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Meliambro K, Wong JS, Ray J, Calizo RC, Towne S, Cole B, El Salem F, Gordon RE, Kaufman L, He JC, Azeloglu EU, Campbell KN. The Hippo pathway regulator KIBRA promotes podocyte injury by inhibiting YAP signaling and disrupting actin cytoskeletal dynamics. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:21137-21148. [PMID: 28982981 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.819029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidney podocytes represent a key constituent of the glomerular filtration barrier. Identifying the molecular mechanisms of podocyte injury and survival is important for better understanding and management of kidney diseases. KIBRA (kidney brain protein), an upstream regulator of the Hippo signaling pathway encoded by the Wwc1 gene, shares the pro-injury properties of its putative binding partner dendrin and antagonizes the pro-survival signaling of the downstream Hippo pathway effector YAP (Yes-associated protein) in Drosophila and MCF10A cells. We recently identified YAP as an essential component of the glomerular filtration barrier that promotes podocyte survival by inhibiting dendrin pro-apoptotic function. Despite these recent advances, the signaling pathways that mediate podocyte injury remain poorly understood. Here we tested the hypothesis that, similar to its role in other model systems, KIBRA promotes podocyte injury. We found increased expression of KIBRA and phosphorylated YAP protein in glomeruli of patients with biopsy-proven focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). KIBRA/WWc1 overexpression in murine podocytes promoted LATS kinase phosphorylation, leading to subsequent YAP Ser-127 phosphorylation, YAP cytoplasmic sequestration, and reduction in YAP target gene expression. Functionally, KIBRA overexpression induced significant morphological changes in podocytes, including disruption of the actin cytoskeletal architecture and reduction of focal adhesion size and number, all of which were rescued by subsequent YAP overexpression. Conversely, constitutive KIBRA knockout mice displayed reduced phosphorylated YAP and increased YAP expression at baseline. These mice were protected from acute podocyte foot process effacement following protamine sulfate perfusion. KIBRA knockdown podocytes were also protected against protamine-induced injury. These findings suggest an important role for KIBRA in the pathogenesis of podocyte injury and the progression of proteinuric kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sara Towne
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, and
| | | | - Fadi El Salem
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
| | - Ronald E Gordon
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
| | | | - John C He
- From the Division of Nephrology.,Department of Pharmacological Sciences, and
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Takaguri A, Kubo T, Mori M, Satoh K. The protective role of YAP1 on ER stress-induced cell death in vascular smooth muscle cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 815:470-477. [PMID: 28951205 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) has been implicated in the progression of atherosclerosis, especially in vascular remodelling and plaque rupture. Although it is known that Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) is a critical molecule that regulates cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis, the role of YAP1 in VSMCs apoptosis remains unknown. In this study, we investigated whether YAP1 modulates VSMC apoptosis induced by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. In cultured VSMC, tunicamycin caused cell death accompanied by an increase in caspase-3 processing and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) expression. YAP1 protein expression was downregulated by tunicamycin and the phosphorylation of YAP1 at the Ser127 site was significantly increased by tunicamycin. Tunicamycin further decreased cell viability followed by an increase in caspase-3 processing in the absence of YAP1 when compared with treatment only with tunicamycin or siYAP1. On the other hand, overexpression of a constitutively active YAP1 (YAP1-5SA), which lacks five serine phosphorylation sites, significantly prevented the caspase-3 processing and restored the decrease in cell viability induced by tunicamycin. Overexpression of YAP1-5SA significantly inhibited tunicamycin-induced caspase-8 processing without affecting phosphorylation of p-38 and Akt. Furthermore, the overexpression of YAP1-5SA significantly restored the decrease in ANKRD1 expression induced by tunicamycin. The inhibition of tunicamycin-induced caspase-3 cleavage by YAP1-5SA was markedly attenuated in ANKRD1-knockdown cells. These results demonstrate that ER stress can alter intracellular YAP1 protein expression in VSMCs and that YAP1 is protective against VSMC apoptosis induced by ER stress through inhibiting caspase8/3 activation mediated in part by upregulation of ANKRD1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Takaguri
- Department of Pharmacology, Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy, 7-15-4-1 Maeda, Teine-ku, Sapporo 006-8590, Japan
| | - Takashi Kubo
- Department of Pharmacology, Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy, 7-15-4-1 Maeda, Teine-ku, Sapporo 006-8590, Japan
| | - Masaya Mori
- Department of Pharmacology, Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy, 7-15-4-1 Maeda, Teine-ku, Sapporo 006-8590, Japan
| | - Kumi Satoh
- Department of Pharmacology, Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy, 7-15-4-1 Maeda, Teine-ku, Sapporo 006-8590, Japan.
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Chen S, Wang H, Huang YF, Li ML, Cheng JH, Hu P, Lu CH, Zhang Y, Liu N, Tzeng CM, Zhang ZM. WW domain-binding protein 2: an adaptor protein closely linked to the development of breast cancer. Mol Cancer 2017; 16:128. [PMID: 28724435 PMCID: PMC5518133 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-017-0693-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The WW domain is composed of 38 to 40 semi-conserved amino acids shared with structural, regulatory, and signaling proteins. WW domain-binding protein 2 (WBP2), as a binding partner of WW domain protein, interacts with several WW-domain-containing proteins, such as Yes kinase-associated protein (Yap), paired box gene 8 (Pax8), WW-domain-containing transcription regulator protein 1 (TAZ), and WW-domain-containing oxidoreductase (WWOX) through its PPxY motifs within C-terminal region, and further triggers the downstream signaling pathway in vitro and in vivo. Studies have confirmed that phosphorylated form of WBP2 can move into nuclei and activate the transcription of estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR), whose expression were the indicators of breast cancer development, indicating that WBP2 may participate in the progression of breast cancer. Both overexpression of WBP2 and activation of tyrosine phosphorylation upregulate the signal cascades in the cross-regulation of the Wnt and ER signaling pathways in breast cancer. Following the binding of WBP2 to the WW domain region of TAZ which can accelerate migration, invasion and is required for the transformed phenotypes of breast cancer cells, the transformation of epithelial to mesenchymal of MCF10A is activated, suggesting that WBP2 is a key player in regulating cell migration. When WBP2 binds with WWOX, a tumor suppressor, ER transactivation and tumor growth can be suppressed. Thus, WBP2 may serve as a molecular on/off switch that controls the crosstalk between E2, WWOX, Wnt, TAZ, and other oncogenic signaling pathways. This review interprets the relationship between WBP2 and breast cancer, and provides comprehensive views about the function of WBP2 in the regulation of the pathogenesis of breast cancer and endocrine therapy in breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Chen
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, People's Republic of China.,Translational Medicine Research Center (TMRC), School of Pharmaceutical Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory for Cancer T-Cell Therapeutics and Clinical Translation (CTCTCT), Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Wang
- Translational Medicine Research Center (TMRC), School of Pharmaceutical Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory for Cancer T-Cell Therapeutics and Clinical Translation (CTCTCT), Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Fan Huang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Li Li
- Translational Medicine Research Center (TMRC), School of Pharmaceutical Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory for Cancer T-Cell Therapeutics and Clinical Translation (CTCTCT), Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang-Hong Cheng
- Translational Medicine Research Center (TMRC), School of Pharmaceutical Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory for Cancer T-Cell Therapeutics and Clinical Translation (CTCTCT), Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Hu
- Translational Medicine Research Center (TMRC), School of Pharmaceutical Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory for Cancer T-Cell Therapeutics and Clinical Translation (CTCTCT), Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, People's Republic of China.,INNOVA Cell Theranostics/Clinics and TRANSLA Health Group, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuan-Hui Lu
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya Zhang
- Translational Medicine Research Center (TMRC), School of Pharmaceutical Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory for Cancer T-Cell Therapeutics and Clinical Translation (CTCTCT), Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Chi-Meng Tzeng
- Translational Medicine Research Center (TMRC), School of Pharmaceutical Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory for Cancer T-Cell Therapeutics and Clinical Translation (CTCTCT), Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, People's Republic of China. .,INNOVA Cell Theranostics/Clinics and TRANSLA Health Group, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhi-Ming Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, People's Republic of China. .,Teaching Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350004, People's Republic of China.
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YAP regulates cell mechanics by controlling focal adhesion assembly. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15321. [PMID: 28504269 PMCID: PMC5440673 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hippo effectors YAP/TAZ act as on–off mechanosensing switches by sensing modifications in extracellular matrix (ECM) composition and mechanics. The regulation of their activity has been described by a hierarchical model in which elements of Hippo pathway are under the control of focal adhesions (FAs). Here we unveil the molecular mechanism by which cell spreading and RhoA GTPase activity control FA formation through YAP to stabilize the anchorage of the actin cytoskeleton to the cell membrane. This mechanism requires YAP co-transcriptional function and involves the activation of genes encoding for integrins and FA docking proteins. Tuning YAP transcriptional activity leads to the modification of cell mechanics, force development and adhesion strength, and determines cell shape, migration and differentiation. These results provide new insights into the mechanism of YAP mechanosensing activity and qualify this Hippo effector as the key determinant of cell mechanics in response to ECM cues. The transcriptional co-activator YAP is known to operate downstream of mechanical signals arising from the cell niche. Here the authors demonstrate that YAP controls cell mechanics, force development and adhesion strength by promoting the transcription of genes related to focal adhesions.
