1
|
Ouzounidis VR, Green M, van Capelle CDC, Gebhardt C, Crellin H, Finlayson C, Prevo B, Cheerambathur DK. The Kinetochore Proteins KNL-1 and Ndc80 Complex are Required for the Proper Positioning of Axons and Neuronal Cell Body in the C. elegans Nervous System. Mol Biol Cell 2024:mbcE23080325. [PMID: 38656792 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-08-0325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The KMN (Knl1/Mis12/Ndc80) network at the kinetochore, primarily known for its role in chromosome segregation, has been shown to be repurposed during neurodevelopment. Here, we investigate the underlying neuronal mechanism and show that the KMN network promotes the proper axonal organization within the C. elegans head nervous system. Post-mitotic degradation of KNL-1, which acts as a scaffold for signaling and has microtubule-binding activities at the kinetochore, led to disorganized ganglia and aberrant placement and organization of axons in the nerve ring - an interconnected axonal network. Through gene-replacement approaches, we demonstrate that the signaling motifs within KNL-1, responsible for recruiting the protein phosphatase 1, and activating the spindle assembly checkpoint are required for neurodevelopment. Interestingly, while the microtubule-binding activity is crucial to KMN's neuronal function, microtubule dynamics and organization were unaffected in the absence of KNL-1. Instead, the NDC-80 microtubule-binding mutant displayed notable defects in axon bundling during nerve ring formation, indicating its role in facilitating axon-axon contacts. Overall, these findings provide evidence for a non-canonical role for the KMN network in shaping the structure and connectivity of the nervous system in C. elegans during brain development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vasileios R Ouzounidis
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology & Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Mattie Green
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology & Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Charlotte de Ceuninck van Capelle
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology & Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Clara Gebhardt
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology & Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Helena Crellin
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology & Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Cameron Finlayson
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology & Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Bram Prevo
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology & Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Dhanya K Cheerambathur
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology & Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
van den Wildenberg SMJL, Prevo B, Peterman EJG. A Brief Introduction to Single-Molecule Fluorescence Methods. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2694:111-132. [PMID: 37824002 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3377-9_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
One of the most popular single-molecule approaches in biological science is single-molecule fluorescence microscopy, which will be the subject of the following section of this volume. Fluorescence methods provide the sensitivity required to study biology on the single-molecule level, but they also allow access to useful measurable parameters on time and length scales relevant for the biomolecular world. Before several detailed experimental approaches will be addressed, we will first give a general overview of single-molecule fluorescence microscopy. We start with discussing the phenomenon of fluorescence in general and the history of single-molecule fluorescence microscopy. Next, we will review fluorescent probes in more detail and the equipment required to visualize them on the single-molecule level. We will end with a description of parameters measurable with such approaches, ranging from protein counting and tracking, single-molecule localization super-resolution microscopy, to distance measurements with Förster resonance energy transfer and orientation measurements with fluorescence polarization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siet M J L van den Wildenberg
- LaserLaB and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, IRD, OPGC, Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS/IN2P3, Laboratoire de Physique de Clermont, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Bram Prevo
- LaserLaB and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Erwin J G Peterman
- LaserLaB and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ouzounidis VR, Prevo B, Cheerambathur DK. Sculpting the dendritic landscape: Actin, microtubules, and the art of arborization. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2023; 84:102214. [PMID: 37544207 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2023.102214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Dendrites are intricately designed neuronal compartments that play a vital role in the gathering and processing of sensory or synaptic inputs. Their diverse and elaborate structures are distinct features of neuronal organization and function. Central to the generation of these dendritic arbors is the neuronal cytoskeleton. In this review, we delve into the current progress toward our understanding of how dendrite arbors are generated and maintained, focusing on the role of the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vasileios R Ouzounidis
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology & Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Bram Prevo
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology & Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Dhanya K Cheerambathur
