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Abstract
Gliomas in the form of astrocytomas, anaplastic astrocytomas and glioblastomas are the most common brain tumors in humans. Early detection of these cancers is crucial for successful treatment. Proteomics promises the discovery of biomarkers and tumor markers for early detection and diagnosis. In the current study, a differential gel electrophoresis technology coupled with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy was used to investigate tumor-specific changes in the proteome of human brain cancer. Fifty human brain tissues comprising varying diagnostic groups (non-tumor, grade I, grade II, grade III and grade IV) were run in duplicate together with an internal pool sample on each gel. The proteins of interest were automatically picked, in-gel digested and mass spectrometry fingerprinted. Two hundred and eleven protein spots were identified successfully and were collapsed into 91 unique proteins. Approximately 20 of those 91 unique proteins had, to our knowledge, not been reported previously as differentially expressed in human brain cancer. Alb protein, peroxiredoxin 4 and SH3 domain-binding glutamic acid-rich-like protein 3 were upregulated in glioblastoma multiform versus non-tumor tissues. However, aldolase C fructose-biphosphate, creatine kinase, B chain dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase, enolase 2, fumarate hydratase, HSP60, lactoylglutathione lyase, lucine aminopeptidase, Mu-crystallin homolog, NADH-UO 24, neurofilament triplet L protein, septin 2, stathmin and vacuolar ATP synthase subunit E were downregulated in glioblastoma multiform compared with non-tumor tissues. These differentially expressed proteins provided novel information on the differences existing between normal brain and gliomas, and thus might prove to be useful molecular indicators of diagnostic or prognostic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf A Khalil
- Department of Protein Technology, Mubarak City for Scientific Research, Alexandria 21934, Egypt.
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Yanagi S, Ashitani J, Imai K, Kyoraku Y, Sano A, Matsumoto N, Nakazato M. Significance of human β-defensins in the epithelial lining fluid of patients with chronic lower respiratory tract infections. Clin Microbiol Infect 2007; 13:63-9. [PMID: 17184289 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2006.01574.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Human beta-defensins (hBDs) are the most abundant antimicrobial peptides in epithelial cells, and function in the host immune system. Respiratory epithelial cells express hBDs to inhibit bacterial proliferation during respiratory tract infections. The aim of this study was to investigate the release of hBDs into the respiratory tract and their benefit as a host defence system in chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. The levels of four hBD peptides (hBD-1-hBD-4) were measured in the bronchial epithelial lining fluid (ELF) of nine patients with chronic lower respiratory tract infection caused by P. aeruginosa. Eight patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and eight volunteers free of pulmonary disease were recruited as controls. ELF was obtained by bronchoscopic microsampling and hBD levels were measured by radioimmunoassays. The antimicrobial effects of hBDs were studied individually and in combination using an in-vitro colony count assay for P. aeruginosa. Concentrations of hBD-1 and hBD-3 tended to be higher in patients with chronic lower respiratory tract infection than in the controls. hBD-2 and hBD-4 were detected in ELF from five and four of nine patients, respectively, but the hBD levels in controls were all below the limits of detection. All patients with infection caused by mucoid P. aeruginosa had detectable hBD-2 and hBD-4 levels in ELF. In-vitro colony count assays showed a potential synergism between hBD-2 and hBD-4 in inhibiting bacterial proliferation. The findings indicate that hBDs, especially hBD-2 and hBD-4, are pathophysiologically important in infections caused by mucoid strains of P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yanagi
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Miyazaki University School of Medicine, Miyazaki, Japan
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53
