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Cox LM, Abou-El-Hassan H, Maghzi AH, Vincentini J, Weiner HL. The sex-specific interaction of the microbiome in neurodegenerative diseases. Brain Res 2019; 1724:146385. [PMID: 31419428 PMCID: PMC6886714 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Several neurologic diseases exhibit different prevalence and severity in males and females, highlighting the importance of understanding the influence of biologic sex and gender. Beyond host-intrinsic differences in neurologic development and homeostasis, evidence is now emerging that the microbiota is an important environmental factor that may account for differences between men and women in neurologic disease. The gut microbiota is composed of trillions of bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi, that can confer benefits to the host or promote disease. There is bidirectional communication between the intestinal microbiota and the brain that is mediated via immunologic, endocrine, and neural signaling pathways. While there is substantial interindividual variation within the microbiota, differences between males and females can be detected. In animal models, sex-specific microbiota differences can affect susceptibility to chronic diseases. In this review, we discuss the ways in which neurologic diseases may be regulated by the microbiota in a sex-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Cox
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Hadi Abou-El-Hassan
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Amir Hadi Maghzi
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Julia Vincentini
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Howard L Weiner
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
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Reagan KA, Chan DM, Vanhoozer G, Stevens MP, Doll M, Godbout EJ, Cooper K, Pryor RJ, Hemphill RR, Bearman G. You get back what you give: Decreased hospital infections with improvement in CHG bathing, a mathematical modeling and cost analysis. Am J Infect Control 2019; 47:1471-1473. [PMID: 31400883 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2019.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple studies have shown that bathing with chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) wipes reduces hospital-acquired infections (HAIs). We employed a mathematical model to assess the impact of CHG patient bathing on central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs), catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs), and hospital-onset Clostridium difficile (C diff) infections and the associated costs. METHODS Using a Markov chain, we examined the effect of CHG bathing compliance on HAI outcomes and the associated costs. Using estimates from 2 different studies on CHG bathing effectiveness for CLABSI, CAUTI, and C diff, the number of HAIs per year were estimated along with associated costs. The simulations were conducted, assuming CHG bathing at varying compliance rates. RESULTS At 32% reduction in HAI incidence, increasing CHG bathing compliance from 60% to 90% results in 20 averted infections and $815,301.75 saved cost. CONCLUSIONS As CHG bathing compliance increases, yearly HAIs decrease, and the overall cost associated with the HAIs also decreases.
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Matharu D, Dhotre D, Balasubramanian N, Pawar N, Sagarkar S, Sakharkar A. Repeated mild traumatic brain injury affects microbial diversity in rat jejunum. J Biosci 2019; 44:120. [PMID: 31719229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injuries (TBI) manifest into post-traumatic stress disorders such as anxiety comorbid with gut ailments. The perturbations in gut microbial communities are often linked to intestinal and neuropsychological disorders. We have previously reported anxiety and abnormalities in gut function in mild TBI (MTBI)-exposed rats. The current study demonstrates the changes in gut microbiome of MTBI-exposed animals and discusses its implications in intestinal health and behaviours. The rats were subjected to repeated MTBI (rMTBI) and microbial composition in jejunum was examined after 6 h, 48 h and 30 days of rMTBI. Significant reduction in bacterial diversity was observed in the rMTBI-exposed animals at all the time points. Principal coordinate analysis based on weighted UniFrac distances indicated substantial differences in gut microbial diversity and abundances in rMTBI-exposed animals as compared to that in healthy controls. The abundance of Proteobacteria increased dramatically with reciprocal decrease in Firmicutes after rMTBI. At the genus level, Helicobacter, Lactobacillus, Campylobacter, and Streptococcus were found to be differentially abundant in the jejunum of rMTBI-exposed rats as compared to sham controls indicating profound dysbiosis from the healthy state. Furthermore, substantial depletion in butyrate-producing bacterial communities was observed in rMTBI-exposed animals. These results suggest that the traumatic stress alters the gut microbiome with possible implications in gut health and neuropsychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dollwin Matharu
- Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411 007, India
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Rice MW, Pandya JD, Shear DA. Gut Microbiota as a Therapeutic Target to Ameliorate the Biochemical, Neuroanatomical, and Behavioral Effects of Traumatic Brain Injuries. Front Neurol 2019; 10:875. [PMID: 31474930 PMCID: PMC6706789 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Current efficacious treatments for traumatic brain injury (TBI) are lacking. Establishment of a protective gut microbiota population offers a compelling therapeutic avenue, as brain injury induces disruptions in the composition of the gut microbiota, i.e., gut dysbiosis, which has been shown to contribute to TBI-related neuropathology and impaired behavioral outcomes. The gut microbiome is involved in the modulation of a multitude of cellular and molecular processes fundamental to the progression of TBI-induced pathologies including neuroinflammation, blood brain barrier permeability, immune system response, microglial activation, and mitochondrial dysfunction, as well as intestinal motility and permeability. Additionally, gut dysbiosis further aggravates behavioral impairments in animal models of TBI and spinal cord injury, as well as negatively affects health outcomes in murine stroke models. Recent studies indicate that microbiota transplants and probiotics ameliorate neuroanatomical damage and functional impairments in animal models of stroke and spinal cord injury. In addition, probiotics have been shown to reduce the rate of infection and time spent in intensive care of hospitalized patients suffering from brain trauma. Perturbations in the composition of the gut microbiota and its metabolite profile may also serve as potential diagnostic and theragnostic biomarkers for injury severity and progression. This review aims to address the etiological role of the gut microbiome in the biochemical, neuroanatomical, and behavioral/cognitive consequences of TBI, as well as explore the potential of gut microbiome manipulation in the form of probiotics as an effective therapeutic to ameliorate TBI-induced pathology and symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Rice