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology & Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Prevo B, Cheerambathur DK, Earnshaw WC, Desai A. Kinetochore dynein is sufficient to biorient chromosomes and remodel the outer kinetochore. bioRxiv 2023:2023.03.23.534015. [PMID: 36993239 PMCID: PMC10055418 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.23.534015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Multiple microtubule-directed activities concentrate on chromosomes during mitosis to ensure their accurate distribution to daughter cells. These activities include couplers and dynamics regulators localized at the kinetochore, the specialized microtubule interface built on centromeric chromatin, as well as motor proteins recruited to kinetochores and to mitotic chromatin. Here, we describe an in vivo reconstruction approach in which the effect of removing the major microtubule-directed activities on mitotic chromosomes is compared to the selective presence of individual activities. This approach revealed that the kinetochore dynein module, comprised of the minus end-directed motor cytoplasmic dynein and its kinetochore-specific adapters, is sufficient to biorient chromosomes and to remodel outer kinetochore composition following microtubule attachment; by contrast, the kinetochore dynein module is unable to support chromosome congression. The chromosome-autonomous action of kinetochore dynein, in the absence of the other major microtubule-directed factors on chromosomes, rotates and orients a substantial proportion of chromosomes such that their sister chromatids attach to opposite spindle poles. In tight coupling with orientation, the kinetochore dynein module drives removal of outermost kinetochore components, including the dynein motor itself and spindle checkpoint activators. The removal is independent of the other major microtubule-directed activities and kinetochore-localized protein phosphatase 1, suggesting that it is intrinsic to the kinetochore dynein module. These observations indicate that the kinetochore dynein module has the ability coordinate chromosome biorientation with attachment state-sensitive remodeling of the outer kinetochore that facilitates cell cycle progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bram Prevo
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, Scotland, UK
| | - Dhanya K Cheerambathur
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, Scotland, UK
| | - William C Earnshaw
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, Scotland, UK
| | - Arshad Desai
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hattersley N, Schlientz AJ, Prevo B, Oegema K, Desai A. MEL-28/ELYS and CENP-C coordinately control outer kinetochore assembly and meiotic chromosome-microtubule interactions. Curr Biol 2022; 32:2563-2571.e4. [PMID: 35609608 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
During mitosis and meiosis in the majority of eukaryotes, centromeric chromatin comprised of CENP-A nucleosomes and their reader CENP-C recruits components of the outer kinetochore to build an interface with spindle microtubules.1,2 One exception is C. elegans oocyte meiosis, where outer kinetochore proteins form cup-like structures on chromosomes independently of centromeric chromatin.3 Here, we show that the nucleoporin MEL-28 (ortholog of human ELYS) and CENP-CHCP-4 act in parallel to recruit outer kinetochore components to oocyte meiotic chromosomes. Unexpectedly, co-inhibition of MEL-28 and CENP-CHCP-4 resulted in chromosomes being expelled from the meiotic spindle prior to anaphase onset, a more severe phenotype than what was observed following ablation of the outer kinetochore.4,5 This observation suggested that MEL-28 and the outer kinetochore independently link chromosomes to spindle microtubules. Consistent with this, the chromosome expulsion defect was observed following co-inhibition of MEL-28 and the microtubule-coupling KNL-1/MIS-12/NDC-80 (KMN) network of the outer kinetochore. Use of engineered mutants showed that MEL-28 acts in conjunction with the microtubule-binding NDC-80 complex to keep chromosomes within the oocyte meiotic spindle and that this function likely involves the Y-complex of nucleoporins that associate with MEL-28; by contrast, the ability to dock protein phosphatase 1, shared by MEL-28 and KNL-1, is not involved. These results highlight nuclear pore-independent functions for a conserved nucleoporin and explain two unusual features of oocyte meiotic chromosome segregation in C. elegans: centromeric chromatin-independent outer kinetochore assembly, and dispensability of the outer kinetochore for constraining chromosomes in the acentrosomal meiotic spindle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neil Hattersley
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego Branch, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Aleesa J Schlientz
- Division of Biological Sciences & Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Bram Prevo
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego Branch, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Karen Oegema
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego Branch, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Division of Biological Sciences & Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Arshad Desai
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego Branch, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Division of Biological Sciences & Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Oswald F, Prevo B, Acar S, Peterman EJG. Interplay between Ciliary Ultrastructure and IFT-Train Dynamics Revealed by Single-Molecule Super-resolution Imaging. Cell Rep 2020; 25:224-235. [PMID: 30282031 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cilia are built and maintained by intraflagellar transport (IFT), driving IFT trains back and forth along the ciliary axoneme. How IFT brings about the intricate ciliary structure and how this structure affects IFT are not well understood. We identify, using single-molecule super-resolution imaging of IFT components in living C. elegans, ciliary subdomains, enabling correlation of IFT-train dynamics to ciliary ultra-structure. In the transition zone, IFT dynamics are impaired, resulting in frequent pauses. At the ciliary base and tip, IFT trains show intriguing turnaround dynamics. Surprisingly, deletion of IFT motor kinesin-II not only affects IFT-train dynamics but also alters ciliary structure. Super-resolution imaging in these mutant animals suggests that the arrangement of IFT trains with respect to the axonemal microtubules is different than in wild-type animals. Our results reveal a complex, mutual interplay between ciliary ultrastructure and IFT-train dynamics, highlighting the importance of physical cues in the control of IFT dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Oswald