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Shu Q, Shi Z, Zhao Z, Chen Z, Yao H, Chen Q, Hoeft A, Stuber F, Fang X. Protection against Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia and sepsis-induced lung injury by overexpression of beta-defensin-2 in rats. Shock 2006; 26:365-71. [PMID: 16980883 DOI: 10.1097/01.shk.0000224722.65929.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Beta-defensin-2 (BD-2), a small cationic antimicrobial peptide, was first described to be an inducible defensin at the epithelial surfaces. In vitro studies have demonstrated that it may play a pivotal role in the anti-inflammatory immune response in addition to its antimicrobial activity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of overexpression of BD-2 on lung injury to crudely investigate whether the function of BD-2 in the lung attributed to both antimicrobial action and modulation of the immune response. Recombinant adenovirus carrying an expression cassette of rat BD-2 or control adenovirus carrying empty vector was administered intratracheally to Sprague-Dawley rats 48 h before performing acute lung injury, which was induced either by Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection or by cecal ligation and double puncture (2CLP). In vivo antimicrobial activity of BD-2, histological changes of the lungs in both infectious and 2CLP models, pulmonary intracellular adhesion molecule-1 protein level, as well as the 7-day survival rate in the latter model were determined. Amounts of the P. aeruginosa in the lung with BD-2 overexpression were significantly lower compared with that in controls (2.87+/-0.76x10(4) colony-forming units [CFU]/mL vs. 2.49+/-0.74x10(6) CFU/mL, P<0.05). Overexpression of BD-2 reduced alveolar damage, interstitial edema, and infiltration of neutrophils in both models. Furthermore, in the 2CLP model, recombinant BD-2 not only significantly decreased protein levels of intracellular adhesion molecule-1 in lung tissue at 24, 36, and 72 h after 2CLP (P<0.05), but also significantly improved the survival of rats (P<0.05). The CFU of abdominal bacteria was comparable to that in the control rats (P>0.05). Therefore, overexpression of BD-2 protects against P. aeruginosa pneumonia and 2CLP-induced lung injury based on its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities, respectively. Modulating the expression level of BD-2 may serve as an approach to attenuate lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Shu
- Children's Hospital, School of Medicine and National Key Laboratory of Infection Disease, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Agerberth B, Gudmundsson GH. Host antimicrobial defence peptides in human disease. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2006; 306:67-90. [PMID: 16909918 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-29916-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides or host defence peptides are endogenous peptide antibiotics, which have been confirmed as an essential part of the immune system. Apart from direct killing of bacteria, a role for the peptides in antiviral and immunomodulatory functions has recently been claimed. In this chapter we have focused on the host contact with microbes, where these host defence peptides are key players. The interplay with commensals and pathogens in relation to antimicrobial peptide expression is discussed, with specific emphasis on the respiratory and the alimentary systems. A possible novel difference in epithelial interactions between commensals and pathogens is considered in relation to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Agerberth
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Abstract
Endogenous antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) mediate innate immunity in every species in which they have been investigated. Cathelicidins and defensins are the two major AMP families in mammals, and they are abundant components of phagocytic leukocytes and are released by epithelial cells at mucosal surfaces. In the small intestine, Paneth cells at the base of the crypts of Lieberkühn secrete alpha-defensins and additional AMPs at high levels in response to cholinergic stimulation and when exposed to bacterial antigens. Paneth cell alpha-defensins evolved to function in the extracellular environment with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities, and they constitute the majority of bactericidal peptide activity secreted by Paneth cells. The release of Paneth cell products into the crypt lumen is inferred to protect mitotically active crypt cells from colonization by potential pathogens and confers protection from enteric infection, as is evident from the immunity of mice expressing a human Paneth cell alpha-defensin transgene to oral infection by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. alpha-Defensins in Paneth cell secretions also may interact with bacteria in the intestinal lumen above the crypt-villus boundary and influence the composition of the enteric microbial flora. Mutations that cause defects in the activation, secretion, dissolution, and bactericidal effects of Paneth cell AMPs may alter crypt innate immunity and contribute to immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Ouellette
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of California, Irvine 92697-4800, USA.
