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A fungal substrate mimicking molecule suppresses plant immunity via an inter-kingdom conserved motif. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1576. [PMID: 30952847 PMCID: PMC6450895 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09472-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ustilago maydis is a biotrophic fungus causing corn smut disease in maize. The secreted effector protein Pit2 is an inhibitor of papain-like cysteine proteases (PLCPs) essential for virulence. Pit2 inhibitory function relies on a conserved 14 amino acids motif (PID14). Here we show that synthetic PID14 peptides act more efficiently as PLCP inhibitors than the full-length Pit2 effector. Mass spectrometry shows processing of Pit2 by maize PLCPs, which releases an inhibitory core motif from the PID14 sequence. Mutational analysis demonstrates that two conserved residues are essential for Pit2 function. We propose that the Pit2 effector functions as a substrate mimicking molecule: Pit2 is a suitable substrate for apoplastic PLCPs and its processing releases the embedded inhibitor peptide, which in turn blocks PLCPs to modulate host immunity. Remarkably, the PID14 core motif is present in several plant associated fungi and bacteria, indicating the existence of a conserved microbial inhibitor of proteases (cMIP).
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Hwang IS, Oh EJ, Lee HB, Oh CS. Functional Characterization of Two Cellulase Genes in the Gram-Positive Pathogenic Bacterium Clavibacter michiganensis for Wilting in Tomato. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2019; 32:491-501. [PMID: 30345870 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-08-18-0227-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Diverse plant pathogens secrete cellulases to degrade plant cell walls. Previously, the plasmid-borne cellulase gene celA was shown to be important for the virulence of the gram-positive bacterium Clavibacter michiganensis in tomato. However, details of the contribution of cellulases to the development of wilting in tomato have not been well-determined. To better understand the contribution of cellulases to the virulence of C. michiganensis in tomato, a mutant lacking cellulase activity was generated and complemented with truncated forms of certain cellulase genes, and virulence of those strain was examined. A celA mutant of the C. michiganensis type strain LMG7333 lost its cellulase activity and almost all its ability to cause wilting in tomato. The cellulase catalytic domain and cellulose-binding domain of CelA together were sufficient for both cellulase activity and the development of wilting in tomato. However, the expansin domain did not affect virulence or cellulase activity. The celA ortholog of Clavibacter sepedonicus restored the full virulence of the celA mutant of C. michiganensis. Another cellulase gene, celB, located in the chromosome, carries a single-base deletion in most C. michiganensis strains but does not carry a functional signal peptide in its N terminus. Nevertheless, an experimentally modified CelB protein with a CelA signal peptide was secreted and able to cause wilting in tomato. These results indicate that cellulases are major virulence factors of C. michiganensis that causes wilting in tomato. Furthermore, there are natural variations among cellulase genes directly affecting their function.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Sun Hwang
- Department of Horticultural Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
| | - Eom-Ji Oh
- Department of Horticultural Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
| | - Han Beoyl Lee
- Department of Horticultural Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
| | - Chang-Sik Oh
- Department of Horticultural Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
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Mohammad HB, Lee SE, Kim MS. Refining a Pathogen's Genome to Know the Enemy Better for the Winning Battles. Proteomics 2019; 19:e1900005. [PMID: 30884182 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201900005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Clavibacter michiganensis, subsp. michiganens is a gram positive bacterial pathogen infecting tomato, resulting in the great losses of yield and quality worldwide. Despite its great impact on economics, we do not fully understand the virulence factors from its genome probably due to imperfect genome annotation. Peritore-Galve et al. utilized proteogenomic approach to identify 26 novel protein-coding regions, to extend 59 annotated open reading frames and to confirm protein expression for ≈70% of predicted gene models of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis. New findings by the proteogenomics technique were further confirmed using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. To win battles with pathogens, it is advantageous to know about our enemies accurately which can be achieved by mass spectrometry-based identifications of novel protein-coding regions in genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seung-Eun Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Kyung Hee Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Sik Kim
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
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Peritore-Galve FC, Schneider DJ, Yang Y, Thannhauser TW, Smart CD, Stodghill P. Proteome Profile and Genome Refinement of the Tomato-Pathogenic Bacterium Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis. Proteomics 2019; 19:e1800224. [PMID: 30648817 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201800224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F Christopher Peritore-Galve
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Geneva, NY, 14456, USA
| | - David J Schneider
- Global Institute for Food Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 4J8, Canada
| | - Yong Yang
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service, Robert W. Holley Center, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Theodore W Thannhauser
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service, Robert W. Holley Center, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Christine D Smart
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Geneva, NY, 14456, USA
| | - Paul Stodghill
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service, Robert W. Holley Center, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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55
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Graskova IA, Perfileva AI, Nozhkina OA, Sukhov BG, Aleksandrova GP, Trofimov BA. Silver-Containing Humic Substance-Based Nanocomposites-Agents for Healing of Potatoes from the Ring Rot. DOKLADY BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE USSR, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SECTIONS 2019; 483:239-242. [PMID: 30603947 DOI: 10.1134/s0012496618060078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The influence of silver-containing humic substance (HS)-based nanocomposites (NCs) obtained from mud, shale, and coals of three kinds of deposits in Mongolia on the viability and ability to biofilm formation of a phytopathogenic gram-positive bacterium Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus (Cms), as well as peroxidase activity and potato plant growth in vitro, has been investigated. The maximum reduction of the viability of bacterial cells was found in the case of incubation with HS-mu/Ag NC and HS-coal/Ag NC. It was found that HSs, including HS-mu and HS-sl, and NCs synthesized on the base of these HSs, HS-mud/Ag NC and HS-sl/Ag NC reduce more than twofold the activity of peroxidase in potato tissues. It was also found that HS-co and HS-coal/Ag NC stimulate the potato peroxidase activity, as well as biofilm formation of Cms bacterium. No negative effect of the studied NCs on the growth of potato has been revealed. Moreover, NC HS-mud/Ag based on mud had a stimulating effect on leaf formation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- I A Graskova
- Siberian Institute of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, 664033, Russia.,Irkutsk Scientific Center, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russia
| | - A I Perfileva
- Siberian Institute of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, 664033, Russia.
| | - O A Nozhkina
- Siberian Institute of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, 664033, Russia
| | - B G Sukhov
- Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, 664033, Russia.,Irkutsk Scientific Center, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russia
| | - G P Aleksandrova
- Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, 664033, Russia
| | - B A Trofimov
- Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, 664033, Russia
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56
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Montero-Vargas JM, Casarrubias-Castillo K, Martínez-Gallardo N, Ordaz-Ortiz JJ, Délano-Frier JP, Winkler R. Modulation of steroidal glycoalkaloid biosynthesis in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) by jasmonic acid. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 277:155-165. [PMID: 30466581 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Jasmonic acid (JA) is a phytohormone involved in plant development and defense. A major role of JA is the enhancement of secondary metabolite production, such as response to herbivory. Systemin is a bioactive plant peptide of 18 amino acids that contributes to the induction of local and systemic defense responses in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) through JA biosynthesis. The overexpression of systemin (PS-OE) results in constitutive JA accumulation and enhances pest resistance in plants. Conversely, mutant plants affected in linolenic acid synthesis (spr2) are negatively compromised in the production of JA which favors damage and oviposition by insect herbivores. With undirected mass fingerprinting analyses, we found global metabolic differences between genotypes with modified jasmonic acid production. The spr2 mutants were enriched in di-unsaturated fatty acids and generally showed more changes. The PS-OE genotype produced an unidentified compound with a mass-to-charge ratio of 695 (MZ695). Most strikingly, the steroidal glycoalkaloid biosynthesis was negatively affected in the spr2 genotype. Complementation with jasmonic acid could restore the tomatine pathway, which strongly suggests the control of steroidal glycoalkaloid biosynthesis by jasmonic acid. spr2 plants were more susceptible to fungal infection with Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceris, but not to bacterial infection with Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis which supports the involvement of steroidal glycoalkaloids in the plant response against fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josaphat Miguel Montero-Vargas
- Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV) Irapuato, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carr. Irapuato-León, 36824 Irapuato Gto., Mexico
| | - Kena Casarrubias-Castillo
- Universidad de Guadalajara, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Camino Ing., La Venta del Astillero, 44600 Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Norma Martínez-Gallardo
- Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV) Irapuato, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carr. Irapuato-León, 36824 Irapuato Gto., Mexico
| | - José Juan Ordaz-Ortiz
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (UGA) - Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad (LANGEBIO), Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carr. Irapuato-León, 36824 Irapuato Gto., Mexico
| | - John Paul Délano-Frier
- Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV) Irapuato, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carr. Irapuato-León, 36824 Irapuato Gto., Mexico.
| | - Robert Winkler
- Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV) Irapuato, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carr. Irapuato-León, 36824 Irapuato Gto., Mexico.
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57
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Pérez MRV, Contreras HRN, Sosa Herrera JA, Ávila JPL, Tobías HMR, Martínez FDB, Ramírez RF, Vázquez ÁGR. Detection of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis Assisted by Micro-Raman Spectroscopy under Laboratory Conditions. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2018; 34:381-392. [PMID: 30369848 PMCID: PMC6200046 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.oa.02.2018.0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganesis (Cmm) is a quarantine-worthy pest in México. The implementation and validation of new technologies is necessary to reduce the time for bacterial detection in laboratory conditions and Raman spectroscopy is an ambitious technology that has all of the features needed to characterize and identify bacteria. Under controlled conditions a contagion process was induced with Cmm, the disease epidemiology was monitored. Micro-Raman spectroscopy (532 nm λ laser) technique was evaluated its performance at assisting on Cmm detection through its characteristic Raman spectrum fingerprint. Our experiment was conducted with tomato plants in a completely randomized block experimental design (13 plants × 4 rows). The Cmm infection was confirmed by 16S rDNA and plants showed symptoms from 48 to 72 h after inoculation, the evolution of the incidence and severity on plant population varied over time and it kept an aggregated spatial pattern. The contagion process reached 79% just 24 days after the epidemic was induced. Micro-Raman spectroscopy proved its speed, efficiency and usefulness as a non-destructive method for the preliminary detection of Cmm. Carotenoid specific bands with wavelengths at 1146 and 1510 cm-1 were the distinguishable markers. Chemometric analyses showed the best performance by the implementation of PCA-LDA supervised classification algorithms applied over Raman spectrum data with 100% of performance in metrics of classifiers (sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, negative and positive predictive value) that allowed us to differentiate Cmm from other endophytic bacteria (Bacillus and Pantoea). The unsupervised KMeans algorithm showed good performance (100, 96, 98, 91 y 100%, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Moisés Roberto Vallejo Pérez
- CONACyT-Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí. Álvaro Obregón #64, Col. Centro, C.P. 78000, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P.