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Jignesh D Pandya
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Deborah A Shear
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
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Wang C, Li Q, Ren J. Microbiota-Immune Interaction in the Pathogenesis of Gut-Derived Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1873. [PMID: 31456801 PMCID: PMC6698791 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut-derived infection is among the most common complications in patients who underwent severe trauma, serious burn, major surgery, hemorrhagic shock or severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). It could cause sepsis and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), which are regarded as a leading cause of mortality in these cases. Gut-derived infection is commonly caused by pathological translocation of intestinal bacteria or endotoxins, resulting from the dysfunction of the gut barrier. In the last decades, the studies regarding to the pathogenesis of gut-derived infection mainly focused on the breakdown of intestinal epithelial tight junction and increased permeability. Limited information is available on the roles of intestinal microbial barrier in the development of gut-derived infection. Recently, advances of next-generation DNA sequencing techniques and its utilization has revolutionized the gut microecology, leading to novel views into the composition of the intestinal microbiota and its connections with multiple diseases. Here, we reviewed the recent progress in the research field of intestinal barrier disruption and gut-derived infection, mainly through the perspectives of the dysbiosis of intestinal microbiota and its interaction with intestinal mucosal immune cells. This review presents novel insights into how the gut microbiota collaborates with mucosal immune cells to involve the development of pathological bacterial translocation. The data might have important implication to better understand the mechanism underlying pathological bacterial translocation, contributing us to develop new strategies for prevention and treatment of gut-derived sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Wang
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiurong Li
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianan Ren
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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Vinaik R, Barayan D, Shahrokhi S, Jeschke MG. Management and prevention of drug resistant infections in burn patients. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2019; 17:607-619. [PMID: 31353976 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2019.1648208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Despite modern advances, the primary cause of death after burns remains infection and sepsis. A key factor in determining outcomes is colonization with multi-drug resistant (MDR) organisms. Infections secondary to MDR organisms are challenging due to lack of adequate antibiotic treatment, subsequently prolonging hospital stay and increasing risk of adverse outcomes. Areas covered: This review highlights the most frequent organisms colonizing burn wounds as well as the most common MDR bacterial infections. Additionally, we discuss different treatment modalities and MDR infection prevention strategies as their appropriate management would minimize morbidity and mortality in this population. We conducted a search for articles on PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane, Scopus and UpToDate with applied search strategies including a combination of: "burns, 'thermal injury,' 'infections,' 'sepsis,' 'drug resistance,' and 'antimicrobials.' Expert opinion: Management and prevention of MDR infections in burns is an ongoing challenge. We highlight the importance of preventative over therapeutic strategies, which are easy to implement and cost-effective. Additionally, targeted, limited use of antimicrobials can be beneficial in burn patients. A promising future area of investigation within this field is post-trauma microbiome profiling. Currently, the best treatment strategy for MDR in burn patients is prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roohi Vinaik
- a Sunnybrook Research Institute , Toronto , Canada
| | | | - Shahriar Shahrokhi
- b Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada.,c Ross Tilley Burn Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre , Toronto , Canada
| | - Marc G Jeschke
- a Sunnybrook Research Institute , Toronto , Canada.,b Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada.,c Ross Tilley Burn Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre , Toronto , Canada.,d Department of Immunology, University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
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Mills S, Stanton C, Lane JA, Smith GJ, Ross RP. Precision Nutrition and the Microbiome, Part I: Current State of the Science. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11040923. [PMID: 31022973 PMCID: PMC6520976 DOI: 10.3390/nu11040923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is a highly complex community which evolves and adapts to its host over a lifetime. It has been described as a virtual organ owing to the myriad of functions it performs, including the production of bioactive metabolites, regulation of immunity, energy homeostasis and protection against pathogens. These activities are dependent on the quantity and quality of the microbiota alongside its metabolic potential, which are dictated by a number of factors, including diet and host genetics. In this regard, the gut microbiome is malleable and varies significantly from host to host. These two features render the gut microbiome a candidate ‘organ’ for the possibility of precision microbiomics—the use of the gut microbiome as a biomarker to predict responsiveness to specific dietary constituents to generate precision diets and interventions for optimal health. With this in mind, this two-part review investigates the current state of the science in terms of the influence of diet and specific dietary components on the gut microbiota and subsequent consequences for health status, along with opportunities to modulate the microbiota for improved health and the potential of the microbiome as a biomarker to predict responsiveness to dietary components. In particular, in Part I, we examine the development of the microbiota from birth and its role in health. We investigate the consequences of poor-quality diet in relation to infection and inflammation and discuss diet-derived microbial metabolites which negatively impact health. We look at the role of diet in shaping the microbiome and the influence of specific dietary components, namely protein, fat and carbohydrates, on gut microbiota composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Mills
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 K8AF, Ireland.
