excretion of cytosolic proteins (ECP) in bacteria. Int J Med Microbiol 2014; 305:230-7. [PMID: 25596889 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2014.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Excretion of cytosolic proteins (ECP) has been reported in bacteria and eukaryotes. As none of the classical signal peptide (SP) dependent or SP-independent pathways could be associated with ECP, it has been also referred to as 'non-classical protein export'. When microbiologists first began to study this subject in 1990, mainly singular cytoplasmic proteins were investigated, such as GAPDH at the cell surface and in the supernatant of pathogenic streptococci or glutamine synthetase (GlnA) as a major extracellular protein in pathogenic mycobacteria. Later, with the rising popularity of proteomics, it became obvious that the secretome of most bacteria contained a copious amount of cytosolic proteins. In particular ancient proteins such as glycolytic enzymes, chaperones, translation factors or enzymes involved in detoxification of reactive oxygen were found in the supernatants. As the excreted proteins do not possess a common motive, the most widespread opinion is that ECP is due to cell lysis. Indeed, upregulation of autolysins or distortion of the murein structure increased ECP, suggesting that enhanced ECP is some sort of survival strategy to counteract osmotic stress. However, in the meantime there are mounting evidences and hints that speak against cell lysis as a primary mechanism for ECP. Very likely, ECP belongs to the normal life cycle of bacteria and involves a programmed process. This review provides a brief overview of the 'non-classical protein export'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friedrich Götz
- Microbial Genetics, Interfaculty Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen (IMIT), University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Wenqi Yu
- Microbial Genetics, Interfaculty Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen (IMIT), University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Linda Dube
- Microbial Genetics, Interfaculty Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen (IMIT), University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marcel Prax
- Microbial Genetics, Interfaculty Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen (IMIT), University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Patrick Ebner
- Microbial Genetics, Interfaculty Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen (IMIT), University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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84
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IgG4 subclass-specific responses to Staphylococcus aureus antigens shed new light on host-pathogen interaction. Infect Immun 2014; 83:492-501. [PMID: 25404029 DOI: 10.1128/iai.02286-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
IgG4 responses are considered indicative for long-term or repeated exposure to particular antigens. Therefore, studying IgG4-specific antibody responses against Staphylococcus aureus might generate new insights into the respective host-pathogen interactions and the microbial virulence factors involved. Using a bead-based flow cytometry assay, we determined total IgG (IgGt), IgG1, and IgG4 antibody responses to 40 different S. aureus virulence factors in sera from healthy persistent nasal carriers, healthy persistent noncarriers, and patients with various staphylococcal infections from three distinct countries. IgGt responses were detected against all tested antigens. These were mostly IgG1 responses. In contrast, IgG4 antibodies were detected to alpha-toxin, chemotaxis inhibitory protein of S. aureus (CHIPS), exfoliative toxins A and B (ETA and -B), HlgB, IsdA, LukD, -E, -F, and -S, staphylococcal complement inhibitor (SCIN), staphylococcal enterotoxin C (SEC), staphylococcal superantigen-like proteins 1, 3, 5, and 9 (SSL1, -3, -5, and -9), and toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1) only. Large interpatient variability was observed, and the type of infection or geographical location did not reveal conserved patterns of response. As persistent S. aureus carriers trended toward IgG4 responses to a larger number of antigens than persistent noncarriers, we also investigated sera from patients with epidermolysis bullosa (EB), a genetic blistering disease associated with high S. aureus carriage rates. EB patients responded immunologically to significantly more antigens than noncarriers and trended toward even more responses than carriers. Altogether, we conclude that the IgG4 responses against a restricted panel of staphylococcal antigens consisting primarily of immune modulators and particular toxins indicate important roles for these virulence factors in staphylococcal pathogen-host interactions, such as chronicity of colonization and/or (subclinical) infections.
