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Aerobic and anaerobic iron oxidizers together drive denitrification and carbon cycling at marine iron-rich hydrothermal vents. ISME JOURNAL 2020; 15:1271-1286. [PMID: 33328652 PMCID: PMC8114936 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-020-00849-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
In principle, iron oxidation can fuel significant primary productivity and nutrient cycling in dark environments such as the deep sea. However, we have an extremely limited understanding of the ecology of iron-based ecosystems, and thus the linkages between iron oxidation, carbon cycling, and nitrate reduction. Here we investigate iron microbial mats from hydrothermal vents at Lōʻihi Seamount, Hawaiʻi, using genome-resolved metagenomics and metatranscriptomics to reconstruct potential microbial roles and interactions. Our results show that the aerobic iron-oxidizing Zetaproteobacteria are the primary producers, concentrated at the oxic mat surface. Their fixed carbon supports heterotrophs deeper in the mat, notably the second most abundant organism, Candidatus Ferristratum sp. (uncultivated gen. nov.) from the uncharacterized DTB120 phylum. Candidatus Ferristratum sp., described using nine high-quality metagenome-assembled genomes with similar distributions of genes, expressed nitrate reduction genes narGH and the iron oxidation gene cyc2 in situ and in response to Fe(II) in a shipboard incubation, suggesting it is an anaerobic nitrate-reducing iron oxidizer. Candidatus Ferristratum sp. lacks a full denitrification pathway, relying on Zetaproteobacteria to remove intermediates like nitrite. Thus, at Lōʻihi, anaerobic iron oxidizers coexist with and are dependent on aerobic iron oxidizers. In total, our work shows how key community members work together to connect iron oxidation with carbon and nitrogen cycling, thus driving the biogeochemistry of exported fluids.
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Akob DM, Hallenbeck M, Beulig F, Fabisch M, Küsel K, Keffer JL, Woyke T, Shapiro N, Lapidus A, Klenk HP, Chan CS. Mixotrophic Iron-Oxidizing Thiomonas Isolates from an Acid Mine Drainage-Affected Creek. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:e01424-20. [PMID: 33008825 PMCID: PMC7688216 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01424-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural attenuation of heavy metals occurs via coupled microbial iron cycling and metal precipitation in creeks impacted by acid mine drainage (AMD). Here, we describe the isolation, characterization, and genomic sequencing of two iron-oxidizing bacteria (FeOB) species: Thiomonas ferrovorans FB-6 and Thiomonas metallidurans FB-Cd, isolated from slightly acidic (pH 6.3), Fe-rich, AMD-impacted creek sediments. These strains precipitated amorphous iron oxides, lepidocrocite, goethite, and magnetite or maghemite and grew at a pH optimum of 5.5. While Thiomonas spp. are known as mixotrophic sulfur oxidizers and As oxidizers, the FB strains oxidized Fe, which suggests they can efficiently remove Fe and other metals via coprecipitation. Previous evidence for Thiomonas sp. Fe oxidation is largely ambiguous, possibly because of difficulty demonstrating Fe oxidation in heterotrophic/mixotrophic organisms. Therefore, we also conducted a genomic analysis to identify genetic mechanisms of Fe oxidation, other metal transformations, and additional adaptations, comparing the two FB strain genomes with 12 other Thiomonas genomes. The FB strains fall within a relatively novel group of Thiomonas strains that includes another strain (b6) with solid evidence of Fe oxidation. Most Thiomonas isolates, including the FB strains, have the putative iron oxidation gene cyc2, but only the two FB strains possess the putative Fe oxidase genes mtoAB The two FB strain genomes contain the highest numbers of strain-specific gene clusters, greatly increasing the known Thiomonas genetic potential. Our results revealed that the FB strains are two distinct novel species of Thiomonas with the genetic potential for bioremediation of AMD via iron oxidation.IMPORTANCE As AMD moves through the environment, it impacts aquatic ecosystems, but at the same time, these ecosystems can naturally attenuate contaminated waters via acid neutralization and catalyzing metal precipitation. This is the case in the former Ronneburg uranium-mining district, where AMD impacts creek sediments. We isolated and characterized two iron-oxidizing Thiomonas species that are mildly acidophilic to neutrophilic and that have two genetic pathways for iron oxidation. These Thiomonas species are well positioned to naturally attenuate AMD as it discharges across the landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michelle Hallenbeck
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Felix Beulig
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Maria Fabisch
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Kirsten Küsel
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Jessica L Keffer
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Tanja Woyke
- Joint Genome Institute, U.S. Department of Energy, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Nicole Shapiro
- Joint Genome Institute, U.S. Department of Energy, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Alla Lapidus
- Joint Genome Institute, U.S. Department of Energy, Berkeley, California, USA
- Center for Algorithmic Biotechnology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Hans-Peter Klenk
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Clara S Chan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, Newark, Delaware, USA