| | - Catherine Stanton
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Fermoy P61 C996, Co Cork, Ireland.
| | - Jonathan A Lane
- H&H Group, Technical Centre, Global Research and Technology Centre, Cork P61 C996, Ireland.
| | - Graeme J Smith
- H&H Group, Technical Centre, Global Research and Technology Centre, Cork P61 C996, Ireland.
| | - R Paul Ross
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 K8AF, Ireland.
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Karasu E, Nilsson B, Köhl J, Lambris JD, Huber-Lang M. Targeting Complement Pathways in Polytrauma- and Sepsis-Induced Multiple-Organ Dysfunction. Front Immunol 2019; 10:543. [PMID: 30949180 PMCID: PMC6437067 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to traumatic or infectious insults results in a rapid activation of the complement cascade as major fluid defense system of innate immunity. The complement system acts as a master alarm system during the molecular danger response after trauma and significantly contributes to the clearance of DAMPs and PAMPs. However, depending on the origin and extent of the damaged macro- and micro -milieu, the complement system can also be either excessively activated or inhibited. In both cases, this can lead to a maladaptive immune response and subsequent multiple cellular and organ dysfunction. The arsenal of complement-specific drugs offers promising strategies for various critical conditions after trauma, hemorrhagic shock, sepsis, and multiple organ failure. The imbalanced immune response needs to be detected in a rational and real-time manner before the translational therapeutic potential of these drugs can be fully utilized. Overall, the temporal-spatial complement response after tissue trauma and during sepsis remains somewhat enigmatic and demands a clinical triad: reliable tissue damage assessment, complement activation monitoring, and potent complement targeting to highly specific rebalance the fluid phase innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebru Karasu
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Trauma-Immunology, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Bo Nilsson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology (IGP), Laboratory C5:3, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jörg Köhl
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research (ISEF), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - John D Lambris
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Markus Huber-Lang
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Trauma-Immunology, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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60
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Liu F, Lv L, Jiang H, Yan R, Dong S, Chen L, Wang W, Chen YQ. Alterations in the Urinary Microbiota Are Associated With Cesarean Delivery. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2193. [PMID: 30258432 PMCID: PMC6143726 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Similar to the gut, the bladder contains urinary microbiota, and its bacterial composition and structure are determined by the individual’s health status. Cesarean section is a traumatic event for women and it is correlated with postpartum complications. To better understand the urinary microbiota alterations caused by cesarean section, 16S rDNA sequencing was used to assess urine specimens collected by transurethral catheterization from 30 healthy women undergoing cesarean section pre-delivery (PreD) and post-delivery (PostD). A significant increase in bacterial diversity and more detectable bacteria at the phylum, family, and genus levels was observed in the PostD group compared to the PreD group, indicating that cesarean delivery (a process that includes surgery and delivery) altered the bacterial community. Specifically, the phylum Firmicutes and its affiliated family Lactobacillaceae and genus Lactobacillus dramatically decreased in the PostD group, suggesting that beneficial bacteria decreased after cesarean section, and clinicians should be aware that this might increase the risk of complications. Concurrently, the phylum Proteobacteria and its affiliated bacteria Pseudomonadaceae and Pseudomonas increased in the PostD group compared to the PreD group. This indicates that pathogen growth increases after cesarean section, making it important for clinicians to combat these changes to protect women from infectious diseases. Interestingly, several metabolic pathways, such as metabolism of energy, cofactors and vitamins were strengthened in the PostD group, whereas membrane transport was lessened in this group. This suggests that women’s metabolic disorders might be cured by balancing urinary microbiota. In conclusion, the altered urinary microbiota between the PreD and PostD periods appears to provide insight into how to prevent postpartum metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengping Liu
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Longxian Lv
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huiyong Jiang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ren Yan
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shurong Dong
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices and Smart Systems of Zhejiang, College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liping Chen
- Intensive Unit, Affiliated Yancheng Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yong Q Chen