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Tian S, Tian X, Liu Y, Dong F, Wang J, Liu X, Zhang Z, Chen H. Effects of TAZ on human dental pulp stem cell proliferation and migration. Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:4326-4332. [PMID: 28487958 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional coactivator with PDZ‑binding motif (TAZ) acts as the key downstream regulatory target in the Hippo signaling pathway. TAZ overexpression has been reported to promote cellular proliferation and induce epithelial‑mesenchymal transition in human mammary epithelial cells. However, the effects of TAZ in the regulation of human dental pulp stem cell (hDPSC) proliferation and migration, as well as the molecular mechanisms underlying its actions, remain to be elucidated. The present study demonstrated that TAZ was expressed in hDPSCs. TAZ silencing, following hDPSC transfection with TAZ‑specific small interfering (si)RNA (siTAZ), inhibited cellular proliferation and migration in vitro. These effects appeared to be associated with the downregulation of connecting tissue growth factor (CTGF) and cysteine‑rich angiogenic inducer (Cyr) 61 expression. Further investigation of the mechanisms underlying the actions of TAZ in hDPSCs revealed that TAZ silencing suppressed CTGF and Cyr61 expression by interfering with transforming growth factor (TGF)‑β signaling pathways. The present results suggested that TAZ may be implicated in the proliferation and migration of hDPSCs, through the modulation of CTGF and Cyr61 expression via a TGF‑β‑dependent signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songbo Tian
- Department of Oral Medicine, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaochao Tian
- Department of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
| | - Yanping Liu
- Physical Examination Center, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
| | - Fusheng Dong
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Oral Pathology, College of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
| | - Xuqian Liu
- Department of Oral Pathology, College of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- Department of Oral Medicine, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
| | - Huizhen Chen
- Department of Oral Medicine, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
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57
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Song L, Tang H, Liao W, Luo X, Li Y, Chen T, Zhang X. FOXC2 positively regulates YAP signaling and promotes the glycolysis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Exp Cell Res 2017; 357:17-24. [PMID: 28433696 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
YAP signaling has been reported to be dysregulated in numerous cancer types. However, its roles in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) are poorly understood. Although several studies have shown that FOXC2 promotes the progression of NPC, the underlying molecular mechanism remains largely unknown. Here, we have shown that FOXC2 interacted with YAP and TEAD, and activated YAP signaling. Furthermore, FOXC2-YAP signaling positively regulated the expression of Hexokinase 2 (HK2) and promoted the glycolysis. Moreover, the inhibitor of HK2, 3-BrPA effectively inhibited the tumorigenesis of NPC cells in vitro and in vivo. Collectively, our study demonstrated that FOXC2 promoted the glycolysis in progression of NPC by activating YAP signaling, and suggested that FOXC2 might be promising therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, PR China
| | - Hongbo Tang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Wenjing Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, PR China
| | - Xinggu Luo
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Yanmei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, PR China
| | - Tao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, PR China.
| | - Xiaowen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, PR China.
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Ma R, Morshed SA, Latif R, Davies TF. TAZ Induction Directs Differentiation of Thyroid Follicular Cells from Human Embryonic Stem Cells. Thyroid 2017; 27:292-299. [PMID: 27829313 PMCID: PMC5912722 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2016.0264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The differentiation program for human thyroid follicular cells (TFCs) relies on the interplay between sequence-specific transcription factors and transcriptional co-regulators. Transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) is a co-activator that regulates several transcription factors, including PAX8 and NKX2-1, which play a central role in thyroid-specific gene transcription. TAZ and PAX8/NKX2-1 are co-expressed in the nuclei of thyroid cells, and TAZ interacts directly with both PAX8 and NKX2-1, leading to their enhanced transcriptional activity on the thyroglobulin (TG) promoter and additional genes. METHODS The use of a small molecule, ethacridine, recently identified as a TAZ activator, in the differentiation of thyroid cells from human embryonic stem (hES) cells was studied. First, endodermal cells were derived from hES cells using Activin A, followed by induction of differentiation into thyroid cells directed by ethacridine and thyrotropin (TSH). RESULTS The expression of TAZ was increased in the Activin A-derived endodermal cells by ethacridine in a dose-dependent manner and followed by increases in PAX8 and NKX2-1 when assessed by both quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunostaining. Following further differentiation with the combination of ethacridine and TSH, the thyroid-specific genes TG, TPO, TSHR, and NIS were all induced in the differentiated hES cells. When these cells were cultured with extracellular matrix-coated dishes, thyroid follicle formation and abundant TG protein expression were observed. Furthermore, such hES cell-derived thyroid follicles showed a marked TSH-induced and dose-dependent increase in radioiodine uptake and protein-bound iodine accumulation. CONCLUSION These data show that fully functional human thyroid cells can be derived from hES cells using ethacridine, a TAZ activator, which induces thyroid-specific gene expression and promotes thyroid cell differentiation from the hES cells. These studies again demonstrate the importance of transcriptional regulation in thyroid cell development. This approach also yields functional human thyrocytes, without any gene transfection or complex culture conditions, by directly manipulating the transcriptional machinery without interfering with intermediate signaling events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risheng Ma
- Thyroid Research Unit, Department of Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai Beth Israel Medical Center and the James J. Peters VA Medical Center , New York, New York
| | - Syed A Morshed
- Thyroid Research Unit, Department of Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai Beth Israel Medical Center and the James J. Peters VA Medical Center , New York, New York
| | - Rauf Latif
- Thyroid Research Unit, Department of Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai Beth Israel Medical Center and the James J. Peters VA Medical Center , New York, New York
| | - Terry F Davies
- Thyroid Research Unit, Department of Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai Beth Israel Medical Center and the James J. Peters VA Medical Center , New York, New York
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Abstract
Cytokines of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family, including TGF-βs, bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs), activins, and Nodal, play crucial roles in embryonic development and adult tissue homeostasis by regulating cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation, as well as stem-cell self-renewal and lineage-specific differentiation. Smad proteins are critical downstream mediators of these signaling activities. In addition to regulating the transcription of direct target genes of TGF-β, BMP, activin, or Nodal, Smad proteins also participate in extensive cross talk with other signaling pathways, often in a cell-type- or developmental stage-specific manner. These combinatorial signals often produce context-, time-, and location-dependent biological outcomes that are critical for development. This review discusses recent progress in our understanding of the cross talk between Smad proteins and signaling pathways of Wnt, Notch, Hippo, Hedgehog (Hh), mitogen-activated protein (MAP), kinase, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt, nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), and Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunxin Luo
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, and Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
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60
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Luo K. Signaling Cross Talk between TGF-β/Smad and Other Signaling Pathways. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017. [PMID: 27836834 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family, including TGF-βs, bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs), activins, and Nodal, play crucial roles in embryonic development and adult tissue homeostasis by regulating cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation, as well as stem-cell self-renewal and lineage-specific differentiation. Smad proteins are critical downstream mediators of these signaling activities. In addition to regulating the transcription of direct target genes of TGF-β, BMP, activin, or Nodal, Smad proteins also participate in extensive cross talk with other signaling pathways, often in a cell-type- or developmental stage-specific manner. These combinatorial signals often produce context-, time-, and location-dependent biological outcomes that are critical for development. This review discusses recent progress in our understanding of the cross talk between Smad proteins and signaling pathways of Wnt, Notch, Hippo, Hedgehog (Hh), mitogen-activated protein (MAP), kinase, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt, nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), and Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunxin Luo
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, and Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
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Functions and Epigenetic Regulation of Wwox in Bone Metastasis from Breast Carcinoma: Comparison with Primary Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18010075. [PMID: 28045433 PMCID: PMC5297710 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms influence molecular patterns important for the bone-metastatic process, and here we highlight the role of WW-domain containing oxidoreductase (Wwox). The tumor-suppressor Wwox lacks in almost all cancer types; the variable expression in osteosarcomas is related to lung-metastasis formation, and exogenous Wwox destabilizes HIF-1α (subunit of Hypoxia inducible Factor-1, HIF-1) affecting aerobic glycolysis. Our recent studies show critical functions of Wwox present in 1833-osteotropic clone, in the corresponding xenograft model, and in human bone metastasis from breast carcinoma. In hypoxic-bone metastatic cells, Wwox enhances HIF-1α stabilization, phosphorylation, and nuclear translocation. Consistently, in bone-metastasis specimens Wwox localizes in cytosolic/perinuclear area, while TAZ (transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif) and HIF-1α co-localize in nuclei, playing specific regulatory mechanisms: TAZ is a co-factor of HIF-1, and Wwox regulates HIF-1 activity by controlling HIF-1α. In vitro, DNA methylation affects Wwox-protein synthesis; hypoxia decreases Wwox-protein level; hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) phosphorylates Wwox driving its nuclear shuttle, and counteracting a Twist program important for the epithelial phenotype and metastasis colonization. In agreement, in 1833-xenograft mice under DNA-methyltransferase blockade with decitabine, Wwox increases in nuclei/cytosol counteracting bone metastasis with prolongation of the survival. However, Wwox seems relevant for the autophagic process which sustains metastasis, enhancing more Beclin-1 than p62 protein levels, and p62 accumulates under decitabine consistent with adaptability of metastasis to therapy. In conclusion, Wwox methylation as a bone-metastasis therapeutic target would depend on autophagy conditions, and epigenetic mechanisms regulating Wwox may influence the phenotype of bone metastasis.
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Transformation by Polyomavirus Middle T Antigen Involves a Unique Bimodal Interaction with the Hippo Effector YAP. J Virol 2016; 90:7032-7045. [PMID: 27194756 PMCID: PMC4984622 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00417-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Murine polyomavirus has repeatedly provided insights into tumorigenesis, revealing key control mechanisms such as tyrosine phosphorylation and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling. We recently demonstrated that polyomavirus small T antigen (ST) binds YAP, a major effector of Hippo signaling, to regulate differentiation. Here we characterize YAP as a target of middle T antigen (MT) important for transformation. Through a surface including residues R103 and D182, wild-type MT binds to the YAP WW domains. Mutation of either R103 or D182 of MT abrogates YAP binding without affecting binding to other signaling molecules or the strength of PI3K or Ras signaling. Either genetic abrogation of YAP binding to MT or silencing of YAP via short hairpin RNA (shRNA) reduced MT transformation, suggesting that YAP makes a positive contribution to the transformed phenotype. MT targets YAP both by activating signaling pathways that affect it and by binding to it. MT signaling, whether from wild-type MT or the YAP-binding MT mutant, promoted YAP phosphorylation at S127 and S381/397 (YAP2/YAP1). Consistent with the known functions of these phosphorylated serines, MT signaling leads to the loss of YAP from the nucleus and degradation. Binding of YAP to MT brings it together with protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), leading to the dephosphorylation of YAP in the MT complex. It also leads to the enrichment of YAP in membranes. Taken together, these results indicate that YAP promotes MT transformation via mechanisms that may depart from YAP's canonical oncogenic transcriptional activation functions. IMPORTANCE The highly conserved Hippo/YAP pathway is important for tissue development and homeostasis. Increasingly, changes in this pathway are being associated with cancer. Middle T antigen (MT) is the primary polyomavirus oncogene responsible for tumor formation. In this study, we show that MT signaling promotes YAP phosphorylation, loss from the nucleus, and increased turnover. Notably, MT genetics demonstrate that YAP binding to MT is important for transformation. Because MT also binds PP2A, YAP bound to MT is dephosphorylated, stabilized, and localized to membranes. Taken together, these results indicate that YAP promotes MT transformation via mechanisms that depart from YAP's canonical oncogenic transcriptional activation functions.
