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Kohli A, Miro B, Balié J, d’A Hughes J. Photosynthesis research: a model to bridge fundamental science, translational products, and socio-economic considerations in agriculture. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:2281-2298. [PMID: 32076700 PMCID: PMC7135011 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite impressive success in molecular physiological understanding of photosynthesis, and preliminary evidence on its potential for quantum shifts in agricultural productivity, the question remains of whether increased photosynthesis, without parallel fine-tuning of the associated processes, is enough. There is a distinct lack of formal socio-economic impact studies that address the critical questions of product profiling, cost-benefit analysis, environmental trade-offs, and technological and market forces in product acceptability. When a relatively well understood process gains enough traction for translational value, its broader scientific and technical gap assessment, in conjunction with its socio-economic impact assessment for success, should be a prerequisite. The successes in the upstream basic understanding of photosynthesis should be integrated with a gap analysis for downstream translational applications to impact the farmers' and customers' lifestyles and livelihoods. The purpose of this review is to assess how the laboratory, the field, and the societal demands from photosynthesis could generate a transformative product. Two crucial recommendations from the analysis of the state of knowledge and potential ways forward are (i) the formulation of integrative mega-projects, which span the multistakeholder spectrum, to ensure rapid success in harnessing the transformative power of photosynthesis; and (ii) stipulating spatiotemporal, labour, and economic criteria to stage-gate deliverables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Kohli
- International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Philippines
| | - Berta Miro
- International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Philippines
| | - Jean Balié
- International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Philippines
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Zhu XG, Ort DR, Parry MAJ, von Caemmerer S. A wish list for synthetic biology in photosynthesis research. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:2219-2225. [PMID: 32060550 PMCID: PMC7134917 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
This perspective summarizes the presentations and discussions at the ' International Symposium on Synthetic Biology in Photosynthesis Research', which was held in Shanghai in 2018. Leveraging the current advanced understanding of photosynthetic systems, the symposium brain-stormed about the redesign and engineering of photosynthetic systems for translational goals and evaluated available new technologies/tools for synthetic biology as well as technological obstacles and new tools that would be needed to overcome them. Four major research areas for redesigning photosynthesis were identified: (i) mining natural variations of photosynthesis; (ii) coordinating photosynthesis with pathways utilizing photosynthate; (iii) reconstruction of highly efficient photosynthetic systems in non-host species; and (iv) development of new photosynthetic systems that do not exist in nature. To expedite photosynthesis synthetic biology research, an array of new technologies and community resources need to be developed, which include expanded modelling capacities, molecular engineering toolboxes, model species, and phenotyping tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Guang Zhu
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology and Center for Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Donald R Ort
- Departments of Plant Biology and Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Martin A J Parry
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Susanne von Caemmerer
- Research School of Biological Sciences, Australian National University, Acton, Australia
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Li X, Wang P, Li J, Wei S, Yan Y, Yang J, Zhao M, Langdale JA, Zhou W. Maize GOLDEN2-LIKE genes enhance biomass and grain yields in rice by improving photosynthesis and reducing photoinhibition. Commun Biol 2020; 3:151. [PMID: 32238902 PMCID: PMC7113295 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-0887-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosynthetic efficiency is a major target for improvement of crop yield potential under agricultural field conditions. Inefficiencies can occur in many steps of the photosynthetic process, from chloroplast biogenesis to functioning of the light harvesting and carbon fixation reactions. Nuclear-encoded GOLDEN2-LIKE (GLK) transcription factors regulate some of the earliest steps by activating target genes encoding chloroplast-localized and photosynthesis-related proteins. Here we show that constitutive expression of maize GLK genes in rice leads to enhanced levels of chlorophylls and pigment-protein antenna complexes, and that these increases lead to improved light harvesting efficiency via photosystem II in field-grown plants. Increased levels of xanthophylls further buffer the negative effects of photoinhibition under high or fluctuating light conditions by facilitating greater dissipation of excess absorbed energy as heat. Significantly, the enhanced photosynthetic capacity of field-grown transgenic plants resulted in increased carbohydrate levels and a 30–40% increase in both vegetative biomass and grain yield. Li et al. improve photosynthetic efficiency in rice by constitutively expressing maize GOLDEN2-like (GLK) genes (ZmG2 and ZmGLK1). They are able to reduce photoinhibition and enhance the photosynthetic potential as well as increase the carbohydrate, biomass and grain yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Li
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100081, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK.,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Li
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100081, Beijing, China
| | - Shaobo Wei
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100081, Beijing, China
| | - Yanyan Yan
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100081, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, 201602, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100081, Beijing, China
| | - Jane A Langdale
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Wenbin Zhou
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100081, Beijing, China.