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85
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van den Berg S, Bonarius HPJ, van Kessel KPM, Elsinga GS, Kooi N, Westra H, Bosma T, van der Kooi-Pol MM, Koedijk DGAM, Groen H, van Dijl JM, Buist G, Bakker-Woudenberg IAJM. A human monoclonal antibody targeting the conserved staphylococcal antigen IsaA protects mice against Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Int J Med Microbiol 2014; 305:55-64. [PMID: 25466204 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to substantial therapy failure and the emergence of antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains, alternatives for antibiotic treatment of S. aureus infections are urgently needed. Passive immunization using S. aureus-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAb) could be such an alternative to prevent and treat severe S. aureus infections. The invariantly expressed immunodominant staphylococcal antigen A (IsaA) is a promising target for passive immunization. Here we report the development of the human anti-IsaA IgG1 mAb 1D9, which was shown to bind to all 26 S. aureus isolates tested. These included both methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MSSA and MRSA, respectively). Immune complexes consisting of IsaA and 1D9 stimulated human as well as murine neutrophils to generate an oxidative burst. In a murine bacteremia model, the prophylactic treatment with a single dose of 5 mg/kg 1D9 improved the survival of mice challenged with S. aureus isolate P (MSSA) significantly, while therapeutic treatment with the same dose did not influence animal survival. Neither prophylactic nor therapeutic treatment with 5 mg/kg 1D9 resulted in improved survival of mice with S. aureus USA300 (MRSA) bacteremia. Importantly, our studies show that healthy S. aureus carriers elicit an immune response which is sufficient to generate protective mAbs against invariant staphylococcal surface antigens. Human mAb 1D9, possibly conjugated to for example another antibody, antibiotics, cytokines or chemokines, may be valuable to fight S. aureus infections in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne van den Berg
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Kok P M van Kessel
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Magdalena M van der Kooi-Pol
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Danny G A M Koedijk
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jan Maarten van Dijl
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Girbe Buist
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Irma A J M Bakker-Woudenberg
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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86
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Kalinka J, Hachmeister M, Geraci J, Sordelli D, Hansen U, Niemann S, Oetermann S, Peters G, Löffler B, Tuchscherr L. Staphylococcus aureus isolates from chronic osteomyelitis are characterized by high host cell invasion and intracellular adaptation, but still induce inflammation. Int J Med Microbiol 2014; 304:1038-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2014.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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87
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Efficient production of secreted staphylococcal antigens in a non-lysing and proteolytically reduced Lactococcus lactis strain. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:10131-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6030-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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88
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Kneuper H, Cao ZP, Twomey KB, Zoltner M, Jäger F, Cargill JS, Chalmers J, van der Kooi-Pol MM, van Dijl JM, Ryan RP, Hunter WN, Palmer T. Heterogeneity in ess transcriptional organization and variable contribution of the Ess/Type VII protein secretion system to virulence across closely related Staphylocccus aureus strains. Mol Microbiol 2014; 93:928-43. [PMID: 25040609 PMCID: PMC4285178 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The Type VII protein secretion system, found in Gram-positive bacteria, secretes small proteins, containing a conserved W-x-G amino acid sequence motif, to the growth medium. Staphylococcus aureus has a conserved Type VII secretion system, termed Ess, which is dispensable for laboratory growth but required for virulence. In this study we show that there are unexpected differences in the organization of the ess gene cluster between closely related strains of S. aureus. We further show that in laboratory growth medium different strains of S. aureus secrete the EsxA and EsxC substrate proteins at different growth points, and that the Ess system in strain Newman is inactive under these conditions. Systematic deletion analysis in S. aureus RN6390 is consistent with the EsaA, EsaB, EssA, EssB, EssC and EsxA proteins comprising core components of the secretion machinery in this strain. Finally we demonstrate that the Ess secretion machinery of two S. aureus strains, RN6390 and COL, is important for nasal colonization and virulence in the murine lung pneumonia model. Surprisingly, however, the secretion system plays no role in the virulence of strain SA113 under the same conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Kneuper
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
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89
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Stentzel S, Vu HC, Weyrich AM, Jehmlich N, Schmidt F, Salazar MG, Steil L, Völker U, Bröker BM. Altered immune proteome ofStaphylococcus aureusunder iron-restricted growth conditions. Proteomics 2014; 14:1857-67. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201300512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Stentzel
- Department of Immunology; Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine; University Medicine Greifswald; Greifswald Germany
| | - Hai Chi Vu
- Department of Immunology; Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine; University Medicine Greifswald; Greifswald Germany
| | - Anna Maria Weyrich
- Department of Immunology; Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine; University Medicine Greifswald; Greifswald Germany
| | - Nico Jehmlich
- Interfaculty Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics; University Medicine Greifswald; Greifswald Germany
