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Benito J, Depuy V, Hardie E, Zamprogno H, Thomson A, Simpson W, Roe S, Hansen B, Lascelles BDX. Reliability and discriminatory testing of a client-based metrology instrument, feline musculoskeletal pain index (FMPI) for the evaluation of degenerative joint disease-associated pain in cats. Vet J 2013; 196:368-73. [PMID: 23369382 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Revised: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Benito
- Comparative Pain Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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Gao X, Lee J, Malladi S, Melendez L, Lascelles BDX, Al-Murrani S. Feline degenerative joint disease: a genomic and proteomic approach. J Feline Med Surg 2013; 15:466-77. [PMID: 23295270 PMCID: PMC10816310 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x12470652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The underlying disease mechanisms for feline degenerative joint disease (DJD) are mostly unidentified. Today, most of what is published on mammalian arthritis is based on human clinical findings or on mammalian models of human arthritis. However, DJD is a common occurrence in the millions of domestic felines worldwide. To get a better understanding of the changes in biological pathways that are associated with feline DJD, this study employed a custom-designed feline GeneChip, and the institution's unique access to large sample populations to investigate genes and proteins from whole blood and serum that may be up- or down-regulated in DJD cats. The GeneChip results centered around three main pathways that were affected in DJD cats: immune function, apoptosis and oxidative phosphorylation. By identifying these key disease-associated pathways it will then be possible to better understand disease pathogenesis and diagnose it more easily, and to better target it with pharmaceutical and nutritional intervention.
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Guillot M, Moreau M, Heit M, Martel-Pelletier J, Pelletier JP, Troncy E. Characterization of osteoarthritis in cats and meloxicam efficacy using objective chronic pain evaluation tools. Vet J 2013; 196:360-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Benito J, Hansen B, DePuy V, Davidson G, Thomson A, Simpson W, Roe S, Hardie E, Lascelles B. Feline Musculoskeletal Pain Index: Responsiveness and Testing of Criterion Validity. J Vet Intern Med 2013; 27:474-82. [DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J. Benito
- Comparative Pain Research Laboratory; Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research; College of Veterinary Medicine; North Carolina State University; Raleigh NC
| | - B. Hansen
- Comparative Pain Research Laboratory; Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research; College of Veterinary Medicine; North Carolina State University; Raleigh NC
| | - V. DePuy
- Bowden Statistical Consulting; Oxford NC
| | - G.S. Davidson
- Clinical Pharmacy Services; College of Veterinary Medicine; North Carolina State University; Raleigh NC
| | - A. Thomson
- Comparative Pain Research Laboratory; Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research; College of Veterinary Medicine; North Carolina State University; Raleigh NC
| | - W. Simpson
- Morrisville Cat Hospital; Morrisville NC
| | - S. Roe
- Comparative Pain Research Laboratory; Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research; College of Veterinary Medicine; North Carolina State University; Raleigh NC
| | - E. Hardie
- Comparative Pain Research Laboratory; Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research; College of Veterinary Medicine; North Carolina State University; Raleigh NC
| | - B.D.X. Lascelles
- Comparative Pain Research Laboratory; Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research; College of Veterinary Medicine; North Carolina State University; Raleigh NC
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research; College of Veterinary Medicine; North Carolina State University; Raleigh NC
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Gowan RA, Baral RM, Lingard AE, Catt MJ, Stansen W, Johnston L, Malik R. A retrospective analysis of the effects of meloxicam on the longevity of aged cats with and without overt chronic kidney disease. J Feline Med Surg 2012; 14:876-81. [PMID: 22821331 PMCID: PMC11108019 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x12454418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
The study sought to examine the effect of long-term meloxicam treatment on the survival of cats with and without naturally-occurring chronic kidney disease at the initiation of therapy. The databases of two feline-only clinics were searched for cats older than 7 years that had been treated continuously with meloxicam for a period of longer than 6 months. Only cats with complete medical records available for review were recruited into the study.The median longevity in the renal group was 18.6 years [95% confidence interval (CI) 17.5-19.2] and the non-renal group was 22 years [95% CI 18.5-23.8]. The median longevity after diagnosis of CKD was 1608 days [95% confidence interval 1344-1919] which compares favourably to previously published survival times of cats with CKD. In both groups the most common cause of death was neoplasia. Long-term treatment with oral meloxicam did not appear to reduce the lifespan of cats with pre-existent stable CKD, even for cats in IRIS stages II and III. Therefore, to address the need for both quality of life and longevity in cats with chronic painful conditions, meloxicam should be considered as a part of the therapeutic regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Gowan
- 1The Cat Clinic, 1 Miller Street, Prahran, Melbourne, Australia.
