51
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Live imaging of microtubule dynamics in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures. Methods Cell Biol 2016; 131:107-26. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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53
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Chowdary PD, Che DL, Kaplan L, Chen O, Pu K, Bawendi M, Cui B. Nanoparticle-assisted optical tethering of endosomes reveals the cooperative function of dyneins in retrograde axonal transport. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18059. [PMID: 26656461 PMCID: PMC4674899 DOI: 10.1038/srep18059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dynein-dependent transport of organelles from the axon terminals to the cell bodies is essential to the survival and function of neurons. However, quantitative knowledge of dyneins on axonal organelles and their collective function during this long-distance transport is lacking because current technologies to do such measurements are not applicable to neurons. Here, we report a new method termed nanoparticle-assisted optical tethering of endosomes (NOTE) that made it possible to study the cooperative mechanics of dyneins on retrograde axonal endosomes in live neurons. In this method, the opposing force from an elastic tether causes the endosomes to gradually stall under load and detach with a recoil velocity proportional to the dynein forces. These recoil velocities reveal that the axonal endosomes, despite their small size, can recruit up to 7 dyneins that function as independent mechanical units stochastically sharing load, which is vital for robust retrograde axonal transport. This study shows that NOTE, which relies on controlled generation of reactive oxygen species, is a viable method to manipulate small cellular cargos that are beyond the reach of current technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen D. Chowdary
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, 380 Roth Way, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Daphne L. Che
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, 380 Roth Way, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Luke Kaplan
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, 380 Roth Way, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ou Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Massachussets Institute of Technology, 77 Massachussets Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Kanyi Pu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, N1.3, B2-05, Singapore 637459
| | - Moungi Bawendi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachussets Institute of Technology, 77 Massachussets Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Bianxiao Cui
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, 380 Roth Way, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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54
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Affiliation(s)
- Kausik Si
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri 64110;
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55
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Prevo B, Mangeol P, Oswald F, Scholey JM, Peterman EJG. Functional differentiation of cooperating kinesin-2 motors orchestrates cargo import and transport in C. elegans cilia. Nat Cell Biol 2015; 17:1536-45. [PMID: 26523365 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular transport depends on cooperation between distinct motor proteins. Two anterograde intraflagellar transport (IFT) motors, heterotrimeric kinesin-II and homodimeric OSM-3, cooperate to move cargo along Caenorhabditis elegans cilia. Here, using quantitative fluorescence microscopy, with single-molecule sensitivity, of IFT in living strains containing single-copy transgenes encoding fluorescent IFT proteins, we show that kinesin-II transports IFT trains through the ciliary base and transition zone to a 'handover zone' on the proximal axoneme. There, OSM-3 gradually replaces kinesin-II, yielding velocity profiles inconsistent with in vitro motility assays, and then drives transport to the ciliary tip. Dissociated kinesin-II motors undergo rapid turnaround and recycling to the ciliary base, whereas OSM-3 is recycled mainly to the handover zone. This reveals a functional differentiation in which the slower, less processive kinesin-II imports IFT trains into the cilium and OSM-3 drives their long-range transport, thereby optimizing cargo delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram Prevo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLaB Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pierre Mangeol
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLaB Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Felix Oswald
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLaB Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jonathan M Scholey
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Erwin J G Peterman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLaB Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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56
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Korner G, Noain D, Ying M, Hole M, Flydal MI, Scherer T, Allegri G, Rassi A, Fingerhut R, Becu-Villalobos D, Pillai S, Wueest S, Konrad D, Lauber-Biason A, Baumann CR, Bindoff LA, Martinez A, Thöny B. Brain catecholamine depletion and motor impairment in a Th knock-in mouse with type B tyrosine hydroxylase deficiency. Brain 2015; 138:2948-63. [PMID: 26276013 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine hydroxylase catalyses the hydroxylation of L-tyrosine to l-DOPA, the rate-limiting step in the synthesis of catecholamines. Mutations in the TH gene encoding tyrosine hydroxylase are associated with the autosomal recessive disorder tyrosine hydroxylase deficiency, which manifests phenotypes varying from infantile parkinsonism and DOPA-responsive dystonia, also termed type A, to complex encephalopathy with perinatal onset, termed type B. We generated homozygous Th knock-in mice with the mutation Th-p.R203H, equivalent to the most recurrent human mutation associated with type B tyrosine hydroxylase deficiency (TH-p.R233H), often unresponsive to l-DOPA treatment. The Th knock-in mice showed normal survival and food intake, but hypotension, hypokinesia, reduced motor coordination, wide-based gate and catalepsy. This phenotype was associated with a gradual loss of central catecholamines and the serious manifestations of motor impairment presented diurnal fluctuation but did not improve with standard l-DOPA treatment. The mutant tyrosine hydroxylase enzyme was unstable and exhibited deficient stabilization by catecholamines, leading to decline of brain tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactivity in the Th knock-in mice. In fact the substantia nigra presented an almost normal level of mutant tyrosine hydroxylase protein but distinct absence of the enzyme was observed in the striatum, indicating a mutation-associated mislocalization of tyrosine hydroxylase in the nigrostriatal pathway. This hypomorphic mouse model thus provides understanding on pathomechanisms in type B tyrosine hydroxylase deficiency and a platform for the evaluation of novel therapeutics for movement disorders with loss of dopaminergic input to the striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germaine Korner