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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Nicholson SE, Merrill D, Zhu C, Burmeister DM, Zou Y, Lai Z, Darlington DN, Lewis AM, Newton L, Scroggins S, Eastridge BJ, Schwacha MG. Polytrauma independent of therapeutic intervention alters the gastrointestinal microbiome. Am J Surg 2018; 216:699-705. [PMID: 30100050 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2018.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study characterizes the gastrointestinal (GI) microbiome in a pre-clinical polytrauma hemorrhage model. METHODS Rats (n = 6) were anesthetized, hemorrhaged 20% of their blood volume, and subjected to a femur fracture and crush injuries to the small intestine, liver, and limb skeletal muscle without resuscitation. Fecal samples were collected pre-injury and 2 h post-injury. Purified DNA from the samples underwent 16s rRNA sequencing for microbial quantification. Bacterial diversity analysis and taxonomic classification were performed. RESULTS Following injury, the gut microbial composition was altered with a shift in beta diversity and significant differences in the relative abundance of taxa. The relative abundance of the families Lachnospiraceae and Mogibacteriaceae was increased at 2 h, while Barnesiellaceae and Bacteroidaceae were decreased. Alpha diversity was unchanged. CONCLUSIONS The GI microbiome is altered in rats subjected to a polytrauma hemorrhage model at 2 h post-injury in the absence of antibiotics or therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susannah E Nicholson
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Emergency Surgery, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive (MC 7740), San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA.
| | - Daniel Merrill
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Emergency Surgery, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive (MC 7740), San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA.
| | - Caroline Zhu
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Emergency Surgery, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive (MC 7740), San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA.
| | - David M Burmeister
- The United State Army Institute of Surgical Research, Institute of Surgical Research, 3698 Chambers Pass STE B, JBSA Ft Sam Houston TX 78234-7767, USA.
| | - Yi Zou
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute UT Health San Antonio at San Antonio, 8403 Floyd Curl Dr., San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
| | - Zhao Lai
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Emergency Surgery, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive (MC 7740), San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA.
| | - Daniel N Darlington
- The United State Army Institute of Surgical Research, Institute of Surgical Research, 3698 Chambers Pass STE B, JBSA Ft Sam Houston TX 78234-7767, USA.
| | - Aaron M Lewis
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Emergency Surgery, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive (MC 7740), San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA.
| | - Larry Newton
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Emergency Surgery, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive (MC 7740), San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA.
| | - Shannon Scroggins
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Emergency Surgery, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive (MC 7740), San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA.
| | - Brian J Eastridge
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Emergency Surgery, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive (MC 7740), San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA.
| | - Martin G Schwacha
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Emergency Surgery, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive (MC 7740), San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA.
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Zhu CS, Grandhi R, Patterson TT, Nicholson SE. A Review of Traumatic Brain Injury and the Gut Microbiome: Insights into Novel Mechanisms of Secondary Brain Injury and Promising Targets for Neuroprotection. Brain Sci 2018; 8:brainsci8060113. [PMID: 29921825 PMCID: PMC6025245 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci8060113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome and its role in health and disease have recently been major focus areas of research. In this review, we summarize the different ways in which the gut microbiome interacts with the rest of the body, with focus areas on its relationships with immunity, the brain, and injury. The gut–brain axis, a communication network linking together the central and enteric nervous systems, represents a key bidirectional pathway with feed-forward and feedback mechanisms. The gut microbiota has a central role in this pathway and is significantly altered following injury, leading to a pro-inflammatory state within the central nervous system (CNS). Herein, we examine traumatic brain injury (TBI) in relation to this axis and explore potential interventions, which may serve as targets for improving clinical outcomes and preventing secondary brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline S Zhu
- Division of Trauma and Emergency Surgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive (MC 7740), San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
| | - Ramesh Grandhi
- Division of Trauma and Emergency Surgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive (MC 7740), San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA.
| | - Thomas Tyler Patterson
- Division of Trauma and Emergency Surgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive (MC 7740), San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
| | - Susannah E Nicholson
- Division of Trauma and Emergency Surgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive (MC 7740), San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
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