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Guo L, Zheng J, Zhang J, Wang H, Shao G, Teng L. Knockdown of TAZ modifies triple-negative breast cancer cell sensitivity to EGFR inhibitors by regulating YAP expression. Oncol Rep 2016; 36:729-36. [PMID: 27373987 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.4875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) constitutes ~10-15% of breast cancer patients and represents an aggressive subtype with poor overall prognosis. TNBC is an important clinical challenge because it does not respond well to endocrine therapy and have a higher rate of early recurrence and distant metastasis following chemotherapy. Although it has been reported that the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) was overexpressed in ~80% of TNBC, anti-EGFR therapy showed limited clinical benefit according to phase II studies. In this study, we first observed that knockdown of the transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding domain (TAZ) gene can regulate the sensitivity of TNBC cell lines to EGFR inhibitors (EGFRI) in a cell context-depended manner. Furthermore, in certain breast cancer cell lines the YES-associated protein, paralog of TAZ (YAP) expression can be upregulated by TAZ inhibition which leads to EGFRI resistance. These results suggest a specific inhibitor to TAZ/YAP combined with anti-EGFR therapy may prove effective and provide a reason why targeting EGFR showed limited clinical benefit in TNBC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwen Guo
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Jiaping Zheng
- Department of Intervention Therapy, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P.R. China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Haohao Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Guoliang Shao
- Department of Intervention Therapy, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P.R. China
| | - Lisong Teng
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
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64
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Williams AA, White R, Siniard A, Corneveaux J, Huentelman M, Duch C. MECP2 impairs neuronal structure by regulating KIBRA. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 91:284-91. [PMID: 27015692 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a Drosophila model of MECP2 gain-of-function, we identified memory associated KIBRA as a target of MECP2 in regulating dendritic growth. We found that expression of human MECP2 increased kibra expression in Drosophila, and targeted RNAi knockdown of kibra in identified neurons fully rescued dendritic defects as induced by MECP2 gain-of-function. Validation in mouse confirmed that Kibra is similarly regulated by Mecp2 in a mammalian system. We found that Mecp2 gain-of-function in cultured mouse cortical neurons caused dendritic impairments and increased Kibra levels. Accordingly, Mecp2 loss-of-function in vivo led to decreased Kibra levels in hippocampus, cortex, and cerebellum. Together, our results functionally link two neuronal genes of high interest in human health and disease and highlight the translational utility of the Drosophila model for understanding MECP2 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison A Williams
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; Institute of Zoology- Neurobiology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128, Germany.
| | - Robin White
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Ashley Siniard
- Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Jason Corneveaux
- Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Matt Huentelman
- Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Carsten Duch
- Institute of Zoology- Neurobiology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128, Germany
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65
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Gabriel BM, Hamilton DL, Tremblay AM, Wackerhage H. The Hippo signal transduction network for exercise physiologists. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2016; 120:1105-17. [PMID: 26940657 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01076.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitous transcriptional coactivators Yap (gene symbol Yap1) and Taz (gene symbol Wwtr1) regulate gene expression mainly by coactivating the Tead transcription factors. Being at the center of the Hippo signaling network, Yap and Taz are regulated by the Hippo kinase cassette and additionally by a plethora of exercise-associated signals and signaling modules. These include mechanotransduction, the AKT-mTORC1 network, the SMAD transcription factors, hypoxia, glucose homeostasis, AMPK, adrenaline/epinephrine and angiotensin II through G protein-coupled receptors, and IL-6. Consequently, exercise should alter Hippo signaling in several organs to mediate at least some aspects of the organ-specific adaptations to exercise. Indeed, Tead1 overexpression in muscle fibers has been shown to promote a fast-to-slow fiber type switch, whereas Yap in muscle fibers and cardiomyocytes promotes skeletal muscle hypertrophy and cardiomyocyte adaptations, respectively. Finally, genome-wide association studies in humans have linked the Hippo pathway members LATS2, TEAD1, YAP1, VGLL2, VGLL3, and VGLL4 to body height, which is a key factor in sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan M Gabriel
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, UK; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section for Integrative Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; and Integrative physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Annie M Tremblay
- Stem Cell Program, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Henning Wackerhage
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, UK; Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Technical University Munich, Germany;
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66
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Wang M, Liu Y, Zou J, Yang R, Xuan F, Wang Y, Gao N, Cui H. Transcriptional co-activator TAZ sustains proliferation and tumorigenicity of neuroblastoma by targeting CTGF and PDGF-β. Oncotarget 2016; 6:9517-30. [PMID: 25940705 PMCID: PMC4496235 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/1969] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is a common childhood malignant tumor originated from the neural crest-derived sympathetic nervous system. A crucial event in the pathogenesis of neuroblastoma is to promote proliferation of neuroblasts, which is closely related to poor survival. However, mechanisms for regulation of cell proliferation and tumorigenicity in neuroblastoma are not well understood. Here, we report that overexpression of TAZ in neuroblastoma BE(2)-C cells causes increases in cell proliferation, self renewal and colony formation, which was restored back to its original levels by knockdown of TAZ in TAZ-overexpression cells. Inhibition of endogenous TAZ attenuated cell proliferation, colony formation and tumor development in neuroblastoma SK-N-AS cell, which could be rescued by re-introduction of TAZ into TAZ-knockdown cells. In addition, we found that overexpressing TAZ-mediated induction of CTGF and PDGF-β expression, cell proliferation and colony formation were inhibited by knocking down CTGF and PDGF-β with siRNA in TAZ-overexpressing cell. Overall, our findings suggested that TAZ plays an essential role in regulating cell proliferation and tumorigenesis in neuroblastoma cells. Thus, TAZ seems to be a novel and promising target for the treatment of neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Respiration, the Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Cardiovascular Department, Second Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Jiahua Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fan Xuan
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Cardiovascular Department, Second Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Ning Gao
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongjuan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Park YY, Sohn BH, Johnson RL, Kang MH, Kim SB, Shim JJ, Mangala LS, Kim JH, Yoo JE, Rodriguez-Aguayo C, Pradeep S, Hwang JE, Jang HJ, Lee HS, Rupaimoole R, Lopez-Berestein G, Jeong W, Park IS, Park YN, Sood AK, Mills GB, Lee JS. Yes-associated protein 1 and transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif activate the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 pathway by regulating amino acid transporters in hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2016; 63:159-72. [PMID: 26389641 PMCID: PMC4881866 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Metabolic activation is a common feature of many cancer cells and is frequently associated with the clinical outcomes of various cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma. Thus, aberrantly activated metabolic pathways in cancer cells are attractive targets for cancer therapy. Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) and transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) are oncogenic downstream effectors of the Hippo tumor suppressor pathway, which is frequently inactivated in many cancers. Our study revealed that YAP1/TAZ regulates amino acid metabolism by up-regulating expression of the amino acid transporters solute carrier family 38 member 1 (SLC38A1) and solute carrier family 7 member 5 (SLC7A5). Subsequently, increased uptake of amino acids by the transporters (SLC38A1 and SLC7A5) activates mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), a master regulator of cell growth, and stimulates cell proliferation. We also show that high expression of SLC38A1 and SLC7A5 is significantly associated with shorter survival in hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Furthermore, inhibition of the transporters and mTORC1 significantly blocks YAP1/TAZ-mediated tumorigenesis in the liver. These findings elucidate regulatory networks connecting the Hippo pathway to mTORC1 through amino acid metabolism and the mechanism's potential clinical implications for treating hepatocellular carcinoma. CONCLUSION YAP1 and TAZ regulate cancer metabolism and mTORC1 through regulation of amino acid transportation, and two amino acid transporters, SLC38A1 and SLC7A5, might be important therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Yong Park
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA,Kleberg Center for Molecular Markers, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA,ASAN Institute for Life Sciences, ASAN Medical Center, Department of convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Korea
| | - Bo Hwa Sohn
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA,Kleberg Center for Molecular Markers, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Randy L. Johnson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Myoung-Hee Kang
- ASAN Institute for Life Sciences, ASAN Medical Center, Department of convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Korea
| | - Sang Bae Kim
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA,Kleberg Center for Molecular Markers, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jae-Jun Shim
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA,Kleberg Center for Molecular Markers, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA,Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Lingegowda S. Mangala
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA,Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ji Hoon Kim
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong Eun Yoo
- Department of Pathology and Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Institute for Medical Convergence, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Cristian Rodriguez-Aguayo
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA,Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sunila Pradeep
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jun Eul Hwang
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA,Kleberg Center for Molecular Markers, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Hee-Jin Jang
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA,Kleberg Center for Molecular Markers, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Hyun-Sung Lee
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA,Kleberg Center for Molecular Markers, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Rajesha Rupaimoole
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Gabriel Lopez-Berestein
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA,Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Woojin Jeong
- Department of Life Sciences and Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Inn Sun Park
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Young Nyun Park
