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Abou-Hassan A, Barros A, Buchholz N, Carugo D, Clavica F, de Graaf P, de La Cruz J, Kram W, Mergulhao F, Reis RL, Skovorodkin I, Soria F, Vainio S, Zheng S. Potential strategies to prevent encrustations on urinary stents and catheters - thinking outside the box: a European network of multidisciplinary research to improve urinary stents (ENIUS) initiative. Expert Rev Med Devices 2021; 18:697-705. [PMID: 34085555 DOI: 10.1080/17434440.2021.1939010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Urinary stents have been around for the last 4 decades, urinary catheters even longer. They are associated with infections, encrustation, migration, and patient discomfort. Research efforts to improve them have shifted onto molecular and cellular levels. ENIUS brought together translational scientists to improve urinary implants and reduce morbidity.Methods & materials: A working group within the ENIUS network was tasked with assessing future research lines for the improvement of urinary implants.Topics were researched systematically using Embase and PubMed databases. Clinicaltrials.gov was consulted for ongoing trials.Areas covered: Relevant topics were coatings with antibodies, enzymes, biomimetics, bioactive nano-coats, antisense molecules, and engineered tissue. Further, pH sensors, biodegradable metals, bactericidal bacteriophages, nonpathogenic uropathogens, enhanced ureteric peristalsis, electrical charges, and ultrasound to prevent stent encrustations were addressed.Expert opinion: All research lines addressed in this paper seem viable and promising. Some of them have been around for decades but are yet to proceed to clinical application (i.e. tissue engineering). Others are very recent and, at least in urology, still only conceptual (i.e. antisense molecules). Perhaps the most important learning point resulting from this pan-European multidisciplinary effort is that collaboration between all stakeholders is not only fruitful but also truly essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Abou-Hassan
- Physico-chimie des Électrolytes Et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Barros
- 3B's Research Group, University of Minho, BarcoGuimaraes, Portugal
| | | | - Dario Carugo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, UK
| | - Francesco Clavica
- ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Petra de Graaf
- Department of Urology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Julia de La Cruz
- U-merge, Scientific Office, Athens, Greece.,Jesus Uson Minimally Invasive Surgery Centre Foundation. Caceres, Spain
| | - Wolfgang Kram
- Department Of Urology, University Medical Center Rostock, Germany
| | - Filipe Mergulhao
- LEPABE, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui L Reis
- 3B's Research Group, University of Minho, BarcoGuimaraes, Portugal
| | - Ilya Skovorodkin
- Organogenesis Laboratory, Disease Networks Research Unit, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Federico Soria
- Jesus Uson Minimally Invasive Surgery Centre Foundation. Caceres, Spain
| | - Seppo Vainio
- Flagship GeneCellNano, Infotech Oulu - Kvantum Institut, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Shaokai Zheng
- ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Sulfate Import in Salmonella Typhimurium Impacts Bacterial Aggregation and the Respiratory Burst in Human Neutrophils. Infect Immun 2021; 89:IAI.00701-20. [PMID: 33820814 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00701-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
During enteric salmonellosis, neutrophil-generated reactive oxygen species alter the gut microenvironment, favoring survival of Salmonella Typhimurium. While type 3 secretion system 1 (T3SS-1) and flagellar motility are potent Salmonella Typhimurium agonists of the neutrophil respiratory burst in vitro, neither of these pathways alone is responsible for stimulation of a maximal respiratory burst. To identify Salmonella Typhimurium genes that impact the magnitude of the neutrophil respiratory burst, we performed a two-step screen of defined mutant libraries in coculture with human neutrophils. We first screened Salmonella Typhimurium mutants lacking defined genomic regions and then tested single-gene deletion mutants representing particular regions under selection. A subset of single-gene deletion mutants was selected for further investigation. Mutants in four genes, STM1696 (sapF), STM2201 (yeiE), STM2112 (wcaD), and STM2441 (cysA), induced an attenuated respiratory burst. We linked the altered respiratory burst to reduced T3SS-1 expression and/or altered flagellar motility for two mutants (ΔSTM1696 and ΔSTM2201). The ΔSTM2441 mutant, defective for sulfate transport, formed aggregates in minimal medium and adhered to surfaces in rich medium, suggesting a role for sulfur homeostasis in the regulation of aggregation/adherence. We linked the aggregation/adherence phenotype of the ΔSTM2441 mutant to biofilm-associated protein A and flagellins and hypothesize that aggregation caused the observed reduction in the magnitude of the neutrophil respiratory burst. Our data demonstrate that Salmonella Typhimurium has numerous mechanisms to limit the magnitude of the neutrophil respiratory burst. These data further inform our understanding of how Salmonella may alter human neutrophil antimicrobial defenses.
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53
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Huang Y, Liao J, Liu X, Zhong Y, Cai X, Long L. Review: The Role of Intestinal Dysbiosis in Parkinson's Disease. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:615075. [PMID: 33968794 PMCID: PMC8100321 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.615075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have highlighted the roles played by the gut microbiome in central nervous system diseases. Clinical symptoms and neuropathology have suggested that Parkinson’s disease may originate in the gut, which is home to approximately 100 trillion microbes. Alterations in the gastrointestinal microbiota populations may promote the development and progression of Parkinson’s disease. Here, we reviewed existing studies that have explored the role of intestinal dysbiosis in Parkinson’s disease, focusing on the roles of microbiota, their metabolites, and components in inflammation, barrier failure, microglial activation, and α-synuclein pathology. We conclude that there are intestinal dysbiosis in Parkinson’s disease. Intestinal dysbiosis is likely involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease through mechanisms that include barrier destruction, inflammation and oxidative stress, decreased dopamine production, and molecular mimicry. Additional studies remain necessary to explore and verify the mechanisms through which dysbiosis may cause or promote Parkinson’s disease. Preclinical studies have shown that gastrointestinal microbial therapy may represent an effective and novel treatment for Parkinson’s disease; however, more studies, especially clinical studies, are necessary to explore the curative effects of microbial therapy in Parkinson’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiying Huang
- Department of Neurology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinchi Liao
- Department of Neurology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xu Liu
- Department of Neurology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunxiao Zhong
- Department of Neurology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaodong Cai
- Department of Neurology, Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University (Guangdong Gastrointestinal and Anal Hospital), Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Long
- Department of Neurology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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54
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Khambhati K, Patel J, Saxena V, A P, Jain N. Gene Regulation of Biofilm-Associated Functional Amyloids. Pathogens 2021; 10:490. [PMID: 33921583 PMCID: PMC8072697 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10040490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are bacterial communities encased in a rigid yet dynamic extracellular matrix. The sociobiology of bacterial communities within a biofilm is astonishing, with environmental factors playing a crucial role in determining the switch from planktonic to a sessile form of life. The mechanism of biofilm biogenesis is an intriguingly complex phenomenon governed by the tight regulation of expression of various biofilm-matrix components. One of the major constituents of the biofilm matrix is proteinaceous polymers called amyloids. Since the discovery, the significance of biofilm-associated amyloids in adhesion, aggregation, protection, and infection development has been much appreciated. The amyloid expression and assembly is regulated spatio-temporarily within the bacterial cells to perform a diverse function. This review provides a comprehensive account of the genetic regulation associated with the expression of amyloids in bacteria. The stringent control ensures optimal utilization of amyloid scaffold during biofilm biogenesis. We conclude the review by summarizing environmental factors influencing the expression and regulation of amyloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushal Khambhati
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur NH 65, Nagaur Road, Karwar, Rajasthan 342037, India
| | - Jaykumar Patel
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur NH 65, Nagaur Road, Karwar, Rajasthan 342037, India
| | - Vijaylaxmi Saxena
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur NH 65, Nagaur Road, Karwar, Rajasthan 342037, India
| | - Parvathy A
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur NH 65, Nagaur Road, Karwar, Rajasthan 342037, India
| | - Neha Jain
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur NH 65, Nagaur Road, Karwar, Rajasthan 342037, India
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55
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Dhanker R, Hussain T, Tyagi P, Singh KJ, Kamble SS. The Emerging Trend of Bio-Engineering Approaches for Microbial Nanomaterial Synthesis and Its Applications. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:638003. [PMID: 33796089 PMCID: PMC8008120 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.638003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Micro-organisms colonized the world before the multi-cellular organisms evolved. With the advent of microscopy, their existence became evident to the mankind and also the vast processes they regulate, that are in direct interest of the human beings. One such process that intrigued the researchers is the ability to grow in presence of toxic metals. The process seemed to be simple with the metal ions being sequestrated into the inclusion bodies or cell surfaces enabling the conversion into nontoxic nanostructures. However, the discovery of genome sequencing techniques highlighted the genetic makeup of these microbes as a quintessential aspect of these phenomena. The findings of metal resistance genes (MRG) in these microbes showed a rather complex regulation of these processes. Since most of these MRGs are plasmid encoded they can be transferred horizontally. With the discovery of nanoparticles and their many applications from polymer chemistry to drug delivery, the demand for innovative techniques of nanoparticle synthesis increased dramatically. It is now established that microbial synthesis of nanoparticles provides numerous advantages over the existing chemical methods. However, it is the explicit use of biotechnology, molecular biology, metabolic engineering, synthetic biology, and genetic engineering tools that revolutionized the world of microbial nanotechnology. Detailed study of the micro and even nanolevel assembly of microbial life also intrigued biologists and engineers to generate molecular motors that mimic bacterial flagellar motor. In this review, we highlight the importance and tremendous hidden potential of bio-engineering tools in exploiting the area of microbial nanoparticle synthesis. We also highlight the application oriented specific modulations that can be done in the stages involved in the synthesis of these nanoparticles. Finally, the role of these nanoparticles in the natural ecosystem is also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raunak Dhanker
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences, School of Engineering and Sciences, GD Goenka University, Gurugram, India
| | - Touseef Hussain
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Priyanka Tyagi
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences, School of Engineering and Sciences, GD Goenka University, Gurugram, India
| | - Kawal Jeet Singh
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, India
| | - Shashank S. Kamble
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences, School of Engineering and Sciences, GD Goenka University, Gurugram, India
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56
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Nitrate Is an Environmental Cue in the Gut for Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Biofilm Dispersal through Curli Repression and Flagellum Activation via Cyclic-di-GMP Signaling. mBio 2021; 13:e0288621. [PMID: 35130730 PMCID: PMC8822344 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02886-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Curli, a major component of the bacterial biofilms in the intestinal tract, activates pattern recognition receptors and triggers joint inflammation after infection with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. The factors that allow S. Typhimurium to disperse from biofilms and invade the epithelium to establish a successful infection during acute inflammation remain unknown. Here, we studied S. Typhimurium biofilms in vitro and in vivo to understand how the inflammatory environment regulates the switch between multicellular and motile S. Typhimurium in the gut. We discovered that nitrate generated by the host is an environmental cue that induces S. Typhimurium to disperse from the biofilm. Nitrate represses production of an important biofilm component, curli, and activates flagella via the modulation of intracellular cyclic-di-GMP levels. We conclude that nitrate plays a central role in pathogen fitness by regulating the sessile-to-motile lifestyle switch during infection. IMPORTANCE Recent studies provided important insight into our understanding of the role of c-di-GMP signaling and the regulation of enteric biofilms. Despite an improved understanding of how c-di-GMP signaling regulates S. Typhimurium biofilms, the processes that affect the intracellular c-di-GMP levels and the formation of multicellular communities in vivo during infections remain unknown. Here, we show that nitrate generated in the intestinal lumen during infection with S. Typhimurium is an important regulator of biofilm formation in vivo.
