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He L, Cao G, Huang M, Xue R, Hu X, Gong C. Expression pattern of immunoglobulin superfamily members in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Gene 2014; 548:198-209. [PMID: 25020261 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) proteins are involved in cell adhesion, cell communication and immune functions. In this study, 152 IgSF genes containing at least one immunoglobulin (Ig) domain were predicted in the Bombyx mori silkworm genome. Of these, 145 were distributed on 25 chromosomes with no genes on chromosomes 16, 18 and 26. Multiple sequence alignments and phylogenetic evolution analysis indicated that IgSFs evolved rapidly. Gene ontology (GO) annotation indicated that IgSF members functioned as cellular components and in molecular functions and biological processes. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis suggested that IgSF proteins were involved in signal transduction, signaling molecules and interaction, and cell communication. Microarray-based expression data showed tissue expression for 136 genes in anterior silkgland, middle silkgland, posterior silkgland, testis, ovary, fat body, midgut, integument, hemocyte, malpighian tubule and head. Expression pattern of IgSF genes in the silkworm ovary and midgut was analyzed by RNA-Seq. Expression of 105 genes was detected in the ovary in strain Dazao. Expression in the midgut was detected for 74 genes in strain Lan5 and 75 genes in strain Ou17. Expression of 34 IgSF genes in the midgut relative to the actin A3 gene was significantly different between strains Lan5 and Ou17. Furthermore, 1 IgSF gene was upregulated and 1 IgSF gene was downregulated in strain Lan5, and 4 IgSF genes were upregulated and 2 IgSF genes were downregulated in strain Ou17 after silkworms were challenged with B. mori cypovirus (BmCPV), indicating potential involvement in the response to BmCPV-infection. These results provide an overview of IgSF family members in silkworms, and lay the foundation for further functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei He
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Guangli Cao
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Moli Huang
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Renyu Xue
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaolong Hu
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chengliang Gong
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
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Enduri S, Taylor MRG, Liewluck T. Clinical reasoning: a 52-year-old woman with progressive proximal weakness. Neurology 2014; 83:e106-9. [PMID: 25180003 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000000757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sailaja Enduri
- From the Department of Neurology (S.E., T.L.) and the Adult Medical Genetics Program, Department of Medicine (M.R.G.T.), Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora
| | - Matthew R G Taylor
- From the Department of Neurology (S.E., T.L.) and the Adult Medical Genetics Program, Department of Medicine (M.R.G.T.), Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora
| | - Teerin Liewluck
- From the Department of Neurology (S.E., T.L.) and the Adult Medical Genetics Program, Department of Medicine (M.R.G.T.), Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora.
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Semmler AL, Sacconi S, Bach JE, Liebe C, Bürmann J, Kley RA, Ferbert A, Anderheiden R, Van den Bergh P, Martin JJ, De Jonghe P, Neuen-Jacob E, Müller O, Deschauer M, Bergmann M, Schröder JM, Vorgerd M, Schulz JB, Weis J, Kress W, Claeys KG. Unusual multisystemic involvement and a novel BAG3 mutation revealed by NGS screening in a large cohort of myofibrillar myopathies. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2014; 9:121. [PMID: 25208129 PMCID: PMC4347565 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-014-0121-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Myofibrillar myopathies (MFM) are a group of phenotypically and genetically heterogeneous neuromuscular disorders, which are characterized by protein aggregations in muscle fibres and can be associated with multisystemic involvement. Methods We screened a large cohort of 38 index patients with MFM for mutations in the nine thus far known causative genes using Sanger and next generation sequencing (NGS). We studied the clinical and histopathological characteristics in 38 index patients and five additional relatives (n = 43) and particularly focused on the associated multisystemic symptoms. Results We identified 14 heterozygous mutations (diagnostic yield of 37%), among them the novel p.Pro209Gln mutation in the BAG3 gene, which was associated with onset in adulthood, a mild phenotype and an axonal sensorimotor polyneuropathy, in the absence of giant axons at the nerve biopsy. We revealed several novel clinical phenotypes and unusual multisystemic presentations with previously described mutations: hearing impairment with a FLNC mutation, dysphonia with a mutation in DES and the first patient with a FLNC mutation presenting respiratory insufficiency as the initial symptom. Moreover, we described for the first time respiratory insufficiency occurring in a patient with the p.Gly154Ser mutation in CRYAB. Interestingly, we detected a polyneuropathy in 28% of the MFM patients, including a BAG3 and a MYOT case, and hearing impairment in 13%, including one patient with a FLNC mutation and two with mutations in the DES gene. In four index patients with a mutation in one of the MFM genes, typical histological findings were only identified at the ultrastructural level (29%). Conclusions We conclude that extraskeletal symptoms frequently occur in MFM, particularly cardiac and respiratory involvement, polyneuropathy and/or deafness. BAG3 mutations should be considered even in cases with a mild phenotype or an adult onset. We identified a genetic defect in one of the known genes in less than half of the MFM patients, indicating that more causative genes are still to be found. Next generation sequencing techniques should be helpful in achieving this aim.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Lena Semmler
- Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany. .,Institute of Neuropathology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Sabrina Sacconi
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Neuromusculaires, Nice Hospital and UMR CNRS6543, Nice University, Nice, France.