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56
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Corbee RJ, Barnier MMC, van de Lest CHA, Hazewinkel HAW. The effect of dietary long-chain omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on owner's perception of behaviour and locomotion in cats with naturally occurring osteoarthritis. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2012; 97:846-53. [PMID: 22882740 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2012.01329.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, cross-over designed study was to demonstrate the clinical effect, registered by a survey, of a 10-week period of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation of the diet (1.53 g eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and 0.31 g DHA, both per 1000 kcal ME, equivalent to the complete diet) of 16 cats with radiologically documented, naturally occurring osteoarthritis (OA), in comparison with a 10-week period of supplementation with corn oil (0.00 g EPA and 0.00 g DHA, both per 1000 kcal ME). Cats on the fish oil revealed higher activity level (p = 0.07), more walking up and down the stairs (p = 0.07), less stiffness during gait (p = 0.03), more interaction with the owner (p = 0.07) and higher jumps (p = 0.03) compared to those on corn oil supplementation. In conclusion, supplementation of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids changes the owner's perception of some aspects of behaviour and locomotion in cats with naturally occurring OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Corbee
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands Applied Biology, High School of Agriculture, 's-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M M C Barnier
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands Applied Biology, High School of Agriculture, 's-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - C H A van de Lest
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands Applied Biology, High School of Agriculture, 's-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - H A W Hazewinkel
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands Applied Biology, High School of Agriculture, 's-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronny Streubel
- Section of Small Animal Surgery; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Zurich; Switzerland
| | - Hans Geyer
- Section of Veterinary Anatomy; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Zurich; Switzerland
| | - Pierre M. Montavon
- Section of Small Animal Surgery; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Zurich; Switzerland
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Guillot M, Moreau M, d'Anjou MA, Martel-Pelletier J, Pelletier JP, Troncy E. Evaluation of osteoarthritis in cats: novel information from a pilot study. Vet Surg 2012; 41:328-35. [PMID: 22380935 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2012.00976.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe structural changes associated with osteoarthritis (OA) in cats and to quantify OA-associated disability using functional evaluations. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional pilot study with longitudinal data. ANIMALS Normal cats (n = 2) and coxofemoral joint OA cats (n = 4) were evaluated by physical examination, radiography, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). METHODS Structural changes related to OA were scored using computed radiographs (CR) and MRI. Functional evaluation consisted of podobarometric gait analyses performed using a pressure-sensitive mattress and motor activity assessments using collar-attached, accelerometer-based activity sensors. RESULTS Structural scores for the coxofemoral joint OA-related lesions were lower in normal cats than OA cats for MRI (P = .07). Use of MRI allowed for whole-organ assessment of the coxofemoral joint. Pelvic limb peak vertical ground reaction force (PVF) was higher in normal cats than OA cats (P = .10). During the night, motor activity was greater in normal cats than OA cats (P = .04). PVF was positively correlated with mean motor activity (Spearman coefficient [Rho] = 0.83, P = .04) and negatively correlated with age and MRI structural score (Rho = -0.93 and -0.79, P < .01 and .06, respectively). CONCLUSIONS This study provides the first description of OA-related lesions in cats using MRI. Gait analysis and accelerometry should be considered as objective tools to characterize OA-associated disability, although these assessments were weakly correlated with structural changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Guillot