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57
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Harrell JE, Hahn MM, D'Souza SJ, Vasicek EM, Sandala JL, Gunn JS, McLachlan JB. Salmonella Biofilm Formation, Chronic Infection, and Immunity Within the Intestine and Hepatobiliary Tract. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:624622. [PMID: 33604308 PMCID: PMC7885405 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.624622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the species of Salmonella enterica, there is significant diversity represented among the numerous subspecies and serovars. Collectively, these account for microbes with variable host ranges, from common plant and animal colonizers to extremely pathogenic and human-specific serovars. Despite these differences, many Salmonella species find commonality in the ability to form biofilms and the ability to cause acute, latent, or chronic disease. The exact outcome of infection depends on many factors such as the growth state of Salmonella, the environmental conditions encountered at the time of infection, as well as the infected host and immune response elicited. Here, we review the numerous biofilm lifestyles of Salmonella (on biotic and abiotic surfaces) and how the production of extracellular polymeric substances not only enhances long-term persistence outside the host but also is an essential function in chronic human infections. Furthermore, careful consideration is made for the events during initial infection that allow for gut transcytosis which, in conjunction with host immune functions, often determine the progression of disease. Both typhoidal and non-typhoidal salmonellae can cause chronic and/or secondary infections, thus the adaptive immune responses to both types of bacteria are discussed with particular attention to the differences between Salmonella Typhi, Salmonella Typhimurium, and invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella that can result in differential immune responses. Finally, while strides have been made in our understanding of immunity to Salmonella in the lymphoid organs, fewer definitive studies exist for intestinal and hepatobiliary immunity. By examining our current knowledge and what remains to be determined, we provide insight into new directions in the field of Salmonella immunity, particularly as it relates to chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaikin E Harrell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Mark M Hahn
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States.,Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Shaina J D'Souza
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Erin M Vasicek
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States.,Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jenna L Sandala
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States.,Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - John S Gunn
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States.,Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - James B McLachlan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
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58
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Chen S, Feng Z, Sun H, Zhang R, Qin T, Peng D. Biofilm-Formation-Related Genes csgD and bcsA Promote the Vertical Transmission of Salmonella Enteritidis in Chicken. Front Vet Sci 2021; 7:625049. [PMID: 33521095 PMCID: PMC7840958 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.625049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The contamination of Salmonella Enteritidis in eggs and chicken meat via vertical transmission has become a worldwide public health concern. Biofilm formation by S. Enteritidis further enhances its antibacterial resistance. However, whether genes related to biofilm formation affect the level of vertical transmission is still unclear. Here, S. Enteritidis mutants ΔcsgD, ΔcsgA, ΔbcsA, and ΔadrA were constructed from wild type strain C50041 (WT), and their biofilm-forming ability was determined by Crystal violet staining assay. Then the median lethal dose (LD50) assay was performed to determine the effects of the selected genes on virulence. The bacterial load in eggs produced by infected laying hens via the intraperitoneal pathway or crop gavage was determined for evaluation of the vertical transmission. Crystal violet staining assay revealed that S. Enteritidis mutants ΔcsgD, ΔcsgA, and ΔbcsA, but not ΔadrA, impaired biofilm formation compared with WT strain. Furthermore, the LD50 in SPF chickens showed that both the ΔcsgD and ΔbcsA mutants were less virulent compared with WT strain. Among the intraperitoneally infected laying hens, the WT strain-infected group had the highest percentage of bacteria-positive eggs (24.7%), followed by the ΔadrA group (16%), ΔcsgA group (9.9%), ΔbcsA group (4.5%), and ΔcsgD group (2.1%). Similarly, among the crop gavage chickens, the WT strain group also had the highest infection percentage in eggs (10.4%), followed by the ΔcsgA group (8.5%), ΔadrA group (7.5%), ΔbcsA group (1.9%), and ΔcsgD group (1.0%). Our results indicate that the genes csgD and bcsA help vertical transmission of S. Enteritidis in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujuan Chen
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zheng Feng
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Hualu Sun
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ruonan Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Tao Qin
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, China
| | - Daxin Peng
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, China
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59
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Valle J, Fang X, Lasa I. Revisiting Bap Multidomain Protein: More Than Sticking Bacteria Together. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:613581. [PMID: 33424817 PMCID: PMC7785521 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.613581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the major components of the staphylococcal biofilm is surface proteins that assemble as scaffold components of the biofilm matrix. Among the different surface proteins able to contribute to biofilm formation, this review is dedicated to the Biofilm Associated Protein (Bap). Bap is part of the accessory genome of Staphylococcus aureus but orthologs of Bap in other staphylococcal species belong to the core genome. When present, Bap promotes adhesion to abiotic surfaces and induces strong intercellular adhesion by self-assembling into amyloid like aggregates in response to the levels of calcium and the pH in the environment. During infection, Bap enhances the adhesion to epithelial cells where it binds directly to the host receptor Gp96 and inhibits the entry of the bacteria into the cells. To perform such diverse range of functions, Bap comprises several domains, and some of them include several motifs associated to distinct functions. Based on the knowledge accumulated with the Bap protein of S. aureus, this review aims to summarize the current knowledge of the structure and properties of each domain of Bap and their contribution to Bap functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaione Valle
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, CSIC-Gobierno de Navarra, Mutilva, Spain
| | - Xianyang Fang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Iñigo Lasa
- Laboratory of Microbial Pathogenesis, Navarrabiomed-Universidad Pública de Navarra-Departamento de Salud, IDISNA, Pamplona, Spain
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60
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Emerging Roles of Functional Bacterial Amyloids in Gene Regulation, Toxicity, and Immunomodulation. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2020; 85:85/1/e00062-20. [PMID: 33239434 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00062-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria often reside in multicellular communities, called biofilms, held together by an extracellular matrix. In many bacteria, the major proteinaceous component of the biofilm are amyloid fibers. Amyloids are highly stable and structured protein aggregates which were known mostly to be associated with neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases. In recent years, microbial amyloids were identified also in other species and shown to play major roles in microbial physiology and virulence. For example, amyloid fibers assemble on the bacterial cell surface as a part of the extracellular matrix and are extremely important to the scaffolding and structural integrity of biofilms, which contribute to microbial resilience and resistance. Furthermore, microbial amyloids play fundamental nonscaffold roles that contribute to the development of biofilms underlying numerous persistent infections. Here, we review several nonscaffold roles of bacterial amyloid proteins, including bridging cells during collective migration, acting as regulators of cell fate, as toxins against other bacteria or against host immune cells, and as modulators of the hosts' immune system. These overall points on the complexity of the amyloid fold in encoding numerous activities, which offer approaches for the development of a novel repertoire of antivirulence therapeutics.