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Abstract
Host defence peptides are a conserved component of the innate immune response in all complex life forms. In humans, the major classes of host defence peptides include the α- and β-defensins and the cathelicidin, hCAP-18/LL-37. These peptides are expressed in the granules of neutrophils and by a wide variety of tissue types. They have many roles in the immune response including both indirect and direct antimicrobial activity, the ability to act as chemokines as well as induce chemokine production leading to recruitment of leukocytes to the site of infection, the promotion of wound healing and an ability to modulate adaptive immunity. It appears that many of these properties are mediated though direct interaction of peptides with the cells of the innate immune response including monocytes, dendritic cells, T cells and epithelial cells. The importance of these peptides in immune responses has been demonstrated since animals defective in the expression of certain host defence peptides showgreater susceptibility to bacterial infections. In the very few instances in which human patients have been demonstrated to have defective host defence peptide expression, these individuals suffer from frequent infections. Although studies of the immunomodulatory properties of these peptides are in their infancy, there is a growing body of evidence suggesting that the immunomodulatory properties of these small, naturally occurring molecules might be harnessed for development as novel therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M. Shafer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 3001 Rollins Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
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Bishai WR. Macrolide immunomodulatory effects and symptom resolution in acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis and acute maxillary sinusitis: a focus on clarithromycin. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2006; 4:405-16. [PMID: 16771618 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.4.3.405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial respiratory tract infections are common in the primary care setting and patients often seek the assistance of a healthcare professional in order to achieve resolution of their symptoms. Antibiotic agents that offer rapid symptom relief, in addition to excellent bacteriological and clinical cure, are highly desired. Macrolides have proven to be highly effective in treating acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis and acute maxillary sinusitis. In addition, immunomodulatory effects that may contribute to symptom resolution have been reported. This article reviews current literature on symptom resolution in acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis and acute maxillary sinusitis, with a focus on clarithromycin, and explores the potential mechanisms that may contribute to this action.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Bishai
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, 1550 Orleans Street, CRB2-108, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
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Nam HY, Ahn EK, Kim HJ, Lim Y, Lee CB, Lee KY, Vallyathan V. Diesel exhaust particles increase IL-1beta-induced human beta-defensin expression via NF-kappaB-mediated pathway in human lung epithelial cells. Part Fibre Toxicol 2006; 3:9. [PMID: 16723032 PMCID: PMC1524805 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-3-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2005] [Accepted: 05/25/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human β-defensin (hBD)-2, antimicrobial peptide primarily induced in epithelial cells, is a key factor in the innate immune response of the respiratory tract. Several studies showed increased defensin levels in both inflammatory lung diseases, such as cystic fibrosis, diffuse panbronchiolitis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and acute respiratory distress syndrome, and infectious diseases. Recently, epidemiologic studies have demonstrated acute and serious adverse effects of particulate air pollution on respiratory health, especially in people with pre-existing inflammatory lung disease. To elucidate the effect of diesel exhaust particles (DEP) on pulmonary innate immune response, we investigated the hBD-2 and interleukin-8 (IL-8) expression to DEP exposure in interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β)-stimulated A549 cells. Results IL-1β markedly up-regulated the hBD-2 promoter activity, and the subsequent DEP exposure increased dose-dependently the expression of hBD-2 and inflammatory cytokine IL-8 at the transcriptional level. In addition, DEP further induced the NF-κB activation in IL-1β-stimulated A549 cells more rapidly than in unstimulated control cells, which was showed by nuclear translocation of p65 NF-κB and degradation of IκB-α. The experiment using two NF-κB inhibitors, PDTC and MG132, confirmed that this increase of hBD-2 expression following DEP exposure was regulated through NF-κB-mediated pathway. Conclusion These results demonstrated that DEP exposure increases the expression of antimicrobial peptide and inflammatory cytokine at the transcriptional level in IL-1β-primed A549 epithelial cells and suggested that the increase is mediated at least partially through NF-κB activation. Therefore, DEP exposure may contribute to enhance the airway-responsiveness especially on the patients suffering from chronic respiratory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae Yun Nam