- Groupe de Recherche en Pharmacologie Animale du Québec (GREPAQ), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
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Lascelles BDX, Dong YH, Marcellin-Little DJ, Thomson A, Wheeler S, Correa M. Relationship of orthopedic examination, goniometric measurements, and radiographic signs of degenerative joint disease in cats. BMC Vet Res 2012; 8:10. [PMID: 22281125 PMCID: PMC3293090 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-8-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Available information suggests a mismatch between radiographic and orthopedic examination findings in cats with DJD. However, the extent of the discrepancy between clinical and radiographic signs of OA in companion animals has not been described in detail. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between orthopedic examination findings, joint goniometry, and radiographic signs of DJD in 100 cats, in a prospective observational design. Cat temperament, pain response to palpation, joint crepitus, effusion and thickening were graded. Radiographs of appendicular joints and the axial skeleton were made under sedation. Joint motion was measured by use of a plastic goniometer before and after sedation. Associations between radiographic degenerative joint disease (DJD) and examination findings were assessed to determine sensitivity, specificity and likelihood estimations. Results Pain response to palpation was elicited in 0-67% of the joints with DJD, with a specificity ranging from 62-99%; crepitus was detected in 0-56% of the joints and its specificity varied between 87 and 99%; for effusion, values ranged between 6 and 38% (specificity, 82-100%), and thickening, 0-59% (specificity, 74-99%). Joints with DJD tended to have a decreased range of motion. The presence of pain increased the odds of having DJD in the elbow (right: 5.5; left: 4.5); the presence of pain in the lower back increased the odds of spinal DJD being present (2.97 for lumbar; 4.67 for lumbo-sacral). Conclusions Radiographic DJD cannot be diagnosed with certainty using palpation or goniometry. However, negative findings tend to predict radiographically normal joints. Palpation and goniometry may be used as a tool to help to screen cats, mostly to rule out DJD.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Duncan X Lascelles
- Comparative Pain Research Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
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60
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Bennett D, Zainal Ariffin SMB, Johnston P. Osteoarthritis in the cat: 1. how common is it and how easy to recognise? J Feline Med Surg 2012; 14:65-75. [PMID: 22247326 PMCID: PMC11148909 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x11432828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Osteoarthritis (OA) is very common, particularly in older cats, but its clinical significance has largely gone unrecognised until recently. As in other species, OA is often painful and appropriate treatment is required to improve the animal's quality of life. Most cases appear to be primary or idiopathic. It is important for the clinician to actively seek these cases in the practice population. CLINICAL CHALLENGES The recognition of chronic arthritic pain is a major challenge since most cats will not exhibit lameness. The main features of feline OA are changes in behaviour and lifestyle, which develop gradually and which owners tend to interpret as simply being the effects of old age. A meaningful physical orthopaedic examination can be difficult to achieve. A lack of familiarity with feline joint radiographs, and the fact that major cartilage pathology can be present in the absence of any bony change, mean that radiographic identification of OA in the cat can also be problematic. CLIENT QUESTIONNAIRE: The recognition of chronic arthritic pain in the cat is based on owner questionnaires designed to elicit information about changes in mobility, activity levels, grooming habits and general demeanour. EVIDENCE BASE Several publications now report on the significance of behavioural and lifestyle changes as indicators of chronic arthritic pain in the cat. However, there is not as yet a fully validated owner-based questionnaire for recognising chronic pain in the cat. Furthermore, the aetiopathogenesis of feline OA still requires detailed investigation. Such studies are likely to make a major contribution to comparative rheumatology, since feline OA, more so than the canine disease, shows many similarities with human OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bennett
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK.