- 1 Division of Metabolism, Department of Paediatrics, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland 2 Affiliated with the Neuroscience Centre Zurich ZNZ, Zürich, Switzerland 3 Affiliated with the Children's Research Centre CRC, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Noain
- 4 Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ming Ying
- 5 Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Magnus Hole
- 5 Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Marte I Flydal
- 5 Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Tanja Scherer
- 1 Division of Metabolism, Department of Paediatrics, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland 3 Affiliated with the Children's Research Centre CRC, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Gabriella Allegri
- 1 Division of Metabolism, Department of Paediatrics, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland 3 Affiliated with the Children's Research Centre CRC, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Anahita Rassi
- 6 Division of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Paediatrics, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ralph Fingerhut
- 7 Swiss Newborn Screening Laboratory, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland 3 Affiliated with the Children's Research Centre CRC, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Samyuktha Pillai
- 9 Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Wueest
- 3 Affiliated with the Children's Research Centre CRC, Zürich, Switzerland 10 Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Konrad
- 3 Affiliated with the Children's Research Centre CRC, Zürich, Switzerland 10 Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anna Lauber-Biason
- 11 Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Christian R Baumann
- 2 Affiliated with the Neuroscience Centre Zurich ZNZ, Zürich, Switzerland 4 Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Laurence A Bindoff
- 12 Department of Clinical Medicine K1, University of Bergen, Norway 13 Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Aurora Martinez
- 5 Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Beat Thöny
- 1 Division of Metabolism, Department of Paediatrics, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland 2 Affiliated with the Neuroscience Centre Zurich ZNZ, Zürich, Switzerland 3 Affiliated with the Children's Research Centre CRC, Zürich, Switzerland
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57
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Dubey J, Ratnakaran N, Koushika SP. Neurodegeneration and microtubule dynamics: death by a thousand cuts. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:343. [PMID: 26441521 PMCID: PMC4563776 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules form important cytoskeletal structures that play a role in establishing and maintaining neuronal polarity, regulating neuronal morphology, transporting cargo, and scaffolding signaling molecules to form signaling hubs. Within a neuronal cell, microtubules are found to have variable lengths and can be both stable and dynamic. Microtubule associated proteins, post-translational modifications of tubulin subunits, microtubule severing enzymes, and signaling molecules are all known to influence both stable and dynamic pools of microtubules. Microtubule dynamics, the process of interconversion between stable and dynamic pools, and the proportions of these two pools have the potential to influence a wide variety of cellular processes. Reduced microtubule stability has been observed in several neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), and tauopathies like Progressive Supranuclear Palsy. Hyperstable microtubules, as seen in Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia (HSP), also lead to neurodegeneration. Therefore, the ratio of stable and dynamic microtubules is likely to be important for neuronal function and perturbation in microtubule dynamics might contribute to disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Dubey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Mumbai, India ; InStem Bangalore, India
| | - Neena Ratnakaran
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Mumbai, India
| | - Sandhya P Koushika
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Mumbai, India
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58
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Studying neuronal microtubule organization and microtubule-associated proteins using single molecule localization microscopy. Methods Cell Biol 2015; 131:127-49. [PMID: 26794511 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2015.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The formation and maintenance of highly polarized neurons critically depends on the proper organization of the microtubule (MT) cytoskeleton. In axons, MTs are uniformly oriented with their plus-end pointing outward whereas in mature dendrites MTs have mixed orientations. MT organization and dynamics can be regulated by MT-associated proteins (MAPs). Plus-end tracking proteins are specialized MAPs that decorate plus-ends of growing MTs and regulate neuronal polarity, neurite extension, and dendritic spine morphology. Conventional fluorescence microscopy enables observation of specific cellular components through molecule-specific labeling but provides limited resolution (∼250 nm). Therefore, electron microscopy has until now provided most of our knowledge about the precise MT organization in neurons. In the past decade, super-resolution fluorescence microscopy techniques have emerged that circumvent the diffraction limit of light and enable high-resolution reconstruction of the MT network combined with selective protein labeling. However, preserving MT ultrastructure, MAP binding, high labeling density, and antibody specificity after fixation protocols is still quite challenging. In this chapter, we provide an optimized protocol for two-color direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy imaging of neuronal MTs together with their growing plus-ends to probe MT architecture and polarity.