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61
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Multiple Drug-Induced Stress Responses Inhibit Formation of Escherichia coli Biofilms. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.01113-20. [PMID: 32826218 PMCID: PMC7580552 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01113-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevention of bacterial biofilm formation is one of the major current challenges in microbiology. Here, by systematically screening a large number of approved drugs for their ability to suppress biofilm formation by Escherichia coli, we identified a number of prospective antibiofilm compounds. We further demonstrated different mechanisms of action for individual compounds, from induction of replicative stress to disbalance of cation homeostasis to inhibition of bacterial attachment to the surface. Our work demonstrates the potential of drug repurposing for the prevention of bacterial biofilm formation and suggests that also for other bacteria, the activity spectrum of antibiofilm compounds is likely to be broad. In most ecosystems, bacteria exist primarily as structured surface-associated biofilms that can be highly tolerant to antibiotics and thus represent an important health issue. Here, we explored drug repurposing as a strategy to identify new antibiofilm compounds, screening over 1,000 compounds from the Prestwick Chemical Library of approved drugs for specific activities that prevent biofilm formation by Escherichia coli. Most growth-inhibiting compounds, which include known antibacterial but also antiviral and other drugs, also reduced biofilm formation. However, we also identified several drugs that were biofilm inhibitory at doses where only a weak effect or no effect on planktonic growth could be observed. The activities of the most specific antibiofilm compounds were further characterized using gene expression analysis, proteomics, and microscopy. We observed that most of these drugs acted by repressing genes responsible for the production of curli, a major component of the E. coli biofilm matrix. This repression apparently occurred through the induction of several different stress responses, including DNA and cell wall damage, and homeostasis of divalent cations, demonstrating that biofilm formation can be inhibited through a variety of molecular mechanisms. One tested drug, tyloxapol, did not affect curli expression or cell growth but instead inhibited biofilm formation by suppressing bacterial attachment to the surface. IMPORTANCE The prevention of bacterial biofilm formation is one of the major current challenges in microbiology. Here, by systematically screening a large number of approved drugs for their ability to suppress biofilm formation by Escherichia coli, we identified a number of prospective antibiofilm compounds. We further demonstrated different mechanisms of action for individual compounds, from induction of replicative stress to disbalance of cation homeostasis to inhibition of bacterial attachment to the surface. Our work demonstrates the potential of drug repurposing for the prevention of bacterial biofilm formation and suggests that also for other bacteria, the activity spectrum of antibiofilm compounds is likely to be broad.
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62
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Pachucki RJ, Corradetti C, Kohler L, Ghadiali J, Gallo PM, Nicastro L, Tursi SA, Gallucci S, Tükel Ç, Caricchio R. Persistent Bacteriuria and Antibodies Recognizing Curli/eDNA Complexes From Escherichia coli Are Linked to Flares in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Arthritis Rheumatol 2020; 72:1872-1881. [PMID: 32840064 PMCID: PMC7722165 DOI: 10.1002/art.41400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Infections contribute to morbidity and mortality in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) are known to trigger urinary tract infections (UTIs) and form biofilms, which are multicellular communities of bacteria that are strengthened by amyloids such as curli. We previously reported that curli naturally form complexes with bacterial extracellular DNA (eDNA), and these curli/eDNA complexes induce hallmark features of lupus in mouse models. The present study was undertaken to investigate whether anti-curli/eDNA complex antibodies play a role in the pathogenesis of SLE or development of flares in SLE. METHODS In total, 96 SLE patients who met at least 4 Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics disease criteria were investigated. Anti-curli/eDNA complex antibodies in the plasma were tested for both IgG and IgA subclasses. Results were compared to that in 54 age-, sex-, and race/ethnicity-matched healthy controls. Correlations of the levels of anti-curli/eDNA antibodies with clinical parameters, lupus disease status, and frequency of bacteriuria were assessed. RESULTS Anti-curli/eDNA antibodies were detected in the plasma of SLE patients and healthy controls, and their levels correlated with the presence of asymptomatic persistent bacteriuria and occurrence of disease flares in lupus patients. Persistent bacteriuria contained curli-producing UPEC, and this was associated with an inflammatory phenotype. Finally, curli/eDNA complexes cross-reacted with lupus autoantigens, such as double-stranded DNA, in binding autoantibodies. CONCLUSION These results suggest that UTIs and persistent bacteriuria are environmental triggers of lupus and its flares. Antibodies against curli/eDNA could serve as a sign of systemic exposure to bacterial products in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Pachucki
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Chelsea Corradetti
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Lynne Kohler
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jay Ghadiali
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Paul M Gallo
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Lauren Nicastro
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sarah A Tursi
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Stefania Gallucci
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Çagla Tükel
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Roberto Caricchio
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Genetic Determinants of Salmonella Resistance to the Biofilm-Inhibitory Effects of a Synthetic 4-Oxazolidinone Analog. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.01120-20. [PMID: 32769186 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01120-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms formed by Salmonella enterica are a frequent source of food supply contamination. Since biofilms are inherently resistant to disinfection, new agents capable of preventing biofilm formation are needed. Synthetic analogs of 4-oxazolidinone containing natural products have shown promise as antibiofilm compounds against Gram-positive bacteria. The purpose of our study was 2-fold: to establish the antibiofilm effects and mechanism of action of a synthetic 4-oxazolidinone analog (JJM-ox-3-70) and to establish mechanisms of resistance to this compound in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S Typhimurium). JJM-ox-3-70 inhibited biofilm formation but had no effect on cell growth. The antibiofilm effects were linked to disruption of curli fimbriae and flagellar gene expression and alteration in swimming motility, suggesting an effect on multiple cellular processes. Using a 2-step screening approach of defined multigene and single-gene deletion mutant libraries, we identified 3 mutants that produced less biofilm in the presence of JJM-ox-3-70 than the isogenic WT, with phenotypes reversed by complementation in trans Genes responsible for S Typhimurium resistance to the compound included acrB, a component of the major drug efflux pump AcrAB-TolC, and two genes of unknown function (STM0437 and STM1292). The results of this study suggest that JJM-ox-3-70 inhibits biofilm formation by indirect inhibition of extracellular matrix production that may be linked to disruption of flagellar motility. Further work is needed to establish the role of the newly characterized genes as potential mechanisms of biofilm intrinsic antimicrobial resistance.IMPORTANCE Biofilms are resistant to killing by disinfectants and antimicrobials. S. enterica biofilms facilitate long-term host colonization and persistence in food processing environments. Synthetic analogs of 4-oxazolidinone natural products show promise as antibiofilm agents. Here, we show that a synthetic 4-oxazolidinone analog inhibits Salmonella biofilm through effects on both motility and biofilm matrix gene expression. Furthermore, we identify three genes that promote Salmonella resistance to the antibiofilm effects of the compound. This work provides insight into the mechanism of antibiofilm effects of a synthetic 4-oxazolidinone analog in Gram-negative bacteria and demonstrates new mechanisms of intrinsic antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella biofilms.
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Ardila CM, Ramón-Morales OM, Ramón-Morales CA. Opportunistic pathogens are associated with deteriorated clinical parameters in peri-implant disease. Oral Dis 2020; 26:1284-1291. [PMID: 32248598 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the association between Gram-negative enteric rods and Pseudomonas with the clinical parameters in peri-implant disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients treated with implants and diagnosed with peri-implant mucositis and/or peri-implantitis participate in this cross-sectional research. Unusual microorganisms from the implants were recognized using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Linear regression models were applied. RESULTS A total of 103 implants were evaluated in thirty-one participants. Gram-negative enteric rods/Pseudomonas were observed in 47 implants (46%). Interestingly, there were differences in probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment loss (CA), and bleeding on probing (BOP) between the groups, where implants with the presence of Gram-negative enteric rods/Pseudomonas presented deteriorated clinical parameters (p < .0001). The crude and adjusted linear regression models for PPD in peri-implant mucositis, PPD in peri-implantitis, CA in peri-implantitis, and BOP in peri-implant disease present significant βs, demonstrating deteriorated parameters (p < .0001) in the presence of Gram-negative enteric rods/Pseudomonas. Besides, the model for CA in peri-implantitis showed that cemented restored reconstructions were statistically significant (p = .009). Additionally, the R2 value in most models indicated a high degree of correlation (>85%). CONCLUSION The occurrence of Gram-negative enteric rods and Pseudomonas was associated with deteriorated clinical parameters in patients with peri-implant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos M Ardila
- Universidad de Antioquia U de A, Medellín, Colombia
- Biomedical Stomatology Research Group, Universidad de Antioquia U de A, Medellín, Colombia
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Development of a New Bead Movement-Based Computational Framework Shows that Bacterial Amyloid Curli Reduces Bead Mobility in Biofilms. J Bacteriol 2020; 202:JB.00253-20. [PMID: 32601073 PMCID: PMC7925071 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00253-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilms exist in complex environments, including the intestinal tract, as a part of the gastrointestinal microbiota. The interaction of planktonic bacteria with biofilms can be influenced by material properties of the biofilm. During previous confocal studies, we observed that amyloid curli-containing Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium and Escherichia coli biofilms appeared rigid. In these studies, Enterococcus faecalis, which lacks curli-like protein, showed more fluid movement. To better characterize the material properties of the biofilms, a four-dimensional (4D) model was designed to track the movement of 1-μm glyoxylate beads in 10- to 20-μm-thick biofilms over approximately 20 min using laser-scanning confocal microscopy. Software was developed to analyze the bead trajectories, the amount of time they could be followed (trajectory life span), the velocity of movement, the surface area covered (bounding boxes), and cellular density around each bead. Bead movement was found to be predominantly Brownian motion. Curli-containing biofilms had very little bead movement throughout the low- and high-density regions of the biofilm compared to E. faecalis and isogenic curli mutants. Curli-containing biofilms tended to have more stable bead interactions (longer trajectory life spans) than biofilms lacking curli. In biofilms lacking curli, neither the velocity of bead movement nor the bounding box volume was strictly dependent on cell density, suggesting that other material properties of the biofilms were influencing the movement of the beads and flexibility of the material. Taken together, these studies present a 4D method to analyze bead movement over time in a 3D biofilm and suggest curli confers rigidity to the extracellular matrix of biofilms.IMPORTANCE Mathematical models are necessary to understand how the material composition of biofilms can influence their physical properties. Here, we developed a 4D computational toolchain for the analysis of bead trajectories, which laid the groundwork for establishing critical parameters for mathematical models of particle movement in biofilms. Using this open-source trajectory analyzer, we determined that the presence of bacterial amyloid curli changes the material properties of a biofilm, making the biofilm matrix rigid. This software is a powerful tool to analyze treatment- and environment-induced changes in biofilm structure and cell movement in biofilms. The open-source analyzer is fully adaptable and extendable in a modular fashion using VRL-Studio to further enhance and extend its functions.