- Department of Physics and LaserLaB Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081HV, the Netherlands
| | - Bram Prevo
- Department of Physics and LaserLaB Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081HV, the Netherlands
| | - Seyda Acar
- Department of Physics and LaserLaB Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081HV, the Netherlands
| | - Erwin J G Peterman
- Department of Physics and LaserLaB Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081HV, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cheerambathur DK, Prevo B, Chow TL, Hattersley N, Wang S, Zhao Z, Kim T, Gerson-Gurwitz A, Oegema K, Green R, Desai A. The Kinetochore-Microtubule Coupling Machinery Is Repurposed in Sensory Nervous System Morphogenesis. Dev Cell 2019; 48:864-872.e7. [PMID: 30827898 PMCID: PMC6436928 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic coupling of microtubule ends to kinetochores, built on the centromeres of chromosomes, directs chromosome segregation during cell division. Here, we report that the evolutionarily ancient kinetochore-microtubule coupling machine, the KMN (Knl1/Mis12/Ndc80-complex) network, plays a critical role in neuronal morphogenesis. We show that the KMN network concentrates in microtubule-rich dendrites of developing sensory neurons that collectively extend in a multicellular morphogenetic event that occurs during C. elegans embryogenesis. Post-mitotic degradation of KMN components in sensory neurons disrupts dendritic extension, leading to patterning and functional defects in the sensory nervous system. Structure-guided mutations revealed that the molecular interface that couples kinetochores to spindle microtubules also functions in neuronal development. These results identify a cell-division-independent function for the chromosome-segregation machinery and define a microtubule-coupling-dependent event in sensory nervous system morphogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dhanya K Cheerambathur
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego Branch, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Bram Prevo
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego Branch, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Tiffany-Lynn Chow
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego Branch, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Neil Hattersley
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego Branch, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Shaohe Wang
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego Branch, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Zhiling Zhao
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego Branch, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Taekyung Kim
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego Branch, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Adina Gerson-Gurwitz
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego Branch, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Karen Oegema
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego Branch, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Rebecca Green
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego Branch, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Arshad Desai
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego Branch, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hattersley N, Lara-Gonzalez P, Cheerambathur D, Gomez-Cavazos JS, Kim T, Prevo B, Khaliullin R, Lee KY, Ohta M, Green R, Oegema K, Desai A. Employing the one-cell C. elegans embryo to study cell division processes. Methods Cell Biol 2018; 144:185-231. [PMID: 29804670 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The one-cell Caenorhabditis elegans embryo offers many advantages for mechanistic analysis of cell division processes. Conservation of key genes and pathways involved in cell division makes findings in C. elegans broadly relevant. A key technical advantage of this system is the ability to penetrantly deplete essential gene products by RNA interference (RNAi) and replace them with wild-type or mutant versions expressed at endogenous levels from single copy RNAi-resistant transgene insertions. This ability to precisely perturb essential genes is complemented by the inherently highly reproducible nature of the zygotic division that facilitates development of quantitative imaging assays. Here, we detail approaches to generate targeted single copy transgene insertions that are RNAi-resistant, to engineer variants of individual genes employing transgene insertions as well as at the endogenous locus, and to in situ tag genes with fluorophores/purification tags. We also describe imaging assays and common image analysis tools employed to quantitatively monitor phenotypic effects of specific perturbations on meiotic and mitotic chromosome segregation, centrosome assembly/function, and cortical dynamics/cytokinesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neil Hattersley
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA, United States; Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Pablo Lara-Gonzalez
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA, United States; Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Dhanya Cheerambathur
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA, United States; Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - J Sebastian Gomez-Cavazos