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59
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Klinman E, Holzbaur ELF. Comparative analysis of axonal transport markers in primary mammalian neurons. Methods Cell Biol 2015; 131:409-24. [PMID: 26794526 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Axonal transport is important for neuronal development and the maintenance of effective neuronal function in mature cells. Observing the active transport of organelles and vesicles along the axons of living neurons has emerged as a valuable tool for probing the health of the neuron, and assessing changes associated with stress and neurodegenerative disease. Transport relies on two families of motor proteins: kinesins and dynein. Using these motors, a diverse set of cargos are transported toward the axon tip, the cell body, or anywhere in between. Of particular interest are organelles and cargos associated with disease and the changes in motility that these cargos undergo during pathogenesis. Here, we describe the factors that should be considered when studying different cargos, and the imaging parameters associated with optimal tracking of various organelles and proteins. Ultimately, the ideal cargo to investigate depends on the question being asked and the limitations of individual microscopes available for imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Klinman
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Erika L F Holzbaur
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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60
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Kevenaar JT, Hoogenraad CC. The axonal cytoskeleton: from organization to function. Front Mol Neurosci 2015; 8:44. [PMID: 26321907 PMCID: PMC4536388 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2015.00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The axon is the single long fiber that extends from the neuron and transmits electrical signals away from the cell body. The neuronal cytoskeleton, composed of microtubules (MTs), actin filaments and neurofilaments, is not only required for axon formation and axonal transport but also provides the structural basis for several specialized axonal structures, such as the axon initial segment (AIS) and presynaptic boutons. Emerging evidence suggest that the unique cytoskeleton organization in the axon is essential for its structure and integrity. In addition, the increasing number of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases linked to defect in actin- and microtubule-dependent processes emphasizes the importance of a properly regulated cytoskeleton for normal axonal functioning. Here, we provide an overview of the current understanding of actin and microtubule organization within the axon and discuss models for the functional role of the cytoskeleton at specialized axonal structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josta T. Kevenaar
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht UniversityUtrecht, Netherlands
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61
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Buggia-Prévot V, Thinakaran G. Significance of transcytosis in Alzheimer's disease: BACE1 takes the scenic route to axons. Bioessays 2015; 37:888-98. [PMID: 26126792 PMCID: PMC4512854 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201500019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Neurons have developed elaborate mechanisms for sorting of proteins to their destination in dendrites and axons as well as dynamic local trafficking. Recent evidence suggests that polarized axonal sorting of β-site converting enzyme 1 (BACE1), a type I transmembrane aspartyl protease involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis, entails an unusual journey. In hippocampal neurons, BACE1 internalized from dendrites is conveyed in recycling endosomes via unidirectional retrograde transport towards the soma and sorted to axons where BACE1 becomes enriched. In comparison to other transmembrane proteins that undergo transcytosis or elimination in somatodendritic compartment, vectorial transport of internalized BACE1 in dendrites is unique and intriguing. Dysfunction of protein transport contributes to pathogenesis of AD and other neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, characterization of BACE1 transcytosis is an important addition to the multiple lines of evidence that highlight the crucial role played by endosomal trafficking pathway as well as axonal sorting mechanisms in AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Buggia-Prévot
- Departments of Neurobiology, Neurology, and Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Gopal Thinakaran
- Departments of Neurobiology, Neurology, and Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
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62