| | - J Elisa Bach
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Claus Liebe
- Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany. .,Institute of Neuropathology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Jan Bürmann
- Department of Neurology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | - Rudolf A Kley
- Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Center Ruhrgebiet, University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
| | | | | | - Peter Van den Bergh
- Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Reference Center, University Hospital Saint-Luc, Brussel, Belgium.
| | | | - Peter De Jonghe
- Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerpen, Antwerpen, Belgium. .,Neurogenetics Group, VIB-Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerpen, Antwerpen, Belgium. .,Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Antwerpen, Antwerpen, Belgium.
| | - Eva Neuen-Jacob
- Institute of Neuropathology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Oliver Müller
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Pneumology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany. .,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Marcus Deschauer
- Department of Neurology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany.
| | - Markus Bergmann
- Institute of Neuropathology, Klinikum Bremen-Mitte, Bremen, Germany.
| | | | - Matthias Vorgerd
- Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Center Ruhrgebiet, University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Jörg B Schulz
- Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany. .,JARA - Translational Brain Medicine, Jülich and Aachen, Germany.
| | - Joachim Weis
- Institute of Neuropathology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany. .,JARA - Translational Brain Medicine, Jülich and Aachen, Germany.
| | - Wolfram Kress
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Kristl G Claeys
- Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany. .,Institute of Neuropathology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany. .,JARA - Translational Brain Medicine, Jülich and Aachen, Germany.
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Chauveau C, Rowell J, Ferreiro A. A rising titan: TTN review and mutation update. Hum Mutat 2014; 35:1046-59. [PMID: 24980681 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The 364 exon TTN gene encodes titin (TTN), the largest known protein, which plays key structural, developmental, mechanical, and regulatory roles in cardiac and skeletal muscles. Prior to next-generation sequencing (NGS), routine analysis of the whole TTN gene was impossible due to its giant size and complexity. Thus, only a few TTN mutations had been reported and the general incidence and spectrum of titinopathies was significantly underestimated. In the last months, due to the widespread use of NGS, TTN is emerging as a major gene in human-inherited disease. So far, 127 TTN disease-causing mutations have been reported in patients with at least 10 different conditions, including isolated cardiomyopathies, purely skeletal muscle phenotypes, or infantile diseases affecting both types of striated muscles. However, the identification of TTN variants in virtually every individual from control populations, as well as the multiplicity of TTN isoforms and reference sequences used, stress the difficulties in assessing the relevance, inheritance, and correlation with the phenotype of TTN sequence changes. In this review, we provide the first comprehensive update of the TTN mutations reported and discuss their distribution, molecular mechanisms, associated phenotypes, transmission pattern, and phenotype-genotype correlations, alongside with their implications for basic research and for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Chauveau
- Inserm, U787 Myology Group, Institut de Myologie, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; UPMC, UMR787, Paris, France
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Pfeffer G, Chinnery PF. Reply: Hereditary myopathy with early respiratory failure is caused by mutations in the titin FN3 119 domain. Brain 2014; 137:e280. [PMID: 24578547 PMCID: PMC4032096 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awu034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Pfeffer
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University; and Department of Neurology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Patrick F Chinnery
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University; and Department of Neurology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
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Hedberg C, Toledo AG, Gustafsson CM, Larson G, Oldfors A, Macao B. Hereditary myopathy with early respiratory failure is associated with misfolding of the titin fibronectin III 119 subdomain. Neuromuscul Disord 2014; 24:373-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Myofibrillar myopathies (MFMs) are a heterogeneous group of skeletal and cardiac muscle diseases. In this review, we highlight recent discoveries of new genes and disease mechanisms involved in this group of disorders. RECENT FINDINGS The advent of next-generation sequencing technology, laser microdissection and mass spectrometry-based proteomics has facilitated the discovery of new MFM causative genes and pathomechanisms. New mutations have also been discovered in 'older' genes, helping to find a classification niche for MFM-linked disorders showing variant phenotypes. Cell transfection experiments using primary cultured myoblasts and newer animal models provide insights into the pathogenesis of MFMs. SUMMARY An increasing number of genes are involved in the causation of variant subtypes of MFM. The application of modern technologies in combination with classical histopathological and ultrastructural studies is helping to establish the molecular diagnosis and reach a better understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of each MFM subtype, thus putting an emphasis on the development of specific means for prevention and therapy of these incapacitating and frequently fatal diseases.