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Singh P, Reeves G. Constructing the bundle sheath towards enhanced photosynthesis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:1206-1209. [PMID: 32076726 PMCID: PMC7031064 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This article comments on: van Rooijen R, Schulze S, Petzsch P, Westhoff P. 2020. Targeted misexpression of NAC052, acting in H3K4 demethylation, alters leaf morphological and anatomical traits in Arabidopsis thaliana. Journal of Experimental Botany 71, 1434–1448.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Singh
- University of Cambridge, Department of Plant Sciences, Downing Site, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gregory Reeves
- University of Cambridge, Department of Plant Sciences, Downing Site, Cambridge, UK
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Ermakova M, Danila FR, Furbank RT, von Caemmerer S. On the road to C 4 rice: advances and perspectives. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 101:940-950. [PMID: 31596523 PMCID: PMC7065233 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The international C4 rice consortium aims to introduce into rice a high capacity photosynthetic mechanism, the C4 pathway, to increase yield. The C4 pathway is characterised by a complex combination of biochemical and anatomical specialisation that ensures high CO2 partial pressure at RuBisCO sites in bundle sheath (BS) cells. Here we report an update of the progress of the C4 rice project. Since its inception in 2008 there has been an exponential growth in synthetic biology and molecular tools. Golden Gate cloning and synthetic promoter systems have facilitated gene building block approaches allowing multiple enzymes and metabolite transporters to be assembled and expressed from single gene constructs. Photosynthetic functionalisation of the BS in rice remains an important step and there has been some success overexpressing transcription factors in the cytokinin signalling network which influence chloroplast volume. The C4 rice project has rejuvenated the research interest in C4 photosynthesis. Comparative anatomical studies now point to critical features essential for the design. So far little attention has been paid to the energetics. C4 photosynthesis has a greater ATP requirement, which is met by increased cyclic electron transport in BS cells. We hypothesise that changes in energy statues may drive this increased capacity for cyclic electron flow without the need for further modification. Although increasing vein density will ultimately be necessary for high efficiency C4 rice, our modelling shows that small amounts of C4 photosynthesis introduced around existing veins could already provide benefits of increased photosynthesis on the road to C4 rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ermakova
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Translational PhotosynthesisDivision of Plant ScienceResearch School of BiologyThe Australian National UniversityActonACT2601Australia
| | - Florence R. Danila
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Translational PhotosynthesisDivision of Plant ScienceResearch School of BiologyThe Australian National UniversityActonACT2601Australia
| | - Robert T. Furbank
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Translational PhotosynthesisDivision of Plant ScienceResearch School of BiologyThe Australian National UniversityActonACT2601Australia
| | - Susanne von Caemmerer
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Translational PhotosynthesisDivision of Plant ScienceResearch School of BiologyThe Australian National UniversityActonACT2601Australia
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Lin H, Arrivault S, Coe RA, Karki S, Covshoff S, Bagunu E, Lunn JE, Stitt M, Furbank RT, Hibberd JM, Quick WP. A Partial C 4 Photosynthetic Biochemical Pathway in Rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:564463. [PMID: 33178234 PMCID: PMC7593541 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.564463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Introduction of a C4 photosynthetic pathway into C3 rice (Oryza sativa) requires installation of a biochemical pump that concentrates CO2 at the site of carboxylation in modified bundle sheath cells. To investigate the feasibility of this, we generated a quadruple line that simultaneously accumulates four of the core C4 photosynthetic enzymes from the NADP-malic enzyme subtype, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (ZmPEPC), NADP-malate dehydrogenase (ZmNADP-MDH), NADP-malic enzyme (ZmNADP-ME), and pyruvate phosphate dikinase (ZmPPDK). This led to enhanced enzyme activity and mild phenotypic perturbations but was largely neutral in its effects on photosynthetic rate. Measurements of the flux of 13CO2 through photosynthetic metabolism revealed a significant increase in the incorporation of 13C into malate, consistent with increased fixation of 13CO2 via PEP carboxylase in lines expressing the maize PEPC enzyme. However, there was no significant differences in labeling of 3-phosphoglycerate (3PGA) indicating that there was no carbon flux through NADP-ME into the Calvin-Benson cycle. There was also no significant difference in labeling of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) indicating that there was no carbon flux through PPDK. Crossing the quadruple line with a line with reduced glycine decarboxylase H-protein (OsGDCH) abundance led to a photosynthetic phenotype characteristic of the reduced OsGDCH line and higher labeling of malate, aspartate and citrate than in the quintuple line. There was evidence of 13C labeling of aspartate indicating 13CO2 fixation into oxaloacetate by PEPC and conversion to aspartate by the endogenous aspartate aminotransferase activity. While Kranz anatomy or other anatomical modifications have not yet been installed in these plants to enable a fully functional C4 cycle, these results demonstrate for the first-time a partial flux through the carboxylation phase of NADP-ME C4 metabolism in transgenic rice containing two of the key metabolic steps in the C4 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- HsiangChun Lin