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61
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Kerwin S. Orthopedic examination in the cat: clinical tips for ruling in/out common musculoskeletal disease. J Feline Med Surg 2012; 14:6-12. [PMID: 22247320 PMCID: PMC11148918 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x11432822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
PATIENT GROUP The majority of cats will develop radiographic evidence of degenerative joint disease by the time they are 12 years of age, and many will suffer from a decline in quality of life associated with undiagnosed and untreated orthopedic disease. PRACTICAL RELEVANCE A focused, efficient orthopedic examination, including gait observation and palpation (awake and under sedation), supplemented with appropriate history, is key in ruling in, or out, clinically important musculoskeletal disease. Identifying problems assists in both developing a diagnostic plan and monitoring response to treatment. CLINICAL CHALLENGES Many clinicians feel uncomfortable in their ability to reliably perform an orthopedic examination in the cat, and diagnosis and evaluation of response to treatment in cats with orthopedic disease can be challenging. Hands-on training in feline orthopedic examination is limited in many veterinary curricula. Additional constraints may include failure to obtain important information in the history that indicates feline orthopedic disease, lack of appropriate facilities in which to conduct a complete orthopedic examination, and inability to obtain the most important information during the time available to conduct the examination. These problems can create gaps in the practitioner's ability to provide excellent care for a large proportion of the feline population. GOALS The above challenges can mostly be overcome with advanced planning and with consideration of the unique behavioral aspects related to feline handling. As discussed in this review, the aim of the initial orthopedic examination is to localize the problem to a specific limb, ideally to a region or joint of the limb, which can further direct diagnostics such as radiography or arthrocentesis. This should provide a basis for follow-up and assessment of whether treatment strategies are effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Kerwin
- Veterinary Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA.
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63
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Gunn-Moore DA. Cognitive dysfunction in cats: clinical assessment and management. Top Companion Anim Med 2011; 26:17-24. [PMID: 21435622 DOI: 10.1053/j.tcam.2011.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Increasing numbers of cats are living to become elderly and they commonly develop behavioral changes. The objectives of this article are to consider the possible causes and prevalence of behavioral problems in pet cats, to describe how cognitive dysfunction syndrome (CDS) typically presents, and how its diagnosis and management are often complicated by the concurrent presence of multiple interacting disease processes. The most frequently reported behavioral problems in old cats are loss of litter box training and crying out loudly at night. The most common causes of these problems are CDS, osteoarthritis, systemic hypertension (commonly secondary to chronic kidney disease or hyperthyroidism), hyperthyroidism (even without hypertension), deafness, and brain tumors. These conditions all occur frequently in older cats, many of which suffer from a number of concurrent interacting conditions. Owners and veterinary surgeons often mistake these for "normal aging changes," so many treatable conditions are neglected and go untreated. Almost one third of cats 11 to 14 years of age develop at least one geriatric-onset behavior problem that appears to relate to CDS, and this increases to over 50% for cats 15 years of age or older. For optimum management of elderly cats with behavioral problems, all interacting conditions need to be diagnosed and addressed concurrently with management for CDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danièlle A Gunn-Moore
- R(D)SVS School of Veterinary Studies, Division of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, Scotland
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FREIRE MILA, ROBERTSON IAN, BONDELL HOWARDD, BROWN JAMES, HASH JON, PEASE ANTHONYP, LASCELLES BDUNCANX. RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF FELINE APPENDICULAR DEGENERATIVE JOINT DISEASE VS. MACROSCOPIC APPEARANCE OF ARTICULAR CARTILAGE. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2011; 52:239-47. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2011.01803.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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65
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Slingerland L, Hazewinkel H, Meij B, Picavet P, Voorhout G. Cross-sectional study of the prevalence and clinical features of osteoarthritis in 100 cats. Vet J 2011; 187:304-9. [PMID: 20083417 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2009] [Revised: 12/03/2009] [Accepted: 12/13/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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67
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Sparkes AH, Heiene R, Lascelles BDX, Malik R, Real L, Robertson S, Scherk M, Taylor P. ISFM and AAFP Consensus Guidelines: Long-Term use of NSAIDs in Cats. J Feline Med Surg 2010; 12:521-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2010.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
NSAIDs and cats Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are an important class of drug in feline medicine, having analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activity. While most published data on their use in this species relate to short-term (often perioperative) therapy, there is increasing evidence of the value of these drugs in treating chronic pain in cats (for example, that associated with degenerative joint disease), and some NSAIDs have now become licensed for long-term use in cats in some geographies. Most of our knowledge of therapeutic mechanisms or adverse drug reactions associated with NSAIDs is extrapolated from work in other species, and there is a paucity of published data relating to cats. Guidelines These guidelines have been drawn together by an expert panel, which have reviewed the current literature on long-term NSAID use in cats and other species, and developed guidance on their use based on this information. The aim is to provide practical information for veterinarians to encourage appropriate NSAID therapy whenever cats will benefit from the use of these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Reidun Heiene