México
| | - Hugo Ricardo Navarro Contreras
- Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí. Coordinación para la Innovación y la Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACyT). Av. Sierra Leona #550, Col. Lomas 2a. Sección, C.P. 78210, S.L.P.,
México
| | - Jesús A. Sosa Herrera
- CONACyT-Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de Información Geoespacial A.C. Circuito Tecnopolo Norte 117, Col. Fraccionamiento Tecnopolo Pocitos, CP. 20313, Aguascalientes, Ags.
México
| | - José Pablo Lara Ávila
- Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí. Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria. Km. 14.5 Carretera San Luis Potosí, Matehuala, Ejido Palma de la Cruz, Soledad de Graciano Sánchez, C.P. 78321. S.L.P.
México
| | - Hugo Magdaleno Ramírez Tobías
- Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí. Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria. Km. 14.5 Carretera San Luis Potosí, Matehuala, Ejido Palma de la Cruz, Soledad de Graciano Sánchez, C.P. 78321. S.L.P.
México
| | - Fernando Díaz-Barriga Martínez
- Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí. Coordinación para la Innovación y la Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACyT). Av. Sierra Leona #550, Col. Lomas 2a. Sección, C.P. 78210, S.L.P.,
México
| | - Rogelio Flores Ramírez
- CONACyT-Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí. Álvaro Obregón #64, Col. Centro, C.P. 78000, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P.
México
| | - Ángel Gabriel Rodríguez Vázquez
- Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí. Coordinación para la Innovación y la Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACyT). Av. Sierra Leona #550, Col. Lomas 2a. Sección, C.P. 78210, S.L.P.,
México
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58
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Kong X, Yang M, Abbas HMK, Wu J, Li M, Dong W. Antimicrobial genes from Allium sativum and Pinellia ternata revealed by a Bacillus subtilis expression system. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14514. [PMID: 30266995 PMCID: PMC6162269 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32852-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial genes are found in all classes of life. To efficiently isolate these genes, we used Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli as target indicator bacteria and transformed them with cDNA libraries. Among thousands of expressed proteins, candidate proteins played antimicrobial roles from the inside of the indicator bacteria (internal effect), contributing to the sensitivity (much more sensitivity than the external effect from antimicrobial proteins working from outside of the cells) and the high throughput ability of screening. We found that B. subtilis is more efficient and reliable than E. coli. Using the B. subtilis expression system, we identified 19 novel, broad-spectrum antimicrobial genes. Proteins expressed by these genes were extracted and tested, exhibiting strong external antibacterial, antifungal and nematicidal activities. Furthermore, these newly isolated proteins could control plant diseases. Application of these proteins secreted by engineered B. subtilis in soil could inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria. These proteins are thermally stable and suitable for clinical medicine, as they exhibited no haemolytic activity. Based on our findings, we speculated that plant, animal and human pathogenic bacteria, fungi or even cancer cells might be taken as the indicator target cells for screening specific resistance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Kong
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology and the Key Lab of Crop Disease Monitoring & Safety Control in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430070, China
| | - Mei Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology and the Key Lab of Crop Disease Monitoring & Safety Control in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430070, China
| | - Hafiz Muhammad Khalid Abbas
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology and the Key Lab of Crop Disease Monitoring & Safety Control in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430070, China
| | - Jia Wu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology and the Key Lab of Crop Disease Monitoring & Safety Control in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430070, China
| | - Mengge Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology and the Key Lab of Crop Disease Monitoring & Safety Control in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430070, China
| | - Wubei Dong
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology and the Key Lab of Crop Disease Monitoring & Safety Control in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430070, China.
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59
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Pétriacq P, López A, Luna E. Fruit Decay to Diseases: Can Induced Resistance and Priming Help? PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 7:E77. [PMID: 30248893 PMCID: PMC6314081 DOI: 10.3390/plants7040077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Humanity faces the challenge of having to increase food production to feed an exponentially growing world population, while crop diseases reduce yields to levels that we can no longer afford. Besides, a significant amount of waste is produced after fruit harvest. Fruit decay due to diseases at a post-harvest level can claim up to 50% of the total production worldwide. Currently, the most effective means of disease control is the use of pesticides. However, their use post-harvest is extremely limited due to toxicity. The last few decades have witnessed the development of safer methods of disease control post-harvest. They have all been included in programs with the aim of achieving integrated pest (and disease) management (IPM) to reduce pesticide use to a minimum. Unfortunately, these approaches have failed to provide robust solutions. Therefore, it is necessary to develop alternative strategies that would result in effective control. Exploiting the immune capacity of plants has been described as a plausible route to prevent diseases post-harvest. Post-harvest-induced resistance (IR) through the use of safer chemicals from biological origin, biocontrol, and physical means has also been reported. In this review, we summarize the successful activity of these different strategies and explore the mechanisms behind. We further explore the concept of priming, and how its long-lasting and broad-spectrum nature could contribute to fruit resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Pétriacq
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Université de Bordeaux et INRA de Bordeaux, F-33883 Villenave d'Ornon, France.
- Plateforme Métabolome Bordeaux-MetaboHUB, Centre de Génomique Fonctionnelle Bordeaux, IBVM, Centre INRA Bordeaux, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France.
| | - Ana López
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Spanish National Centre for Biotechnology, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Estrella Luna
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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60
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Takishita Y, Charron JB, Smith DL. Biocontrol Rhizobacterium Pseudomonas sp. 23S Induces Systemic Resistance in Tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L.) Against Bacterial Canker Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2119. [PMID: 30254615 PMCID: PMC6141633 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Tomato bacterial canker disease, caused by Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm) is a destructive disease and has been a serious concern for tomato industries worldwide. Previously, a rhizosphere isolated strain of Pseudomonas sp. 23S showed antagonistic activity toward Cmm in vitro. This Pseudomonas sp. 23S was characterized to explore the potential of this bacterium for its use in agriculture. Pseudomonas sp. 23S possesses ability to solubilize inorganic phosphorus, and to produce siderophores, indole acetic acid, and hydrogen cyanide. The strain also showed antagonistic activity against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC 3000. A plant assay indicated that Pseudomonas sp. 23S could promote growth of tomato seedlings. The potential of treating tomato plants with Pseudomonas sp. 23S to reduce the severity of tomato bacterial canker by inducing systemic resistance (ISR) was investigated using well characterized marker genes such as PR1a [salicylic acid (SA)], PI2 [jasmonic acid (JA)], and ACO [ethylene (ET)]. Two-week-old tomato plants were treated with Pseudomonas sp. 23S by soil drench, and Cmm was inoculated into the stem by needle injection on 3, 5, or 7 days post drench. The results indicated that plants treated with Pseudomonas sp. 23S, 5 days prior to Cmm inoculation significantly delayed the progression of the disease. These plants, after 3 weeks from the date of Cmm inoculation, had significantly higher dry shoot and root weight, higher levels of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in the leaf tissue, and the number of Cmm population in the stem was significantly lower for the plants treated with Pseudomonas sp. 23S. From the real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis, the treatment with Pseudomonas sp. 23S alone was found to trigger a significant increase in the level of PR1a transcripts in tomato plants. When the plants were treated with Pseudomonas sp. 23S and inoculated with Cmm, the level of PR1a and ACO transcripts were increased, and this response was faster and greater as compared to plants inoculated with Cmm but not treated with Pseudomonas sp. 23S. Overall, the results suggested the involvement of SA signaling pathways for ISR induced by Pseudomonas sp. 23S.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Donald L. Smith
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
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61
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Perfileva AI, Tsivileva OM, Drevko YB, Ibragimova DN, Koftin OV. Effect of Selenium-containing Biocomposites from Medicinal Mushrooms on the Potato Ring Rot Causative Agent. DOKLADY BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE USSR, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SECTIONS 2018; 479:67-69. [PMID: 29790031 DOI: 10.1134/s0012496618020072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The impact of selenium biocomposites obtained from the medicinal macrobasidiomycetes Ganoderma lucidum, Grifola umbellata, Laetiporus sulphureus, Lentinula edodes, and Pleurotus ostreatus on the viability and biofilm formation capability of the phytopathogenic Gram-positive bacterium Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. sepedonicus (Spieck. et Kotth.) (Cms) was studied. Impairment of bacterial cell viability resulting from their incubation with biocomposites was shown. The decisive role of the composites' selenium component on the biological activity under question was established. The dependence of antimicrobial effect of the selenium-containing specimen on the mushroom systematic position was revealed. The maximal activity was found for the biocomposites based on the extracellular metabolites of L. edodes and G. lucidum. When the biopolymer specimen of fungal origin was added to bacterial suspension, the Cms capability of forming biofilms was found to be distinctly dependent of the biocomposite type, and it was substantially reduced in a number of cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Perfileva
- Siberian Institute of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, 164033, Russia.