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA, United States; Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Taekyung Kim
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA, United States; Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Bram Prevo
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA, United States; Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Renat Khaliullin
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA, United States; Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Kian-Yong Lee
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA, United States; Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Midori Ohta
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA, United States; Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Rebecca Green
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA, United States; Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Karen Oegema
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA, United States; Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Arshad Desai
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA, United States; Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
One of the more popular single-molecule approaches in biological science is single-molecule fluorescence microscopy, which will be the subject of the following section of this volume. Fluorescence methods provide the sensitivity required to study biology on the single-molecule level, but they also allow access to useful measurable parameters on time and length scales relevant for the biomolecular world. Before several detailed experimental approaches will be addressed, we will first give a general overview of single-molecule fluorescence microscopy. We start with discussing the phenomenon of fluorescence in general and the history of single-molecule fluorescence microscopy. Next, we will review fluorescent probes in more detail and the equipment required to visualize them on the single-molecule level. We will end with a description of parameters measurable with such approaches, ranging from protein counting and tracking, single-molecule localization super-resolution microscopy, to distance measurements with Förster Resonance Energy Transfer and orientation measurements with fluorescence polarization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siet M J L van den Wildenberg
- LaserLaB and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Équipe de Volcanologie, Observatoire de Physique de Globe, Clermant-Ferrand, France
| | - Bram Prevo
- LaserLaB and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erwin J G Peterman
- LaserLaB and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Prevo B, Scholey JM, Peterman EJG. Intraflagellar transport: mechanisms of motor action, cooperation, and cargo delivery. FEBS J 2017; 284:2905-2931. [PMID: 28342295 PMCID: PMC5603355 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Intraflagellar transport (IFT) is a form of motor-dependent cargo transport that is essential for the assembly, maintenance, and length control of cilia, which play critical roles in motility, sensory reception, and signal transduction in virtually all eukaryotic cells. During IFT, anterograde kinesin-2 and retrograde IFT dynein motors drive the bidirectional transport of IFT trains that deliver cargo, for example, axoneme precursors such as tubulins as well as molecules of the signal transduction machinery, to their site of assembly within the cilium. Following its discovery in Chlamydomonas, IFT has emerged as a powerful model system for studying general principles of motor-dependent cargo transport and we now appreciate the diversity that exists in the mechanism of IFT within cilia of different cell types. The absence of heterotrimeric kinesin-2 function, for example, causes a complete loss of both IFT and cilia in Chlamydomonas, but following its loss in Caenorhabditis elegans, where its primary function is loading the IFT machinery into cilia, homodimeric kinesin-2-driven IFT persists and assembles a full-length cilium. Generally, heterotrimeric kinesin-2 and IFT dynein motors are thought to play widespread roles as core IFT motors, whereas homodimeric kinesin-2 motors are accessory motors that mediate different functions in a broad range of cilia, in some cases contributing to axoneme assembly or the delivery of signaling molecules but in many other cases their ciliary functions, if any, remain unknown. In this review, we focus on mechanisms of motor action, motor cooperation, and motor-dependent cargo delivery during IFT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bram Prevo
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, CA, USA
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan M Scholey
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California Davis, CA, USA
| | - Erwin J G Peterman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLaB Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kim T, Lara-Gonzalez P, Prevo B, Meitinger F, Cheerambathur DK, Oegema K, Desai A. Kinetochores accelerate or delay APC/C activation by directing Cdc20 to opposing fates. Genes Dev 2017; 31:1089-1094. [PMID: 28698300 PMCID: PMC5538432 DOI: 10.1101/gad.302067.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study, Kim et al. show that flux of Cdc20 through kinetochores accelerates mitotic exit by promoting its dephosphorylation by kinetochore-localized protein phosphatase 1, which allows Cdc20 to activate the APC/C. The microtubule attachment status of kinetochores therefore optimizes mitotic duration by controlling the balance between opposing Cdc20 fates. Mitotic duration is determined by activation of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) bound to its coactivator, Cdc20. Kinetochores, the microtubule-interacting machines on chromosomes, restrain mitotic exit when not attached to spindle microtubules by generating a Cdc20-containing complex that inhibits the APC/C. Here, we show that flux of Cdc20 through kinetochores also accelerates mitotic exit by promoting its dephosphorylation by kinetochore-localized protein phosphatase 1, which allows Cdc20 to activate the APC/C. Both APC/C activation and inhibition depend on Cdc20 fluxing through the same binding site at kinetochores. The microtubule attachment status of kinetochores therefore optimizes mitotic duration by controlling the balance between opposing Cdc20 fates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taekyung Kim