- Department of Pathology and Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Institute for Medical Convergence, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Anil K. Sood
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA,Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA,Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Gordon B. Mills
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA,Kleberg Center for Molecular Markers, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ju-Seog Lee
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA,Kleberg Center for Molecular Markers, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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68
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You B, Yang YL, Xu Z, Dai Y, Liu S, Mao JH, Tetsu O, Li H, Jablons DM, You L. Inhibition of ERK1/2 down-regulates the Hippo/YAP signaling pathway in human NSCLC cells. Oncotarget 2015; 6:4357-68. [PMID: 25738359 PMCID: PMC4414195 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations of the EGFR/ERK and Hippo/YAP pathway have been found in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Herein, we show that ERK1 and ERK2 have an effect on the Hippo/YAP pathway in human NSCLC cells. Firstly, inhibition of ERK1/2 by siRNA or small-molecular inhibitors decreased the YAP protein level, the reporter activity of the Hippo pathway, and the mRNA levels of the Hippo downstream genes, CTGF, Gli2, and BIRC5. Secondly, degradation of YAP protein was accelerated after ERK1/2 depletion in NSCLC cell lines, in which YAP mRNA level was not decreased. Thirdly, forced over-expression of the ERK2 gene rescued the YAP protein level and Hippo reporter activity after siRNA knockdown targeting 3′UTR of the ERK2 gene in NSCLC cells. Fourthly, depletion of ERK1/2 reduced the migration and invasion of NSCLC cells. Combined depletion of ERK1/2 had a greater effect on cell migration than depletion of either one separately. Finally, the MEK1/2 inhibitor Trametinib decreased YAP protein level and transcriptional activity of the Hippo pathway in NSCLC cell lines. Our results suggest that ERK1/2 inhibition participates in reducing YAP protein level, which in turn down-regulates expression of the downstream genes of the Hippo pathway to suppress migration and invasion of NSCLC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin You
- Department of Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Affiliated with Capital University of Medical Science, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Lin Yang
- Department of Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zhidong Xu
- Department of Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yuyuan Dai
- Department of Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Shu Liu
- Department of Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jian-Hua Mao
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Osamu Tetsu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Affiliated with Capital University of Medical Science, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - David M Jablons
- Department of Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Liang You
- Department of Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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69
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Pappalardo A, Porreca I, Caputi L, De Felice E, Schulte-Merker S, Zannini M, Sordino P. Thyroid development in zebrafish lacking Taz. Mech Dev 2015; 138 Pt 3:268-78. [PMID: 26478012 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Taz is a signal-responsive transcriptional coregulator implicated in several biological functions, from chondrogenesis to regulation of organ size. Less well studied, however, is its role in thyroid formation. Here, we explored the in vivo effects on thyroid development of morpholino (MO)-mediated knockdown of wwtr1, the gene encoding zebrafish Taz. The wwtr1 gene is expressed in the thyroid primordium and pharyngeal tissue of developing zebrafish. Compared to mammalian cells, in which Taz promotes expression of thyroid transcription factors and thyroid differentiation genes, wwtr1 MO injection in zebrafish had little or no effect on the expression of thyroid transcription factors, and differentially altered the expression of thyroid differentiation genes. Analysis of wwtr1 morphants at later stages of development revealed that the number and the lumen of thyroid follicles, and the number of thyroid follicle cells, were significantly smaller. In addition, Taz-depleted larvae displayed patterning defects in ventral cranial vessels that correlate with lateral displacement of thyroid follicles. These findings indicate that the zebrafish Taz protein is needed for the normal differentiation of the thyroid and are the first to suggest that Taz confers growth advantage to the endocrine gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Pappalardo
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology 'G. Salvatore' - CNR, 80131 Naples, Italy; IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, 56018 Calambrone, Pisa, Italy
| | - Immacolata Porreca
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80121 Naples, Italy; IRGS, Biogem, 83031 Ariano Irpino, Avellino, Italy
| | - Luigi Caputi
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80121 Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Mariastella Zannini
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology 'G. Salvatore' - CNR, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Sordino
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80121 Naples, Italy.
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70
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YAP1 and AR interactions contribute to the switch from androgen-dependent to castration-resistant growth in prostate cancer. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8126. [PMID: 28230103 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcriptional co-activator Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1), a key nuclear effector of the Hippo pathway, is a potent oncogene, and yet, the interaction between YAP1 and androgen receptor (AR) remains unexplored. Here we identify YAP1 as a physiological binding partner and positive regulator of AR in prostate cancer. YAP1 and AR co-localize and interact with each other predominantly within cell nuclei by an androgen-dependent mechanism in a hormone naive and an androgen-independent mechanism in castration-resistant prostate cancer cells. The growth suppressor MST1 kinase modulates androgen-dependent and -independent nuclear YAP1-AR interactions through directly regulating YAP1 nuclear accumulation. Disruption of YAP1 signalling by genetic (RNAi) and pharmacological (Verteporfin) approaches suppresses AR-dependent gene expression and prostate cancer cell growth. These findings indicate that the YAP1-AR axis may have a critical role in prostate cancer progression and serves as a viable drug target.
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71
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Nourashrafeddin S, Dianatpour M, Aarabi M, Mobasheri MB, Kazemi-Oula G, Modarressi MH. Elevated Expression of the Testis-specific Gene WBP2NL in Breast Cancer. BIOMARKERS IN CANCER 2015; 7:19-24. [PMID: 26157336 PMCID: PMC4489666 DOI: 10.4137/bic.s19079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 10/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most common causes of cancer death in women; therefore, the study of molecular aspects of breast cancer for finding new biomarkers is important. Recent studies have shown that WW domain-binding protein 2 (WBP2) is important for the oncogenic property of breast cancer. WWP2 N-terminal-like (WBP2NL) is a testis-specific signaling protein that induces meiotic resumption and oocyte activation events. Our previous study revealed that WBP2NL gene expression is elevated in actively dividing cells and it might be associated with cellular proliferation and tumorigenic process. However, the clinical relevance and importance of WBP2NL gene in cancer has not been understood yet. Therefore, we were interested in analyzing the expression of WBP2NL gene in human breast cancer tissues and breast cancer cell lines, for the first time. We used reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and semi-nested RT-PCR to evaluate the expression of WBP2NL in malignant breast cancer and adjacent noncancerous tissue (ANCT) samples, as well as MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines. The WBP2NL gene was expressed in 45 out of 50 (90%) breast cancer tissues and overexpressed in the MDA-MB-231 cell line. We suggest that WBP2NL may play roles in breast cancer activation maybe through binding to a group I WW domain protein. The elevated expression of WBP2NL gene in breast cancer and MDA-MB-231 cell line leads us to suggest that WBP2NL might be considered as a novel prognostic factor for early diagnosis of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedmehdi Nourashrafeddin
- School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mehdi Dianatpour
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. ; Transgenic Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Aarabi
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Maryam Beigom Mobasheri
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ; Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Golnesa Kazemi-Oula
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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72
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Schwartzman M, Reginensi A, Wong JS, Basgen JM, Meliambro K, Nicholas SB, D'Agati V, McNeill H, Campbell KN. Podocyte-Specific Deletion of Yes-Associated Protein Causes FSGS and Progressive Renal Failure. J Am Soc Nephrol 2015; 27:216-26. [PMID: 26015453 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2014090916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
FSGS is the most common primary glomerular disease underlying ESRD in the United States and is increasing in incidence globally. FSGS results from podocyte injury, yet the mechanistic details of disease pathogenesis remain unclear. This has resulted in an unmet clinical need for cell-specific therapy in the treatment of FSGS and other proteinuric kidney diseases. We previously identified Yes-associated protein (YAP) as a prosurvival signaling molecule, the in vitro silencing of which increases podocyte susceptibility to apoptotic stimulus. YAP is a potent oncogene that is a prominent target for chemotherapeutic drug development. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that podocyte-specific deletion of Yap leads to proteinuric kidney disease through increased podocyte apoptosis. Yap was selectively silenced in podocytes using Cre-mediated recombination controlled by the podocin promoter. Yap silencing in podocytes resulted in podocyte apoptosis, podocyte depletion, proteinuria, and an increase in serum creatinine. Histologically, features characteristic of FSGS, including mesangial sclerosis, podocyte foot process effacement, tubular atrophy, interstitial fibrosis, and casts, were observed. In human primary FSGS, we noted reduced glomerular expression of YAP. Taken together, these results suggest a role for YAP as a physiologic antagonist of podocyte apoptosis, the signaling of which is essential for maintaining the integrity of the glomerular filtration barrier. These data suggest potential nephrotoxicity with strategies directed toward inhibition of YAP function. Further studies should evaluate the role of YAP in proteinuric glomerular disease pathogenesis and its potential utility as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Schwartzman
- Division of Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Antoine Reginensi
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jenny S Wong
- Division of Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - John M Basgen
- Department of Research, Morphometry and Stereology Laboratory, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kristin Meliambro
- Division of Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Susanne B Nicholas
- Department of Research, Morphometry and Stereology Laboratory, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California; Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Vivette D'Agati
- Department of Pathology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Helen McNeill
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kirk N Campbell
- Division of Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York;
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73
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Abstract
Deciphering mechanisms of drug resistance is crucial to winning the battle against cancer. A new study points to an unexpected function of YAP in drug resistance and illuminates its potential role as a therapeutic target.