| | - O M Tsivileva
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saratov, 410049, Russia
| | - Ya B Drevko
- Vavilov Saratov State Agricultural University, Saratov, 410012, Russia
| | - D N Ibragimova
- Chernyshevskii National Research Saratov State University, Saratov, 410012, Russia
| | - O V Koftin
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saratov, 410049, Russia
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62
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Han S, Jiang N, Lv Q, Kan Y, Hao J, Li J, Luo L. Detection of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis in viable but nonculturable state from tomato seed using improved qPCR. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196525. [PMID: 29723290 PMCID: PMC5933903 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm) is a seed-borne pathogen that causes bacterial canker disease of tomato. Cmm is typically detected in tomato seeds using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) combined with culture-based isolation. The viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state of Cmm may result in the underestimation or false negative detection of the pathogen. In the present study, propidium monoazide (PMA) and its improved structure PMAxx were used to pretreat Cmm prior to DNA extraction, followed by qPCR. Both PMA and PMAxx could bind to the chromosomal DNA of dead bacterial cells and therefore block DNA amplification by PCR. This effect, however, does not occur in living bacterial cells, as the chemicals cannot penetrate through the undamaged cell membrane. Both viable and dead Cmm cells were treated with PMA and PMAxx at various concentrations. With this treatment, the range of the cell population was determined for effective detection. PMAxx showed a better discrimination effect than PMA on the viable and dead cells of Cmm and was therefore used throughout the present study. VBNC cells of Cmm (108 CFU mL-1) was induced by 50 μM copper sulfate, which was detected at different sampling times up to a month by using both PMAxx-qPCR and flow cytometry assays. The optimal PMAxx concentration was 20 μM for detecting membrane-intact Cmm cells. High specificity and sensitivity were obtained at Cmm concentrations ranging from 103 to 107 CFU mL-1. The accurate and robust results of PMAxx-qPCR were confirmed by flow cytometry method to detect viable Cmm cells. Furthermore, the PMAxx-qPCR assay was successfully used in detecting VBNC Cmm cells in tomato seeds with as few as 10 seeds per set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sining Han
- Department of Plant Pathology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Seed Disease Testing and Control (BKL-SDTC), China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Na Jiang
- Department of Plant Pathology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Seed Disease Testing and Control (BKL-SDTC), China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Qingyang Lv
- Department of Plant Pathology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Seed Disease Testing and Control (BKL-SDTC), China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yumin Kan
- Department of Plant Pathology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Seed Disease Testing and Control (BKL-SDTC), China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jianjun Hao
- School of Food and Agriculture, The University of Maine, Orono, Maine, United States of America
| | - Jianqiang Li
- Department of Plant Pathology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Seed Disease Testing and Control (BKL-SDTC), China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Laixin Luo
- Department of Plant Pathology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Seed Disease Testing and Control (BKL-SDTC), China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
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63
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Synthesis of selenium and silver nanobiocomposites and their influence on phytopathogenic bacterium Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus. Russ Chem Bull 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-018-2052-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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64
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Perfileva AI, Pavlova AG, Bukhyanova BB, Tsivileva OM. Pesticides impact on Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. sepedonicus biofilm formation. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2018; 53:464-468. [PMID: 29624494 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2018.1455356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The effect of various pesticides on the biofilm formation by the phytopathogenic bacterium Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. sepedonicus (Cms), the potato ring rot causative agent, was explored for the first time. Systemic herbicides: 2,4-D, diuron, glyphosate, clopyralid, fluorodifen, as well as the commercial preparations "Lazurite," "Ridomil Gold," and the mitochondria inhibiting pesticides analog, sodium monoiodoacetate, were studied. These pesticides' effect on the Cms biofilm formation was shown to be distinct and dependent on the agent under question. Cms biofilm formation was reduced when exposed to sodium monoiodoacetate, as well as "Lazurite" preparation, that could be due to the bactericidal effect of these agents. 2,4-D and "Ridomil Gold" preparation stimulated the biofilm formation. Systemic herbicides diuron, glyphosate, clopyralid, fluorodifen did not exert appreciable influence on the process of bacterial biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla I Perfileva
- a Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Siberian Institute of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Siberian Branch , Russian Academy of Sciences , Irkutsk , Russia
| | - Antonina G Pavlova
- b Biology and Soil Department, Irkutsk State University , Irkutsk , Russia
| | - Baira B Bukhyanova
- b Biology and Soil Department, Irkutsk State University , Irkutsk , Russia
| | - Olga M Tsivileva
- c Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences , Saratov , Russia
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65
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Nandi M, Macdonald J, Liu P, Weselowski B, Yuan Z. Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. michiganensis: bacterial canker of tomato, molecular interactions and disease management. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:2036-2050. [PMID: 29528201 PMCID: PMC6638088 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial canker disease is considered to be one of the most destructive diseases of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), and is caused by the seed-borne Gram-positive bacterium Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. michiganensis (Cmm). This vascular pathogen generally invades and proliferates in the xylem through natural openings or wounds, causing wilt and canker symptoms. The incidence of symptomless latent infections and the invasion of tomato seeds by Cmm are widespread. Pathogenicity is mediated by virulence factors and transcriptional regulators encoded by the chromosome and two natural plasmids. The virulence factors include serine proteases, cell wall-degrading enzymes (cellulases, xylanases, pectinases) and others. Mutational analyses of these genes and gene expression profiling (via quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, transcriptomics and proteomics) have begun to shed light on their roles in colonization and virulence, whereas the expression of tomato genes in response to Cmm infection suggests plant factors involved in the defence response. These findings may aid in the generation of target-specific bactericides or new resistant varieties of tomato. Meanwhile, various chemical and biological controls have been researched to control Cmm. This review presents a detailed investigation regarding the pathogen Cmm, bacterial canker infection, molecular interactions between Cmm and tomato, and current perspectives on improved disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munmun Nandi
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine & DentistryUniversity of Western OntarioLondonONCanada, N6A 5C1
| | - Jacqueline Macdonald
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine & DentistryUniversity of Western OntarioLondonONCanada, N6A 5C1
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine & DentistryUniversity of Western OntarioLondonONCanada, N6A 5C1
| | - Brian Weselowski
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture & Agri‐Food CanadaLondonONCanada, N5V 4T3
| | - Ze‐Chun Yuan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine & DentistryUniversity of Western OntarioLondonONCanada, N6A 5C1
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture & Agri‐Food CanadaLondonONCanada, N5V 4T3
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66
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Perfileva AI, Moty’leva SM, Klimenkov IV, Arsent’ev KY, Graskova IA, Sukhov BG, Trofimov BA. Development of Antimicrobial Nano-Selenium Biocomposite for Protecting Potatoes from Bacterial Phytopathogens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1995078017050093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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67
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Makarovsky D, Fadeev L, Salam BB, Zelinger E, Matan O, Inbar J, Jurkevitch E, Gozin M, Burdman S. Silver Nanoparticles Complexed with Bovine Submaxillary Mucin Possess Strong Antibacterial Activity and Protect against Seedling Infection. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:e02212-17. [PMID: 29180363 PMCID: PMC5795074 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02212-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple method for the synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) of silver (Ag) in a matrix of bovine submaxillary mucin (BSM) was reported previously by some of the authors of this study. Based on mucin characteristics such as long-lasting stability, water solubility, and surfactant and adhesive characteristics, we hypothesized that these compounds, named BSM-Ag NPs, may possess favorable properties as potent antimicrobial agents. The goal of this study was to assess whether BSM-Ag NPs possess antibacterial activity, focusing on important plant-pathogenic bacterial strains representing both Gram-negative (Acidovorax and Xanthomonas) and Gram-positive (Clavibacter) genera. Growth inhibition and bactericidal assays, as well as electron microscopic observations, demonstrate that BSM-Ag NPs, at relatively low concentrations of silver, exert strong antimicrobial effects. Moreover, we show that treatment of melon seeds with BSM-Ag NPs effectively prevents seed-to-seedling transmission of Acidovorax citrulli, one of the most threatening pathogens of cucurbit production worldwide. Overall, our findings demonstrate strong antimicrobial activity of BSM-Ag NPs and their potential application for reducing the spread and establishment of devastating bacterial plant diseases in agriculture.IMPORTANCE Bacterial plant diseases challenge agricultural production, and the means available to manage them are limited. Importantly, many plant-pathogenic bacteria have the ability to colonize seeds, and seed-to-seedling transmission is a critical route by which bacterial plant diseases spread to new regions and countries. The significance of our study resides in the following aspects: (i) the simplicity of the method of BSM-Ag NP synthesis, (ii) the advantageous chemical properties of BSM-Ag NPs, (iii) the strong antibacterial activity of BSM-Ag NPs at relatively low concentrations of silver, and (iv) the fact that, in contrast to most studies on the effects of metal NPs on plant pathogens, the proof of concept for the novel compound is supported by in planta assays. Application of this technology is not limited to agriculture; BSM-Ag NPs potentially could be exploited as a potent antimicrobial agent in a wide range of industrial areas, including medicine, veterinary medicine, cosmetics, textiles, and household products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Makarovsky
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ludmila Fadeev
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Bolaji Babajide Salam
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Einat Zelinger
- Interdepartmental Core Facility, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ofra Matan
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Jacob Inbar
- Department of Economics and Business Management, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Edouard Jurkevitch
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Michael Gozin
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Saul Burdman
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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68
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Hwang IS, Oh EJ, Kim D, Oh CS. Multiple plasmid-borne virulence genes of Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. capsici critical for disease development in pepper. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 217:1177-1189. [PMID: 29134663 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. capsici is a Gram-positive plant-pathogenic bacterium causing bacterial canker disease in pepper. Virulence genes and mechanisms of C. michiganensis ssp. capsici in pepper have not yet been studied. To identify virulence genes of C. michiganensis ssp. capsici, comparative genome analyses with C. michiganensis ssp. capsici and its related C. michiganensis subspecies, and functional analysis of its putative virulence genes during infection were performed. The C. michiganensis ssp. capsici type strain PF008 carries one chromosome (3.056 Mb) and two plasmids (39 kb pCM1Cmc and 145 kb pCM2Cmc ). The genome analyses showed that this bacterium lacks a chromosomal pathogenicity island and celA gene that are important for disease development by C. michiganensis ssp. michiganensis in tomato, but carries most putative virulence genes in both plasmids. Virulence of pCM1Cmc -cured C. michiganensis ssp. capsici was greatly reduced compared with the wild-type strain in pepper. The complementation analysis with pCM1Cmc -located putative virulence genes showed that at least five genes, chpE, chpG, ppaA1, ppaB1 and pelA1, encoding serine proteases or pectate lyase contribute to disease development in pepper. In conclusion, C. michiganensis ssp. capsici has a unique genome structure, and its multiple plasmid-borne genes play critical roles in virulence in pepper, either separately or together.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Sun Hwang
- Department of Horticultural Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Korea
| | - Eom-Ji Oh
- Department of Horticultural Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Korea
| | - Donghyuk Kim
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Korea
| | - Chang-Sik Oh
- Department of Horticultural Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Korea
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69