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego, California 92093, USA.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Pablo Lara-Gonzalez
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego, California 92093, USA.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Bram Prevo
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego, California 92093, USA.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Franz Meitinger
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego, California 92093, USA.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Dhanya K Cheerambathur
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego, California 92093, USA.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Karen Oegema
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego, California 92093, USA.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Arshad Desai
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego, California 92093, USA.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Barbosa DJ, Duro J, Prevo B, Cheerambathur DK, Carvalho AX, Gassmann R. Dynactin binding to tyrosinated microtubules promotes centrosome centration in C. elegans by enhancing dynein-mediated organelle transport. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006941. [PMID: 28759579 PMCID: PMC5552355 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The microtubule-based motor dynein generates pulling forces for centrosome centration and mitotic spindle positioning in animal cells. How the essential dynein activator dynactin regulates these functions of the motor is incompletely understood. Here, we dissect the role of dynactin's microtubule binding activity, located in the p150 CAP-Gly domain and an adjacent basic patch, in the C. elegans zygote. Analysis of p150 mutants engineered by genome editing suggests that microtubule tip tracking of dynein-dynactin is dispensable for targeting the motor to the cell cortex and for generating robust cortical pulling forces. Instead, mutations in p150's CAP-Gly domain inhibit cytoplasmic pulling forces responsible for centration of centrosomes and attached pronuclei. The centration defects are mimicked by mutations of α-tubulin's C-terminal tyrosine, and both p150 CAP-Gly and tubulin tyrosine mutants decrease the frequency of early endosome transport from the cell periphery towards centrosomes during centration. Our results suggest that p150 GAP-Gly domain binding to tyrosinated microtubules promotes initiation of dynein-mediated organelle transport in the dividing one-cell embryo, and that this function of p150 is critical for generating cytoplasmic pulling forces for centrosome centration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Barbosa
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Duro
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Bram Prevo
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research/Dept of Cellular & Molecular Medicine UCSD, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Dhanya K. Cheerambathur
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research/Dept of Cellular & Molecular Medicine UCSD, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Ana X. Carvalho
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Reto Gassmann
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wang S, Tang NH, Lara-Gonzalez P, Zhao Z, Cheerambathur DK, Prevo B, Chisholm AD, Desai A, Oegema K. A toolkit for GFP-mediated tissue-specific protein degradation in C. elegans. Development 2017; 144:2694-2701. [PMID: 28619826 DOI: 10.1242/dev.150094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Proteins that are essential for embryo production, cell division and early embryonic events are frequently reused later in embryogenesis, during organismal development or in the adult. Examining protein function across these different biological contexts requires tissue-specific perturbation. Here, we describe a method that uses expression of a fusion between a GFP-targeting nanobody and a SOCS-box containing ubiquitin ligase adaptor to target GFP-tagged proteins for degradation. When combined with endogenous locus GFP tagging by CRISPR-Cas9 or with rescue of a null mutant with a GFP fusion, this approach enables routine and efficient tissue-specific protein ablation. We show that this approach works in multiple tissues - the epidermis, intestine, body wall muscle, ciliated sensory neurons and touch receptor neurons - where it recapitulates expected loss-of-function mutant phenotypes. The transgene toolkit and the strain set described here will complement existing approaches to enable routine analysis of the tissue-specific roles of C. elegans proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaohe Wang
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ngang Heok Tang
- Section of Neurobiology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Pablo Lara-Gonzalez
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Zhiling Zhao
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Dhanya K Cheerambathur
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Bram Prevo
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Andrew D Chisholm
- Section of Neurobiology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Arshad Desai
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Karen Oegema
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Cheerambathur DK, Prevo B, Hattersley N, Lewellyn L, Corbett KD, Oegema K, Desai A. Dephosphorylation of the Ndc80 Tail Stabilizes Kinetochore-Microtubule Attachments via the Ska Complex. Dev Cell 2017; 41:424-437.e4. [PMID: 28535376 PMCID: PMC5572820 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