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Tsuji JM, Tran N, Schiff SL, Venkiteswaran JJ, Molot LA, Tank M, Hanada S, Neufeld JD. Anoxygenic photosynthesis and iron-sulfur metabolic potential of Chlorobia populations from seasonally anoxic Boreal Shield lakes. THE ISME JOURNAL 2020; 14:2732-2747. [PMID: 32747714 PMCID: PMC7784702 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-020-0725-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Aquatic environments with high levels of dissolved ferrous iron and low levels of sulfate serve as an important systems for exploring biogeochemical processes relevant to the early Earth. Boreal Shield lakes, which number in the tens of millions globally, commonly develop seasonally anoxic waters that become iron rich and sulfate poor, yet the iron-sulfur microbiology of these systems has been poorly examined. Here we use genome-resolved metagenomics and enrichment cultivation to explore the metabolic diversity and ecology of anoxygenic photosynthesis and iron/sulfur cycling in the anoxic water columns of three Boreal Shield lakes. We recovered four high-completeness and low-contamination draft genome bins assigned to the class Chlorobia (formerly phylum Chlorobi) from environmental metagenome data and enriched two novel sulfide-oxidizing species, also from the Chlorobia. The sequenced genomes of both enriched species, including the novel "Candidatus Chlorobium canadense", encoded the cyc2 gene that is associated with photoferrotrophy among cultured Chlorobia members, along with genes for phototrophic sulfide oxidation. One environmental genome bin also encoded cyc2. Despite the presence of cyc2 in the corresponding draft genome, we were unable to induce photoferrotrophy in "Ca. Chlorobium canadense". Genomic potential for phototrophic sulfide oxidation was more commonly detected than cyc2 among environmental genome bins of Chlorobia, and metagenome and cultivation data suggested the potential for cryptic sulfur cycling to fuel sulfide-based growth. Overall, our results provide an important basis for further probing the functional role of cyc2 and indicate that anoxygenic photoautotrophs in Boreal Shield lakes could have underexplored photophysiology pertinent to understanding Earth's early microbial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Tsuji
- University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - N Tran
- University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - S L Schiff
- University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - J J Venkiteswaran
- University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
- Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - L A Molot
- York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - M Tank
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures GmbH, Inhoffenstrasse 7B, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
- Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - S Hanada
- Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - J D Neufeld
- University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
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Gupta D, Guzman MS, Bose A. Extracellular electron uptake by autotrophic microbes: physiological, ecological, and evolutionary implications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 47:863-876. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-020-02309-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Microbes exchange electrons with their extracellular environment via direct or indirect means. This exchange is bidirectional and supports essential microbial oxidation–reduction processes, such as respiration and photosynthesis. The microbial capacity to use electrons from insoluble electron donors, such as redox-active minerals, poised electrodes, or even other microbial cells is called extracellular electron uptake (EEU). Autotrophs with this capability can thrive in nutrient and soluble electron donor-deficient environments. As primary producers, autotrophic microbes capable of EEU greatly impact microbial ecology and play important roles in matter and energy flow in the biosphere. In this review, we discuss EEU-driven autotrophic metabolisms, their mechanism and physiology, and highlight their ecological, evolutionary, and biotechnological implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Gupta
- grid.4367.6 0000 0001 2355 7002 Department of Biology Washington University in St. Louis One Brookings Drive 63130 St. Louis MO USA
| | - Michael S Guzman
- grid.250008.f 0000 0001 2160 9702 Biosciences and Biotechnology Division Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Livermore CA USA
| | - Arpita Bose
- grid.4367.6 0000 0001 2355 7002 Department of Biology Washington University in St. Louis One Brookings Drive 63130 St. Louis MO USA