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Ke PC, Zhou R, Serpell LC, Riek R, Knowles TPJ, Lashuel HA, Gazit E, Hamley IW, Davis TP, Fändrich M, Otzen DE, Chapman MR, Dobson CM, Eisenberg DS, Mezzenga R. Half a century of amyloids: past, present and future. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:5473-5509. [PMID: 32632432 PMCID: PMC7445747 DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00199a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid diseases are global epidemics with profound health, social and economic implications and yet remain without a cure. This dire situation calls for research into the origin and pathological manifestations of amyloidosis to stimulate continued development of new therapeutics. In basic science and engineering, the cross-β architecture has been a constant thread underlying the structural characteristics of pathological and functional amyloids, and realizing that amyloid structures can be both pathological and functional in nature has fuelled innovations in artificial amyloids, whose use today ranges from water purification to 3D printing. At the conclusion of a half century since Eanes and Glenner's seminal study of amyloids in humans, this review commemorates the occasion by documenting the major milestones in amyloid research to date, from the perspectives of structural biology, biophysics, medicine, microbiology, engineering and nanotechnology. We also discuss new challenges and opportunities to drive this interdisciplinary field moving forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Chun Ke
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 111 Yixueyuan Rd, Xuhui District, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruhong Zhou
- Institute of Quantitative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York, 10027, USA
| | - Louise C. Serpell
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, East Sussex BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Roland Riek
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tuomas P. J. Knowles
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, CB3 0HE, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hilal A. Lashuel
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology and Neuroproteomics, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ehud Gazit
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Iby and Aladar Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ian W. Hamley
- School of Chemistry, Food Biosciences and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, UK
| | - Thomas P. Davis
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Marcus Fändrich
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Daniel Erik Otzen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Center for Insoluble Protein Structures (inSPIN), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Matthew R. Chapman
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Centre for Microbial Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1048, USA
| | - Christopher M. Dobson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - David S. Eisenberg
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Biological Chemistry, UCLA-DOE Institute and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Raffaele Mezzenga
- Department of Health Science & Technology, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, LFO, E23, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang Pauli Strasse 10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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Phenotypes, transcriptome, and novel biofilm formation associated with the ydcI gene. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 2020; 113:1109-1122. [PMID: 32419108 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-020-01412-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The ydcI gene has previously been shown to encode a DNA-binding protein involved with acid stress resistance and induced biofilm formation in a strain of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. In addition, characterisation of the ydcI gene in Escherichia coli and other bacteria demonstrated strikingly different tolerance for induced ydcI expression across Gram negative species. In this report, we investigated the conservation of these phenotypes across multiple strains of S. Typhimurium and E. coli, and we used RNA Seq to identify the transcriptome of the ΔydcI mutant compared to WT in S. Typhimurium and E. coli (to establish the YdcI regulon in each species). We constructed deletion mutants in each species based on the RNA Seq results and tested these mutants for the relevant ydcI-related phenotypes. Though no evidence for a role in these phenotypes was found via the RNA Seq deletion mutants, we found that the ydcI-induced biofilm in S. Typhimurium is formed independently of the major biofilm genes csgA and bcsA indicating a potentially novel type of biofilm formation.
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68
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Liang G, Shi H, Qi Y, Li J, Jing A, Liu Q, Feng W, Li G, Gao S. Specific Anti-biofilm Activity of Carbon Quantum Dots by Destroying P. gingivalis Biofilm Related Genes. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:5473-5489. [PMID: 32801701 PMCID: PMC7406331 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s253416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Biofilms protect bacteria from antibiotics and this can produce drug-resistant strains, especially the main pathogen of periodontitis, Porphyromonas gingivalis. Carbon quantum dots with various biomedical properties are considered to have great application potential in antibacterial and anti-biofilm treatment. Methods Tinidazole carbon quantum dots (TCDs) and metronidazole carbon quantum dots (MCDs) were prepared by a hydrothermal method with the clinical antibacterial drugs tinidazole and metronidazole, respectively. Then, TCDs and MCDs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, UV–visible spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy and energy-dispersive spectrometry. The antibacterial effects were also investigated under different conditions. Results The TCDs and MCDs had uniform sizes. The results of UV–visible and energy-dispersive spectrometry confirmed their important carbon polymerization structures and the activity of the nitro group, which had an evident inhibitory effect on P. gingivalis, but almost no effect on other bacteria, including Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Prevotella nigrescens. Importantly, the TCDs could penetrate the biofilms to further effectively inhibit the growth of P. gingivalis under the biofilms. Furthermore, it was found that the antibacterial effect of TCDs lies in its ability to impair toxicity by inhibiting the major virulence factors and related genes involved in the biofilm formation of P. gingivalis, thus affecting the self-assembly of biofilm-related proteins. Conclusion The findings demonstrate a promising new method for improving the efficiency of periodontitis treatment by penetrating the P. gingivalis biofilm with preparations of nano-level antibacterial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaofeng Liang
- Medical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, People's Republic of China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Shi
- School of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yijun Qi
- Medical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinghua Li
- School of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, People's Republic of China
| | - Aihua Jing
- School of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiwei Liu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenpo Feng
- Medical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangda Li
- School of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, People's Republic of China
| | - Shegan Gao
- Medical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, People's Republic of China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, People's Republic of China
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Lee EY, Srinivasan Y, de Anda J, Nicastro LK, Tükel Ç, Wong GCL. Functional Reciprocity of Amyloids and Antimicrobial Peptides: Rethinking the Role of Supramolecular Assembly in Host Defense, Immune Activation, and Inflammation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1629. [PMID: 32849553 PMCID: PMC7412598 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathological self-assembly is a concept that is classically associated with amyloids, such as amyloid-β (Aβ) in Alzheimer's disease and α-synuclein in Parkinson's disease. In prokaryotic organisms, amyloids are assembled extracellularly in a similar fashion to human amyloids. Pathogenicity of amyloids is attributed to their ability to transform into several distinct structural states that reflect their downstream biological consequences. While the oligomeric forms of amyloids are thought to be responsible for their cytotoxicity via membrane permeation, their fibrillar conformations are known to interact with the innate immune system to induce inflammation. Furthermore, both eukaryotic and prokaryotic amyloids can self-assemble into molecular chaperones to bind nucleic acids, enabling amplification of Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling. Recent work has shown that antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) follow a strikingly similar paradigm. Previously, AMPs were thought of as peptides with the primary function of permeating microbial membranes. Consistent with this, many AMPs are facially amphiphilic and can facilitate membrane remodeling processes such as pore formation and fusion. We show that various AMPs and chemokines can also chaperone and organize immune ligands into amyloid-like ordered supramolecular structures that are geometrically optimized for binding to TLRs, thereby amplifying immune signaling. The ability of amphiphilic AMPs to self-assemble cooperatively into superhelical protofibrils that form structural scaffolds for the ordered presentation of immune ligands like DNA and dsRNA is central to inflammation. It is interesting to explore the notion that the assembly of AMP protofibrils may be analogous to that of amyloid aggregates. Coming full circle, recent work has suggested that Aβ and other amyloids also have AMP-like antimicrobial functions. The emerging perspective is one in which assembly affords a more finely calibrated system of recognition and response: the detection of single immune ligands, immune ligands bound to AMPs, and immune ligands spatially organized to varying degrees by AMPs, result in different immunologic outcomes. In this framework, not all ordered structures generated during multi-stepped AMP (or amyloid) assembly are pathological in origin. Supramolecular structures formed during this process serve as signatures to the innate immune system to orchestrate immune amplification in a proportional, situation-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Y Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,UCLA-Caltech Medical Scientist Training Program, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yashes Srinivasan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jaime de Anda
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Lauren K Nicastro
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Çagla Tükel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Gerard C L Wong
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,California Nano Systems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Miller AL, Pasternak JA, Medeiros NJ, Nicastro LK, Tursi SA, Hansen EG, Krochak R, Sokaribo AS, MacKenzie KD, Palmer MB, Herman DJ, Watson NL, Zhang Y, Wilson HL, Wilson RP, White AP, Tükel Ç. In vivo synthesis of bacterial amyloid curli contributes to joint inflammation during S. Typhimurium infection. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008591. [PMID: 32645118 PMCID: PMC7347093 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive arthritis, an autoimmune disorder, occurs following gastrointestinal infection with invasive enteric pathogens, such as Salmonella enterica. Curli, an extracellular, bacterial amyloid with cross beta-sheet structure can trigger inflammatory responses by stimulating pattern recognition receptors. Here we show that S. Typhimurium produces curli amyloids in the cecum and colon of mice after natural oral infection, in both acute and chronic infection models. Production of curli was associated with an increase in anti-dsDNA autoantibodies and joint inflammation in infected mice. The negative impacts on the host appeared to be dependent on invasive systemic exposure of curli to immune cells. We hypothesize that in vivo synthesis of curli contributes to known complications of enteric infections and suggest that cross-seeding interactions can occur between pathogen-produced amyloids and amyloidogenic proteins of the host. Our manuscript focuses on curli, a ‘functional amyloid’ produced by Salmonella as well as other enteric bacteria. We present the first biochemical evidence that these fibers are produced in the gastrointestinal tract of mice after oral infection, the natural route for Salmonella infections. This finding is significant because of the immune impacts on the host; we show that curli cause an increase in autoimmunity and inflammation in the knee joints of infected mice. Reactive arthritis is a known autoimmune complication after enteric infections and our results indicate that presence of curli in the gut provides a novel linchpin of pathogenesis. As curli or curli-like amyloids are also produced by the commensal bacteria, it is possible that the unintended release of amyloids produced by the microbiota could trigger similar autoimmune reactions. Finally, our work provides conceptual evidence for the possibility of cross-seeding between bacterial amyloids like curli and human amyloids involved in amyloid-associated diseases such as Alzheimer’s Disease via the gut microbiome or infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L. Miller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - J. Alex Pasternak