| | - Frank Schmidt
- Interfaculty Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics; University Medicine Greifswald; Greifswald Germany
- ZIK-FunGene Junior Research Group “Applied Proteomics”; University Medicine Greifswald; Greifswald Germany
| | - Manuela Gesell Salazar
- Interfaculty Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics; University Medicine Greifswald; Greifswald Germany
| | - Leif Steil
- Interfaculty Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics; University Medicine Greifswald; Greifswald Germany
| | - Uwe Völker
- Interfaculty Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics; University Medicine Greifswald; Greifswald Germany
| | - Barbara M. Bröker
- Department of Immunology; Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine; University Medicine Greifswald; Greifswald Germany
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90
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Fevre C, Bestebroer J, Mebius MM, de Haas CJC, van Strijp JAG, Fitzgerald JR, Haas PJA. Staphylococcus aureus proteins SSL6 and SElX interact with neutrophil receptors as identified using secretome phage display. Cell Microbiol 2014; 16:1646-65. [PMID: 24840181 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In order to cause colonization and invasive disease, pathogenic bacteria secrete proteins that modulate host immune defences. Identification and characterization of these proteins leads to a better understanding of the pathological processes underlying infectious and inflammatory diseases and is essential in the development of new strategies for their prevention and treatment. Current techniques to functionally characterize these proteins are laborious and inefficient. Here we describe a high-throughput functional selection strategy using phage display in order to identify immune evasion proteins. Using this technique we identified two previously uncharacterized proteins secreted by Staphylococcus aureus, SElX and SSL6 that bind to neutrophil surface receptors. SElX binds PSGL-1 on neutrophils and thereby inhibits the interaction between PSGL-1 and P-selectin, a crucial step in the recruitment of neutrophils to the site of infection. SSL6 is the first bacterial protein identified that binds CD47, a widely expressed cell surface protein recently described as an interesting target in anti-cancer therapy. Our findings provide new insights into the pathogenesis of S. aureus infections and support phage display as an efficient method to identify bacterial secretome proteins interacting with humoral or cellular immune components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Fevre
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO G04.614, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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91
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Siljamäki P, Varmanen P, Kankainen M, Sukura A, Savijoki K, Nyman TA. Comparative exoprotein profiling of different Staphylococcus epidermidis strains reveals potential link between nonclassical protein export and virulence. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:3249-61. [PMID: 24840314 DOI: 10.1021/pr500075j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus epidermidis (SE) includes commensal and pathogenic strains capable of infecting humans and animals. This study reports global exoproteome profiling of bovine mastitis strain PM221 and two human strains, commensal-type ATCC12228 and sepsis-associated RP62A. We identified 451, 395, and 518 proteins from culture supernatants of PM221, ATCC12228, and RP62A, respectively. Comparison of the identified exoproteomes revealed several strain-specific differences related to secreted antigens and adhesins, higher virulence capability for RP62A, and similarities between the PM221 and RP62A exoproteomes. The majority of the identified proteins (∼80%) were predicted to be cytoplasmic, including proteins known to be associated in membrane vesicles (MVs) in Staphylococcus aureus and immunogenic/adhesive moonlighting proteins. Enrichment of MV fractions from culture supernatants and analysis of their protein composition indicated that this nonclassical protein secretion pathway was being exploited under the conditions used and that there are strain-specific differences in nonclassical protein export. In addition, several predicted cell-surface proteins were identified in the culture media. In summary, the present study is the first in-depth exoproteome analysis of SE highlighting strain-specific factors able to contribute to virulence and adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Siljamäki
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, ‡Institute of Biotechnology, and §Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki , FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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92
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Bacterial delivery of Staphylococcus aureus α-hemolysin causes regression and necrosis in murine tumors. Mol Ther 2014; 22:1266-1274. [PMID: 24590046 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2014.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial therapies, designed to manufacture therapeutic proteins directly within tumors, could eliminate cancers that are resistant to other therapies. To be effective, a payload protein must be secreted, diffuse through tissue, and efficiently kill cancer cells. To date, these properties have not been shown for a single protein. The gene for Staphylococcus aureus α-hemolysin (SAH), a pore-forming protein, was cloned into Escherichia coli. These bacteria were injected into tumor-bearing mice and volume was measured over time. The location of SAH relative to necrosis and bacterial colonies was determined by immunohistochemistry. In culture, SAH was released and killed 93% of cancer cells in 24 hours. Injection of SAH-producing bacteria reduced viable tissue to 9% of the original tumor volume. By inducing cell death, SAH moved the boundary of necrosis toward the tumor edge. SAH diffused 6.8 ± 0.3 µm into tissue, which increased the volume of affected tissue from 48.6 to 3,120 µm(3). A mathematical model of molecular transport predicted that SAH efficacy is primarily dependent on colony size and the rate of protein production. As a payload protein, SAH will enable effective bacterial therapy because of its ability to diffuse in tissue, kill cells, and expand tumor necrosis.