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Lu Y, Ishimaru CA, Glazebrook J, Samac DA. Comparative Genomic Analyses of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. insidiosus and Pathogenicity on Medicago truncatula. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2018; 108:172-185. [PMID: 28952422 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-05-17-0171-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Clavibacter michiganensis is the most economically important gram-positive bacterial plant pathogen, with subspecies that cause serious diseases of maize, wheat, tomato, potato, and alfalfa. Much less is known about pathogenesis involving gram-positive plant pathogens than is known for gram-negative bacteria. Comparative genome analyses of C. michiganensis subspecies affecting tomato, potato, and maize have provided insights on pathogenicity. In this study, we identified strains of C. michiganensis subsp. insidiosus with contrasting pathogenicity on three accessions of the model legume Medicago truncatula. We generated complete genome sequences for two strains and compared these to a previously sequenced strain and genome sequences of four other subspecies. The three C. michiganensis subsp. insidiosus strains varied in gene content due to genome rearrangements, most likely facilitated by insertion elements, and plasmid number, which varied from one to three depending on strain. The core C. michiganensis genome consisted of 1,917 genes, with 379 genes unique to C. michiganensis subsp. insidiosus. An operon for synthesis of the extracellular blue pigment indigoidine, enzymes for pectin degradation, and an operon for inositol metabolism are among the unique features. Secreted serine proteases belonging to both the pat-1 and ppa families were present but highly diverged from those in other subspecies.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Lu
- First and third authors: Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, second and fourth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, and first, second, third, and fourth authors: the Microbial and Plant Genomics Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; and fourth author: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Plant Science Research, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - Carol A Ishimaru
- First and third authors: Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, second and fourth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, and first, second, third, and fourth authors: the Microbial and Plant Genomics Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; and fourth author: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Plant Science Research, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - Jane Glazebrook
- First and third authors: Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, second and fourth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, and first, second, third, and fourth authors: the Microbial and Plant Genomics Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; and fourth author: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Plant Science Research, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - Deborah A Samac
- First and third authors: Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, second and fourth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, and first, second, third, and fourth authors: the Microbial and Plant Genomics Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; and fourth author: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Plant Science Research, St. Paul, MN 55108
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70
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Thapa SP, Pattathil S, Hahn MG, Jacques MA, Gilbertson RL, Coaker G. Genomic Analysis of Clavibacter michiganensis Reveals Insight Into Virulence Strategies and Genetic Diversity of a Gram-Positive Bacterial Pathogen. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2017; 30:786-802. [PMID: 28677494 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-06-17-0146-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis is a gram-positive bacterial pathogen that proliferates in the xylem vessels of tomato, causing bacterial canker disease. In this study, we sequenced and assembled genomes of 11 C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis strains isolated from infected tomato fields in California as well as five Clavibacter strains that colonize tomato endophytically but are not pathogenic in this host. The analysis of the C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis genomes supported the monophyletic nature of this pathogen but revealed genetic diversity among strains, consistent with multiple introduction events. Two tomato endophytes that clustered phylogenetically with C. michiganensis strains capable of infecting wheat and pepper and were also able to cause disease in these plants. Plasmid profiles of the California strains were variable and supported the essential role of the pCM1-like plasmid and the CelA cellulase in virulence, whereas the absence of the pCM2-like plasmid in some pathogenic C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis strains revealed it is not essential. A large number of secreted C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis proteins were carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes). Glycome profiling revealed that C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis but not endophytic Clavibacter strains is able to extensively alter tomato cell-wall composition. Two secreted CAZymes found in all C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis strains, CelA and PelA1, enhanced pathogenicity on tomato. Collectively, these results provide a deeper understanding of C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis diversity and virulence strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shree P Thapa
- 1 Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California, U.S.A
| | - Sivakumar Pattathil
- 2 Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, U.S.A.; and
| | - Michael G Hahn
- 2 Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, U.S.A.; and
| | | | - Robert L Gilbertson
- 1 Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California, U.S.A
| | - Gitta Coaker
- 1 Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California, U.S.A
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71
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Genome Sequences for Multiple Clavibacter Strains from Different Subspecies. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2017; 5:5/38/e00721-17. [PMID: 28935724 PMCID: PMC5609403 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00721-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The Gram-positive genus Clavibacter harbors economically important plant pathogens infecting a variety of agricultural crops, such as potato, tomato, corn, barley, etc. Here, we report five new genome sequences, those of strains CFIA-Cs3N, CFIA-CsR14, LMG 3663T, LMG 7333T, and ATCC 33566T, from different subspecies of Clavibacter michiganensis All these genomic data will be used for reclassification and niche-adapted feature comparisons.
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72
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Cosgrove
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
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73
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Sechler AJ, Tancos MA, Schneider DJ, King JG, Fennessey CM, Schroeder BK, Murray TD, Luster DG, Schneider WL, Rogers EE. Whole genome sequence of two Rathayibacter toxicus strains reveals a tunicamycin biosynthetic cluster similar to Streptomyces chartreusis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183005. [PMID: 28796837 PMCID: PMC5552033 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rathayibacter toxicus is a forage grass associated Gram-positive bacterium of major concern to food safety and agriculture. This species is listed by USDA-APHIS as a plant pathogen select agent because it produces a tunicamycin-like toxin that is lethal to livestock and may be vectored by nematode species native to the U.S. The complete genomes of two strains of R. toxicus, including the type strain FH-79, were sequenced and analyzed in comparison with all available, complete R. toxicus genomes. Genome sizes ranged from 2,343,780 to 2,394,755 nucleotides, with 2079 to 2137 predicted open reading frames; all four strains showed remarkable synteny over nearly the entire genome, with only a small transposed region. A cluster of genes with similarity to the tunicamycin biosynthetic cluster from Streptomyces chartreusis was identified. The tunicamycin gene cluster (TGC) in R. toxicus contained 14 genes in two transcriptional units, with all of the functional elements for tunicamycin biosynthesis present. The TGC had a significantly lower GC content (52%) than the rest of the genome (61.5%), suggesting that the TGC may have originated from a horizontal transfer event. Further analysis indicated numerous remnants of other potential horizontal transfer events are present in the genome. In addition to the TGC, genes potentially associated with carotenoid and exopolysaccharide production, bacteriocins and secondary metabolites were identified. A CRISPR array is evident. There were relatively few plant-associated cell-wall hydrolyzing enzymes, but there were numerous secreted serine proteases that share sequence homology to the pathogenicity-associated protein Pat-1 of Clavibacter michiganensis. Overall, the genome provides clear insight into the possible mechanisms for toxin production in R. toxicus, providing a basis for future genetic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J Sechler
- Foreign Disease/Weed Science Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Matthew A Tancos
- Foreign Disease/Weed Science Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David J Schneider
- Emerging Pests and Pathogens Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Jonas G King
- Foreign Disease/Weed Science Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Christine M Fennessey
- Foreign Disease/Weed Science Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Brenda K Schroeder
- Dept. of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Timothy D Murray
- Dept. of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Douglas G Luster
- Foreign Disease/Weed Science Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - William L Schneider
- Foreign Disease/Weed Science Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth E Rogers
- Foreign Disease/Weed Science Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
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74
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Lewin GR, Carlos C, Chevrette MG, Horn HA, McDonald BR, Stankey RJ, Fox BG, Currie CR. Evolution and Ecology of Actinobacteria and Their Bioenergy Applications. Annu Rev Microbiol 2017; 70:235-54. [PMID: 27607553 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-102215-095748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The ancient phylum Actinobacteria is composed of phylogenetically and physiologically diverse bacteria that help Earth's ecosystems function. As free-living organisms and symbionts of herbivorous animals, Actinobacteria contribute to the global carbon cycle through the breakdown of plant biomass. In addition, they mediate community dynamics as producers of small molecules with diverse biological activities. Together, the evolution of high cellulolytic ability and diverse chemistry, shaped by their ecological roles in nature, make Actinobacteria a promising group for the bioenergy industry. Specifically, their enzymes can contribute to industrial-scale breakdown of cellulosic plant biomass into simple sugars that can then be converted into biofuels. Furthermore, harnessing their ability to biosynthesize a range of small molecules has potential for the production of specialty biofuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina R Lewin
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin 53706; .,Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin 53726
| | - Camila Carlos
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin 53706; .,Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin 53726
| | - Marc G Chevrette
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin 53706; .,Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Heidi A Horn
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin 53706;
| | - Bradon R McDonald
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin 53706; .,Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin 53726
| | - Robert J Stankey
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin 53706; .,Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin 53726
| | - Brian G Fox
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin 53726.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Cameron R Currie
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin 53706; .,Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin 53726
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Interaction between 2,4-Diacetylphloroglucinol- and Hydrogen Cyanide-Producing Pseudomonas brassicacearum LBUM300 and Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis in the Tomato Rhizosphere. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:AEM.00073-17. [PMID: 28432096 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00073-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that inoculation of tomato plants with 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG)- and hydrogen cyanide (HCN)-producing Pseudomonas brassicacearum LBUM300 could significantly reduce bacterial canker symptoms caused by Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis In this study, in order to better characterize the population dynamics of LBUM300 in the rhizosphere of tomato plants, we characterized the role played by DAPG and HCN production by LBUM300 on rhizosphere colonization of healthy and C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis-infected tomato plants. The impact of C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis presence on the expression of DAPG and HCN biosynthetic genes in the rhizosphere was also examined. In planta assays were performed using combinations of C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis and wild-type LBUM300 or DAPG (LBUM300ΔphlD) or HCN (LBUM300ΔhcnC) isogenic mutant strains. Populations of LBUM300 and phlD and hcnC gene expression levels were quantified in rhizosphere soil at several time points up to 264 h postinoculation using culture-independent quantitative PCR (qPCR) and reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) TaqMan assays, respectively. The presence of C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis significantly increased rhizospheric populations of LBUM300. In C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis-infected tomato rhizospheres, the populations of wild-type LBUM300 and strain LBUM300ΔhcnC, both producing DAPG, were significantly higher than the population of strain LBUM300ΔphlD A significant upregulation of phlD expression was observed in the presence of C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis, while hcnC expression was only slightly increased in the mutant strain LBUM300ΔphlD when C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis was present. Additionally, biofilm production was found to be significantly reduced in strain LBUM300ΔphlD compared to the wild-type and LBUM300ΔhcnC strains.IMPORTANCE The results of this study suggest that C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis infection of tomato plants contributes to increasing rhizospheric populations of LBUM300, a biocontrol agent, as well as the overexpression of the DAPG biosynthetic operon in this bacterium. The increasing rhizospheric populations of LBUM300 represent one of the key factors in controlling C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis in tomato plants, as DAPG-producing bacteria have shown the ability to decrease bacterial canker symptoms in tomato plants.