- Catholic Neuroscience Center, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137–701, Korea
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 150–713, Korea
| | - Eun-Kyung Ahn
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 150–713, Korea
| | - Hyung Jung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 135–270, Korea
| | - Young Lim
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 150–713, Korea
| | - Chun Beoun Lee
- Environmental Parts R & D Center, Korea Automotive Technology Instititute, Cheonan, 330–912, Korea
| | - Kyo Young Lee
- Department of Hospital Pathology, Kangnam St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137–701, Korea
| | - Val Vallyathan
- Exposure Assessment Branch and Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
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Zhang Y, Wroblewski M, Hertz MI, Wendt CH, Cervenka TM, Nelsestuen GL. Analysis of chronic lung transplant rejection by MALDI-TOF profiles of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Proteomics 2006; 6:1001-10. [PMID: 16400684 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200500105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
While lung transplant is an effective therapy for advanced lung disease, chronic allograph rejection remains a primary basis for lower survival rates than those for other solid organ transplants. This study used carefully controlled Zip-Tip extraction of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) followed by MALDI-TOF MS to identify biomarkers of chronic lung transplant rejection. Many differences were observed between controls, those who did not develop chronic rejection within 100 months, and patients who had developed chronic rejection, diagnosed as bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS). Intensity ratios of peaks within the same MALDI-TOF profile were used to quantify the result. One of the best identifiers of BOS was a lowered ratio of clara cell protein (CCP m/z = 15,835) to lysozyme (m/z = 14,700), which gave 94% specificity and 74% sensitivity for diagnosis. Furthermore, low values for CCP/Lysozyme (<0.3) were observed in 66% of samples taken at 1 to 15 months prior to the diagnosis of BOS. Many other components of the profile gave similar or better outcomes for diagnosis but tended to be less valuable for the prediction of future disease. Overall, this study demonstrated the feasibility of this approach for the detection of disease biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, MN 55455, USA
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61
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Chen Q, Book M, Fang X, Hoeft A, Stuber F. Screening of copy number polymorphisms in human beta-defensin genes using modified real-time quantitative PCR. J Immunol Methods 2005; 308:231-40. [PMID: 16380128 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2005.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2005] [Revised: 11/03/2005] [Accepted: 11/14/2005] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Defensins are cationic antimicrobial peptides, which play an important role in host immune defense to some infectious diseases as well as immune disease and skin disease. Recent studies identified that the genes coding for human beta-defensin 2 (DEFB4), human beta-defensin 3 (DEFB103) and human beta-defensin 4 (DEFB104) showed variation in copy numbers. This variation may have an impact on gene expression levels. Here, we have demonstrated a real-time PCR-based method to measure beta-defensin gene copy number. Using this relative real-time quantitative PCR, we developed a new rapid and reliable approach, which involves amplification of the target locus (DEFB4 or DEFB103 or DEFB104) and the single-copy reference locus (human serum albumin, ALB) in a single PCR reaction. A calibrator was prepared by recombining one copy of the target gene and one copy of the reference gene into a plasmid. After correcting the PCR amplification efficiency, which differed between the defensin gene and ALB gene, and normalization by the calibrator, the ratio of the copy number of the target gene to that of the reference gene in an unknown sample was determined. This normalized ratio directly related to the gene copy number. The assay was validated using previously genotyped samples, which demonstrated high accuracy and reliability of the method. Furthermore, this method was used to screen the copy number variations of these three beta-defensin genes in healthy blood donors. This method proved to be a reliable and fast tool to genotype gene copy number variations in projects associating genomic variations with gene expression or with population phenotypes in epidemiologic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- QiXing Chen
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
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62
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Brown KL, Hancock REW. Cationic host defense (antimicrobial) peptides. Curr Opin Immunol 2005; 18:24-30. [PMID: 16337365 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2005.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 624] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2005] [Accepted: 11/24/2005] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Members of the cationic host defense (antimicrobial) peptide family are widely distributed in nature, existing in organisms from insects to plants to mammals and non-mammalian vertebrates. Although many demonstrate direct antimicrobial activity against bacteria, fungi, eukaryotic parasites and/or viruses, it has been established that cationic peptides have a key modulatory role in the innate immune response. More recent evidence suggests that host defense peptides are effective adjuvants, are synergistic with other immune effectors, polarize the adaptive response, and support wound healing. In addition, the mechanisms of action are being unraveled, which support more effective implementation of derivatives of these endogenous peptides as therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L Brown
- Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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63
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Yanagi S, Ashitani JI, Ishimoto H, Date Y, Mukae H, Chino N, Nakazato M. Isolation of human beta-defensin-4 in lung tissue and its increase in lower respiratory tract infection. Respir Res 2005; 6:130. [PMID: 16269090 PMCID: PMC1298335 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-6-130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2005] [Accepted: 11/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human beta-defensin-4 (hBD-4), a new member of the beta-defensin family, was discovered by an analysis of the genomic sequence. The objective of this study was to clarify hBD-4 expression in human lung tissue, along with the inducible expression in response to infectious stimuli, localization, and antimicrobial activities of hBD-4 peptides. We also investigated the participation of hBD-4 in chronic lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) by measuring the concentrations of hBD-4 peptides in human bronchial epithelial lining fluid (ELF). METHODS The antimicrobial activity of synthetic hBD-4 peptides against E. coli and P. aeruginosa was measured by radial diffusion and colony count assays. We identified hBD-4 in homogenated human lung tissue by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a radioimmunoassay (RIA). Localization of hBD-4 was studied through immunohistochemical analysis (IHC). We investigated the effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on hBD-4 expression and its release from small airway epithelial cells (SAEC). We collected ELF from patients with chronic LRTI using bronchoscopic microsampling to measure hBD-4 concentrations by RIA. RESULTS hBD-4 exhibited salt-sensitive antimicrobial activity against P. aeruginosa. We detected the presence of hBD-4 peptides in human lung tissue. IHC demonstrated the localization of hBD-4-producing cells in bronchial and bronchiolar epithelium. The levels of hBD-4 peptides released from LPS-treated SAECs were higher than those of untreated control cells. ELF hBD-4 was detectable in 4 of 6 patients with chronic LRTI, while the amounts in controls were all below the detectable level. CONCLUSION This study suggested that hBD-4 plays a significant role in the innate immunity of the lower respiratory tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigehisa Yanagi
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Miyazaki University School of Medicine, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Ashitani
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Miyazaki University School of Medicine, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ishimoto
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| | - Yukari Date
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Miyazaki University School of Medicine, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Mukae
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| | | | - Masamitsu Nakazato
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Miyazaki University School of Medicine, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
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Isomoto H, Mukae H, Ishimoto H, Nishi Y, Wen CY, Wada A, Ohnita K, Hirayama T, Nakazato M, Kohno S. High concentrations of human β-defensin 2 in gastric juice of patients with Helicobacter pylori infection. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11:4782-7. [PMID: 16097044 PMCID: PMC4398722 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i31.4782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: Human β-defensin (HBD)-1 and HBD-2 are endogenous antimicrobial peptides. Unlike HBD-1, the HBD-2 expression is augmented by Helicobacter pylori (H pylori). We sought to determine HBD-1 and HBD-2 concentrations in gastric juice during H pylori infection.
METHODS: HBD-1 and HBD-2 concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay in plasma and gastric juice of 49 H pylori-infected and 33 uninfected subjects and before and after anti-H pylori treatment in 13 patients with H pylori-associated gastritis. Interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-8 concentrations in gastric juice were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Histological grades of gastritis were determined using two biopsy specimens taken from the antrum and corpus. Reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) was used to identify HBD-2.
RESULTS: HBD-2 concentrations in gastric juice, but not in plasma, were significantly higher in H pylori-positive than -negative subjects, albeit the post-treatment levels were unchanged. Immunoreactivity for HBD-2 was exclusively identified in H pylori-infected mucosa by RP-HPLC. HBD-2 concentrations in gastric juice correlated with histological degree of neutrophil and mononuclear cell infiltration in the corpus. IL-1β levels correlated with those of IL-8, but not HBD-2. Plasma and gastric juice HBD-1 concentrations were similar in H pylori-infected and uninfected subjects.