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93
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94
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Host–pathogen interactions in epidermolysis bullosa patients colonized with Staphylococcus aureus. Int J Med Microbiol 2014; 304:195-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2013.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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95
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96
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Patel R, Smith SM, Robinson C. Protein transport by the bacterial Tat pathway. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1843:1620-8. [PMID: 24583120 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The twin-arginine translocation (Tat) system accomplishes the remarkable feat of translocating large - even dimeric - proteins across tightly sealed energy-transducing membranes. All of the available evidence indicates that it is unique in terms of both structure and mechanism; however its very nature has hindered efforts to probe the core translocation events. At the heart of the problem is the fact that two large sub-complexes are believed to coalesce to form the active translocon, and 'capturing' this translocation event has been too difficult. Nevertheless, studies on the individual components have come a long way in recent years, and structural studies have reached the point where educated guesses can be made concerning the most interesting aspects of Tat. In this article we review these studies and the emerging ideas in this field. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Protein trafficking and secretion in bacteria. Guest Editors: Anastassios Economou and Ross Dalbey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshani Patel
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah M Smith
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Robinson
- Centre for Molecular Processing, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NJ, United Kingdom.
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97
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Hansenová Maňásková S, Nazmi K, van Belkum A, Bikker FJ, van Wamel WJB, Veerman ECI. Synthetic LPETG-containing peptide incorporation in the Staphylococcus aureus cell-wall in a sortase A- and growth phase-dependent manner. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89260. [PMID: 24586638 PMCID: PMC3929722 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of Staphylococcus aureus virulence- and colonization-associated surface proteins contain a pentapeptide recognition motif (LPXTG). This motif can be recognized and cleaved by sortase A (SrtA) which is a membrane-bound transpeptidase. After cleavage these proteins are covalently incorporated into the peptidoglycan. Therefore, SrtA plays a key role in S. aureus virulence. We aimed to generate a substrate mimicking this SrtA recognition motif for several purposes: to incorporate this substrate into the S. aureus cell-wall in a SrtA-dependent manner, to characterize this incorporation and to determine the effect of substrate incorporation on the incorporation of native SrtA-dependent cell-surface-associated proteins. We synthesized substrate containing the specific LPXTG motif, LPETG. As a negative control we used a scrambled version of this substrate, EGTLP and a S. aureus srtA knockout strain. Both substrates contained a fluorescence label for detection by FACScan and fluorescence microscope. A spreading assay and a competitive Luminex assay were used to determine the effect of substrate treatment on native LPXTG containing proteins deposition in the bacterial cell-wall. We demonstrate a SrtA-dependent covalent incorporation of the LPETG-containing substrate in wild type S. aureus strains and several other Gram-positive bacterial species. LPETG-containing substrate incorporation in S. aureus was growth phase-dependent and peaked at the stationary phase. This incorporation negatively correlated with srtA mRNA expression. Exogenous addition of the artificial substrate did not result in a decreased expression of native SrtA substrates (e.g. clumping factor A/B and protein A) nor induced a srtA knockout phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvie Hansenová Maňásková
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Kamran Nazmi
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alex van Belkum
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Floris J. Bikker
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Willem J. B. van Wamel
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Enno C. I. Veerman
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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98