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Otani T, Oshima K, Kimpara A, Takeda M, Abdu U, Hayashi S. A transport and retention mechanism for the sustained distal localization of Spn-F-IKKε during Drosophila bristle elongation. Development 2015; 142:2338-51. [PMID: 26092846 PMCID: PMC4510591 DOI: 10.1242/dev.121863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Stable localization of the signaling complex is essential for the robust morphogenesis of polarized cells. Cell elongation involves molecular signaling centers that coordinately regulate intracellular transport and cytoskeletal structures. In Drosophila bristle elongation, the protein kinase IKKε is activated at the distal tip of the growing bristle and regulates the shuttling movement of recycling endosomes and cytoskeletal organization. However, how the distal tip localization of IKKε is established and maintained during bristle elongation is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that IKKε distal tip localization is regulated by Spindle-F (Spn-F), which is stably retained at the distal tip and functions as an adaptor linking IKKε to cytoplasmic dynein. We found that Javelin-like (Jvl) is a key regulator of Spn-F retention. In jvl mutant bristles, IKKε and Spn-F initially localize to the distal tip but fail to be retained there. In S2 cells, particles that stain positively for Jvl or Spn-F move in a microtubule-dependent manner, whereas Jvl and Spn-F double-positive particles are immobile, indicating that Jvl and Spn-F are transported separately and, upon forming a complex, immobilize each other. These results suggest that polarized transport and selective retention regulate the distal tip localization of the Spn-F–IKKε complex during bristle cell elongation. Summary: In the Drosophila bristle, the microtubule binding protein Jvl, the adaptor Spn-F and cytoplasmic dynein are required for localised transport and retention of polarised signalling factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuhisa Otani
- Laboratory for Morphogenetic Signaling, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Kenzi Oshima
- Laboratory for Morphogenetic Signaling, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Akiyo Kimpara
- Laboratory for Morphogenetic Signaling, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Michiko Takeda
- Laboratory for Morphogenetic Signaling, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Uri Abdu
- Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Shigeo Hayashi
- Laboratory for Morphogenetic Signaling, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan Department of Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Science, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
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63
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Welte MA. As the fat flies: The dynamic lipid droplets of Drosophila embryos. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2015; 1851:1156-85. [PMID: 25882628 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Research into lipid droplets is rapidly expanding, and new cellular and organismal roles for these lipid-storage organelles are continually being discovered. The early Drosophila embryo is particularly well suited for addressing certain questions in lipid-droplet biology and combines technical advantages with unique biological phenomena. This review summarizes key features of this experimental system and the techniques available to study it, in order to make it accessible to researchers outside this field. It then describes the two topics most heavily studied in this system, lipid-droplet motility and protein sequestration on droplets, discusses what is known about the molecular players involved, points to open questions, and compares the results from Drosophila embryo studies to what it is known about lipid droplets in other systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Welte
- Department of Biology University of Rochester, RC Box 270211, 317 Hutchison Hall, Rochester, NY 14627, USA.
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64
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van Bergeijk P, Adrian M, Hoogenraad CC, Kapitein LC. Optogenetic control of organelle transport and positioning. Nature 2015; 518:111-114. [PMID: 25561173 DOI: 10.1038/nature14128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Proper positioning of organelles by cytoskeleton-based motor proteins underlies cellular events such as signalling, polarization and growth. For many organelles, however, the precise connection between position and function has remained unclear, because strategies to control intracellular organelle positioning with spatiotemporal precision are lacking. Here we establish optical control of intracellular transport by using light-sensitive heterodimerization to recruit specific cytoskeletal motor proteins (kinesin, dynein or myosin) to selected cargoes. We demonstrate that the motility of peroxisomes, recycling endosomes and mitochondria can be locally and repeatedly induced or stopped, allowing rapid organelle repositioning. We applied this approach in primary rat hippocampal neurons to test how local positioning of recycling endosomes contributes to axon outgrowth and found that dynein-driven removal of endosomes from axonal growth cones reversibly suppressed axon growth, whereas kinesin-driven endosome enrichment enhanced growth. Our strategy for optogenetic control of organelle positioning will be widely applicable to explore site-specific organelle functions in different model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra van Bergeijk
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Max Adrian
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Casper C Hoogenraad
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Lukas C Kapitein
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
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