- C4 Rice Centre, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, Philippines
| | - Stéphanie Arrivault
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology (MPI-MP), Potsdam, Germany
| | - Robert A. Coe
- C4 Rice Centre, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, Philippines
| | - Shanta Karki
- National Centre for Fruit Development, Kirtipur, Nepal
| | - Sarah Covshoff
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Efren Bagunu
- C4 Rice Centre, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, Philippines
| | - John E. Lunn
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology (MPI-MP), Potsdam, Germany
| | - Mark Stitt
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology (MPI-MP), Potsdam, Germany
| | - Robert T. Furbank
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Julian M. Hibberd
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - William Paul Quick
- C4 Rice Centre, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, Philippines
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: William Paul Quick,
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Mai KKK, Gao P, Kang BH. Electron Microscopy Views of Dimorphic Chloroplasts in C4 Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1020. [PMID: 32719711 PMCID: PMC7350421 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
C4 plants enhance photosynthesis efficiency by concentrating CO2 to the site of Rubisco action. Chloroplasts in C4 plants exhibit structural dimorphism because thylakoid architectures vary depending on energy requirements. Advances in electron microscopy imaging capacity and sample preparation technologies allowed characterization of thylakoid structures and their macromolecular arrangements with unprecedented precision mostly in C3 plants. The thylakoid is assembled during chloroplast biogenesis through collaboration between the plastid and nuclear genomes. Recently, the membrane dynamics involved in the assembly process has been investigated with 3D electron microscopy, and molecular factors required for thylakoid construction have been characterized. The two classes of chloroplasts in C4 plants arise from common precursors, but little is known about how a single type of chloroplasts grow, divide, and differentiate to mature into distinct chloroplasts. Here, we outline the thylakoid structure and its assembly processes in C3 plants to discuss ultrastructural analyses of dimorphic chloroplast biogenesis in C4 plant species. Future directions for electron microscopy research of C4 photosynthetic systems are also proposed.
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Lande NV, Barua P, Gayen D, Kumar S, Chakraborty S, Chakraborty N. Proteomic dissection of the chloroplast: Moving beyond photosynthesis. J Proteomics 2019; 212:103542. [PMID: 31704367 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2019.103542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplast, the photosynthetic machinery, converts photoenergy to ATP and NADPH, which powers the production of carbohydrates from atmospheric CO2 and H2O. It also serves as a major production site of multivariate pro-defense molecules, and coordinate with other organelles for cell defense. Chloroplast harbors 30-50% of total cellular proteins, out of which 80% are membrane residents and are difficult to solubilize. While proteome profiling has illuminated vast areas of biological protein space, a great deal of effort must be invested to understand the proteomic landscape of the chloroplast, which plays central role in photosynthesis, energy metabolism and stress-adaptation. Therefore, characterization of chloroplast proteome would not only provide the foundation for future investigation of expression and function of chloroplast proteins, but would open up new avenues for modulation of plant productivity through synchronizing chloroplastic key components. In this review, we summarize the progress that has been made to build new understanding of the chloroplast proteome and implications of chloroplast dynamicsing generate metabolic energy and modulating stress adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilesh Vikram Lande
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Jawaharlal Nehru University Campus, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Pragya Barua
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Jawaharlal Nehru University Campus, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Dipak Gayen
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Jawaharlal Nehru University Campus, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Jawaharlal Nehru University Campus, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Subhra Chakraborty
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Jawaharlal Nehru University Campus, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Niranjan Chakraborty
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Jawaharlal Nehru University Campus, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India.