- Associate Professor, Department of Companion Animals Clinical Sciences, Norwegian School of Veterinary Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - B Duncan X Lascelles
- Associate Professor of Surgery, Director, Comparative Pain Research Laboratory, Director, Integrated Pain Management Service, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Richard Malik
- Centre for Veterinary Education, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | | | - Sheilah Robertson
- Section of Anesthesia and Pain Management, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
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68
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Lascelles BDX, Henry III JB, Brown J, Robertson I, Sumrell AT, Simpson W, Wheeler S, Hansen BD, Zamprogno H, Freire M, Pease A. Cross-Sectional Study of the Prevalence of Radiographic Degenerative Joint Disease in Domesticated Cats. Vet Surg 2010; 39:535-44. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2010.00708.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Witte PG, Scott HW, Tonzing MA. Preliminary results of five feline total hip replacements. J Small Anim Pract 2010; 51:397-402. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2010.00953.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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70
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Tan C, Allan GS, Barfield D, Krockenberger MB, Howlett R, Malik R. Synovial Osteochondroma Involving the Elbow of a Cat. J Feline Med Surg 2010; 12:412-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2010.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Clinical presentation A 12-year-old spayed domestic crossbred cat presented because she would not walk down stairs. A firm swelling on the medial aspect of the elbow was detected during physical examination. The lesion was not hot or painful on palpation and the lameness was mild, but the elbow had a reduced range of motion compared with the contralateral limb. Diagnosis and treatment Plain radiographs, physical findings, the appearance of the lesion at surgery and histopathological examination of biopsy specimens suggested the mass was a synovial osteochondroma arising from synovial membrane near the medial portion of the elbow joint. Resection of the lesion improved the cat's mobility and overall clinical status. At the time of writing, the cat continued to do well 18 months following surgery and was receiving standard doses of meloxicam for the concurrent elbow osteoarthritis. Practical relevance Practitioners should be alert to the possibility of this benign entity. Misdiagnosis as a chondrosarcoma, for example, might conceivably lead to radical and unnecessary amputation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Tan
- Double Bay Veterinary Clinic, 125 Manning Road, Woollahra, NSW 2025, Australia
| | - Graeme S Allan
- Double Bay Veterinary Clinic, 125 Manning Road, Woollahra, NSW 2025, Australia
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Discipline of Veterinary Pathobiology, B14, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Dominic Barfield
- Double Bay Veterinary Clinic, 125 Manning Road, Woollahra, NSW 2025, Australia
| | - Mark B Krockenberger
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Discipline of Veterinary Pathobiology, B14, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Rolfe Howlett
- Vetnostics, 60 Waterloo Road, North Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia
| | - Richard Malik
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Discipline of Veterinary Pathobiology, B14, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Centre for Veterinary Education, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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71
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Malik R, White J, Sparkes A. Synovial osteochondroma: an uncommon manifestation of a common disease. J Feline Med Surg 2010; 12:367-8. [PMID: 20417897 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2010.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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72
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Lascelles BDX, DePuy V, Thomson A, Hansen B, Marcellin-Little DJ, Biourge V, Bauer JE. Evaluation of a therapeutic diet for feline degenerative joint disease. J Vet Intern Med 2010; 24:487-95. [PMID: 20337921 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0495.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Feline degenerative joint disease (DJD) is common and there are no approved therapies for the alleviation of the associated pain. OBJECTIVE To test a diet high in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content and supplemented with green-lipped mussel extract and glucosamine/chondroitin sulfate (test-diet) for its pain-relieving and activity-enhancing effects in cats with painful, mobility-impairing DJD over a 9-week period. ANIMALS Forty client-owned cats. METHODS Randomized, controlled, blinded, parallel group, prospective clinical study. Cats with no detectable systemic disease, and with at least 1 appendicular joint with radiographic evidence of DJD where manipulation elicited an aversive response were included. Cats were randomly allocated to the test-diet or control diet (C-diet). Outcome measures were subjective owner and veterinarian assessments, and objective activity monitoring (accelerometry). Nonparametric statistics were used to evaluate changes within and between groups for both subjective and objective data, and locally weighted scatterplot smoothing regression analysis was used to predict activity changes. RESULTS The primary objective outcome measures indicated that activity declined significantly (P < .001) in the C-diet group, significantly increased (P < .001) in the test-diet group and there was a significant difference between the groups (P < .001). CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE A diet high in EPA and DHA and supplemented with green-lipped mussel extract and glucosamine/chondroitin sulfate improved objective measures of mobility. Dietary modulation might be 1 method to use to improve mobility in cats with DJD-associated pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D X Lascelles
- Comparative Pain Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA.