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Price KA, Garrison CE, Richards N, Field EK. A Shallow Water Ferrous-Hulled Shipwreck Reveals a Distinct Microbial Community. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1897. [PMID: 32973699 PMCID: PMC7466744 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Shipwrecks act as artificial reefs and provide a solid surface in aquatic systems for many different forms of life to attach to, especially microbial communities, making them a hotspot of biogeochemical cycling. Depending on the microbial community and surrounding environment, they may either contribute to the wreck’s preservation or deterioration. Even within a single wreck, preservation and deterioration processes may vary, suggesting that the microbial community may also vary. This study aimed to identify the differences through widespread sampling of the microbial communities associated with the Pappy Lane shipwreck (NC shipwreck site #PAS0001), a shallow water ferrous-hulled shipwreck in Pamlico Sound, North Carolina to determine if there are differences across the wreck as well as from its surrounding environment. Loose shipwreck debris, drilled shipcores, surrounding sediment, and seawater samples were collected from the Pappy Lane shipwreck to characterize the microbial communities on and around the shipwreck. Results indicated that the shipwreck samples were more similar to each other than the surrounding sediment and aquatic environments suggesting they have made a specialized niche associated with the shipwreck. There were differences between the microbial community across the shipwreck, including between visibly corroded and non-corroded shipwreck debris pieces. Relative abundance estimates for neutrophilic iron-oxidizing bacteria (FeOB), an organism that may contribute to deterioration through biocorrosion, revealed they are present across the shipwreck and at highest abundance on the samples containing visible corrosion products. Zetaproteobacteria, a known class of marine iron-oxidizers, were also found in higher abundance on shipwreck samples with visible corrosion. A novel Zetaproteobacteria strain, Mariprofundus ferrooxydans O1, was isolated from one of the shipwreck pieces and its genome analyzed to elucidate the functional potential of the organism. In addition to iron oxidation pathways, the isolate has the genomic potential to perform carbon fixation in both high and low oxygen environments, as well as perform nitrogen fixation, contributing to the overall biogeochemical cycling of nutrients and metals in the shipwreck ecosystem. By understanding the microbial communities associated with shallow water ferrous-hulled shipwrecks, better management strategies and preservation plans can be put into place to preserve these artificial reefs and non-renewable cultural resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyra A Price
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Cody E Garrison
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Nathan Richards
- Program in Maritime Studies, Department of History, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Erin K Field
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
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Genomic Insights into Two Novel Fe(II)-Oxidizing Zetaproteobacteria Isolates Reveal Lifestyle Adaption to Coastal Marine Sediments. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.01160-20. [PMID: 32561582 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01160-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of the novel Zetaproteobacteria class greatly expanded our understanding of neutrophilic, microaerophilic microbial Fe(II) oxidation in marine environments. Despite molecular techniques demonstrating their global distribution, relatively few isolates exist, especially from low-Fe(II) environments. Furthermore, the Fe(II) oxidation pathways used by Zetaproteobacteria remain poorly understood. Here, we present the genomes (>99% genome completeness) of two Zetaproteobacteria, which are the only cultivated isolates originating from typical low-Fe [porewater Fe(II), 70 to 100 μM] coastal marine sediments. The two strains share <90% average nucleotide identity (ANI) with each other and <80% ANI with any other Zetaproteobacteria genome. The closest relatives were Mariprofundus aestuarium strain CP-5 and Mariprofundus ferrinatatus strain CP-8 (96 to 98% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity). Fe(II) oxidation of strains KV and NF is most likely mediated by the putative Fe(II) oxidase Cyc2. Interestingly, the genome of strain KV also encodes a putative multicopper oxidase, PcoAB, which could play a role in Fe(II) oxidation, a pathway found only in two other Zetaproteobacteria genomes (Ghiorsea bivora TAG-1 and SCGC AB-602-C20). The strains show potential adaptations to fluctuating O2 concentrations, indicated by the presence of both cbb 3- and aa 3-type cytochrome c oxidases, which are adapted to low and high O2 concentrations, respectively. This is further supported by the presence of several oxidative-stress-related genes. In summary, our results reveal the potential Fe(II) oxidation pathways employed by these two novel chemolithoautotrophic Fe(II)-oxidizing species and the lifestyle adaptations which enable the Zetaproteobacteria to survive in coastal environments with low Fe(II) and regular redox fluctuations.IMPORTANCE Until recently, the importance and relevance of Zetaproteobacteria were mainly thought to be restricted to high-Fe(II) environments, such as deep-sea hydrothermal vents. The two novel Mariprofundus isolates presented here originate from typical low-Fe(II) coastal marine sediments. As well as being low in Fe(II), these environments are often subjected to fluctuating O2 concentrations and regular mixing by wave action and bioturbation. The discovery of two novel isolates highlights the importance of these organisms in such environments, as Fe(II) oxidation has been shown to impact nutrients and trace metals. Genome analysis of these two strains further supported their lifestyle adaptation and therefore their potential preference for coastal marine sediments, as genes necessary for surviving dynamic O2 concentrations and oxidative stress were identified. Furthermore, our analyses also expand our understanding of the poorly understood Fe(II) oxidation pathways used by neutrophilic, microaerophilic Fe(II) oxidizers.