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Nicole J. Medeiros
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lauren K. Nicastro
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sarah A. Tursi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth G. Hansen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Ryan Krochak
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Akosiererem S. Sokaribo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Keith D. MacKenzie
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Melissa B. Palmer
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Dakoda J. Herman
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Nikole L. Watson
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Heather L. Wilson
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - R. Paul Wilson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Aaron P. White
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- * E-mail: (APW); (CT)
| | - Çagla Tükel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (APW); (CT)
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Kang J, Liu L, Liu Y, Wang X. Ferulic Acid Inactivates Shigella flexneri through Cell Membrane Destructieon, Biofilm Retardation, and Altered Gene Expression. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:7121-7131. [PMID: 32588628 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c01901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance and capacity for biofilm formation of Shigella flexneri render previous prevention and control strategies minimally effective. Ferulic acid (FA) has been demonstrated to be useful due to its application in foods as an alternative natural preservative. However, information regarding the S. flexneri phenotype and molecular responses to FA exposure is limited. The present study investigated the effects of FA on S. flexneri planktonic growth and biofilm formation. The results demonstrated that the cell membrane of S. flexneri in planktonic growth mode exhibited irreversible destruction after FA exposure, as characterized by decreased cell viability, leakage of cytoplasmic constituents, accelerated adenosine triphosphate (ATP) consumption, cell membrane depolarization, and cellular morphological changes. FA significantly inhibited S. flexneri adhesion and biofilm formation at a working concentration (1/8 MIC) that almost did not inhibit planktonic growth. Transcriptomics profiling showed that the exposure to a subinhibitory concentration of FA dramatically altered gene expression in the S. flexneri biofilm, as a total of 169 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were upregulated and 533 DEGs were downregulated, compared to the intact biofilm. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis showed that the DEGs were mainly involved in pathways of ribosomes, ABC transporters, and the citrate cycle. Furthermore, we show that FA altered the transcription of S. flexneri genes associated with adhesion, transcriptional regulation, and the synthesis and transport of extracellular polymeric substances that contribute to biofilm formation. These data provide novel insights into S. flexneri behavioral responses to FA exposure and suggest that FA could effectively constrain S. flexneri and its biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamu Kang
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, P. R. China
| | - Liu Liu
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, P. R. China
| | - Yongfeng Liu
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, P. R. China
- National Research & Development Center of Apple Processing Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of High Value Utilization of Western China Fruit Resources, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, P. R. China
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72
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Karygianni L, Ren Z, Koo H, Thurnheer T. Biofilm Matrixome: Extracellular Components in Structured Microbial Communities. Trends Microbiol 2020; 28:668-681. [PMID: 32663461 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2020.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 558] [Impact Index Per Article: 139.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Biofilms consist of microbial communities embedded in a 3D extracellular matrix. The matrix is composed of a complex array of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) that contribute to the unique attributes of biofilm lifestyle and virulence. This ensemble of chemically and functionally diverse biomolecules is termed the 'matrixome'. The composition and mechanisms of EPS matrix formation, and its role in biofilm biology, function, and microenvironment are being revealed. This perspective article highlights recent advances about the multifaceted role of the 'matrixome' in the development, physical-chemical properties, and virulence of biofilms. We emphasize that targeting biofilm-specific conditions such as the matrixome could lead to precise and effective antibiofilm approaches. We also discuss the limited knowledge in the context of polymicrobial biofilms, and the need for more in-depth analyses of the EPS matrix in mixed communities that are associated with many human infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Karygianni
- Clinic of Conservative and Preventive Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Z Ren
- Department of Orthodontics, Divisions of Pediatric Dentistry and Community of Oral Health, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - H Koo
- Department of Orthodontics, Divisions of Pediatric Dentistry and Community of Oral Health, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Center for Innovation and Precision Dentistry, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - T Thurnheer
- Clinic of Conservative and Preventive Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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73
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Guo G, Ye L, Shi X, Yan K, Huang J, Lin K, Xing D, Ye S, Wu Y, Li B, Chen C, Xue X, Zhang H. Dysbiosis in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell Virome Associated With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:131. [PMID: 32328467 PMCID: PMC7153479 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Pathogen infection plays a role in the development and progression of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Previous studies showed that peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) harbor many viral communities. However, little is known about the viral components and the expression profiles of SLE-associated virome. We aimed to identify viral taxonomic markers of SLE that might be used in the detection of disease or in predicting its outcome. Methods: Non-human sequence data from high-throughput transcriptome sequencing of PBMC samples from 10 SLE patients and 10 healthy individuals were used for taxonomic alignment against an integrated virome reference genome database. Based on abundance profiles of SLE-associated virome species, genera, or host, Random Forests model was used to identify the viruses associated with SLE diagnostic markers. Spearman's correlation and functional clustering was used to analyze the interaction of candidate virome dysbiosis and SLE-associated differentially expressed genes. Results: A total of 419 viruses (38 human associated viruses, 350 phage, and 31 other viruses) was detected and the diversity of the PBMC virome was significantly increased in patients with SLE compared to the healthy controls (HCs). Viral taxa discriminated the cases from the controls, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.883, 0.695, and 0.540 for species, genus, and host, respectively. Clinical subgroup analysis showed that candidate PBMC viral markers were associated with stable- and active-stage SLE. Functional analyses showed that virome dysbiosis was mainly relevant to cellular and metabolic processes. Conclusion: We identified virome signatures associated with SLE, which might help develop tools to identify SLE patients or predict the disease stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangqiang Guo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lele Ye
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Wenzhou Central Hospital, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xinyu Shi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Kejing Yan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Kangming Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Dong Xing
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Sisi Ye
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yuqing Wu
- Second Clinical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Baoqing Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chaosheng Chen
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiangyang Xue
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Huidi Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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74
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Vendrik KEW, Ooijevaar RE, de Jong PRC, Laman JD, van Oosten BW, van Hilten JJ, Ducarmon QR, Keller JJ, Kuijper EJ, Contarino MF. Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Neurological Disorders. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:98. [PMID: 32266160 PMCID: PMC7105733 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Several studies suggested an important role of the gut microbiota in the pathophysiology of neurological disorders, implying that alteration of the gut microbiota might serve as a treatment strategy. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is currently the most effective gut microbiota intervention and an accepted treatment for recurrent Clostridioides difficile infections. To evaluate indications of FMT for patients with neurological disorders, we summarized the available literature on FMT. In addition, we provide suggestions for future directions. Methods: In July 2019, five main databases were searched for studies and case descriptions on FMT in neurological disorders in humans or animal models. In addition, the ClinicalTrials.gov website was consulted for registered planned and ongoing trials. Results: Of 541 identified studies, 34 were included in the analysis. Clinical trials with FMT have been performed in patients with autism spectrum disorder and showed beneficial effects on neurological symptoms. For multiple sclerosis and Parkinson's disease, several animal studies suggested a positive effect of FMT, supported by some human case reports. For epilepsy, Tourette syndrome, and diabetic neuropathy some studies suggested a beneficial effect of FMT, but evidence was restricted to case reports and limited numbers of animal studies. For stroke, Alzheimer's disease and Guillain-Barré syndrome only studies with animal models were identified. These studies suggested a potential beneficial effect of healthy donor FMT. In contrast, one study with an animal model for stroke showed increased mortality after FMT. For Guillain-Barré only one study was identified. Whether positive findings from animal studies can be confirmed in the treatment of human diseases awaits to be seen. Several trials with FMT as treatment for the above mentioned neurological disorders are planned or ongoing, as well as for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Conclusions: Preliminary literature suggests that FMT may be a promising treatment option for several neurological disorders. However, available evidence is still scanty and some contrasting results were observed. A limited number of studies in humans have been performed or are ongoing, while for some disorders only animal experiments have been conducted. Large double-blinded randomized controlled trials are needed to further elucidate the effect of FMT in neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karuna E W Vendrik
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Netherlands Donor Feces Bank, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu, RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Rogier E Ooijevaar
- Netherlands Donor Feces Bank, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Department of Gastroenterology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Pieter R C de Jong
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jon D Laman
- Department Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Bob W van Oosten
- Department of Neurology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Quinten R Ducarmon
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Center for Microbiome Analyses and Therapeutics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Josbert J Keller
- Netherlands Donor Feces Bank, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Department of Gastroenterology, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, Netherlands
| | - Eduard J Kuijper
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Netherlands Donor Feces Bank, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu, RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands.,Center for Microbiome Analyses and Therapeutics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Maria Fiorella Contarino
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Department of Neurology, Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, Netherlands
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75
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Multi-targeted Antisense Oligonucleotide Delivery by a Framework Nucleic Acid for Inhibiting Biofilm Formation and Virulence. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2020; 12:74. [PMID: 34138282 PMCID: PMC7770702 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-020-0409-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A framework nucleic acid delivery system was developed through self-assembly, which can deliver antisense oligonucleotides against multiple targets in bacterial cells. The ASOs-tFNAs (750 nM) was found to simultaneously inhibit the expression of gtfBCD, gbpB, and ftf, and significantly reduce the extracellular polysaccharide synthesis and biofilm thickness.