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76
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Chalupowicz L, Barash I, Reuven M, Dror O, Sharabani G, Gartemann K, Eichenlaub R, Sessa G, Manulis‐Sasson S. Differential contribution of Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. michiganensis virulence factors to systemic and local infection in tomato. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2017; 18:336-346. [PMID: 26992141 PMCID: PMC6638269 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Revised: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. michiganensis (Cmm) causes substantial economic losses in tomato production worldwide. The disease symptoms observed in plants infected systemically by Cmm are wilting and canker on the stem, whereas blister-like spots develop in locally infected leaves. A wide repertoire of serine proteases and cell wall-degrading enzymes has been implicated in the development of wilt and canker symptoms. However, virulence factors involved in the formation of blister-like spots, which play an important role in Cmm secondary spread in tomato nurseries, are largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that Cmm virulence factors play different roles during blister formation relative to wilting. Inoculation with a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labelled Cmm382 indicates that penetration occurs mainly through trichomes. When spray inoculated on tomato leaves, the wild-type Cmm382 and Cmm100 (lacking plasmids pCM1 and pCM2) strains form blister-like spots on leaves, whereas Cmm27 (lacking the chp/tomA pathogenicity island) is non-pathogenic, indicating that plasmid-borne genes, which have a crucial role in wilting, are not required for blister formation. Conversely, mutations in chromosomal genes encoding serine proteases (chpC and sbtA), cell wall-degrading enzymes (pgaA and endX/Y), a transcriptional regulator (vatr2), a putative perforin (perF) and a putative sortase (srtA) significantly affect disease incidence and the severity of blister formation. The transcript levels of these genes, as measured by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, showed that, during blister formation, they are expressed early at 8-16 h after inoculation, whereas, during wilting, they are expressed after 24-72 h or expressed at low levels. Plant gene expression studies suggest that chpC is involved in the suppression of host defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Chalupowicz
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed ResearchAgricultural Research Organization, The Volcani CenterBet Dagan50250Israel
| | - Isaac Barash
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Faculty of Life SciencesTel Aviv UniversityTel Aviv69978Israel
| | - Michal Reuven
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed ResearchAgricultural Research Organization, The Volcani CenterBet Dagan50250Israel
| | - Orit Dror
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed ResearchAgricultural Research Organization, The Volcani CenterBet Dagan50250Israel
| | - Galit Sharabani
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed ResearchAgricultural Research Organization, The Volcani CenterBet Dagan50250Israel
| | - Karl‐Heinz Gartemann
- Department of Genetechnology/MicrobiologyUniversity of BielefeldBielefeld33501Germany
| | - Rudolf Eichenlaub
- Department of Genetechnology/MicrobiologyUniversity of BielefeldBielefeld33501Germany
| | - Guido Sessa
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Faculty of Life SciencesTel Aviv UniversityTel Aviv69978Israel
| | - Shulamit Manulis‐Sasson
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed ResearchAgricultural Research Organization, The Volcani CenterBet Dagan50250Israel
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77
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Przewodowski W, Przewodowska A. Development of a Sensitive and Specific Polyclonal Antibody for Serological Detection of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169785. [PMID: 28068400 PMCID: PMC5221791 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The quarantine bacterium Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus (Cms) causes bacterial ring rot (BRR) in potato but is difficult to detect, hampering the diagnosis of this disease. ELISA immunoassays have not been widely used to detect Cms because commercially available anti-Cms antibodies detect mainly EPS-producing bacteria and can fail to detect strains that do not produce EPS. In the current study, we developed a new type of polyclonal antibody that specifically detects Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus bacteria irrespective of their EPS level. We first found that the presence of bacterial EPS precluded quantitative measurement of bacteria by currently available immunoenzymatic methods, but that washing Cms cells with acidic and basic buffers to remove EPS before analysis successfully standardized ELISA results. We used a mix of three strains of Cms with diverse EPS levels to generate antigen for production of antibodies recognizing Cms cells with and without an EPS layer (IgG-EPS and IgG-N-EPS, respectively). The resulting IgG-N-EPS recognized almost all Cms strains tested in this work regardless of their mucoidal level. The availability of this new antibody renders immunological diagnostics of Cms more sensitive and reliable, as our newly developed antibodies can be used in many type of immunoassays. This work represents an important step forward in efforts to diagnose and prevent the spread of BRR, and the methods and solutions developed in this work are covered by six Polish, one European and one US patents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Włodzimierz Przewodowski
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute – National Research Institute, Department of Potato Protection and Seed Science at Bonin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Przewodowska
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute – National Research Institute, Department of Potato Protection and Seed Science at Bonin, Poland
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78
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McNally RR, Ishimaru CA, Malvick DK. PCR-Mediated Detection and Quantification of the Goss's Wilt Pathogen Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis Via a Novel Gene Target. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2016; 106:1465-1472. [PMID: 27442535 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-05-16-0190-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Goss's leaf blight and wilt of maize (corn) is a significant and reemerging disease caused by the bacterium Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis. Despite its importance, molecular tools for diagnosing and studying this disease remain limited. We report the identification of CMN_01184 as a novel gene target and its use in conventional PCR (cPCR) and SYBR green-based quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays for specific detection and quantification of C. michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis. The cPCR and qPCR assays based on primers targeting CMN_01184 specifically amplified only C. michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis among a diverse collection of 129 bacterial and fungal isolates, including multiple maize bacterial and fungal pathogens, environmental organisms from agricultural fields, and all known subspecies of C. michiganensis. Specificity of the assays for detection of only C. michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis was also validated with field samples of C. michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis-infected and uninfected maize leaves and C. michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis-infested and uninfested soil. Detection limits were determined at 30 and 3 ng of pure C. michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis DNA, and 100 and 10 CFU of C. michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis for the cPCR and qPCR assays, respectively. Infection of maize leaves by C. michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis was quantified from infected field samples and was standardized using an internal maize DNA control. These novel, specific, and sensitive PCR assays based on CMN_01184 are effective for diagnosis of Goss's wilt and for studies of the epidemiology and host-pathogen interactions of C. michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ryan McNally
- First, second, and third authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; and second and third authors: Stakman-Borlaug Center for Sustainable Plant Health, University of Minnesota
| | - Carol A Ishimaru
- First, second, and third authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; and second and third authors: Stakman-Borlaug Center for Sustainable Plant Health, University of Minnesota
| | - Dean K Malvick
- First, second, and third authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; and second and third authors: Stakman-Borlaug Center for Sustainable Plant Health, University of Minnesota
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79
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Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. capsici subsp. nov., causing bacterial canker disease in pepper. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2016; 66:4065-4070. [DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.001311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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80
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Blank L, Cohen Y, Borenstein M, Shulhani R, Lofthouse M, Sofer M, Shtienberg D. Variables Associated with Severity of Bacterial Canker and Wilt Caused by Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis in Tomato Greenhouses. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2016; 106:254-261. [PMID: 26623996 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-07-15-0159-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis, the causal agent of bacterial canker and wilt of tomato, is considered to be one of the most important bacterial pathogens worldwide. In the year 2000 there was an increase in the number of infected greenhouses and in the severity of the disease in Israel. As part of the effort to cope with the disease, a comprehensive survey was conducted. Scouts recorded disease severity monthly in 681 production units. At the end of the season the scouts met with the growers and together recorded relevant details about the crop and cultural practices employed. The results suggested an absence of anisotropy pattern in the study region. Global Moran's I analysis showed that disease severity had significant spatial autocorrelation. The strongest spatial autocorrelation occurred within a 1,500 m neighborhood, which is comparable to the distance between production units maintained by one grower (Farm). Next, we tested three groups of variables including or excluding the Farm as a variable. When the Farm was included the explained variation increased in all the studied models. Overall, results of this study demonstrate that the most influential factor on bacterial canker severity was the Farm. This variable probably encompasses variation in experience, differences in agricultural practices between growers, and the quality of implementation of management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Blank
- First, third, fourth, fifth, and seventh authors: Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, ARO, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel; second author: Institute of Agricultural Engineering, ARO, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel; and fifth and sixth authors: Negev R&D Center, D.N. Negev, 85400, Israel
| | - Y Cohen
- First, third, fourth, fifth, and seventh authors: Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, ARO, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel; second author: Institute of Agricultural Engineering, ARO, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel; and fifth and sixth authors: Negev R&D Center, D.N. Negev, 85400, Israel
| | - M Borenstein
- First, third, fourth, fifth, and seventh authors: Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, ARO, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel; second author: Institute of Agricultural Engineering, ARO, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel; and fifth and sixth authors: Negev R&D Center, D.N. Negev, 85400, Israel
| | - R Shulhani
- First, third, fourth, fifth, and seventh authors: Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, ARO, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel; second author: Institute of Agricultural Engineering, ARO, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel; and fifth and sixth authors: Negev R&D Center, D.N. Negev, 85400, Israel
| | - M Lofthouse
- First, third, fourth, fifth, and seventh authors: Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, ARO, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel; second author: Institute of Agricultural Engineering, ARO, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel; and fifth and sixth authors: Negev R&D Center, D.N. Negev, 85400, Israel
| | - M Sofer
- First, third, fourth, fifth, and seventh authors: Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, ARO, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel; second author: Institute of Agricultural Engineering, ARO, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel; and fifth and sixth authors: Negev R&D Center, D.N. Negev, 85400, Israel
| | - D Shtienberg
- First, third, fourth, fifth, and seventh authors: Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, ARO, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel; second author: Institute of Agricultural Engineering, ARO, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel; and fifth and sixth authors: Negev R&D Center, D.N. Negev, 85400, Israel