During cell division, genome inheritance is orchestrated by microtubule attachments formed at kinetochores of mitotic chromosomes. The primary microtubule coupler at the kinetochore, the Ndc80 complex, is regulated by Aurora kinase phosphorylation of its N-terminal tail. Dephosphorylation is proposed to stabilize kinetochore-microtubule attachments by strengthening electrostatic interactions of the tail with the microtubule lattice. Here, we show that removal of the Ndc80 tail, which compromises in vitro microtubule binding, has no effect on kinetochore-microtubule attachments in the Caenorhabditis elegans embryo. Despite this, preventing Aurora phosphorylation of the tail results in prematurely stable attachments that restrain spindle elongation. This premature stabilization requires the conserved microtubule-binding Ska complex, which enriches at attachment sites prior to anaphase onset to dampen chromosome motion. We propose that Ndc80-tail dephosphorylation promotes stabilization of kinetochore-microtubule attachments via the Ska complex and that this mechanism ensures accurate segregation by constraining chromosome motion following biorientation on the spindle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dhanya K Cheerambathur
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, CMM-E Room 3052, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0653, USA; Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Bram Prevo
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, CMM-E Room 3052, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0653, USA; Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Neil Hattersley
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, CMM-E Room 3052, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0653, USA; Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Lindsay Lewellyn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Butler University, 4600 Sunset Boulevard, Indianapolis, IN 46208, USA
| | - Kevin D Corbett
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, CMM-E Room 3052, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0653, USA; Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Karen Oegema
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, CMM-E Room 3052, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0653, USA; Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Arshad Desai
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, CMM-E Room 3052, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0653, USA; Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mijalkovic J, Prevo B, Oswald F, Mangeol P, Peterman EJG. Ensemble and single-molecule dynamics of IFT dynein in Caenorhabditis elegans cilia. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14591. [PMID: 28230057 PMCID: PMC5331336 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic dyneins drive microtubule-based, minus-end directed transport in eukaryotic cells. Whereas cytoplasmic dynein 1 has been widely studied, IFT dynein has received far less attention. Here, we use fluorescence microscopy of labelled motors in living Caenorhabditis elegans to investigate IFT-dynein motility at the ensemble and single-molecule level. We find that while the kinesin composition of motor ensembles varies along the track, the amount of dynein remains relatively constant. Remarkably, this does not result in directionality changes of cargo along the track, as has been reported for other opposite-polarity, tug-of-war motility systems. At the single-molecule level, IFT-dynein trajectories reveal unexpected dynamics, including diffusion at the base, and pausing and directional switches along the cilium. Stochastic simulations show that the ensemble IFT-dynein distribution depends upon the probability of single-motor directional switches. Our results provide quantitative insight into IFT-dynein dynamics in vivo, shedding light on the complex functioning of dynein motors in general.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jona Mijalkovic
- Department of Physics and LaserLaB Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Bram Prevo
- Department of Physics and LaserLaB Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Felix Oswald
- Department of Physics and LaserLaB Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Pierre Mangeol
- Department of Physics and LaserLaB Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Erwin J. G. Peterman
- Department of Physics and LaserLaB Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Cheerambathur DK, Prevo B, Desai A. A TOGgle for Tension at Kinetochores. Cell 2016; 165:1316-1318. [PMID: 27259144 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Differential stability of kinetochore-microtubule attachments at low versus high tension is critical for accurate chromosome segregation. Miller et al. find that a TOG domain microtubule-binding protein imparts intrinsic tension selectivity to kinetochore-microtubule attachments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dhanya K Cheerambathur
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Bram Prevo
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Arshad Desai
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Mangeol P, Prevo B, Peterman EJG. KymographClear and KymographDirect: two tools for the automated quantitative analysis of molecular and cellular dynamics using kymographs. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:1948-57. [PMID: 27099372 PMCID: PMC4907728 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-06-0404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic processes are ubiquitous and essential in living cells. To properly understand these processes, it is imperative to measure them in a time-dependent way and analyze the resulting data quantitatively, preferably with automated tools. Kymographs are single images that represent the motion of dynamic processes and are widely used in live-cell imaging. Although they contain the full range of dynamics, it is not straightforward to extract this quantitative information in a reliable way. Here we present two complementary, publicly available software tools, KymographClear and KymographDirect, that have the power to reveal detailed insight in dynamic processes. KymographClear is a macro toolset for ImageJ to generate kymographs that provides automatic color coding of the different directions of movement. KymographDirect is a stand-alone tool to extract quantitative information from kymographs obtained from a wide range of dynamic processes in an automated way, with high accuracy and reliability. We discuss the concepts behind these software tools, validate them using simulated data, and test them on experimental data. We show that these tools can be used to extract motility parameters from a diverse set of cell-biological experiments in an automated and user-friendly way.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Mangeol