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Abstract
Practical relevance Degenerative joint disease (DJD) has a high prevalence in domestic cats and can be associated with pain. This pain should be addressed wherever possible. Audience All practitioners are faced with cats that are mobility impaired due to DJD-associated pain. Patient group Cats of all ages and breeds, and either sex, can experience DJD-associated discomfort. Clinical challenges Recognizing DJD and assessing DJD-associated pain in cats is a challenge. Owner observations of activity and behavior, careful observation and a logical and thorough orthopedic evaluation are key. Current understanding of the etiology of feline DJD and the mechanisms of DJD-associated pain is incomplete, making the rational choice of treatments a further challenge. Evidence base Evidence is emerging on the prevalence of feline DJD, and on how to assess the associated pain and mobility impairment. There is a lack of information on the etiology of feline DJD and a relative lack of data on the efficacy of putative treatments.
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75
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Day M. Ageing, Immunosenescence and Inflammageing in the Dog and Cat. J Comp Pathol 2010; 142 Suppl 1:S60-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2009.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2009] [Accepted: 10/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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A study of owner observed behavioural and lifestyle changes in cats with musculoskeletal disease before and after analgesic therapy. J Feline Med Surg 2009; 11:997-1004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2009.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the use of a simple questionnaire-based tool to identify behavioural/lifestyle changes that are associated with chronic pain in the cat. These changes were grouped into four behavioural domains (mobility, activity, grooming and temperament). Twenty-three cats with chronic musculoskeletal pain as determined by clinical examination were included. The owners of these cats were asked to complete a questionnaire before and 28 days after the start of analgesic treatment (meloxicam). This included a global assessment of changes in behaviour and assessment of the degree of behavioural change observed within each of the defined domains. The attending veterinary surgeon was independently asked to provide a global score before and after treatment. Both owners and veterinary surgeons reported significant changes in behaviour/lifestyle after analgesic therapy. There was no difference between the owners and veterinary surgeons global assessments at baseline but there was at day 28 (P=0.02). The owners' scores decreased from a median of 5 at baseline to 3 at 28 days (P=0.0004) while the median veterinary surgeon scores decreased from 5 to 2 at 28 days (P<0.0001). There was a statistically significant reduction in the owners' scores for each of the four domains with the greatest reduction occurring in the activity category (P=0.0001). This study shows that owner assessment of changes in their cat's behaviour/lifestyle is an important method of identifying chronic pain in their pets.
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77
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Pittari J, RodaN I, Beekman G, Gunn-Moore D, Polzin D, Taboada J, Tuzio H, Zoran D. American Association of Feline Practitioners: Senior Care Guidelines. J Feline Med Surg 2009; 11:763-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2009.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Cats are the most popular pet in the United States and much of Northern Europe. Although 78% of owners consider their cats to be family members, many cats, particularly seniors, do not receive appropriate preventive care. 1 – 3 One of the main obstacles to owner compliance is the lack of a clear recommendation by the veterinary team. 4 Guidelines can help veterinarians to minimize this obstacle, strengthen the human-pet-veterinary bond, and improve the quality of life of cats. Goals The goals of this article are to assist veterinarians to: Deliver consistent high-quality care to senior cats. Promote longevity and improve the quality of life of senior cats by: recognizing and controlling health risk factors; facilitating and promoting early detection of disease; improving or maintaining residual organ function; and delaying the progression of common conditions. Define aspects of screening, diagnosis, treatment and anesthesia of senior cats.