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59
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Dehigaspitiya P, Milham P, Ash GJ, Arun-Chinnappa K, Gamage D, Martin A, Nagasaka S, Seneweera S. Exploring natural variation of photosynthesis in a site-specific manner: evolution, progress, and prospects. PLANTA 2019; 250:1033-1050. [PMID: 31254100 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03223-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Site-specific changes of photosynthesis, a relatively new concept, can be used to improve the productivity of critical food crops to mitigate the foreseen food crisis. Global food security is threatened by an increasing population and the effects of climate change. Large yield improvements were achieved in major cereal crops between the 1950s and 1980s through the Green Revolution. However, we are currently experiencing a significant decline in yield progress. Of the many approaches to improved cereal yields, exploitation of the mode of photosynthesis has been intensely studied. Even though the C4 pathway is considered the most efficient, mainly because of the carbon concentrating mechanisms around the enzyme ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, which minimize photorespiration, much is still unknown about the specific gene regulation of this mode of photosynthesis. Most of the critical cereal crops, including wheat and rice, are categorized as C3 plants based on the photosynthesis of major photosynthetic organs. However, recent findings raise the possibility of different modes of photosynthesis occurring at different sites in the same plant and/or in plants grown in different habitats. That is, it seems possible that efficient photosynthetic traits may be expressed in specific organs, even though the major photosynthetic pathway is C3. Knowledge of site-specific differences in photosynthesis, coupled with site-specific regulation of gene expression, may therefore hold a potential to enhance the yields of economically important C3 crops.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul Milham
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, LB 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - Gavin J Ash
- Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, 4350, Australia
| | - Kiruba Arun-Chinnappa
- Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, 4350, Australia
| | - Dananjali Gamage
- Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, 4350, Australia
| | - Anke Martin
- Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, 4350, Australia
| | - Seiji Nagasaka
- Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, 4350, Australia
| | - Saman Seneweera
- Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, 4350, Australia.
- National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Hanthana Road, Kandy, 20000, Central, Sri Lanka.
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60
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Hughes TE, Sedelnikova OV, Wu H, Becraft PW, Langdale JA. Redundant SCARECROW genes pattern distinct cell layers in roots and leaves of maize. Development 2019; 146:dev.177543. [PMID: 31235633 PMCID: PMC6679360 DOI: 10.1242/dev.177543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The highly efficient C4 photosynthetic pathway is facilitated by ‘Kranz’ leaf anatomy. In Kranz leaves, closely spaced veins are encircled by concentric layers of photosynthetic bundle sheath (inner) and mesophyll (outer) cells. Here, we demonstrate that, in the C4 monocot maize, Kranz patterning is regulated by redundant function of SCARECROW 1 (ZmSCR1) and a previously uncharacterized homeologue: ZmSCR1h. ZmSCR1 and ZmSCR1h transcripts accumulate in ground meristem cells of developing leaf primordia and in Zmscr1;Zmscr1h mutant leaves, most veins are separated by one rather than two mesophyll cells; many veins have sclerenchyma above and/or below instead of mesophyll cells; and supernumerary bundle sheath cells develop. The mutant defects are unified by compromised mesophyll cell development. In addition to Kranz defects, Zmscr1;Zmscr1h mutants fail to form an organized endodermal layer in the root. Collectively, these data indicate that ZmSCR1 and ZmSCR1h redundantly regulate cell-type patterning in both the leaves and roots of maize. Leaf and root pathways are distinguished, however, by the cell layer in which they operate – mesophyll at a two-cell distance from leaf veins versus endodermis immediately adjacent to root vasculature. Summary: Two duplicated maize SCARECROW genes control the development of the endodermis in roots and the mesophyll in leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Hughes