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Hou J, Sievert SM, Wang Y, Seewald JS, Natarajan VP, Wang F, Xiao X. Microbial succession during the transition from active to inactive stages of deep-sea hydrothermal vent sulfide chimneys. MICROBIOME 2020; 8:102. [PMID: 32605604 PMCID: PMC7329443 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-020-00851-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deep-sea hydrothermal vents are highly productive biodiversity hotspots in the deep ocean supported by chemosynthetic microorganisms. Prominent features of these systems are sulfide chimneys emanating high-temperature hydrothermal fluids. While several studies have investigated the microbial diversity in both active and inactive sulfide chimneys that have been extinct for up to thousands of years, little is known about chimneys that have ceased activity more recently, as well as the microbial succession occurring during the transition from active to inactive chimneys. RESULTS Genome-resolved metagenomics was applied to an active and a recently extinct (~ 7 years) sulfide chimney from the 9-10° N hydrothermal vent field on the East Pacific Rise. Full-length 16S rRNA gene and a total of 173 high-quality metagenome assembled genomes (MAGs) were retrieved for comparative analysis. In the active chimney (L-vent), sulfide- and/or hydrogen-oxidizing Campylobacteria and Aquificae with the potential for denitrification were identified as the dominant community members and primary producers, fixing carbon through the reductive tricarboxylic acid (rTCA) cycle. In contrast, the microbiome of the recently extinct chimney (M-vent) was largely composed of heterotrophs from various bacterial phyla, including Delta-/Beta-/Alphaproteobacteria and Bacteroidetes. Gammaproteobacteria were identified as the main primary producers, using the oxidation of metal sulfides and/or iron oxidation coupled to nitrate reduction to fix carbon through the Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB) cycle. Further analysis revealed a phylogenetically distinct Nitrospirae cluster that has the potential to oxidize sulfide minerals coupled to oxygen and/or nitrite reduction, as well as for sulfate reduction, and that might serve as an indicator for the early stages of chimneys after venting has ceased. CONCLUSIONS This study sheds light on the composition, metabolic functions, and succession of microbial communities inhabiting deep-sea hydrothermal vent sulfide chimneys. Collectively, microbial succession during the life span of a chimney could be described to proceed from a "fluid-shaped" microbial community in newly formed and actively venting chimneys supported by the oxidation of reductants in the hydrothermal fluid to a "mineral-shaped" community supported by the oxidation of minerals after hydrothermal activity has ceased. Remarkably, the transition appears to occur within the first few years, after which the communities stay stable for thousands of years. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Stefan M Sievert
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Yinzhao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jeffrey S Seewald
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Vengadesh Perumal Natarajan
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fengping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
- School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xiang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, Guangdong, China.
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Sheremet A, Jones GM, Jarett J, Bowers RM, Bedard I, Culham C, Eloe-Fadrosh EA, Ivanova N, Malmstrom RR, Grasby SE, Woyke T, Dunfield PF. Ecological and genomic analyses of candidate phylum WPS-2 bacteria in an unvegetated soil. Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:3143-3157. [PMID: 32372527 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Members of the bacterial candidate phylum WPS-2 (or Eremiobacterota) are abundant in several dry, bare soil environments. In a bare soil deposited by an extinct iron-sulfur spring, we found that WPS-2 comprised up to 24% of the bacterial community and up to 108 cells per g of soil based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing and quantification. A single genus-level cluster (Ca. Rubrimentiphilum) predominated in bare soils but was less abundant in adjacent forest. Nearly complete genomes of Ca. Rubrimentiphilum were recovered as single amplified genomes (SAGs) and metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs). Surprisingly, given the abundance of WPS-2 in bare soils, the genomes did not indicate any capacity for autotrophy, phototrophy, or trace gas metabolism. Instead, they suggest a predominantly aerobic organoheterotrophic lifestyle, perhaps based on scavenging amino acids, nucleotides, and complex oligopeptides, along with lithotrophic capacity on thiosulfate. Network analyses of the entire community showed that some species of Chloroflexi, Actinobacteria, and candidate phylum AD3 (or Dormibacterota) co-occurred with Ca. Rubrimentiphilum and may represent ecological or metabolic partners. We propose that Ca. Rubrimentiphilum act as efficient heterotrophic scavengers. Combined with previous studies, these data suggest that the phylum WPS-2 includes bacteria with diverse metabolic capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andriy Sheremet
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Gareth M Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Jessica Jarett
- Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek CA, 94598, USA
| | - Robert M Bowers
- Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek CA, 94598, USA
| | - Isaac Bedard
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Cassandra Culham
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | | | - Natalia Ivanova
- Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek CA, 94598, USA
| | - Rex R Malmstrom
- Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek CA, 94598, USA
| | | | - Tanja Woyke
- Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek CA, 94598, USA
| | - Peter F Dunfield
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
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