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78
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Caney S. Weight Loss in the Elderly Cat: Appetite is Fine, and Everything Looks Normal …. J Feline Med Surg 2009; 11:738-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2009.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Practical relevance Improvements in general health care and nutrition have meant that more cats are living to an advanced age. Weight loss is one of the most common presenting signs in the older cat. Many causes of weight loss in older cats are at least amenable to supportive care and some are curable. Clinical challenges Weight loss is a non-specific change and, while often a sensitive indicator of ill health, does not readily point to the diagnosis. Careful history taking and physical examination may indicate a specific cause but, as discussed in this article, further tests are generally required to confirm the diagnosis. In those cats where common causes of weight loss have been eliminated by initial tests, it is often harder to reach a diagnosis. A logical approach to case-solving is required, making use of imaging and advanced laboratory tests. Occult gastrointestinal disease should be suspected and investigated in cats where another cause of weight loss cannot be found. Patient group While the average lifespan of a pet cat is probably around 13–14 years, many will live longer than this if well cared for, and some considerably longer. Recently, the life stages have been redefined to help predict the changes that might be occurring in terms of a cat's physical and mental health. Cats are considered ‘senior’ at 11–14 years old and ‘geriatric’ at 15 years and above. Audience Geriatric medicine is forming an increasing part of the case load of first opinion and many referral veterinarians. Weight loss is common in older cats and is often the result of several, sometimes interacting, conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Caney
- Cat Professional Ltd, Midlothian Innovation Centre, Pentlandfield, Roslin EH25 9RE, UK
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79
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Newitt ALM, German AJ, Barr FJ. Lumbosacral transitional vertebrae in cats and their effects on morphology of adjacent joints. J Feline Med Surg 2009; 11:941-7. [PMID: 19539511 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2009.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to describe the radiographic appearance of lumbosacral transitional vertebrae in the cat and compare prevalence of hip dysplasia and lumbosacral spondylosis with a population of cats without transitional vertebrae. Pelvic radiographs of cats were reviewed retrospectively, providing a population of 100 cats without transitional vertebrae and 14 examples of lumbosacral transitional vertebrae. All cats were assessed for hip dysplasia and lumbosacral spondylosis; the lumbosacral transitional vertebrae identified were also assessed for asymmetry or rotation of sacro-iliac (SI) attachment. The transitional vertebrae demonstrated a wide variety of morphology; six cats had asymmetry or rotation of SI attachment in a dorsal plane; four of those six cats had lumbosacral spondylosis and two of these had hip dysplasia. No further examples of degenerative changes were identified in the remaining eight cats with lumbosacral transitional vertebrae. The frequency of lumbosacral spondylosis was higher in the population with lumbosacral transitional vertebrae, but this was not statistically significant. There was a marked trend towards lumbosacral spondylosis in cats with pelvic rotation or asymmetry. The frequency of hip dysplasia in cats with lumbosacral transitional vertebrae was very similar to those without.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L M Newitt
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, University of Liverpool, Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Crown Street, Liverpool L7 7EX, UK.