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Olga V Sedelnikova
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Hao Wu
- Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology Department, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Philip W Becraft
- Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology Department, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Jane A Langdale
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
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61
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Knockdown of carbonate anhydrase elevates Nannochloropsis productivity at high CO2 level. Metab Eng 2019; 54:96-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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62
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Lundgren MR, Dunning LT, Olofsson JK, Moreno‐Villena JJ, Bouvier JW, Sage TL, Khoshravesh R, Sultmanis S, Stata M, Ripley BS, Vorontsova MS, Besnard G, Adams C, Cuff N, Mapaura A, Bianconi ME, Long CM, Christin P, Osborne CP. C 4 anatomy can evolve via a single developmental change. Ecol Lett 2019; 22:302-312. [PMID: 30557904 PMCID: PMC6849723 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
C4 photosynthesis is a complex trait that boosts productivity in warm environments. Paradoxically, it evolved independently in numerous plant lineages, despite requiring specialised leaf anatomy. The anatomical modifications underlying C4 evolution have previously been evaluated through interspecific comparisons, which capture numerous changes besides those needed for C4 functionality. Here, we quantify the anatomical changes accompanying the transition between non-C4 and C4 phenotypes by sampling widely across the continuum of leaf anatomical traits in the grass Alloteropsis semialata. Within this species, the only trait that is shared among and specific to C4 individuals is an increase in vein density, driven specifically by minor vein development that yields multiple secondary effects facilitating C4 function. For species with the necessary anatomical preconditions, developmental proliferation of veins can therefore be sufficient to produce a functional C4 leaf anatomy, creating an evolutionary entry point to complex C4 syndromes that can become more specialised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie R. Lundgren
- Department of Animal and Plant SciencesUniversity of SheffieldWestern BankSheffieldS10 2TNUK
- Present address:
Lancaster Environment CentreLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YQUK
| | - Luke T. Dunning
- Department of Animal and Plant SciencesUniversity of SheffieldWestern BankSheffieldS10 2TNUK
| | - Jill K. Olofsson
- Department of Animal and Plant SciencesUniversity of SheffieldWestern BankSheffieldS10 2TNUK
| | - Jose J. Moreno‐Villena
- Department of Animal and Plant SciencesUniversity of SheffieldWestern BankSheffieldS10 2TNUK
| | - Jacques W. Bouvier
- Department of Animal and Plant SciencesUniversity of SheffieldWestern BankSheffieldS10 2TNUK
| | - Tammy L. Sage
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of Toronto25 Willcocks StreetTorontoONM5S 3B2Canada
| | - Roxana Khoshravesh
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of Toronto25 Willcocks StreetTorontoONM5S 3B2Canada
| | - Stefanie Sultmanis
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of Toronto25 Willcocks StreetTorontoONM5S 3B2Canada
| | - Matt Stata
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of Toronto25 Willcocks StreetTorontoONM5S 3B2Canada
| | - Brad S. Ripley
- Botany DepartmentRhodes UniversityGrahamstown6139South Africa
| | - Maria S. Vorontsova
- Comparative Plant and Fungal BiologyRoyal Botanic GardensKewRichmondSurreyTW9 3ABUK
| | - Guillaume Besnard
- Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique (EDB UMR5174)Université de ToulouseCNRSENSFEAUPSIRD118 route de Narbonne31062ToulouseFrance
| | - Claire Adams
- Botany DepartmentRhodes UniversityGrahamstown6139South Africa
| | - Nicholas Cuff
- Northern Territory HerbariumDepartment of Environment and Natural ResourcesPO Box 496PalmerstonNT0831Australia
| | | | - Matheus E. Bianconi
- Department of Animal and Plant SciencesUniversity of SheffieldWestern BankSheffieldS10 2TNUK
| | - Christine M. Long
- Department of Primary Industry and FisheriesNorthern Territory GovernmentDarwinNT0801Australia
| | - Pascal‐Antoine Christin
- Department of Animal and Plant SciencesUniversity of SheffieldWestern BankSheffieldS10 2TNUK
| | - Colin P. Osborne
- Department of Animal and Plant SciencesUniversity of SheffieldWestern BankSheffieldS10 2TNUK
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