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74
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Hayashi S, Yokoyama H, Tamura K. Roles of Hippo signaling pathway in size control of organ regeneration. Dev Growth Differ 2015; 57:341-51. [PMID: 25867864 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Animals have an intrinsic regeneration ability for injured tissues and organs. Species that have high regeneration ability such as newts can regenerate an organ with exactly the same size and shape as those of the original one. It has been unclear how a regenerating organ grows and ceases growth at an appropriate size. Organ size control in regeneration is seen in various organs of various species that have high regeneration ability. In animal species that do not have sufficient regeneration ability, a wound heals (the injury is closed, but lost parts are not regenerated), but an organ cannot be restored to its original size. On the other hand, perturbation of regeneration sometimes results in oversized or extra structures. In this sense, organ size control plays essential roles in proper regeneration. In this article, we introduce the concept of size control in organ regeneration regulated by the Hippo signaling pathway. We focused on the transcriptional regulator Yap, which shuttles between the nuclei and cytoplasm to exert a regulatory function in a context-dependent manner. The Yap-mediated Hippo pathway is thought to sense cell density, extracellular matrix (ECM) contact and cell position and to regulate gene expression for control of organ size. This mechanism can reasonably explain size control of organ regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Hayashi
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Yokoyama
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Koji Tamura
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
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75
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Yoshikawa K, Noguchi K, Nakano Y, Yamamura M, Takaoka K, Hashimoto-Tamaoki T, Kishimoto H. The Hippo pathway transcriptional co-activator, YAP, confers resistance to cisplatin in human oral squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Oncol 2015; 46:2364-70. [PMID: 25846049 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.2948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin (CDDP) is widely used to treat oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), however, many patients exhibit acquired drug resistance. Yes-associated protein (YAP) is a transcriptional co-activator of the Hippo pathway that regulates organ size and promotes cell proliferation. YAP overexpression correlates with epithelial-mesenchymal transition and nodal metastasis, resulting in anti-tubulin drug resistance. Whether YAP overexpression is the cause of CDDP resistance in cancer cells is unclear, therefore, we investigated the correlation between YAP expression and CDDP sensitivity. We established three CDDP-resistant cell lines (OSC-19-R, SCCKN-R and HSC-3-R) from the OSCC parental cell lines. We also examined the expression levels of ATP7B, GST-π and ERCC1, which are strongly associated with CDDP resistance, and Hippo pathway-related proteins by western blotting. Using immunocytochemistry, we examined the cellular localization of YAP. Additionally, following knockdown of YAP using short interfering RNAs (siRNAs), we analyzed changes in sensitivity to CDDP. Compared with parental OSC-19 cells, OSC-19-R cells were obviously larger. Expression levels of YAP were not significantly different between OSC-19 and OSC-19-R. However, expression levels of phosphorylated YAP in OSC-19-R were decreased. We observed translocation of YAP from the cytoplasm to the nucleus in OSC-19-R cells. Knockdown of YAP using siRNAs revealed that sensitivity to CDDP was significantly increased. Translocation of YAP correlated with the acquisition of CDDP resistance. YAP could be a new therapeutic target for the treatment of patients with cancer that are resistant to CDDP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyohei Yoshikawa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuma Noguchi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Nakano
- Department of Genetics, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Michiyo Yamamura
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuki Takaoka
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | | | - Hiromitsu Kishimoto
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
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76
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Li J, Fang L, Yu W, Wang Y. MicroRNA-125b suppresses the migration and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma cells by targeting transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif. Oncol Lett 2015; 9:1971-1975. [PMID: 25789078 PMCID: PMC4356292 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.2973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non-coding RNA molecules that serve an important function in carcinogenesis and tumor progression. The present study investigated the roles and mechanisms of miRNA-125b (miR-125b) in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). miR-125b was significantly downregulated in the examined HCC tissues and cell lines. Overexpression of miR-125b reduced HCC cell migration and invasion. By contrast, inhibition of miR-125b expression significantly accelerated HCC cell migration and invasion. In addition, the present study identified transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) as a functional downstream target of miR-125b. Furthermore, overexpression of TAZ impaired miR-125b-induced inhibition of invasion in HCC cells. The current study demonstrated that miR-125b may be involved in the tumorigenesis of HCC at least in part by the suppression of TAZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jipeng Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yinzhou People's Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315040, P.R. China
| | - Laifu Fang
- Department of Pathology, Yinzhou People's Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315040, P.R. China
| | - Wanjun Yu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Yinzhou People's Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315040, P.R. China
| | - Yiping Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yinzhou People's Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315040, P.R. China
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77
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Su T, Bondar T, Zhou X, Zhang C, He H, Medzhitov R. Two-signal requirement for growth-promoting function of Yap in hepatocytes. eLife 2015; 4:e02948. [PMID: 25667983 PMCID: PMC4363878 DOI: 10.7554/elife.02948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcriptional coactivator Yes-associated protein (Yap) promotes proliferation and inhibits apoptosis, suggesting that Yap functions as an oncogene. Most oncogenes, however, require a combination of at least two signals to promote proliferation. In this study, we present evidence that Yap activation is insufficient to promote growth in the otherwise normal tissue. Using a mosaic mouse model, we demonstrate that Yap overexpression in a fraction of hepatocytes does not lead to their clonal expansion, as proliferation is counterbalanced by increased apoptosis. To shift the activity of Yap towards growth, a second signal provided by tissue damage or inflammation is required. In response to liver injury, Yap drives clonal expansion, suppresses hepatocyte differentiation, and promotes a progenitor phenotype. These results suggest that Yap activation is insufficient to promote growth in the absence of a second signal thus coordinating tissue homeostasis and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Su
- Department of Immunobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
| | - Tanya Bondar
- Department of Immunobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
| | - Xu Zhou
- Department of Immunobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
| | - Cuiling Zhang
- Department of Immunobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
| | - Hang He
- Peking-Yale Joint Center for Plant Molecular Genetics and Agro-Biotechnology, National Laboratory of Protein Engineering and Plant Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruslan Medzhitov
- Department of Immunobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
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78
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Rashidian J, Le Scolan E, Ji X, Zhu Q, Mulvihill MM, Nomura D, Luo K. Ski regulates Hippo and TAZ signaling to suppress breast cancer progression. Sci Signal 2015; 8:ra14. [PMID: 25670202 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2005735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ski, the transforming protein of the avian Sloan-Kettering retrovirus, inhibits transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)/Smad signaling and displays both pro-oncogenic and anti-oncogenic activities in human cancer. Inhibition of TGF-β signaling is likely responsible for the pro-oncogenic activity of Ski. We investigated the mechanism(s) underlying the tumor suppressor activity of Ski and found that Ski suppressed the activity of the Hippo signaling effectors TAZ and YAP to inhibit breast cancer progression. TAZ and YAP are transcriptional coactivators that can contribute to cancer by promoting proliferation, tumorigenesis, and cancer stem cell expansion. Hippo signaling activates the the Lats family of kinases, which phosphorylate TAZ and YAP, resulting in cytoplasmic retention and degradation and inhibition of their transcriptional activity. We showed that Ski interacted with multiple components of the Hippo pathway to facilitate activation of Lats2, resulting in increased phosphorylation and subsequent degradation of TAZ. Ski also promoted the degradation of a constitutively active TAZ mutant that is not phosphorylated by Lats, suggesting the existence of a Lats2-independent degradation pathway. Finally, we showed that Ski repressed the transcriptional activity of TAZ by binding to the TAZ partner TEAD and recruiting the transcriptional co-repressor NCoR1 to the TEAD-TAZ complex. Ski effectively reversed transformation and epithelial-to-mesenchyme transition in cultured breast cancer cells and metastasis in TAZ-expressing xenografted tumors. Thus, Ski inhibited the function of TAZ through multiple mechanisms in human cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliet Rashidian
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Erwan Le Scolan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Xiaodan Ji
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Qingwei Zhu
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Melinda M Mulvihill
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Daniel Nomura
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Kunxin Luo
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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79
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Nourashrafeddin S, Aarabi M, Modarressi MH, Rahmati M, Nouri M. The Evaluation of WBP2NL-Related Genes Expression in Breast Cancer. Pathol Oncol Res 2014; 21:293-300. [PMID: 25417742 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-014-9820-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most frequent cause of mortality in women all around the world; therefore, study on molecular aspects of breast cancer is necessary for finding new biomarkers. Recent studies have shown that WW Binding Protein 2 (WBP2) is an important protein for the oncogenic property of cancer. We have previously evaluated the WW Binding Protein 2 N-Terminal Like (WBP2NL) gene expression in cancerous cell line and breast tumor tissues, and reported changes in expression, which could increase tumorigenic cell growth. However, the molecular mechanisms of WBP2NL and its clinical relevance have not been investigated. In this study, the expression of WBP2NL-related genes in the invasive breast carcinoma and normal breast tissues was evaluated for the first time. Analysis of WBP2NL-related genes expression was performed with reverse transcription-PCR and real time-PCR detection method. The target genes studied were as follow: WW domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1(WWP1), membrane associated guanylatekinase containing WW and PDZ domain-1 (MAGI1), neural precursor cell expressed developmentally down-regulated 4 (NEDD4), formin binding protein-4 (FNBP4), BCL2-associated athanogene-3 (BAG3), WW domain-containing oxidoreductase (WWOX), yes-associated protein-1 (YAP1), WW domain containing transcription regulator (WWTR1), member RAS oncogene family (RAB2A), and small G protein signaling modulator 3 (SGSM3). The expression of WWP1, BAG3, and WWTR1 was significantly increased in breast cancer. In contrast, the expression of WWOX, YAP1, RAB2A, and SGSM3 was significantly decreased. The MAGI1 and NEDD4 expression was increased, while the expression of FNBP4 was unchanged. These findings lead us to suggest that WBP2NL might play roles as an anti-apoptotic factor or co-activator to promote breast cancer cell survival and proliferation.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/genetics
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism
- Adult
- Aged
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Apoptosis/physiology
- Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/genetics
- Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/metabolism
- Breast/metabolism
- Breast/pathology
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/genetics
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Case-Control Studies
- Cell Adhesion Molecules
- Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/genetics
- Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation/genetics
- Cell Proliferation/physiology
- Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport/genetics
- Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/physiology
- Guanylate Kinases
- Humans
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- Middle Aged
- Nedd4 Ubiquitin Protein Ligases
- Seminal Plasma Proteins/genetics
- Seminal Plasma Proteins/metabolism
- Trans-Activators
- Transcription Factors
- Transcriptional Coactivator with PDZ-Binding Motif Proteins
- Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/genetics
- Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/metabolism
- Up-Regulation/genetics
- Up-Regulation/physiology
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80
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Abstract
WWTR1 (also called TAZ in publications. Therefore, TAZ is used in the following description) is a WW domaing-containing transcriptional coactivator, which was first identified as a 14-3-3 binding protein. TAZ is the downstream component in the Hippo pathway, and also has been found to interact with different pathways, such as Wnt, TGFbeta, etc. TAZ is involved in mesenchymal stem cell differentiation as well as tumorigenesis. High level of TAZ has been found in different cancers, such as breast cancer, colon cancer, lung cancer, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulei Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Xiaolong Yang
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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81
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Polyomavirus small T antigen interacts with yes-associated protein to regulate cell survival and differentiation. J Virol 2014; 88:12055-64. [PMID: 25122798 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01399-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Murine polyomavirus small t antigen (PyST) regulates cell cycle, cell survival, apoptosis, and differentiation and cooperates with middle T antigen (MT) to transform primary cells in vitro and in vivo. Like all polyomavirus T antigens, PyST functions largely via its interactions with host cell proteins. Here, we show that PyST binds both Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) and YAP2, integral parts of the Hippo signaling pathway, which is a subject of increasing interest in human cancer. The transcription factor TEAD, which is a known target of YAP, is also found in PyST complexes. PyST enhanced YAP association with protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), leading to decreased YAP phosphorylation. PyST increased YAP levels by decreasing its degradation. This effect was mediated by a reduction in YAP association with β-transducin repeat protein (βTRCP), which is known to regulate YAP turnover in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. Genetic analysis has identified PyST mutants defective in YAP binding. These mutants demonstrated that YAP binding is important for PyST to block myoblast differentiation and to synergize with the phosphodiesterase inhibitor isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX) to promote cell death in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes placed under differentiation conditions. In addition to YAP binding, both of these phenotypes require PyST binding to PP2A. Importance: The Hippo/YAP pathway is a highly conserved cascade important for tissue development and homeostasis. Defects in this pathway are increasingly being associated with cancer. Polyomavirus small t antigen is a viral oncogene that cooperates with middle T antigen in transformation. On its own, small t antigen controls cell survival and differentiation. By binding YAP, small t antigen brings it together with protein phosphatase 2A. This work shows how this association of small t antigen with YAP is important for its effects on cell phenotype. It also suggests that PyST can be used to characterize cellular processes that are regulated by YAP.