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81
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Gunew MN, Menrath VH, Marshall RD. Long-term safety, efficacy and palatability of oral meloxicam at 0.01–0.03 mg/kg for treatment of osteoarthritic pain in cats. J Feline Med Surg 2008; 10:235-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2007.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/24/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is a chronic, painful condition that is now recognised as affecting a large proportion of cats. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have proven efficacy in dogs and humans but there are limited published data on the use of NSAIDs in the long-term management of this condition in cats. This prospective study aimed to assess the long-term safety and palatability of oral meloxicam and its efficacy in treating osteoarthritic pain in cats when given at a dose of 0.01–0.03 mg/kg once daily. Forty cats diagnosed with osteoarthritis completed the trial with a mean treatment duration of 5.8 months. Gastrointestinal upset in 2/46 (4%) cats was the only adverse effect noted. No deleterious effect on renal function was detected in cats studied. Owners subjectively assessed treatment efficacy as good or excellent in 34/40 (85%) of cases. The results of this study showed oral meloxicam to be safe and palatable long-term treatment for osteoarthritis in cats when given with food at a dose of 0.01–0.03 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus N. Gunew
- The Cat Clinic – Mt Gravatt, 189 Creek Road, Mt Gravatt, QLD 4122, Australia
| | - Victor H. Menrath
- The Cat Clinic – Mt Gravatt, 189 Creek Road, Mt Gravatt, QLD 4122, Australia
| | - Rhett D. Marshall
- The Cat Clinic – Mt Gravatt, 189 Creek Road, Mt Gravatt, QLD 4122, Australia
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Jaeger GH, Marcellin-Little DJ, Depuy V, Lascelles BDX. Validity of goniometric joint measurements in cats. Am J Vet Res 2007; 68:822-6. [PMID: 17669021 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.68.8.822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare and validate goniometric joint measurements obtained from nonsedated and sedated cats with measurements from radiographic evaluation. ANIMALS 20 adult cats with no evidence of joint disease. PROCEDURES Measurements of flexion and extension of the carpus, elbow, shoulder, tarsus, stifle, and hip joints and of carpal and tarsal joints during varus and valgus angulation were made by a single investigator before and after sedation of cats. Measurements were made by use of a goniometer with a masked dial. Joint angle measurements were compared between nonsedated and sedated cats and also with measurements from radiographs made while cats were sedated. Each series of measurements was repeated 4 times. To evaluate repeatability, Cronbach alpha values were calculated for repeated measure results of goniometric joint measurements of nonsedated and sedated cats. An intraclass correlation was calculated to determine reliability among the 3 measurement types (ie, measurements from nonsedated and sedated cats and on radiographic evaluation). RESULTS Joint measurements did not differ significantly by measurement type, when comparing radiographic measurements with goniometric measurements in sedated and nonsedated cats. Cronbach alpha values were > 0.99 for goniometric joint measurements within individual nonsedated and sedated cats and also for comparison of mean measurements obtained from sedated cats versus nonsedated cats versus radiographs. An intraclass correlation of 0.999 revealed high reliability among measurement types. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that goniometric joint measurements in nonsedated and sedated cats are repeatable and valid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayle H Jaeger
- California Veterinary Specialists, 100 N Rancho Santa Fe Road, San Marcos, CA 92069, USA
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Gunn-Moore D, Moffat K, Christie LA, Head E. Cognitive dysfunction and the neurobiology of ageing in cats. J Small Anim Pract 2007; 48:546-53. [PMID: 17617164 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2007.00386.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
With improvements in nutrition and veterinary medicine the life expectancy of pet cats is increasing. Accompanying this growing geriatric population there are increasing numbers of cats with signs of apparent senility. A recent study suggests that 28 per cent of pet cats aged 11 to 14 years develop at least one geriatric onset behavioural problem, and this increases to over 50 per cent for cats of 15 years of age or older. While behavioural changes may result from systemic illness, organic brain disease or true behavioural problems, the possibility of age-related cognitive dysfunction is often overlooked. Studies have revealed a number of changes in the brains of geriatric cats that showed signs of cognitive dysfunction, and potential causes include vascular insufficiency leading to hypoxia, increased free radical damage and the deposition of beta-amyloid plaques and/or the modification of other proteins. By recognising the importance of behavioural changes in old cats, investigating them fully for potentially treatable medical conditions, and instigating dietary and environmental modifications to meet their changing needs, we can make the lives of our geriatric cats much more comfortable and rewarding.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gunn-Moore
- Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Hospital for Small Animals, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
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Lascelles BDX, Hansen BD, Roe S, DePuy V, Thomson A, Pierce CC, Smith ES, Rowinski E. Evaluation of Client-Specific Outcome Measures and Activity Monitoring to Measure Pain Relief in Cats with Osteoarthritis. J Vet Intern Med 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.tb02983.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce L Kidd
- Bone and Joint Research Unit, Queen Mary School of Medicine, Charterhouse Square, London E1 2AD, UK.
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