CONCLUSION: Our results place the β-defensins, especially HBD-2, in the front line of innate immune defence. Moreover, HBD-2 may be involved in the pathogenesis of H pylori-associated gastritis, possibly through its function as immune and inflammatory mediator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Isomoto
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan.
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Proteomic identification of human neutrophil alpha-defensins in chronic lung allograft rejection. Proteomics 2005; 5:1705-13. [PMID: 15800973 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200401036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic allograft rejection remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in lung transplant recipients. Currently, diagnosis is based on lung biopsies or the presence of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS). To identify a biomarker of rejection we performed a proteome survey of archived bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) acquired from lung transplant recipients between 1993 and 1996 using mass spectrometry (MS). A total of 126 BALF samples from 57 individuals were tested. Initial MS assessment revealed numerous differences in a majority of individuals who experienced BOS, but three unusually intense peaks at m/z = 3373, 3444, and 3488. These were identified as human neutrophil peptides 1-3 (HNP). Quantification by enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay showed an elevated HNP level (>0.3 ng/microg protein) in 89% of patients who developed BOS2-3 within 15 months, reaching as high as 6% of the total BALF protein. In control patients, 35% demonstrated a slightly elevated HNP level that declined in all who had subsequent BALF available for testing. HNP levels did not correlate with episodes of acute rejection, cytomegalovirus or fungal infection. In conclusion, elevated HNP levels are associated with the onset of BOS and can predate the clinical onset of disease up to 15 months.
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Abstract
Defensins are peptidic components of the innate immune system of plants and animals. In mammals, defensins have evolved to have a central function in the host defense properties of granulocytic leukocytes, mucosal surfaces, skin and other epithelia. This review focuses on the biological functions of three structural subgroups of mammalian defensins and the evidence for their involvement as effectors of antimicrobial innate immunity.
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Sørensen OE, Thapa DR, Rosenthal A, Liu L, Roberts AA, Ganz T. Differential regulation of beta-defensin expression in human skin by microbial stimuli. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:4870-9. [PMID: 15814714 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.8.4870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In response to infection, epithelia mount an innate immune response that includes the production of antimicrobial peptides. However, the pathways that connect infection and inflammation with the induction of antimicrobial peptides in epithelia are not understood. We analyzed the molecular links between infection and the expression of three antimicrobial peptides of the beta-defensin family, human beta-defensin (hBD)-1, hBD-2, and hBD-3 in the human epidermis. After exposure to microbe-derived molecules, both monocytes and lymphocytes stimulated the epidermal expression of hBD-1, hBD-2, and hBD-3. The induced expression of hBD-3 was mediated by transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor. The mechanisms of induction of hBD-1 and hBD-3 were distinct from each other and from the IL-1-dependent induction of hBD-2 expression. Thus during inflammation, epidermal expression of beta-defensins is mediated by at least three different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole E Sørensen
- Host Defense Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Vankeerberghen A, Scudiero O, De Boeck K, Macek M, Pignatti PF, Van Hul N, Nuytten H, Salvatore F, Castaldo G, Zemkova D, Vavrova V, Cassiman JJ, Cuppens H. Distribution of human β-defensin polymorphisms in various control and cystic fibrosis populations. Genomics 2005; 85:574-81. [PMID: 15820309 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2005.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2004] [Accepted: 02/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Human beta defensins contribute to the first line of defense against infection of the lung. Polymorphisms in these genes are therefore potential modifiers of the severity of lung disease in cystic fibrosis. Polymorphisms were sought in the human beta-defensin genes DEFB1, DEFB4, DEFB103A, and DEFB104 in healthy individuals and cystic fibrosis (CF) patients living in various European countries. DEFB1, DEFB4, and DEFB104 were very polymorphic, but DEFB103A was not. Within Europe, differences between control populations were found for some of the frequent polymorphisms in DEFB1, with significant differences between South-Italian and Czech populations. Moreover, frequent polymorphisms located