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81
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Barka EA, Vatsa P, Sanchez L, Gaveau-Vaillant N, Jacquard C, Meier-Kolthoff JP, Klenk HP, Clément C, Ouhdouch Y, van Wezel GP. Taxonomy, Physiology, and Natural Products of Actinobacteria. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2016; 80:1-43. [PMID: 26609051 PMCID: PMC4711186 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00019-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 915] [Impact Index Per Article: 114.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinobacteria are Gram-positive bacteria with high G+C DNA content that constitute one of the largest bacterial phyla, and they are ubiquitously distributed in both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Many Actinobacteria have a mycelial lifestyle and undergo complex morphological differentiation. They also have an extensive secondary metabolism and produce about two-thirds of all naturally derived antibiotics in current clinical use, as well as many anticancer, anthelmintic, and antifungal compounds. Consequently, these bacteria are of major importance for biotechnology, medicine, and agriculture. Actinobacteria play diverse roles in their associations with various higher organisms, since their members have adopted different lifestyles, and the phylum includes pathogens (notably, species of Corynebacterium, Mycobacterium, Nocardia, Propionibacterium, and Tropheryma), soil inhabitants (e.g., Micromonospora and Streptomyces species), plant commensals (e.g., Frankia spp.), and gastrointestinal commensals (Bifidobacterium spp.). Actinobacteria also play an important role as symbionts and as pathogens in plant-associated microbial communities. This review presents an update on the biology of this important bacterial phylum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Essaid Ait Barka
- Laboratoire de Stress, Défenses et Reproduction des Plantes, Unité de Recherche Vignes et Vins de Champagne, UFR Sciences, UPRES EA 4707, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Parul Vatsa
- Laboratoire de Stress, Défenses et Reproduction des Plantes, Unité de Recherche Vignes et Vins de Champagne, UFR Sciences, UPRES EA 4707, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Lisa Sanchez
- Laboratoire de Stress, Défenses et Reproduction des Plantes, Unité de Recherche Vignes et Vins de Champagne, UFR Sciences, UPRES EA 4707, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Nathalie Gaveau-Vaillant
- Laboratoire de Stress, Défenses et Reproduction des Plantes, Unité de Recherche Vignes et Vins de Champagne, UFR Sciences, UPRES EA 4707, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Cedric Jacquard
- Laboratoire de Stress, Défenses et Reproduction des Plantes, Unité de Recherche Vignes et Vins de Champagne, UFR Sciences, UPRES EA 4707, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | | | - Hans-Peter Klenk
- School of Biology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Christophe Clément
- Laboratoire de Stress, Défenses et Reproduction des Plantes, Unité de Recherche Vignes et Vins de Champagne, UFR Sciences, UPRES EA 4707, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Yder Ouhdouch
- Faculté de Sciences Semlalia, Université Cadi Ayyad, Laboratoire de Biologie et de Biotechnologie des Microorganismes, Marrakesh, Morocco
| | - Gilles P van Wezel
- Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Sylvius Laboratories, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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82
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Yasuhara-Bell J, de Silva A, Heuchelin SA, Chaky JL, Alvarez AM. Detection of Goss's Wilt Pathogen Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis in Maize by Loop-Mediated Amplification. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2016; 106:226-235. [PMID: 26595113 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-10-15-0249-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The Goss's wilt pathogen, Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis, can cause considerable losses in maize (Zea mays) production. Diagnosis of Goss's wilt currently is based on symptomology and identification of C. michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis, following isolation on a semiselective medium and/or serological testing. In an effort to provide a more efficient identification method, a loop-mediated amplification (LAMP) assay was developed to detect the tripartite ATP-independent periplasmic (TRAP)-type C4-dicarboxylate transport system large permease component and tested using strains of C. michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis, all other C. michiganensis subspecies and several genera of nontarget bacteria. Only strains of C. michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis reacted positively with the LAMP assay. The LAMP assay was then used to identify bacterial isolates from diseased maize. 16S rDNA and dnaA sequence analyses were used to confirm the identity of the maize isolates and validate assay specificity. The Cmm ImmunoStrip assay was included as a presumptive identification test of C. michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis at the species level. The Cmn-LAMP assay was further tested using symptomatic leaf tissue. The Cmn-LAMP assay was run in a hand-held real-time monitoring device (SMART-DART) and performed equally to in-lab quantitative polymerase chain reaction equipment. The Cmn-LAMP assay accurately identified C. michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis and has potential as a field test. The targeted sequence also has potential application in other molecular detection platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarred Yasuhara-Bell
- First author: Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Mānoa, Honolulu 96822; and second and fifth authors: Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Mānoa, Honolulu 96822; and third and fourth authors: DuPont Pioneer, Johnston, IA 50131
| | - Asoka de Silva
- First author: Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Mānoa, Honolulu 96822; and second and fifth authors: Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Mānoa, Honolulu 96822; and third and fourth authors: DuPont Pioneer, Johnston, IA 50131
| | - Scott A Heuchelin
- First author: Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Mānoa, Honolulu 96822; and second and fifth authors: Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Mānoa, Honolulu 96822; and third and fourth authors: DuPont Pioneer, Johnston, IA 50131
| | - Jennifer L Chaky
- First author: Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Mānoa, Honolulu 96822; and second and fifth authors: Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Mānoa, Honolulu 96822; and third and fourth authors: DuPont Pioneer, Johnston, IA 50131
| | - Anne M Alvarez
- First author: Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Mānoa, Honolulu 96822; and second and fifth authors: Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Mānoa, Honolulu 96822; and third and fourth authors: DuPont Pioneer, Johnston, IA 50131
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83
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Esparza-Araiza MJ, Bañuelos-Hernández B, Argüello-Astorga GR, Lara-Ávila JP, Goodwin PH, Isordia-Jasso MI, Castillo-Collazo R, Rougon-Cardoso A, Alpuche-Solís ÁG. Evaluation of a SUMO E2 Conjugating Enzyme Involved in Resistance to Clavibacter michiganensis Subsp. michiganensis in Solanum peruvianum, Through a Tomato Mottle Virus VIGS Assay. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:1019. [PMID: 26734014 PMCID: PMC4681775 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm) causes bacterial wilt and canker of tomato. Currently, no Solanum lycopersicum resistant varieties are commercially available, but some degree of Cmm resistance has been identified in Solanum peruvianum. Previous research showed up-regulation of a SUMO E2 conjugating enzyme (SCEI) transcript in S. peruvianum compared to S. lycopersicum following infection with Cmm. In order to test the role of SCEI in resistance to Cmm, a fragment of SCEI from S. peruvianum was cloned into a novel virus-induced gene-silencing (VIGS) vector based on the geminivirus, Tomato Mottle Virus (ToMoV). Using biolistic inoculation, the ToMoV-based VIGS vector was shown to be effective in S. peruvianum by silencing the magnesium chelatase gene, resulting in leaf bleaching. VIGS with the ToMoV_SCEI construct resulted in ~61% silencing of SCEI in leaves of S. peruvianum as determined by quantitative RT-PCR. The SCEI-silenced plants showed unilateral wilting (15 dpi) and subsequent death (20 dpi) of the entire plant after Cmm inoculation, whereas the empty vector-treated plants only showed wilting in the Cmm-inoculated leaf. The SCEI-silenced plants showed higher Cmm colonization and an average of 4.5 times more damaged tissue compared to the empty vector control plants. SCEI appears to play an important role in the innate immunity of S. peruvianum against Cmm, perhaps through the regulation of transcription factors, leading to expression of proteins involved in salicylic acid-dependent defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra J. Esparza-Araiza
- División Biología Molecular, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica A.C.San Luis Potosí, México
| | - Bernardo Bañuelos-Hernández
- División Biología Molecular, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica A.C.San Luis Potosí, México
| | - Gerardo R. Argüello-Astorga
- División Biología Molecular, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica A.C.San Luis Potosí, México
| | - José P. Lara-Ávila
- Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria, Universidad Autónoma de San LuisSan Luis Potosí, México
| | - Paul H. Goodwin
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of GuelphGuelph, ON, Canada
| | - María I. Isordia-Jasso
- División Biología Molecular, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica A.C.San Luis Potosí, México
| | - Rosalba Castillo-Collazo
- División Biología Molecular, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica A.C.San Luis Potosí, México
| | - Alejandra Rougon-Cardoso
- Laboratory of Agrogenomic Sciences, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, ENES-LeónLeón, México
| | - Ángel G. Alpuche-Solís
- División Biología Molecular, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica A.C.San Luis Potosí, México
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84
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Deng P, Wang X, Baird SM, Lu SE. Complete genome of Pseudomonas chlororaphis strain UFB2, a soil bacterium with antibacterial activity against bacterial canker pathogen of tomato. Stand Genomic Sci 2015; 10:117. [PMID: 26634018 PMCID: PMC4667424 DOI: 10.1186/s40793-015-0106-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Strain UFB2 was isolated from a soybean field soil in Mississippi and identified as a member of Pseudomonas chlororaphis. Strain UFB2 has a broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against common soil-borne pathogens. Plate assays showed that strain UFB2 was especially efficient in inhibiting the growth of Clavibacter michiganensis 1-07, the causal agent of the devastating bacterial canker of tomato. Here, the complete genome sequence of P. chlororaphis strain UFB2 is reported and described. The strain UFB2 genome consists of a circular chromosome of 6,360,256 bp of which 87.86 % are protein-coding bases. Genome analysis revealed multiple gene islands encoding various secondary metabolites such as 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol. Further genome analysis will provide more details about strain UFB2 antibacterial activities mechanisms and the use of this strain as a potential biocontrol agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Deng
- />Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, USA
| | - Xiaoqiang Wang
- />Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, USA
- />Department of Plant Pathology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018 Shandong China
| | - Sonya M. Baird
- />Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, USA
| | - Shi-En Lu
- />Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, USA
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Characterization and Comparison of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis Strains Recovered from Epiphytic and Symptomatic Infections of Maize in Iowa. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143553. [PMID: 26599211 PMCID: PMC4658045 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis (Cmn), the causal organism of Goss’s wilt and leaf blight of maize, can be detected in the phyllosphere of its host prior to disease development. We compared the morphology and pathogenicity of 37 putative isolates of Cmn recovered from asymptomatic and symptomatic maize leaves. Thirty-three of the isolates produced mucoid orange colonies, irrespective of the source of isolation and all but four of these isolates were pathogenic on maize. The remaining 4 isolates recovered from asymptomatic leaves had large fluidal yellow colonies, and were non-pathogenic on maize. Isolates varied in their aggressiveness on a susceptible hybrid of maize but no significant differences in aggressiveness were detected between epiphytic isolates and those recovered from diseased maize tissues. The genomics of Cmn is poorly understood; therefore as a first step to determining what genes may play a role in virulence, we compared 33 putative virulence gene sequences from 6 pathogenic and a non-pathogenic isolate recovered from the phyllosphere. Sequence polymorphisms were detected in 5 genes, cellulase A, two endoglucanases, xylanase B and a pectate lyase but there was no relationship with pathogenicity. Further research is needed to determine what genes play a role in virulence of Cmn. Our data show however, that the virulence factors in Cmn likely differ from those reported for the closely related subspecies michiganensis and sepedonicus.