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLaB Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam NH 1081HV, Netherlands
| | - Bram Prevo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLaB Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam NH 1081HV, Netherlands
| | - Erwin J G Peterman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLaB Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam NH 1081HV, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Mijalkovic J, Prevo B, Peterman EJG. Why motor proteins team up - Intraflagellar transport in C. elegans cilia. Worm 2016; 5:e1170275. [PMID: 27384150 PMCID: PMC4911997 DOI: 10.1080/21624054.2016.1170275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Inside the cell, vital processes such as cell division and intracellular transport are driven by the concerted action of different molecular motor proteins. In C. elegans chemosensory cilia, 2 kinesin-2 family motor proteins, kinesin-II and OSM-3, team up to drive intraflagellar transport (IFT) in the anterograde direction, from base to tip, whereas IFT dynein hitchhikes toward the tip and subsequently drives IFT in the opposite, retrograde direction, thereby recycling both kinesins. While it is evident that at least a retrograde and an anterograde motor are necessary to drive IFT, it has remained puzzling why 2 same-polarity kinesins are employed. Recently, we addressed this question by combining advanced genome-engineering tools with ultrasensitive, quantitative fluorescence microscopy to study IFT with single-molecule sensitivity.1,2 Using this combination of approaches, we uncovered a differentiation in kinesin-2 function, in which the slower kinesin-II operates as an ‘importer’, loading IFT trains into the cilium before gradually handing them over to the faster OSM-3. OSM-3 subsequently acts as a long-range ‘transporter’, driving the IFT trains toward the tip. The two kinesin-2 motors combine their unique motility properties to achieve something neither motor can achieve on its own; that is to optimize the amount of cargo inside the cilium. In this commentary, we provide detailed insight into the rationale behind our research approach and comment on our recent findings. Moreover, we discuss the role of IFT dynein and provide an outlook on future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jona Mijalkovic
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLaB Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bram Prevo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLaB Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erwin J G Peterman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLaB Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Prevo B, Mangeol P, Oswald F, Scholey JM, Peterman EJG. Functional differentiation of cooperating kinesin-2 motors orchestrates cargo import and transport in C. elegans cilia. Nat Cell Biol 2015; 17:1536-45. [PMID: 26523365 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular transport depends on cooperation between distinct motor proteins. Two anterograde intraflagellar transport (IFT) motors, heterotrimeric kinesin-II and homodimeric OSM-3, cooperate to move cargo along Caenorhabditis elegans cilia. Here, using quantitative fluorescence microscopy, with single-molecule sensitivity, of IFT in living strains containing single-copy transgenes encoding fluorescent IFT proteins, we show that kinesin-II transports IFT trains through the ciliary base and transition zone to a 'handover zone' on the proximal axoneme. There, OSM-3 gradually replaces kinesin-II, yielding velocity profiles inconsistent with in vitro motility assays, and then drives transport to the ciliary tip. Dissociated kinesin-II motors undergo rapid turnaround and recycling to the ciliary base, whereas OSM-3 is recycled mainly to the handover zone. This reveals a functional differentiation in which the slower, less processive kinesin-II imports IFT trains into the cilium and OSM-3 drives their long-range transport, thereby optimizing cargo delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bram Prevo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLaB Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pierre Mangeol
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLaB Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Felix Oswald
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLaB Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jonathan M Scholey
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Erwin J G Peterman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLaB Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
A study of kinesin-1 has shed new light on how motor proteins are able to move along microtubules inside cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bram Prevo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, and LaserLaB Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erwin Jg Peterman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, and LaserLaB Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Prevo B, Mangeol PJ, Oswald F, Scholey JM, Peterman EJ. A Single-Molecule View on Kinesin Motor-Protein Cooperation in Intraflagellar Transport in Living C. elegans. Biophys J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2014.11.3259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