in DEFB4 and DEFB104 were not in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium in all populations studied, while those in DEFB1 were in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium. Sequencing of a monochromosomal chromosome 8 mouse-human hybrid cell line revealed signals for multiple alleles for some loci in DEFB4 and DEFB104, but not for DEFB1. This indicated that more than one DEFB4 and DEFB104 gene was present on this chromosome 8, in agreement with recent findings that DEFB4 and DEFB104 are part of a repeat region. Individual DEFB4 and DEFB104 PCR amplification products of various samples were cloned and sequenced. The results showed that one DNA sample could contain more than two haplotypes, indicating that the various repeats on one chromosome were not identical. Given the higher complexity found in the genomic organization of the DEFB4 and DEFB104 genes, association studies with CF lung disease severity were performed only for frequent polymorphisms located in DEFB1. No association with the age of first infection by Pseudomonas aeruginosa or with the FEV1 percentage at the age of 11-13 years could be found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Vankeerberghen
- Department of Human Genetics, KULeuven, Herestraat 49, O&N6, 3000 Louvain, Belgium
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70
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Nishi Y, Isomoto H, Mukae H, Ishimoto H, Wen CY, Wada A, Ohnita K, Mizuta Y, Murata I, Hirayama T, Nakazato M, Kohno S. Concentrations of α- and β-defensins in gastric juice of patients with various gastroduodenal diseases. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11:99-103. [PMID: 15609405 PMCID: PMC4205393 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i1.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To determine the concentration of α- and β-defensins in gastric juice of patients with various gastroduodenal diseases.
METHODS: Concentrations of human neutrophil peptides (HNPs) 1-3, the major forms of α-defensins, and human β-defensin (HBD)-1 and HBD-2 were measured by radioimmunoassay in plasma and gastric juice of 84 subjects, consisting of 54 Helicobacter pylori-infected and 30 uninfected subjects. They included 33 patients with chronic gastritis (CG), 12 with gastric ulcer (GU), 11 with duodenal ulcer (DU), 11 with benign gastric polyp (BGP) and 16 with normal mucosa (N group) on upper endoscopy. Plasma pepsinogen I and II levels, biomarkers for gastric mucosal inflammation and atrophy, were also measured.
RESULTS: Gastric juice HNPs 1-3 levels in patients with CG, GU and BGP were significantly higher than those in patients with DU and N. Gastric juice HBD-2 concentrations in patients with CG and GU were significantly higher than those in the N group, but were significantly lower in DU patients than in GU patients. Gastric juice HBD-1 levels and plasma levels of these peptides were similar in the patient groups. Concentrations of gastric juice HNPs 1-3 and HBD-2 of in H pylori-infected patients were significantly different from those in uninfected subjects. HNPs 1-3 concentrations in gastric juice correlated negatively with plasma pepsinogen I levels and I/II ratios. HBD-2 levels in gastric juice correlated positively and negatively with plasma pepsinogen II concentrations and I/II ratios, respectively.
CONCLUSION: HNPs 1-3 and HBD-2 levels in gastric juice are diverse among various gastrointestinal diseases, reflecting the inflammatory and atrophic events of the background gastric mucosa affected by H pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshito Nishi
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Japan
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71
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Sakamoto N, Mukae H, Fujii T, Ishii H, Yoshioka S, Kakugawa T, Sugiyama K, Mizuta Y, Kadota JI, Nakazato M, Kohno S. Differential effects of alpha- and beta-defensin on cytokine production by cultured human bronchial epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2004; 288:L508-13. [PMID: 15557089 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00076.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Defensins are cysteine-rich cationic antimicrobial peptides that play an important role in innate immunity and are known to contribute to the regulation of host adaptive immunity. In addition to direct antimicrobial activities, it has been recently reported that alpha-defensins, mainly present in neutrophils in the lung, have a cytotoxic effect and induce IL-8 production from airway epithelial cells. Although beta-defensins are expressed in epithelial cells in various tissues, including lung, there are no reports of their effects on cytokine synthesis in airway epithelial cells. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of both alpha- and beta-defensins on the cytokine production, transcription factor binding activity, and cytotoxicity in primary cultured human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs). We used human neutrophil peptide-1 (HNP-1; alpha-defensin) and human beta-defensin-2 (HBD-2) to stimulate HBECs. The results showed that treatment of HBECs with HNP-1, but not HBD-2, increased IL-8 and IL-1beta mRNA expression in a dose-dependent manner and also enhanced IL-8 protein secretion and NF-kappaB DNA binding activity. The 24-h treatments with >20 microg/ml of HNP-1 or >50 microg/ml of HBD-2 were cytotoxic to HBECs. These results suggest that alpha- and beta-defensins have different effects on cytokine synthesis by airway epithelial cells, and we speculate that they play different roles in inflammatory lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriho Sakamoto