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86
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A Proteomic Study of Clavibacter Michiganensis Subsp. Michiganensis Culture Supernatants. Proteomes 2015; 3:411-423. [PMID: 28248277 PMCID: PMC5217389 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes3040411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Clavibacter michiganensis, subsp. michiganensis is a Gram-positive plant pathogen infecting tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Despite a considerable economic importance due to significant losses of infected plants and fruits, knowledge about virulence factors of C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis and host-pathogen interactions on a molecular level are rather limited. In the study presented here, the proteome of culture supernatants from C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis NCPPB382 was analyzed. In total, 1872 proteins were identified in M9 and 1766 proteins in xylem mimicking medium. Filtration of supernatants before protein precipitation reduced these to 1276 proteins in M9 and 976 proteins in the xylem mimicking medium culture filtrate. The results obtained indicate that C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis reacts to a sucrose- and glucose-depleted medium similar to the xylem sap by utilizing amino acids and host cell polymers as well as their degradation products, mainly peptides, amino acids and various C5 and C6 sugars. Interestingly, the bacterium expresses the previously described virulence factors Pat-1 and CelA not exclusively after host cell contact in planta but already in M9 minimal and xylem mimicking medium.
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87
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Bae C, Oh EJ, Lee HB, Kim BY, Oh CS. Complete genome sequence of the cellulase-producing bacterium Clavibacter michiganensis PF008. J Biotechnol 2015; 214:103-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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88
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Lu Y, Hatsugai N, Katagiri F, Ishimaru CA, Glazebrook J. Putative Serine Protease Effectors of Clavibacter michiganensis Induce a Hypersensitive Response in the Apoplast of Nicotiana Species. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2015; 28:1216-26. [PMID: 26075829 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-02-15-0036-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Clavibacter michiganensis subspp. michiganensis and sepedonicus cause diseases on solanaceous crops. The genomes of both subspecies encode members of the pat-1 family of putative serine proteases known to function in virulence on host plants and induction of hypersensitive responses (HR) on nonhosts. One gene of this family in C. michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus, chp-7, is required for triggering HR in Nicotiana tabacum. Here, further investigation revealed that mutation of the putative catalytic serine residue at position 232 to threonine abolished the HR induction activity of Chp-7, suggesting that enzymatic activity is required. Purified Chp-7 triggered an HR in N. tabacum leaves in the absence of the pathogen, indicating Chp-7 itself is the HR elicitor from C. michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus. Ectopic expression of chp-7 constructs in N. tabacum leaves revealed that Chp-7 targeted to the apoplast triggered an HR while cytoplasmic Chp-7 did not, indicating that Chp-7 induces the HR in the apoplast of N. tabacum leaves. Chp-7 also induced HR in N. sylvestris, a progenitor of N. tabacum, but not in other Nicotiana species tested. ChpG, a related protein from C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis, also triggered HR in N. tabacum and N. sylvestris. Unlike Chp-7, ChpG triggered HR in N. clevelandii and N. glutinosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Lu
- 1 Department of Plant Biology
- 2 Microbial and Plant Genomics Institute, and
- 3 Plant Biological Sciences Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, 1445 Gortner Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108, U.S.A
| | - Noriyuki Hatsugai
- 1 Department of Plant Biology
- 2 Microbial and Plant Genomics Institute, and
| | - Fumiaki Katagiri
- 1 Department of Plant Biology
- 2 Microbial and Plant Genomics Institute, and
| | - Carol A Ishimaru
- 2 Microbial and Plant Genomics Institute, and
- 4 Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, 1991 Upper Buford Circle, St. Paul, MN 55108, U.S.A
| | - Jane Glazebrook
- 1 Department of Plant Biology
- 2 Microbial and Plant Genomics Institute, and
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89
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Trantas EA, Licciardello G, Almeida NF, Witek K, Strano CP, Duxbury Z, Ververidis F, Goumas DE, Jones JDG, Guttman DS, Catara V, Sarris PF. Comparative genomic analysis of multiple strains of two unusual plant pathogens: Pseudomonas corrugata and Pseudomonas mediterranea. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:811. [PMID: 26300874 PMCID: PMC4528175 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The non-fluorescent pseudomonads, Pseudomonas corrugata (Pcor) and P. mediterranea (Pmed), are closely related species that cause pith necrosis, a disease of tomato that causes severe crop losses. However, they also show strong antagonistic effects against economically important pathogens, demonstrating their potential for utilization as biological control agents. In addition, their metabolic versatility makes them attractive for the production of commercial biomolecules and bioremediation. An extensive comparative genomics study is required to dissect the mechanisms that Pcor and Pmed employ to cause disease, prevent disease caused by other pathogens, and to mine their genomes for genes that encode proteins involved in commercially important chemical pathways. Here, we present the draft genomes of nine Pcor and Pmed strains from different geographical locations. This analysis covered significant genetic heterogeneity and allowed in-depth genomic comparison. All examined strains were able to trigger symptoms in tomato plants but not all induced a hypersensitive-like response in Nicotiana benthamiana. Genome-mining revealed the absence of type III secretion system and known type III effector-encoding genes from all examined Pcor and Pmed strains. The lack of a type III secretion system appears to be unique among the plant pathogenic pseudomonads. Several gene clusters coding for type VI secretion system were detected in all genomes. Genome-mining also revealed the presence of gene clusters for biosynthesis of siderophores, polyketides, non-ribosomal peptides, and hydrogen cyanide. A highly conserved quorum sensing system was detected in all strains, although species specific differences were observed. Our study provides the basis for in-depth investigations regarding the molecular mechanisms underlying virulence strategies in the battle between plants and microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil A Trantas
- Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Food Technology, Technological Educational Institute of Crete Heraklion, Greece
| | | | - Nalvo F Almeida
- School of Computing, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Kamil Witek
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, John Innes Centre Norwich, UK
| | - Cinzia P Strano
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania Catania, Italy
| | - Zane Duxbury
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, John Innes Centre Norwich, UK
| | - Filippos Ververidis
- Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Food Technology, Technological Educational Institute of Crete Heraklion, Greece
| | - Dimitrios E Goumas
- Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Food Technology, Technological Educational Institute of Crete Heraklion, Greece ; Plant Pathology and Bacteriology Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Food Technology, Technological Educational Institute of Crete Heraklion, Greece
| | | | - David S Guttman
- Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution & Function, University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Vittoria Catara
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania Catania, Italy
| | - Panagiotis F Sarris
- Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Food Technology, Technological Educational Institute of Crete Heraklion, Greece ; The Sainsbury Laboratory, John Innes Centre Norwich, UK
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90
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Bae C, Han SW, Song YR, Kim BY, Lee HJ, Lee JM, Yeam I, Heu S, Oh CS. Infection processes of xylem-colonizing pathogenic bacteria: possible explanations for the scarcity of qualitative disease resistance genes against them in crops. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2015; 128:1219-29. [PMID: 25917599 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-015-2521-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Disease resistance against xylem-colonizing pathogenic bacteria in crops. Plant pathogenic bacteria cause destructive diseases in many commercially important crops. Among these bacteria, eight pathogens, Ralstonia solanacearum, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, X. campestris pv. campestris, Erwinia amylovora, Pantoea stewartii subsp. stewartii, Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis, Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae, and Xylella fastidiosa, infect their host plants through different infection sites and paths and eventually colonize the xylem tissues of their host plants, resulting in wilting symptoms by blocking water flow or necrosis of xylem tissues. Noticeably, only a relatively small number of resistant cultivars in major crops against these vascular bacterial pathogens except X. oryzae pv. oryzae have been found or generated so far, although these pathogens threaten productivity of major crops. In this review, we summarize the lifestyles of major xylem-colonizing bacterial pathogens and then discuss the progress of current research on disease resistance controlled by qualitative disease resistance genes or quantitative trait loci against them. Finally, we propose infection processes of xylem-colonizing bacterial pathogens as one of possible reasons for why so few qualitative disease resistance genes against these pathogens have been developed or identified so far in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chungyun Bae
- Department of Horticultural Biotechnology and Institute of Life Science and Resources, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 446-701, Korea
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91
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Papkina AV, Perfileva AI, Zhivet’yev MA, Borovskii GB, Graskova IA, Klimenkov IV, Lesnichaya MV, Sukhov BG, Trofimov BA. Complex effects of selenium-arabinogalactan nanocomposite on both phytopathogen Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus and potato plants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1995078015030131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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92
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Lu Y, Samac DA, Glazebrook J, Ishimaru CA. Complete Genome Sequence of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. insidiosus R1-1 Using PacBio Single-Molecule Real-Time Technology. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2015; 3:e00396-15. [PMID: 25953184 PMCID: PMC4424300 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00396-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We report here the complete genome sequence of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. insidiosus R1-1, isolated in Minnesota, USA. The R1-1 genome, generated by a de novo assembly of PacBio sequencing data, is the first complete genome sequence available for this subspecies.