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82
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Wackerhage H, Del Re DP, Judson RN, Sudol M, Sadoshima J. The Hippo signal transduction network in skeletal and cardiac muscle. Sci Signal 2014; 7:re4. [PMID: 25097035 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2005096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of the Hippo pathway can be traced back to two areas of research. Genetic screens in fruit flies led to the identification of the Hippo pathway kinases and scaffolding proteins that function together to suppress cell proliferation and tumor growth. Independent research, often in the context of muscle biology, described Tead (TEA domain) transcription factors, which bind CATTCC DNA motifs to regulate gene expression. These two research areas were joined by the finding that the Hippo pathway regulates the activity of Tead transcription factors mainly through phosphorylation of the transcriptional coactivators Yap and Taz, which bind to and activate Teads. Additionally, many other signal transduction proteins crosstalk to members of the Hippo pathway forming a Hippo signal transduction network. We discuss evidence that the Hippo signal transduction network plays important roles in myogenesis, regeneration, muscular dystrophy, and rhabdomyosarcoma in skeletal muscle, as well as in myogenesis, organ size control, and regeneration of the heart. Understanding the role of Hippo kinases in skeletal and heart muscle physiology could have important implications for translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Wackerhage
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Health Sciences Building, Foresterhill, AB25 2ZD Aberdeen, Scotland, UK.
| | - Dominic P Del Re
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Robert N Judson
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Health Sciences Building, Foresterhill, AB25 2ZD Aberdeen, Scotland, UK. Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 317-2194 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Marius Sudol
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Republic of Singapore. Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Junichi Sadoshima
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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83
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Shao DD, Xue W, Krall EB, Bhutkar A, Piccioni F, Wang X, Schinzel AC, Sood S, Rosenbluh J, Kim JW, Zwang Y, Roberts TM, Root DE, Jacks T, Hahn WC. KRAS and YAP1 converge to regulate EMT and tumor survival. Cell 2014; 158:171-84. [PMID: 24954536 PMCID: PMC4110062 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 569] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells that express oncogenic alleles of RAS typically require sustained expression of the mutant allele for survival, but the molecular basis of this oncogene dependency remains incompletely understood. To identify genes that can functionally substitute for oncogenic RAS, we systematically expressed 15,294 open reading frames in a human KRAS-dependent colon cancer cell line engineered to express an inducible KRAS-specific shRNA. We found 147 genes that promoted survival upon KRAS suppression. In particular, the transcriptional coactivator YAP1 rescued cell viability in KRAS-dependent cells upon suppression of KRAS and was required for KRAS-induced cell transformation. Acquired resistance to Kras suppression in a Kras-driven murine lung cancer model also involved increased YAP1 signaling. KRAS and YAP1 converge on the transcription factor FOS and activate a transcriptional program involved in regulating the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Together, these findings implicate transcriptional regulation of EMT by YAP1 as a significant component of oncogenic RAS signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane D Shao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Wen Xue
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Elsa B Krall
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Arjun Bhutkar
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - Xiaoxing Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Anna C Schinzel
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Sabina Sood
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Joseph Rosenbluh
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jong W Kim
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Yaara Zwang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Thomas M Roberts
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David E Root
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Tyler Jacks
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA.
| | - William C Hahn
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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84
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Abstract
The Hippo signaling pathway, consisting of a highly conserved kinase cascade (MST and Lats) and downstream transcription coactivators (YAP and TAZ), plays a key role in tissue homeostasis and organ size control by regulating tissue-specific stem cells. Moreover, this pathway plays a prominent role in tissue repair and regeneration. Dysregulation of the Hippo pathway is associated with cancer development. Recent studies have revealed a complex network of upstream inputs, including cell density, mechanical sensation, and G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling, that modulate Hippo pathway activity. This review focuses on the role of the Hippo pathway in stem cell biology and its potential implications in tissue homeostasis and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Soon Mo
- Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hyun Woo Park
- Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kun-Liang Guan
- Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego La Jolla, CA, USA
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85
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Zhao Y, Khanal P, Savage P, She YM, Cyr TD, Yang X. YAP-induced resistance of cancer cells to antitubulin drugs is modulated by a Hippo-independent pathway. Cancer Res 2014; 74:4493-503. [PMID: 24812269 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-2712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although antitubulin drugs are used widely to treat human cancer, many patients display intrinsic or acquired drug resistance that imposes major obstacles to successful therapy. Mounting evidence argues that cancer cell apoptosis triggered by antitubulin drugs relies upon activation of the cell-cycle kinase Cdk1; however, mechanistic connections of this event to apoptosis remain obscure. In this study, we identified the antiapoptotic protein YAP, a core component of the Hippo signaling pathway implicated in tumorigenesis, as a critical linker coupling Cdk1 activation to apoptosis in the antitubulin drug response. Antitubulin drugs activated Cdk1, which directly phosphorylated YAP on five sites independent of the Hippo pathway. Mutations in these phosphorylation sites on YAP relieved its ability to block antitubulin drug-induced apoptosis, further suggesting that YAP was inactivated by Cdk1 phosphorylation. Notably, we found that YAP was not phosphorylated and inactivated after antitubulin drug treatment in taxol-resistant cancer cells. Our findings suggest YAP and its phosphorylation status as candidate prognostic markers in predicting antitubulin drug response in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulei Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston
| | - Prem Khanal
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston
| | - Paul Savage
- Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Yi-Min She
- Centre for Biologics Research, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario
| | - Terry D Cyr
- Centre for Biologics Research, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario
| | - Xiaolong Yang
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston;
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86
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Lin Z, Pu WT. Harnessing Hippo in the heart: Hippo/Yap signaling and applications to heart regeneration and rejuvenation. Stem Cell Res 2014; 13:571-81. [PMID: 24881775 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The adult mammalian heart exhibits limited regenerative capacity after myocardial injury, a shortcoming that is responsible for the current lack of definitive treatments for heart failure. A search for approaches that might enhance adult heart regeneration has led to interest in the Hippo/Yap signaling pathway, a recently discovered signaling pathway that regulates cell proliferation and organ growth. Here we provide a brief overview of the Hippo/Yap pathway and its known roles in the developing and adult heart. We discuss the implications of Hippo/Yap signaling for regulation of cardiomyocyte death and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital Boston, USA
| | - William T Pu
- Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital Boston, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, USA.