|
22
|
Abstract
Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) is the phenomenon of non-radiative transfer of electronic excitations from a donor fluorophore to an acceptor, mediated by electronic dipole-dipole coupling. The transfer rate and, as a consequence, efficiency depend non-linearly on the distance between the donor and the acceptor. FRET efficiency can thus be used as an effective and accurate reporter of distance between two fluorophores and changes thereof. Over the last 50 years or so, FRET has been used as a spectroscopic ruler to measure conformations and conformational changes of biomolecules. More recently, FRET has been combined with microscopy, ultimately allowing measurement of FRET between a single donor and a single acceptor pair. In this review, we will explain the physical foundations of FRET and how FRET can be applied to biomolecules. We will highlight the power of the different FRET approaches by focusing on its application to the motor protein kinesin, which undergoes several conformational changes driven by enzymatic action, that ultimately result in unidirectional motion along microtubule filaments, driving active transport in the cell. Single-molecule and ensemble FRET studies of different aspects of kinesin have provided numerous insights into the complex chemomechanical mechanism of this fascinating protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bram Prevo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLaB Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Prevo B, Oswald F, Mangeol PJ, Scholey JM, Peterman EJ. Illuminating the Cooperative Action of Kinesin-II and OSM-3-Kinesin in the Chemosensory Cilia of Caenorhabditis Elegans. Biophys J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2013.11.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
|
24
|
Abstract
Although wound-healing is often addressed at the level of whole tissues, in many cases individual cells are able to heal wounds within themselves, repairing broken cell membrane before the cellular contents leak out. The giant unicellular organism Stentor coeruleus, in which cells can be more than one millimeter in size, have been a classical model organism for studying wound healing in single cells. Stentor cells can be cut in half without loss of viability, and can even be cut and grafted together. But this high tolerance to cutting raises the question of why the cytoplasm does not simply flow out from the size of the cut. Here we present a method for cutting Stentor cells while simultaneously imaging the movement of cytoplasm in the vicinity of the cut at high spatial and temporal resolution. The key to our method is to use a "double decker" microscope configuration in which the surgery is performed under a dissecting microscope focused on a chamber that is simultaneously viewed from below at high resolution using an inverted microscope with a high NA lens. This setup allows a high level of control over the surgical procedure while still permitting high resolution tracking of cytoplasm.
Collapse
|
25
|
Prevo B, Mangeol P, Oswald F, Scholey JM, Peterman EJ. Kinesins in Caenorhabditis Elegans Chemosensory Cilia Relay to Drive Intracellular Transport. Biophys J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2012.11.3601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
|
26
|
Prevo B, Mangeol PJ, Scholey JM, Peterman EJ. Illuminating the Intraflagellar Transport Machinery of Caenorhabditis Elegans. Biophys J 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2011.11.2064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
|
27
|
Hao L, Thein M, Brust-Mascher I, Civelekoglu-Scholey G, Lu Y, Acar S, Prevo B, Shaham S, Scholey JM. Intraflagellar transport delivers tubulin isotypes to sensory cilium middle and distal segments. Nat Cell Biol 2011; 13:790-8. [PMID: 21642982 PMCID: PMC3129367 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sensory cilia are assembled and maintained by kinesin-2-dependent intraflagellar transport (IFT). We investigated whether two Caenorhabditis elegans α- and β-tubulin isotypes, identified through mutants that lack their cilium distal segments, are delivered to their assembly sites by IFT. Mutations in conserved residues in both tubulins destabilize distal singlet microtubules. One isotype, TBB-4, assembles into microtubules at the tips of the axoneme core and distal segments, where the microtubule tip tracker EB1 is found, and localizes all along the cilium, whereas the other, TBA-5, concentrates in distal singlets. IFT assays, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching analysis and modelling indicate that the continual transport of sub-stoichiometric numbers of these tubulin subunits by the IFT machinery can maintain sensory cilia at their steady-state length.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Limin Hao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, 145-B Briggs Hall, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
One of the more popular single-molecule approaches in biological science is single-molecule fluorescence microscopy, which is the subject of the following section of this volume. Fluorescence methods provide the sensitivity required to study biology on the single-molecule level, but they also allow access to useful measurable parameters on time and length scales relevant for the biomolecular world. Before several detailed experimental approaches are addressed, we first give a general overview of single-molecule fluorescence microscopy. We start with discussing the phenomenon of fluorescence in general and the history of single-molecule fluorescence microscopy. Next, we review fluorescent probes in more detail and the equipment required to visualize them on the single-molecule level. We end with a description of parameters measurable with such approaches, ranging from protein counting and tracking, to distance measurements with Förster Resonance Energy Transfer and orientation measurements with fluorescence polarization.
Collapse
|