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Sakamoto 1-7-1, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
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72
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Kudoh S. Applying lessons learned in the treatment of diffuse panbronchiolitis to other chronic inflammatory diseases. Am J Med 2004; 117 Suppl 9A:12S-19S. [PMID: 15586559 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In addition to having antibacterial effects, macrolides modulate inflammatory responses. Their effectiveness in treating chronic inflammatory airway disease is well documented in patients with diffuse panbronchiolitis (DPB), a chronic condition characterized by inflammation of the airways that, if left untreated, progressively leads to respiratory failure and death. Long-term treatment with certain macrolides has dramatically improved the survival of patients with DPB. The mechanisms of action for the anti-inflammatory properties of macrolides are still being studied. The effects of macrolides on inflammation include decreasing chemotaxis of neutrophils to the respiratory tract and inhibiting the expression of adhesion molecules, with decreased infiltration of neutrophils into the respiratory epithelium. Macrolides also inhibit expression of transcription factors and formation of proinflammatory cytokines, and directly and indirectly block mucus secretion. Even with long-term use, macrolides are safe and well tolerated. The effectiveness of macrolides for treating DPB has led to interest in their use in treating other chronic inflammatory airway diseases. As discussed in this article, because of the similarities between the clinical presentation of cystic fibrosis and chronic bronchitis and DPB, the effects of macrolides in patients with these diseases are currently being studied with particular interest.
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73
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Les défensines jouent un rôle dans l’homéostasie des voies aériennes et participent à la défense anti-infectieuse. Rev Mal Respir 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0761-8425(04)71920-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Abstract
After a long history of anti-infective therapeutic use, macrolide antibiotics have not yet given up all their secrets. Interest in their therapeutic potential in inflammatory diseases (possibly including non-infectious diseases) has generated abundant fundamental research and therapeutic trials worldwide. The main question regarding the future prospects of this class of drugs is whether some macrolides are beneficial in such settings because they modulate host inflammatory responses (and cellular targets) or rather because they eliminate a latent, unidentified pathogen which triggers chronic inflammation. However, no clearcut results have yet been obtained.
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75
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Rubin BK, Henke MO. Immunomodulatory activity and effectiveness of macrolides in chronic airway disease. Chest 2004; 125:70S-78S. [PMID: 14872003 DOI: 10.1378/chest.125.2_suppl.70s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of troleandomycin as adjunctive therapy for the treatment of patients with corticosteroid-dependent asthma first suggested an immunomodulatory effect of the macrolide antibiotics. This led to studies of the macrolides in other chronic airway diseases, such as diffuse panbronchiolitis (DPB), a disease occurring primarily in East Asia. The use of macrolides for the therapy of patients with DPB has led to dramatic improvements in pulmonary function and prolonged survival. Similar benefits have been documented in Japanese studies of bronchiectasis, chronic bronchitis, and sinobronchial syndrome. Clinical and pathologic similarities between DPB and cystic fibrosis (CF) led to the investigation of macrolides for the treatment of CF. Data now suggest that persons with CF will benefit from macrolide therapy. In vitro and in vivo studies suggest that macrolides may inhibit the pulmonary influx of neutrophils, inhibit the release of proinflammatory cytokines, protect the epithelium from bioactive phospholipids, and improve the transportability of airway secretions. The immunomodulatory effects of the macrolides also may be beneficial for the treatment of other chronic inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce K Rubin
- Department of Pediatrics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1081, USA.
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