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Lange S, Edström L, Udd B, Gautel M. Reply: Hereditary myopathy with early respiratory failure is caused by mutations in the titin FN3 119 domain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 137:e279. [PMID: 24569025 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awu033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Lange
- 1 Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | | | - Bjarne Udd
- 3 Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mathias Gautel
- 4 Randall Division for Cell and Molecular Biophysics and Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, London, UK
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Pfeffer G, Sambuughin N, Olivé M, Tyndel F, Toro C, Goldfarb LG, Chinnery PF. A new disease allele for the p.C30071R mutation in titin causing hereditary myopathy with early respiratory failure. Neuromuscul Disord 2013; 24:241-4. [PMID: 24444549 PMCID: PMC3988992 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary myopathy with early respiratory failure is an autosomal dominant myopathy caused by mutations in the 119th fibronectin-3 domain of titin. To date all reported patients with the most common mutation in this domain (p.C30071R) appear to share ancestral disease alleles. We undertook this study of two families with the p.C30071R mutation to determine whether they share the same haplotype as previously reported British families or whether the mutation arose as a de novo event. We sequenced the 119th fibronectin-3 domain in these two probands and flanking polymorphisms associated with the British haplotype in hereditary myopathy with early respiratory failure. A family of Indian descent had a haplotype that was not compatible with the British shared haplotype. Cloning of the 119th fibronectin-3 domain in this patient demonstrated polymorphisms rs191484894 and novel noncoding variant c.90225C>T on the same allele as the mutation, which is distinct from previously reported British families. This proves that the p.C30071R mutation itself (rather than the haplotype containing this mutation) causes hereditary myopathy with early respiratory failure and suggests its independent origin in different ethnic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Pfeffer
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle NE1 3BZ, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Queen Victoria Road, Newcastle NE1 4LP, United Kingdom
| | | | - Montse Olivé
- Institute of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Neuromuscular Unit, IDIBELL-Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Neuropathology, Department of Neurology, IDIBELL-Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Felix Tyndel
- Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Camilo Toro
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lev G Goldfarb
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, MSC 9404, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Patrick F Chinnery
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle NE1 3BZ, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Queen Victoria Road, Newcastle NE1 4LP, United Kingdom.
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Pfeffer G, Griffin H, Pyle A, Horvath R, Chinnery PF. Reply: Hereditary myopathy with early respiratory failure is caused by mutations in the titin FN3 119 domain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 137:e271. [PMID: 24271327 PMCID: PMC3959549 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awt306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Chauveau C, Bonnemann CG, Julien C, Kho AL, Marks H, Talim B, Maury P, Arne-Bes MC, Uro-Coste E, Alexandrovich A, Vihola A, Schafer S, Kaufmann B, Medne L, Hübner N, Foley AR, Santi M, Udd B, Topaloglu H, Moore SA, Gotthardt M, Samuels ME, Gautel M, Ferreiro A. Recessive TTN truncating mutations define novel forms of core myopathy with heart disease. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 23:980-91. [PMID: 24105469 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Core myopathies (CM), the main non-dystrophic myopathies in childhood, remain genetically unexplained in many cases. Heart disease is not considered part of the typical CM spectrum. No congenital heart defect has been reported, and childhood-onset cardiomyopathy has been documented in only two CM families with homozygous mutations of the TTN gene. TTN encodes titin, a giant protein of striated muscles. Recently, heterozygous TTN truncating mutations have also been reported as a major cause of dominant dilated cardiomyopathy. However, relatively few TTN mutations and phenotypes are known, and titin pathophysiological role in cardiac and skeletal muscle conditions is incompletely understood. We analyzed a series of 23 families with congenital CM and primary heart disease using TTN M-line-targeted sequencing followed in selected patients by whole-exome sequencing and functional studies. We identified seven novel homozygous or compound heterozygous TTN mutations (five in the M-line, five truncating) in 17% patients. Heterozygous parents were healthy. Phenotype analysis identified four novel titinopathies, including cardiac septal defects, left ventricular non-compaction, Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy or arthrogryposis. Additionally, in vitro studies documented the first-reported absence of a functional titin kinase domain in humans, leading to a severe antenatal phenotype. We establish that CM are associated with a large range of heart conditions of which TTN mutations are a major cause, thereby expanding the TTN mutational and phenotypic spectrum. Additionally, our results suggest titin kinase implication in cardiac morphogenesis and demonstrate that heterozygous TTN truncating mutations may not manifest unless associated with a second mutation, reassessing the paradigm of their dominant expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Chauveau
- Inserm, U787 Myology group, Institut de Myologie, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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