Biofilm formation is responsible for numerous chronic infections and represents a serious health challenge. Bacteria and the extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) cause biofilms to become adherent, toxic, resistant to antibiotics, and ultimately difficult to remove. Inhibition of EPS synthesis can prevent the formation of bacterial biofilms, reduce their robustness, and promote removal. Here, we have developed a framework nucleic acid delivery system with a tetrahedral configuration. It can easily access bacterial cells and functions by delivering antisense oligonucleotides that target specific genes. We designed antisense oligonucleotide sequences with multiple targets based on conserved regions of the VicK protein-binding site. Once delivered to bacterial cells, they significantly decreased EPS synthesis and biofilm thickness. Compared to existing approaches, this system is highly efficacious because it simultaneously reduces the expression of all targeted genes (gtfBCD, gbpB, ftf). We demonstrate a novel nucleic acid-based nanomaterial with multi-targeted inhibition that has great potential for the treatment of chronic infections caused by biofilms.![]()
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76
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Wang M, Qazi IH, Wang L, Zhou G, Han H. Salmonella Virulence and Immune Escape. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8030407. [PMID: 32183199 PMCID: PMC7143636 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8030407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella genus represents the most common foodborne pathogens causing morbidity, mortality, and burden of disease in all regions of the world. The introduction of antimicrobial agents and Salmonella-specific phages has been considered as an effective intervention strategy to reduce Salmonella contamination. However, data from the United States, European countries, and low- and middle-income countries indicate that Salmonella cases are still a commonly encountered cause of bacterial foodborne diseases globally. The control programs have not been successful and even led to the emergence of some multidrug-resistant Salmonella strains. It is known that the host immune system is able to effectively prevent microbial invasion and eliminate microorganisms. However, Salmonella has evolved mechanisms of resisting host physical barriers and inhibiting subsequent activation of immune response through their virulence factors. There has been a high interest in understanding how Salmonella interacts with the host. Therefore, in the present review, we characterize the functions of Salmonella virulence genes and particularly focus on the mechanisms of immune escape in light of evidence from the emerging mainstream literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.W.); (L.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Izhar Hyder Qazi
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China;
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Histology, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Sakrand 67210, Pakistan
| | - Linli Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.W.); (L.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guangbin Zhou
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China;
- Correspondence: (H.H.); (G.Z.)
| | - Hongbing Han
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.W.); (L.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence: (H.H.); (G.Z.)
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77
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Amaretti A, Righini L, Candeliere F, Musmeci E, Bonvicini F, Gentilomi GA, Rossi M, Raimondi S. Antibiotic Resistance, Virulence Factors, Phenotyping, and Genotyping of Non- Escherichia coli Enterobacterales from the Gut Microbiota of Healthy Subjects. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051847. [PMID: 32156029 PMCID: PMC7084377 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-Escherichia coli Enterobacterales (NECE) can colonize the human gut and may present virulence determinants and phenotypes that represent severe heath concerns. Most information is available for virulent NECE strains, isolated from patients with an ongoing infection, while the commensal NECE population of healthy subjects is understudied. In this study, 32 NECE strains were isolated from the feces of 20 healthy adults. 16S rRNA gene sequencing and mass spectrometry attributed the isolates to Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter kobei, Citrobacter freundii, Citrobacter amalonaticus, Cronobacter sp., and Hafnia alvei, Morganella morganii, and Serratia liquefaciens. Multiplex PCR revealed that K. pneumoniae harbored virulence genes for adhesins (mrkD, ycfM, and kpn) and enterobactin (entB) and, in one case, also for yersiniabactin (ybtS, irp1, irp2, and fyuA). Virulence genes were less numerous in the other NECE species. Biofilm formation was spread across all the species, while curli and cellulose were mainly produced by Citrobacter and Enterobacter. Among the most common antibiotics, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid was the sole against which resistance was observed, only Klebsiella strains being susceptible. The NECE inhabiting the intestine of healthy subjects have traits that may pose a health threat, taking into account the possibility of horizontal gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Amaretti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy; (A.A.); (L.R.); (F.C.); (E.M.); (M.R.)
- Biogest-Siteia, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Viale Amendola 2, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Lucia Righini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy; (A.A.); (L.R.); (F.C.); (E.M.); (M.R.)
| | - Francesco Candeliere
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy; (A.A.); (L.R.); (F.C.); (E.M.); (M.R.)
| | - Eliana Musmeci
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy; (A.A.); (L.R.); (F.C.); (E.M.); (M.R.)
| | - Francesca Bonvicini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (F.B.); (G.A.G.)
| | - Giovanna Angela Gentilomi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (F.B.); (G.A.G.)
- Unit of Microbiology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Maddalena Rossi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy; (A.A.); (L.R.); (F.C.); (E.M.); (M.R.)
- Biogest-Siteia, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Viale Amendola 2, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Stefano Raimondi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy; (A.A.); (L.R.); (F.C.); (E.M.); (M.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-059-205-8595
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78
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Sampson TR, Challis C, Jain N, Moiseyenko A, Ladinsky MS, Shastri GG, Thron T, Needham BD, Horvath I, Debelius JW, Janssen S, Knight R, Wittung-Stafshede P, Gradinaru V, Chapman M, Mazmanian SK. A gut bacterial amyloid promotes α-synuclein aggregation and motor impairment in mice. eLife 2020; 9:53111. [PMID: 32043464 PMCID: PMC7012599 DOI: 10.7554/elife.53111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloids are a class of protein with unique self-aggregation properties, and their aberrant accumulation can lead to cellular dysfunctions associated with neurodegenerative diseases. While genetic and environmental factors can influence amyloid formation, molecular triggers and/or facilitators are not well defined. Growing evidence suggests that non-identical amyloid proteins may accelerate reciprocal amyloid aggregation in a prion-like fashion. While humans encode ~30 amyloidogenic proteins, the gut microbiome also produces functional amyloids. For example, curli are cell surface amyloid proteins abundantly expressed by certain gut bacteria. In mice overexpressing the human amyloid α-synuclein (αSyn), we reveal that colonization with curli-producing Escherichia coli promotes αSyn pathology in the gut and the brain. Curli expression is required for E. coli to exacerbate αSyn-induced behavioral deficits, including intestinal and motor impairments. Purified curli subunits accelerate αSyn aggregation in biochemical assays, while oral treatment of mice with a gut-restricted amyloid inhibitor prevents curli-mediated acceleration of pathology and behavioral abnormalities. We propose that exposure to microbial amyloids in the gastrointestinal tract can accelerate αSyn aggregation and disease in the gut and the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R Sampson
- Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
| | - Collin Challis
- Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
| | - Neha Jain
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Anastasiya Moiseyenko
- Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
| | - Mark S Ladinsky
- Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
| | - Gauri G Shastri
- Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
| | - Taren Thron
- Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
| | - Brittany D Needham
- Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
| | - Istvan Horvath
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Justine W Debelius
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Stefan Janssen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Rob Knight
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States.,Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | | | - Viviana Gradinaru
- Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
| | - Matthew Chapman
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Sarkis K Mazmanian
- Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
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79
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The impact of indigenous microbes on Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 135:104426. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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80
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Khan MF, Wang H. Environmental Exposures and Autoimmune Diseases: Contribution of Gut Microbiome. Front Immunol 2020; 10:3094. [PMID: 31998327 PMCID: PMC6970196 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental agents have been gaining more attention in recent years for their role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases (ADs). Increasing evidence has linked environmental exposures, including trichloroethene (TCE), silica, mercury, pristane, pesticides, and smoking to higher risk for ADs. However, potential mechanisms by which these environmental agents contribute to the disease pathogenesis remains largely unknown. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiome is another important environmental factor that has been linked to the onset of different ADs. Altered microbiota composition is associated with impaired intestinal barrier function and dysregulation of mucosal immune system, but it is unclear if gut dysbiosis is a causal factor or an outcome of ADs. In this review article, we first describe the recent epidemiological and mechanistic evidences linking environmental/occupational exposures with various ADs (especially SLE). Secondly, we discuss how changes in the gut microbiome composition (dysbiosis) could contribute to the disease pathogenesis, especially in response to exposure to environmental chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Firoze Khan
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, United States
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81
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Abstract