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87
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Li H, Shang H, Shu D, Zhang H, Ji J, Sun B, Li H, Xie Q. gga-miR-375 plays a key role in tumorigenesis post subgroup J avian leukosis virus infection. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90878. [PMID: 24694742 PMCID: PMC3973669 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian leukosis is a neoplastic disease caused in part by subgroup J avian leukosis virus J (ALV-J). Micro ribonucleic acids (miRNAs) play pivotal oncogenic and tumour-suppressor roles in tumour development and progression. However, little is known about the potential role of miRNAs in avian leukosis tumours. We have found a novel tumour-suppressor miRNA, gga-miR-375, associated with avian leukosis tumorigenesis by miRNA microarray in a previous report. We have also previously studied the biological function of gga-miR-375; Overexpression of gga-miR-375 significantly inhibited DF-1 cell proliferation, and significantly reduced the expression of yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) by repressing the activity of a luciferase reporter carrying the 3'-untranslated region of YAP1. This indicates that gga-miR-375 is frequently downregulated in avian leukosis by inhibiting cell proliferation through YAP1 oncogene targeting. Overexpression of gga-miR-375 markedly promoted serum starvation induced apoptosis, and there may be the reason why the tumour cycle is so long in the infected chickens. In vivo assays, gga-miR-375 was significantly downregulated in chicken livers 20 days after infection with ALV-J, and YAP1 was significantly upregulated 20 days after ALV-J infection (P<0.05). We also found that expression of cyclin E, an important regulator of cell cycle progression, was significantly upregulated (P<0.05). Drosophila inhibitor of apoptosis protein 1 (DIAP1), which is related to caspase-dependent apoptosis, was also significantly upregulated after infection. Our data suggests that gga-miR-375 may function as a tumour suppressor thereby regulating cancer cell proliferation and it plays a key role in avian leukosis tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxin Li
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P R China
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, P R China
| | - Huiqing Shang
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P R China
| | - Dingming Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangzhou, P R China
| | - Huanmin Zhang
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agriculture Research Service, Avian Disease and Oncology Laboratory, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jun Ji
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P R China
| | - Baoli Sun
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P R China
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, P R China
| | - Hongmei Li
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P R China
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, P R China
| | - Qingmei Xie
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P R China
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, P R China
- * E-mail:
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88
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Kohli P, Bartram MP, Habbig S, Pahmeyer C, Lamkemeyer T, Benzing T, Schermer B, Rinschen MM. Label-free quantitative proteomic analysis of the YAP/TAZ interactome. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2014; 306:C805-18. [PMID: 24573087 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00339.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The function of an individual protein is typically defined by protein-protein interactions orchestrating the formation of large complexes critical for a wide variety of biological processes. Over the last decade the analysis of purified protein complexes by mass spectrometry became a key technique to identify protein-protein interactions. We present a fast and straightforward approach for analyses of interacting proteins combining a Flp-in single-copy cellular integration system and single-step affinity purification with single-shot mass spectrometry analysis. We applied this protocol to the analysis of the YAP and TAZ interactome. YAP and TAZ are the downstream effectors of the mammalian Hippo tumor suppressor pathway. Our study provides comprehensive interactomes for both YAP and TAZ and does not only confirm the majority of previously described interactors but, strikingly, revealed uncharacterized interaction partners that affect YAP/TAZ TEAD-dependent transcription. Among these newly identified candidates are Rassf8, thymopoetin, and the transcription factors CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP)β/δ and core-binding factor subunit β (Cbfb). In addition, our data allowed insights into complex stoichiometry and uncovered discrepancies between the YAP and TAZ interactomes. Taken together, the stringent approach presented here could help to significantly sharpen the understanding of protein-protein networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Kohli
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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89
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Screening with a novel cell-based assay for TAZ activators identifies a compound that enhances myogenesis in C2C12 cells and facilitates muscle repair in a muscle injury model. Mol Cell Biol 2014; 34:1607-21. [PMID: 24550007 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01346-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcriptional coactivator with a PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) cooperates with various transcriptional factors and plays various roles. Immortalized human mammalian epithelial MCF10A cells form spheres when TAZ is overexpressed and activated. We developed a cell-based assay using sphere formation by TAZ-expressing MCF10A cells as a readout to screen 18,458 chemical compounds for TAZ activators. Fifty compounds were obtained, and 47 were confirmed to activate the TAZ-dependent TEAD-responsive reporter activity in HEK293 cells. We used the derived subset of compounds as a TAZ activator candidate minilibrary and searched for compounds that promote myogenesis in mouse C2C12 myoblast cells. In this study, we focused on one compound, IBS008738. IBS008738 stabilizes TAZ, increases the unphosphorylated TAZ level, enhances the association of MyoD with the myogenin promoter, upregulates MyoD-dependent gene transcription, and competes with myostatin in C2C12 cells. TAZ knockdown verifies that the effect of IBS008738 depends on endogenous TAZ in C2C12 cells. IBS008738 facilitates muscle repair in cardiotoxin-induced muscle injury and prevents dexamethasone-induced muscle atrophy. Thus, this cell-based assay is useful to identify TAZ activators with a variety of cellular outputs. Our findings also support the idea that TAZ is a potential therapeutic target for muscle atrophy.
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90
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Ikmi A, Gaertner B, Seidel C, Srivastava M, Zeitlinger J, Gibson MC. Molecular evolution of the Yap/Yorkie proto-oncogene and elucidation of its core transcriptional program. Mol Biol Evol 2014; 31:1375-90. [PMID: 24509725 PMCID: PMC4032125 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msu071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Throughout Metazoa, developmental processes are controlled by a surprisingly limited number of conserved signaling pathways. Precisely how these signaling cassettes were assembled in early animal evolution remains poorly understood, as do the molecular transitions that potentiated the acquisition of their myriad developmental functions. Here we analyze the molecular evolution of the proto-oncogene yes-associated protein (Yap)/Yorkie, a key effector of the Hippo signaling pathway that controls organ size in both Drosophila and mammals. Based on heterologous functional analysis of evolutionarily distant Yap/Yorkie orthologs, we demonstrate that a structurally distinct interaction interface between Yap/Yorkie and its partner TEAD/Scalloped became fixed in the eumetazoan common ancestor. We then combine transcriptional profiling of tissues expressing phylogenetically diverse forms of Yap/Yorkie with ChIP-seq validation to identify a common downstream gene expression program underlying the control of tissue growth in Drosophila. Intriguingly, a subset of the newly identified Yorkie target genes are also induced by Yap in mammalian tissues, thus revealing a conserved Yap-dependent gene expression signature likely to mediate organ size control throughout bilaterian animals. Combined, these experiments provide new mechanistic insights while revealing the ancient evolutionary history of Hippo signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aissam Ikmi
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO
| | | | | | | | - Julia Zeitlinger
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MODepartment of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS
| | - Matthew C Gibson
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MODepartment of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS
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91
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Bai N, Zhang C, Liang N, Zhang Z, Chang A, Yin J, Li Z, Luo N, Tan X, Luo N, Luo Y, Xiang R, Li X, Reisfeld RA, Stupack D, Lv D, Liu C. Yes-associated protein (YAP) increases chemosensitivity of hepatocellular carcinoma cells by modulation of p53. Cancer Biol Ther 2014; 14:511-20. [PMID: 23760493 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.24345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The yes-associated protein (YAP) transcription co-activator has been reported either as an oncogene candidate or a tumor suppressor. Liver tissue chips revealed that about 51.4% human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) samples express YAP and 32.9% HCC samples express phosphorylated YAP. In this study, we found that chemotherapy increased YAP protein expression and nuclear translocation in HepG2 cells, as well as p53 protein expression and nuclear translocation. However, little is known about YAP functions during chemotherapy. Our results show that overexpression of YAP increases chemosensitivity of HepG2 cells during chemotherapy. Dominant negative transfection of Flag-S94A (TEAD binding domain mutant) or Flag-W1W2 (WW domain mutant) to HepG2 cells decreases p53 expression/ nuclear translocation and chemosensitivity when compared with control HepG2 cells. Furthermore, rescue transfection of Flag-5SA-S94A or Flag-5SA-W1W2, respectively to HepG2 cells regains p53 expression/nuclear translocation and chemosensitivity. These results indicate that YAP promotes chemosensitivity by modulating p53 during chemotherapy and both TEAD and WW binding domains are required for YAP-mediated p53 function. ChIP assay results also indicated that YAP binds directly to the p53 promoter to improve its expression. In addition, p53 could positively feedback YAP expression through binding to the YAP promoter. Taken together, our current data indicate that YAP functions as a tumor suppressor that enhances apoptosis by modulating p53 during chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Bai
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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92
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Sun W, Li D, Su R, Musa HH, Chen L, Zhou H. Construction, characterization and expression of full length cDNA clone of sheep YAP1 gene. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:947-56. [PMID: 24381103 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-2939-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
RT-PCR, 5'RACE, 3'RACE were used to clone sheep full length cDNA sequence of YAP1 (Yes-associated protein 1), eukaryotic expression plasmid and a mutant that cannot be phosphorylated at Ser42 was successfully constructed. The amino acid sequence analysis revealed that sheep YAP1 gene encoded water-soluble protein and its relative molecular weight and isoelectric point was 44,079.0 Da and 4.91, respectively. Sub-cellular localization of YAP1 was in the nucleus, it is hydrophilic non-transmembrane and non-secreted protein. YAP1 protein contained 33 phosphorylation sites, seven glycosylation sites and two WW domains. The secondary structure of YAP1 was mainly composed of random coil, while the tertiary structure of domain area showed a forniciform helix structure. YAP1 gene was expressed in different tissues, the highest expression was in kidney and the lowest was in hypothalamus. The CDS of sheep YAP1was amplified by RT-PCR from healthy sheep longissimus dorsi muscle, cloned into pMD19-T simple vector by T/A ligation. YAP1 coding region was further sub-cloned into pEGFP-C1 vector by T4 Ligase to construct a eukaryotic expression plasmid and then make the eukaryotic expression vector as the template to construct the phosphorylation site mutant. PCR, restriction enzyme and sequencing were used to confirm the recombinant plasmid. The sheep full-length YAP1 cDNA sequence is 1712 in length encoding 403 amino acids. It was confirmed that the sheep YAP1 CDS was correctly inserted into eukaryotic expression vector and serine had been mutated to alanine by PCR, restriction digestion and sequencing. The result showed that the recombinant plasmid pEGFP-C1-YAP1 and pEGFP-C1-YAP1 S42A was constructed correctly, this will help for further studies on the YAP1 protein expression and its biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China,
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93