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93
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Papkina AV, Perfileva AI, Zhivetev MA, Borovskiy GB, Graskova IA, Lesnichaya MV, Klimenkov IV, Sukhov BG, Trofimov BA. Effect of selenium and arabinogalactan nanocomposite on viability of the phytopathogen Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus. DOKLADY BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE USSR, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SECTIONS 2015; 461:89-91. [PMID: 25937329 DOI: 10.1134/s001249661501010x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A V Papkina
- Siberian Institute of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Lermontova 132, Irkutsk, 664033, Russia,
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94
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Tancos MA, Lange HW, Smart CD. Characterizing the Genetic Diversity of the Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis Population in New York. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2015; 105:169-179. [PMID: 25208240 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-06-14-0178-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
New York Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis isolates, collected from disparate bacterial canker of tomato outbreaks over the past 11 years, were characterized with a multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) scheme that differentiated the 51 isolates into 21 haplotypes with a discriminatory power of 0.944. The MLSA scheme consisted of five housekeeping genes (kdpA, sdhA, dnaA, ligA, and gyrB) and three putative pathogenicity genes (celA, tomA, and nagA). Repetitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR), with the BOX-A1R primer, confirmed the high diversity of C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis isolates in New York by demonstrating that all six PCR patterns (A, B, 13C, 65C, 81C, and D) were present, with PCR patterns C and A being the most common. The MLSA scheme provided higher resolving power than the current repetitive-PCR approach. The plasmid profiles of New York isolates were diverse and differed from reference strain NCPPB382. PCR analysis indicated that the presence of putative pathogenicity genes varied between isolates and highlighted the ephemeral nature of pathogenicity genes in field populations of C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis. Analysis of molecular variance between Serbian and New York C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis isolates demonstrated that the two populations were not significantly different, with 98% genetic variation within each population and only 2% genetic variation between populations.
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95
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Sen Y, van der Wolf J, Visser RGF, van Heusden S. Bacterial Canker of Tomato: Current Knowledge of Detection, Management, Resistance, and Interactions. PLANT DISEASE 2015; 99:4-13. [PMID: 30699746 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-05-14-0499-fe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis is the causal agent of bacterial canker of tomato. The disease was first described in 1910 in Michigan, USA. C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (from now on called clavibacter) was initially thought to be a phloem parasite, but was later found to be a xylem-invading bacterium. The host range comprises mainly solanaceous crops such as tomato, pepper, and eggplant. Strains show great variability in virulence and are usually described as being hypervirulent, hypovirulent, or nonvirulent. Clavibacter lacks a type III secretion system, and only a few virulence factors have been experimentally determined from the many putative virulence factors. As the molecular mode of infection by clavibacter is unknown, researchers have avoided intensive work on this organism. Genetic plant mechanisms conferring resistance to clavibacter are apparently complex, and breeders have yet to develop disease-resistant cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Sen
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands, and Graduate School Experimental Plant Sciences, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan van der Wolf
- Plant Research International Biointeractions and Plant Health, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard G F Visser
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sjaak van Heusden
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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96
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Yasuhara-Bell J, Alvarez AM. Seed-associated subspecies of the genus Clavibacter are clearly distinguishable from Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2014; 65:811-826. [PMID: 25481293 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.000022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Clavibacter contains one recognized species, Clavibacter michiganensis. Clavibacter michiganensis is subdivided into subspecies based on host specificity and bacteriological characteristics, with Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis causing bacterial canker of tomato. Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis is often spread through contaminated seed leading to outbreaks of bacterial canker in tomato production areas worldwide. The frequent occurrence of non-pathogenic Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis-like bacteria (CMB) is a concern for seed producers because Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis is a quarantine organism and detection of a non-pathogenic variant may result in destruction of an otherwise healthy seed lot. A thorough biological and genetic characterization of these seed-associated CMB strains was performed using standard biochemical tests, cell wall analyses, metabolic profiling using Biolog, and single-gene and multilocus sequence analyses. Combined, these tests revealed two distinct populations of seed-associated members of the genus Clavibacter that differed from each other, as well as from all other described subspecies of Clavibacter michiganensis. DNA-DNA hybridization values are 70 % or higher, justifying placement into the single recognized species, C. michiganensis, but other analyses justify separate subspecies designations. Additionally, strains belonging to the genus Clavibacter isolated from pepper also represent a distinct population and warrant separate subspecies designation. On the basis of these data we propose subspecies designations for separate non-pathogenic subpopulations of Clavibacter michiganensis: Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. californiensis subsp. nov. and Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. chilensis subsp. nov. for seed-associated strains represented by C55(T) ( = ATCC BAA-2691(T) = CFBP 8216(T)) and ZUM3936(T) ( = ATCC BAA-2690(T) = CFBP 8217(T)), respectively. Recognition of separate subspecies is essential for improved international seed testing operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarred Yasuhara-Bell
- Departments of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 3190 Maile Way, St. John Room 315, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Anne M Alvarez
- Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 3190 Maile Way, St. John Room 315, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
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97
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Kolton M, Frenkel O, Elad Y, Cytryn E. Potential role of Flavobacterial gliding-motility and type IX secretion system complex in root colonization and plant defense. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2014; 27:1005-1013. [PMID: 24921925 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-03-14-0067-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Members of the Flavobacterium genus are often highly abundant in the rhizosphere. Nevertheless, the physiological characteristics associated with their enhanced rhizosphere competence are currently an enigma. Flavobacteria possess a unique gliding-motility complex that is tightly associated with a recently characterized Bacteroidetes-specific type IX protein secretion system, which distinguishes them from the rest of the rhizosphere microbiome. We hypothesize that proper functionality of this complex may confer a competitive advantage in the rhizosphere. To test this hypothesis, we constructed mutant and complement root-associated flavobacterial variants with dysfunctional secretion and gliding motility, and tested them in a series of in planta experiments. These mutants demonstrated significantly lower rhizosphere persistence (approximately 10-fold), plant root colonization (approximately fivefold), and seed adhesion capacity (approximately sevenfold) than the wild-type strains. Furthermore, the biocontrol capacity of the mutant strain toward foliar-applied Clavibacter michiganensis was significantly impaired relative to the wild-type strain, suggesting a role of the gliding and secretion complex in plant protection. Collectively, these results provide an initial link between the high abundance of flavobacteria in the rhizosphere and their unique physiology, indicating that the flavobacterial gliding-motility and secretion complex may play a central role in root colonization and plant defense.
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98
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Casarrubias-Castillo K, Martínez-Gallardo NA, Délano-Frier JP. Treatment of Amaranthus cruentus with chemical and biological inducers of resistance has contrasting effects on fitness and protection against compatible Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial pathogens. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 171:927-39. [PMID: 24913050 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Amaranthus cruentus (Ac) plants were treated with the synthetic systemic acquired resistance (SAR) inducer benzothiadiazole (BTH), methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and the incompatible pathogen, Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae (Pss), under greenhouse conditions. The treatments induced a set of marker genes in the absence of pathogen infection: BTH and Pss similarly induced genes coding for pathogenesis-related and antioxidant proteins, whereas MeJA induced the arginase, LOX2 and amarandin 1 genes. BTH and Pss were effective when tested against the Gram negative pathogen Ps pv. tabaci (Pst), which was found to have a compatible interaction with grain amaranth. The resistance response appeared to be salicylic acid-independent. However, resistance against Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm), a Gram positive tomato pathogen also found to infect Ac, was only conferred by Pss, while BTH increased susceptibility. Conversely, MeJA was ineffective against both pathogens. Induced resistance against Pst correlated with the rapid and sustained stimulation of the above genes, including the AhPAL2 gene, which were expressed both locally and distally. The lack of protection against Cmm provided by BTH, coincided with a generalized down-regulation of defense gene expression and chitinase activity. On the other hand, Pss-treated Ac plants showed augmented expression levels of an anti-microbial peptide gene and, surprisingly, of AhACCO, an ethylene biosynthetic gene associated with susceptibility to Cmm in tomato, its main host. Pss treatment had no effect on productivity, but compromised growth, whereas MeJA reduced yield and harvest index. Conversely, BTH treatments led to smaller plants, but produced significantly increased yields. These results suggest essential differences in the mechanisms employed by biological and chemical agents to induce SAR in Ac against bacterial pathogens having different infection strategies. This may determine the outcome of a particular plant-pathogen interaction, leading to resistance or susceptibility, as in Cmm-challenged Ac plants previously induced with Pss or BTH, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - John P Délano-Frier
- Unidad de Biotecnología e Ingeniería Genética de Plantas, Cinvestav-Unidad Irapuato, México, Mexico.
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99
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Kassem II, Splitter GA, Miller S, Rajashekara G. Let There Be Light! Bioluminescent Imaging to Study Bacterial Pathogenesis in Live Animals and Plants. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 154:119-45. [DOI: 10.1007/10_2014_280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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100
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Bouizgarne B, Ait Ben Aouamar A. Diversity of Plant Associated Actinobacteria. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND BIODIVERSITY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-05936-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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