Bacterial pathogens have evolved to regulate virulence gene expression at critical points in the colonization and infection processes to successfully cause disease. The Shigella species infect the epithelial cells lining the colon to result in millions of cases of diarrhea and a significant global health burden. As antibiotic resistance rates increase, understanding the mechanisms of infection is vital to ensure successful vaccine development. Despite significant gains in our understanding of Shigella infection, it remains unknown how the bacteria initiate contact with the colonic epithelium. Most pathogens harbor multiple adherence factors to facilitate this process, but Shigella was thought to have lost the ability to produce these factors. Interestingly, we have identified conditions that mimic some features of gastrointestinal transit and that enable Shigella to express adherence structural genes. This work highlights aspects of genetic regulation for Shigella adherence factors and may have a significant impact on future vaccine development. The Shigella species are Gram-negative, facultative intracellular pathogens that invade the colonic epithelium and cause significant diarrheal disease. Despite extensive research on the pathogen, a comprehensive understanding of how Shigella initiates contact with epithelial cells remains unknown. Shigella maintains many of the same Escherichia coli adherence gene operons; however, at least one critical gene component in each operon is currently annotated as a pseudogene in reference genomes. These annotations, coupled with a lack of structures upon microscopic analysis following growth in laboratory media, have led the field to hypothesize that Shigella is unable to produce fimbriae or other traditional adherence factors. Nevertheless, our previous analyses have demonstrated that a combination of bile salts and glucose induces both biofilm formation and adherence to colonic epithelial cells. The goal of this study was to perform transcriptomic and genetic analyses to demonstrate that adherence gene operons in Shigella flexneri strain 2457T are functional, despite the gene annotations. Our results demonstrate that at least three structural genes facilitate S. flexneri 2457T adherence for epithelial cell contact and biofilm formation. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that host factors, namely, glucose and bile salts at their physiological concentrations in the small intestine, offer key environmental stimuli required for adherence factor expression in S. flexneri. This research may have a significant impact on Shigella vaccine development and further highlights the importance of utilizing in vivo-like conditions to study bacterial pathogenesis. IMPORTANCE Bacterial pathogens have evolved to regulate virulence gene expression at critical points in the colonization and infection processes to successfully cause disease. The Shigella species infect the epithelial cells lining the colon to result in millions of cases of diarrhea and a significant global health burden. As antibiotic resistance rates increase, understanding the mechanisms of infection is vital to ensure successful vaccine development. Despite significant gains in our understanding of Shigella infection, it remains unknown how the bacteria initiate contact with the colonic epithelium. Most pathogens harbor multiple adherence factors to facilitate this process, but Shigella was thought to have lost the ability to produce these factors. Interestingly, we have identified conditions that mimic some features of gastrointestinal transit and that enable Shigella to express adherence structural genes. This work highlights aspects of genetic regulation for Shigella adherence factors and may have a significant impact on future vaccine development.
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82
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Qiu CC, Caricchio R, Gallucci S. Triggers of Autoimmunity: The Role of Bacterial Infections in the Extracellular Exposure of Lupus Nuclear Autoantigens. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2608. [PMID: 31781110 PMCID: PMC6857005 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections are considered important environmental triggers of autoimmunity and can contribute to autoimmune disease onset and severity. Nucleic acids and the complexes that they form with proteins—including chromatin and ribonucleoproteins—are the main autoantigens in the autoimmune disease systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). How these nuclear molecules become available to the immune system for recognition, presentation, and targeting is an area of research where complexities remain to be disentangled. In this review, we discuss how bacterial infections participate in the exposure of nuclear autoantigens to the immune system in SLE. Infections can instigate pro-inflammatory cell death programs including pyroptosis and NETosis, induce extracellular release of host nuclear autoantigens, and promote their recognition in an immunogenic context by activating the innate and adaptive immune systems. Moreover, bacterial infections can release bacterial DNA associated with other bacterial molecules, complexes that can elicit autoimmunity by acting as innate stimuli of pattern recognition receptors and activating autoreactive B cells through molecular mimicry. Recent studies have highlighted SLE disease activity-associated alterations of the gut commensals and the expansion of pathobionts that can contribute to chronic exposure to extracellular nuclear autoantigens. A novel field in the study of autoimmunity is the contribution of bacterial biofilms to the pathogenesis of autoimmunity. Biofilms are multicellular communities of bacteria that promote colonization during chronic infections. We review the very recent literature highlighting a role for bacterial biofilms, and their major components, amyloid/DNA complexes, in the generation of anti-nuclear autoantibodies and their ability to stimulate the autoreactive immune response. The best studied bacterial amyloid is curli, produced by enteric bacteria that commonly cause infections in SLE patients, including Escherichia coli and Salmonella spps. Evidence suggests that curli/DNA complexes can trigger autoimmunity by acting as danger signals, molecular mimickers, and microbial chaperones of nucleic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie C Qiu
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Roberto Caricchio
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Stefania Gallucci
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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83
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Cytotoxic Curli Intermediates Form during Salmonella Biofilm Development. J Bacteriol 2019; 201:JB.00095-19. [PMID: 31182496 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00095-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterobacteriaceae produce amyloid proteins called curli that are the major proteinaceous component of biofilms. Amyloids are also produced by humans and are associated with diseases such as Alzheimer's. During the multistep process of amyloid formation, monomeric subunits form oligomers, protofibrils, and finally mature fibrils. Amyloid β oligomers are more cytotoxic to cells than the mature amyloid fibrils. Oligomeric intermediates of curli had not been previously detected. We determined that turbulence inhibited biofilm formation and that, intriguingly, curli aggregates purified from cultures grown under high-turbulence conditions were structurally smaller and contained less DNA than curli preparations from cultures grown with less turbulence. Using flow cytometry analysis, we demonstrated that CsgA was expressed in cultures exposed to higher turbulence but that these cultures had lower levels of cell death than less-turbulent cultures. Our data suggest that the DNA released during cell death drives the formation of larger fibrillar structures. Consistent with this idea, addition of exogenous genomic DNA increased the size of the curli intermediates and led to binding to thioflavin T at levels observed with mature aggregates. Similar to the intermediate oligomers of amyloid β, intermediate curli aggregates were more cytotoxic than the mature curli fibrils when incubated with bone marrow-derived macrophages. The discovery of cytotoxic curli intermediates will enable research into the roles of amyloid intermediates in the pathogenesis of Salmonella and other bacteria that cause enteric infections.IMPORTANCE Amyloid proteins are the major proteinaceous components of biofilms, which are associated with up to 65% of human bacterial infections. Amyloids produced by human cells are also associated with diseases such as Alzheimer's. The amyloid monomeric subunits self-associate to form oligomers, protofibrils, and finally mature fibrils. Amyloid β oligomers are more cytotoxic to cells than the mature amyloid fibrils. Here we detected oligomeric intermediates of curli for the first time. Like the oligomers of amyloid β, intermediate curli fibrils were more cytotoxic than the mature curli fibrillar aggregates when incubated with bone marrow-derived macrophages. The discovery of cytotoxic curli intermediates will enable research into the roles of amyloid intermediates in the pathogenesis of Salmonella and other bacteria that cause enteric infections.
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84
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Human Bile-Mediated Regulation of Salmonella Curli Fimbriae. J Bacteriol 2019; 201:JB.00055-19. [PMID: 30936374 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00055-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Typhoid fever is caused primarily by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. Approximately 3% to 5% of individuals infected with S Typhi become chronic carriers with the gallbladder (GB) as the site of persistence, as gallstones within the GB are a platform on which the bacteria form a biofilm. S Typhi is a human-restricted pathogen; therefore, asymptomatic carriers represent a critical reservoir for further spread of disease. To examine the dynamics of the Salmonella biofilm during chronic carriage, the human gallstone (GS) environment was simulated by growing biofilms on cholesterol-coated surfaces in the presence of bile, and the transcriptional profile was determined. Some of the most highly activated genes corresponded to the curli fimbria operon, with the major structural component csgA upregulated >80-fold. The curli protein polymer is a major component of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in Salmonella biofilms. The upregulation of curli fimbriae by human bile was validated through reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR), microscopy, and Western blotting. Interestingly, this activation appears human specific, as qRT-PCR showed repression of csgA in biofilms grown in mouse or ox bile. Comparative transcriptional studies of the two divergent csg operons suggest an early activation of both operons in minimal medium complemented with glucose that quickly diminishes as the biofilm matures. However, in the presence of human bile, there is a modest activation of both operons that steadily increases as the biofilm matures. Understanding the effect of the GB environment on key biofilm-associated factors can help target antibiofilm therapeutics or other preventative strategies to eradicate chronic carriage.IMPORTANCE Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, and 3% to 5% of patients become chronic gallbladder (GB) carriers (also known as "Typhoid Marys"). We have previously demonstrated a role for Salmonella biofilm formation on gallstones as a primary mechanism of carriage. In this study, we found that the important biofilm extracellular matrix component curli fimbria is induced in an in vitro human GB model system. This induction is specific to human bile and increases as the biofilm matures. We also found that the biofilm and curli regulator CsgD play a key role in this observed induction. This work further enhances our understanding biofilm-mediated chronic carriage and provides a potential target for eliminating persistent GB infection by S Typhi.