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Hao J, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Ye R, Qiu J, Zhao Z, Li J. Role of extracellular matrix and YAP/TAZ in cell fate determination. Cell Signal 2013; 26:186-91. [PMID: 24216612 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical signals transduced from cellular microenvironment can regulate cell shape and affect cell fate determination. However, how these mechanical signals are transduced to regulate biological processes of cells has remained elusive. Recent studies had elucidated a novel mechanism through which the interactions between mechanical signals from extracellular matrix and cell behavior regulation converged on the function of core components in Hippo signaling pathway, including YAP and TAZ in mammals. Moreover, several very recent studies have found a new crosstalk between Wnt and Hippo signaling in the regulation of cell fate determination. Such mechanism may explain how mechanical signals from microenvironment can regulate cell behavior and determine cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hao
- Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yueling Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yating Wang
- Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Rui Ye
- Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jingyi Qiu
- Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhihe Zhao
- Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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94
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Slattery M, Voutev R, Ma L, Nègre N, White KP, Mann RS. Divergent transcriptional regulatory logic at the intersection of tissue growth and developmental patterning. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003753. [PMID: 24039600 PMCID: PMC3764184 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Yorkie/Yap transcriptional coactivator is a well-known regulator of cellular proliferation in both invertebrates and mammals. As a coactivator, Yorkie (Yki) lacks a DNA binding domain and must partner with sequence-specific DNA binding proteins in the nucleus to regulate gene expression; in Drosophila, the developmental regulators Scalloped (Sd) and Homothorax (Hth) are two such partners. To determine the range of target genes regulated by these three transcription factors, we performed genome-wide chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments for each factor in both the wing and eye-antenna imaginal discs. Strong, tissue-specific binding patterns are observed for Sd and Hth, while Yki binding is remarkably similar across both tissues. Binding events common to the eye and wing are also present for Sd and Hth; these are associated with genes regulating cell proliferation and “housekeeping” functions, and account for the majority of Yki binding. In contrast, tissue-specific binding events for Sd and Hth significantly overlap enhancers that are active in the given tissue, are enriched in Sd and Hth DNA binding sites, respectively, and are associated with genes that are consistent with each factor's previously established tissue-specific functions. Tissue-specific binding events are also significantly associated with Polycomb targeted chromatin domains. To provide mechanistic insights into tissue-specific regulation, we identify and characterize eye and wing enhancers of the Yki-targeted bantam microRNA gene and demonstrate that they are dependent on direct binding by Hth and Sd, respectively. Overall these results suggest that both Sd and Hth use distinct strategies – one shared between tissues and associated with Yki, the other tissue-specific, generally Yki-independent and associated with developmental patterning – to regulate distinct gene sets during development. The Hippo tumor suppressor pathway controls proliferation in a tissue-nonspecific fashion in Drosophila epithelial progenitor tissues via the transcriptional coactivator Yorkie (Yki). However, despite the tissue-nonspecific role that Yki plays in tissue growth, the transcription factors that recruit Yki to DNA, most notably Scalloped (Sd) and Homothorax (Hth), are important regulators of developmental patterning with many tissue-specific functions. Thus, these three transcriptional regulators – Yki, Sd, and Hth – provide a model for exploring the properties of protein-DNA interactions that regulate both tissue-shared and tissue-specific functions. With this goal in mind, we identified the positions in the fly genome that are bound by Yki, Sd, and Hth in the progenitors of the wing and eye-antenna structures of the fly. These data not only provide a global view of the Yki gene regulatory network, they reveal an unusual amount of tissue specificity in the genomic regions targeted by Sd and Hth, but not Yki. The data also reveal that tissue-specific binding is very likely to overlap tissue-specific enhancer regions, provide important clues for how tissue-specific Sd and Hth binding occurs, and support the idea that gene regulatory networks are plastic, with spatial differences in binding significantly impacting network structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Slattery
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Institute for Genomics and Systems Biology and Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Roumen Voutev
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Lijia Ma
- Institute for Genomics and Systems Biology and Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Nicolas Nègre
- Institute for Genomics and Systems Biology and Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Université de Montpellier 2 and INRA, UMR1333 DGIMI, Montpellier, France
| | - Kevin P. White
- Institute for Genomics and Systems Biology and Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Richard S. Mann
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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95
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Nishio M, Otsubo K, Maehama T, Mimori K, Suzuki A. Capturing the mammalian Hippo: elucidating its role in cancer. Cancer Sci 2013; 104:1271-7. [PMID: 23829894 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hippo pathway is an evolutionarily conserved kinase cascade involved in cell growth, apoptosis, development and migration. It is also crucial for stem cell self-renewal and the maintenance of genomic stability. In addition, this pathway has the unique capacities to sense aspects of tissue architecture, such as cell polarity and mechanical tensions imposed by the surrounding microenvironment, and to control organ size and shape. All of these properties are frequently altered in tumor cells. In this review, we summarize how dysregulation of mammalian Hippo signaling is implicated in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Nishio
- Division of Cancer Genetics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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96
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The hippo-yes association protein pathway in liver cancer. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2013; 2013:187070. [PMID: 23986776 PMCID: PMC3748736 DOI: 10.1155/2013/187070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide and the third leading cause of cancer mortality. Despite continuing development of new therapies, prognosis for patients with HCC remains extremely poor. In recent years, control of organ size becomes a hot topic in HCC development. The Hippo signaling pathway has been delineated and shown to be critical in controlling organ size in both Drosophila and mammals. The Hippo kinase cascade, a singling pathway that antagonizes the transcriptional coactivator Yes-associated protein (YAP), plays an important role in animal organ size control by regulating cell proliferation and apoptosis rates. During HCC development, this pathway is likely inactivated in tumor initiated cells that escape suppressive constrain exerted by the surrounding normal tissue, thus allowing clonal expansion and tumor development. We have reviewed evolutionary changes in YAP as well as other components of the Hippo pathway and described the relationships between YAP genes and HCC. We also discuss regulation of transcription factors that are up- and downstream of YAP in liver cancer development.
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97
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Abstract
The dimerization partner, RB-like, E2F and multi-vulval class B (DREAM) complex provides a previously unsuspected unifying role in the cell cycle by directly linking p130, p107, E2F, BMYB and forkhead box protein M1. DREAM mediates gene repression during the G0 phase and coordinates periodic gene expression with peaks during the G1/S and G2/M phases. Perturbations in DREAM complex regulation shift the balance from quiescence towards proliferation and contribute to the increased mitotic gene expression levels that are frequently observed in cancers with a poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhashini Sadasivam
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine National Centre for Biological Sciences (TIFR), Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - James A. DeCaprio
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston MA 02215 USA Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston MA 02115 USA Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
- Corresponding author James A. DeCaprio Dana-Farber Cancer Institute 450 Brookline Avenue Boston, MA 02215 Tel: 617-632-3825 Fax: 617-582-8601
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98
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Kaneko KJ, DePamphilis ML. TEAD4 establishes the energy homeostasis essential for blastocoel formation. Development 2013; 140:3680-90. [PMID: 23903192 DOI: 10.1242/dev.093799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that during mouse preimplantation development, the zygotically expressed transcription factor TEAD4 is essential for specification of the trophectoderm lineage required for producing a blastocyst. Here we show that blastocysts can form without TEAD4 but that TEAD4 is required to prevent oxidative stress when blastocoel formation is accompanied by increased oxidative phosphorylation that leads to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Both two-cell and eight-cell Tead4(-/-) embryos developed into blastocysts when cultured under conditions that alleviate oxidative stress, and Tead4(-/-) blastocysts that formed under these conditions expressed trophectoderm-associated genes. Therefore, TEAD4 is not required for specification of the trophectoderm lineage. Once the trophectoderm was specified, Tead4 was not essential for either proliferation or differentiation of trophoblast cells in culture. However, ablation of Tead4 in trophoblast cells resulted in reduced mitochondrial membrane potential. Moreover, Tead4 suppressed ROS in embryos and embryonic fibroblasts. Finally, ectopically expressed TEAD4 protein could localize to the mitochondria as well as to the nucleus, a property not shared by other members of the TEAD family. These results reveal that TEAD4 plays a crucial role in maintaining energy homeostasis during preimplantation development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro J Kaneko
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892-2753, USA.
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99
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Lee SE, Lee JU, Lee MH, Ryu MJ, Kim SJ, Kim YK, Choi MJ, Kim KS, Kim JM, Kim JW, Koh YW, Lim DS, Jo YS, Shong M. RAF kinase inhibitor-independent constitutive activation of Yes-associated protein 1 promotes tumor progression in thyroid cancer. Oncogenesis 2013; 2:e55. [PMID: 23857250 PMCID: PMC3740284 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2013.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Revised: 04/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription coactivator Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) is regulated by the Hippo tumor suppressor pathway. However, the role of YAP1 in thyroid cancer, which is frequently associated with the BRAFV600E mutation, remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate the role of YAP1 in thyroid cancer. YAP1 was overexpressed in papillary (PTC) and anaplastic thyroid cancer, and nuclear YAP1 was more frequently detected in BRAFV600E (+) PTC. In the thyroid cancer cell lines TPC-1 and HTH7, which do not have the BRAFV600E mutation, YAP1 was cytosolic and inactive at high cell densities. In contrast, YAP1 was retained in the nucleus and its target genes were expressed in the thyroid cancer cells 8505C and K1, which harbor the BRAFV600E mutation, regardless of cell density. Furthermore, the nuclear activation of YAP1 in 8505C was not inhibited by RAF or MEK inhibitor. In vitro experiments, YAP1 silencing or overexpression affected migratory capacities of 8505C and TPC-1 cells. YAP1 knockdown resulted in marked decrease of tumor volume, invasion and distant metastasis in orthotopic tumor xenograft mouse models using the 8505C thyroid cancer cell line. Taken together, YAP1 is involved in the tumor progression of thyroid cancer and YAP1-mediated effects might not be affected by the currently used RAF kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Disease, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
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100
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Abstract
The dimerization partner, RB-like, E2F and multi-vulval class B (DREAM) complex provides a previously unsuspected unifying role in the cell cycle by directly linking p130, p107, E2F, BMYB and forkhead box protein M1. DREAM mediates gene repression during the G0 phase and coordinates periodic gene expression with peaks during the G1/S and G2/M phases. Perturbations in DREAM complex regulation shift the balance from quiescence towards proliferation and contribute to the increased mitotic gene expression levels that are frequently observed in cancers with a poor prognosis.
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