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McCormack N, Foster TJ, Geoghegan JA. A short sequence within subdomain N1 of region A of the Staphylococcus aureus MSCRAMM clumping factor A is required for export and surface display. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2014; 160:659-670. [PMID: 24464799 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.074724-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Clumping factor A (ClfA) is the archetypal fibrinogen-binding surface protein of Staphylococcus aureus and a member of the microbial surface component recognizing adhesive matrix molecules (MSCRAMM) family. An N-terminal signal sequence directs export of the MSCRAMM by the Sec pathway and the C-terminal cell wall-anchoring domain allows covalent attachment of ClfA to peptidoglycan by sortase. Region A of ClfA comprises three independently folded subdomains N1, N2 and N3. Subdomains N2N3 comprise IgG-like folds and promote fibrinogen binding. Nothing is known about the structure or function of subdomain N1. Here we demonstrate an unexpected role for N1 in the export and surface localization of ClfA. Attempted expression of a ClfA variant lacking subdomain N1 resulted in impaired growth of S. aureus and accumulation of ClfA protein in the cytoplasm and cytoplasmic membrane. The presence of residues 211-228 of N1 was required to allow display of ClfA on the bacterial surface. The importance of this region was confirmed when a ClfA variant lacking residues 211-220 was also mislocalized to the cytoplasm and cytoplasmic membrane. However, these residues were not required for export of ClfA lacking the Ser-Asp repeats that link region A to the wall-anchoring domain. Similarly, subdomain N1 of a related MSCRAMM fibronectin-binding protein B was required for export and surface display of the full-length protein, but not a derivative lacking fibronectin-binding repeats. In summary, we demonstrate that residues in the N1 subdomain are required for export and cell wall localization of S. aureus MSCRAMM proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh McCormack
- Department of Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Timothy J Foster
- Department of Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Joan A Geoghegan
- Department of Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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99
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Mining the bacterial unknown proteome: identification and characterization of a novel family of highly conserved protective antigens in Staphylococcus aureus. Biochem J 2014; 455:273-84. [PMID: 23895222 DOI: 10.1042/bj20130540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus, there exists an enormous diversity of proteins containing DUFs (domains of unknown function). In the present study, we characterized the family of conserved staphylococcal antigens (Csa) classified as DUF576 and taxonomically restricted to Staphylococci. The 18 Csa paralogues in S. aureus Newman are highly similar at the sequence level, yet were found to be expressed in multiple cellular locations. Extracellular Csa1A was shown to be post-translationally processed and released. Molecular interaction studies revealed that Csa1A interacts with other Csa paralogues, suggesting that these proteins are involved in the same cellular process. The structures of Csa1A and Csa1B were determined by X-ray crystallography, unveiling a peculiar structure with limited structural similarity to other known proteins. Our results provide the first detailed biological characterization of this family and confirm the uniqueness of this family also at the structural level. We also provide evidence that Csa family members elicit protective immunity in in vivo animal models of staphylococcal infections, indicating a possible important role for these proteins in S. aureus biology and pathogenesis. These findings identify the Csa family as new potential vaccine candidates, and underline the importance of mining the bacterial unknown proteome to identify new targets for preventive vaccines.
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100
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Mangiapane E, Lamberti C, Pessione A, Galano E, Amoresano A, Pessione E. Selenium effects on the metabolism of a Se-metabolizingLactobacillus reuteri: analysis of envelope-enriched and extracellular proteomes. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2014; 10:1272-80. [DOI: 10.1039/c3mb70557a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fixation of selenium byLactobacillus reuteriLb2 BM DSM 16143 into secreted proteins as selenocysteine.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Mangiapane
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology
- University of Turin
- Torino
- Italy
| | - C. Lamberti
- CNR ISPA
- c/o Bioindustry Park S. Fumero
- Colleretto Giacosa
- Italy
| | - A. Pessione
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology
- University of Turin
- Torino
- Italy
| | - E. Galano
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- University of Naples “Federico II”
- Napoli
- Italy
| | - A. Amoresano
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- University of Naples “Federico II”
- Napoli
- Italy
| | - E. Pessione
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology
- University of Turin
- Torino
- Italy
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