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85
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Bacterial Amyloids: The Link between Bacterial Infections and Autoimmunity. Trends Microbiol 2019; 27:954-963. [PMID: 31422877 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Molecular mimicry is a common mechanism used by many bacteria to evade immune responses. In recent years, it has become evident that bacteria also decorate the extracellular matrix (ECM) of their biofilms with molecules that resemble those of the host. These molecules include amyloids and other proteins, polysaccharides, and extracellular DNA. Bacterial amyloids, like curli, and extracellular DNA are found in the biofilms of many species. Recent work demonstrated that curli and DNA form unique molecular structures that are recognized by the immune system, causing activation of autoimmune pathways. Although a variety of mechanisms have been suggested as the means by which infections initiate and/or exacerbate autoimmune diseases, the mechanism remains unknown. In this article, we discuss recent work on biofilms that highlight the role of amyloids as a carrier for DNA and potentiator of autoimmune responses, and we propose a novel link between bacterial infections and autoimmune diseases.
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86
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Avni A, Swasthi HM, Majumdar A, Mukhopadhyay S. Intrinsically disordered proteins in the formation of functional amyloids from bacteria to humans. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2019; 166:109-143. [PMID: 31521230 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Amyloids are nanoscopic ordered self-assemblies of misfolded proteins that are formed via aggregation of partially unfolded or intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) and are commonly linked to devastating human diseases. An enlarging body of recent research has demonstrated that certain amyloids can be beneficial and participate in a wide range of physiological functions from bacteria to humans. These amyloids are termed as functional amyloids. Like disease-associated amyloids, a vast majority of functional amyloids are derived from a range of IDPs or hybrid proteins containing ordered domains and intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs). In this chapter, we describe an account of recent studies on the aggregation behavior of IDPs resulting in the formation of functional amyloids in a diverse range of organisms from bacteria to human. We also discuss the strategies that are used by these organisms to regulate the spatiotemporal amyloid assembly in their physiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamika Avni
- Centre for Protein Science, Design and Engineering, Department of Biological Sciences, and Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Hema M Swasthi
- Centre for Protein Science, Design and Engineering, Department of Biological Sciences, and Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Anupa Majumdar
- Centre for Protein Science, Design and Engineering, Department of Biological Sciences, and Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Samrat Mukhopadhyay
- Centre for Protein Science, Design and Engineering, Department of Biological Sciences, and Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Punjab, India.
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87
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Matteoli FP, Passarelli-Araujo H, Pedrosa-Silva F, Olivares FL, Venancio TM. Population structure and pangenome analysis of Enterobacter bugandensis uncover the presence of bla CTX-M-55, bla NDM-5 and bla IMI-1, along with sophisticated iron acquisition strategies. Genomics 2019; 112:1182-1191. [PMID: 31279858 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2019.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Enterobacter bugandensis is a recently described species that has been largely associated with nosocomial infections. We report the genome of a non-clinical E. bugandensis strain, which was integrated with publicly available genomes to study the pangenome and general population structure of E. bugandensis. Core- and whole-genome multilocus sequence typing allowed the detection of five E. bugandensis phylogroups (PG-A to E), which contain important antimicrobial resistance and virulence determinants. We uncovered several extended-spectrum β-lactamases, including blaCTX-M-55 and blaNDM-5, present in an IncX replicon type plasmid, described here for the first time in E. bugandensis. Genetic context analysis of blaNDM-5 revealed the resemblance of this plasmid with other IncX plasmids from other bacteria from the same country. Three distinctive siderophore producing operons were found in E. bugandensis: enterobactin (ent), aerobactin (iuc/iut), and salmochelin (iro). Our findings provide novel insights on the lifestyle, physiology, antimicrobial, and virulence profiles of E. bugandensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe P Matteoli
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Brazil
| | - Hemanoel Passarelli-Araujo
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Francisnei Pedrosa-Silva
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Brazil
| | - Fabio L Olivares
- Núcleo de Desenvolvimento de Insumos Biológicos para a Agricultura (NUDIBA), UENF, Brazil; Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, UENF, Brazil
| | - Thiago M Venancio
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Brazil.
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88
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Osorio C, Kanukuntla T, Diaz E, Jafri N, Cummings M, Sfera A. The Post-amyloid Era in Alzheimer's Disease: Trust Your Gut Feeling. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:143. [PMID: 31297054 PMCID: PMC6608545 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The amyloid hypothesis, the assumption that beta-amyloid toxicity is the primary cause of neuronal and synaptic loss, has been the mainstream research concept in Alzheimer's disease for the past two decades. Currently, this model is quietly being replaced by a more holistic, “systemic disease” paradigm which, like the aging process, affects multiple body tissues and organs, including the gut microbiota. It is well-established that inflammation is a hallmark of cellular senescence; however, the infection-senescence link has been less explored. Microbiota-induced senescence is a gradually emerging concept promoted by the discovery of pathogens and their products in Alzheimer's disease brains associated with senescent neurons, glia, and endothelial cells. Infectious agents have previously been associated with Alzheimer's disease, but the cause vs. effect issue could not be resolved. A recent study may have settled this debate as it shows that gingipain, a Porphyromonas gingivalis toxin, can be detected not only in Alzheimer's disease but also in the brains of older individuals deceased prior to developing the illness. In this review, we take the position that gut and other microbes from the body periphery reach the brain by triggering intestinal and blood-brain barrier senescence and disruption. We also surmise that novel Alzheimer's disease findings, including neuronal somatic mosaicism, iron dyshomeostasis, aggressive glial phenotypes, and loss of aerobic glycolysis, can be explained by the infection-senescence model. In addition, we discuss potential cellular senescence targets and therapeutic strategies, including iron chelators, inflammasome inhibitors, senolytic antibiotics, mitophagy inducers, and epigenetic metabolic reprograming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Osorio
- Psychiatry, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Tulasi Kanukuntla
- Department of Psychiatry, Patton State Hospital, San Bernardino, CA, United States
| | - Eddie Diaz
- Department of Psychiatry, Patton State Hospital, San Bernardino, CA, United States
| | - Nyla Jafri
- Department of Psychiatry, Patton State Hospital, San Bernardino, CA, United States
| | - Michael Cummings
- Department of Psychiatry, Patton State Hospital, San Bernardino, CA, United States
| | - Adonis Sfera
- Department of Psychiatry, Patton State Hospital, San Bernardino, CA, United States
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89
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Bacterial functional amyloids: Order from disorder. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2019; 1867:954-960. [PMID: 31195143 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of intrinsic disorderness in proteins and peptide regions has given a new and useful insight into the working of biological systems. Due to enormous plasticity and heterogeneity, intrinsically disordered proteins or regions in proteins can perform myriad of functions. The flexibility in disordered proteins allows them to undergo conformation transition to form homopolymers of proteins called amyloids. Amyloids are highly structured protein aggregates associated with many neurodegenerative diseases. However, amyloids have gained much appreciation in recent years due to their functional roles. A functional amyloid fiber called curli is assembled on the bacterial cell surface as a part of the extracellular matrix during biofilm formation. The extracellular matrix that encases cells in a biofilm protects the cells and provides resistance against many environmental stresses. Several of the Csg (curli specific genes) proteins that are required for curli amyloid assembly are predicted to be intrinsically disordered. Therefore, curli amyloid formation is highly orchestrated so that these intrinsically disordered proteins do not inappropriately aggregate at the wrong time or place. The curli proteins are compartmentalized and there are chaperone-like proteins that prevent inappropriate aggregation and allow the controlled assembly of curli amyloids. Here we review the biogenesis of curli amyloids and the role that intrinsically disordered proteins play in the process.
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90
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Wang Y, Kadiyala U, Qu Z, Elvati P, Altheim C, Kotov NA, Violi A, VanEpps JS. Anti-Biofilm Activity of Graphene Quantum Dots via Self-Assembly with Bacterial Amyloid Proteins. ACS NANO 2019; 13:4278-4289. [PMID: 30912922 PMCID: PMC6528478 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b09403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms represent an essential part of Earth's ecosystem that can cause multiple ecological, technological, and health problems. The environmental resilience and sophisticated organization of biofilms are enabled by the extracellular matrix that creates a protective network of biomolecules around the bacterial community. Current anti-biofilm agents can interfere with extracellular matrix production but, being based on small molecules, are degraded by bacteria and rapidly diffuse away from biofilms. Both factors severely reduce their efficacy, while their toxicity to higher organisms creates additional barriers to their practicality. In this paper, we report on the ability of graphene quantum dots to effectively disperse mature amyloid-rich Staphylococcus aureus biofilms, interfering with the self-assembly of amyloid fibers, a key structural component of the extracellular matrix. Mimicking peptide-binding biomolecules, graphene quantum dots form supramolecular complexes with phenol-soluble modulins, the peptide monomers of amyloid fibers. Experimental and computational results show that graphene quantum dots efficiently dock near the N-terminus of the peptide and change the secondary structure of phenol-soluble modulins, which disrupts their fibrillation and represents a strategy for mitigation of bacterial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichun Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
- Biointerfaces Institute University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Usha Kadiyala
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Zhibei Qu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
- Biointerfaces Institute University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Paolo Elvati
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | | | - Nicholas A. Kotov
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
- Biointerfaces Institute University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
- Michigan Center for Integrative Research in Critical Care, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Angela Violi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
- Biophysics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - J. Scott VanEpps
- Biointerfaces Institute University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
- Michigan Center for Integrative Research in Critical Care, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
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