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Tonon E, Ferretti R, Shiratori JH, Santo Neto H, Marques MJ, Minatel E. Ascorbic acid protects the diaphragm muscle against myonecrosis in mdx mice. Nutrition 2012; 28:686-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2011.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Revised: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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52
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Renno WM, Al-Maghrebi M, Al-Banaw A. (−)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) attenuates functional deficits and morphological alterations by diminishing apoptotic gene overexpression in skeletal muscles after sciatic nerve crush injury. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2012; 385:807-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-012-0758-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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KRUGER MARIAJ, SMITH CARINE. Postcontusion Polyphenol Treatment Alters Inflammation and Muscle Regeneration. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2012; 44:872-80. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e31823dbff3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Shen CL, Chyu MC, Yeh JK, Zhang Y, Pence BC, Felton CK, Brismée JM, Arjmandi BH, Doctolero S, Wang JS. Effect of green tea and Tai Chi on bone health in postmenopausal osteopenic women: a 6-month randomized placebo-controlled trial. Osteoporos Int 2012; 23:1541-52. [PMID: 21766228 PMCID: PMC3288336 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-011-1731-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Postmenopausal women with osteopenia received green tea polyphenols (GTP) supplement and/or Tai Chi exercise for 6 months. Bone turnover biomarkers, calcium metabolism, and muscle strength were measured. This study showed that GTP supplementation and Tai Chi exercise increased bone formation biomarkers and improved bone turnover rate. Tai Chi exercise increased serum parathyroid hormone. GTP supplementation, Tai Chi exercise, and the combination of the two all improved muscle strength in postmenopausal women with osteopenia. INTRODUCTION This study evaluated the effect of GTP supplementation and Tai Chi (TC) exercise on serum markers of bone turnover (bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, BAP, and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, TRAP), calcium metabolism, and muscle strength in postmenopausal osteopenic women. METHODS One hundred and seventy-one postmenopausal osteopenic women were randomly assigned to four groups: (1) placebo (500 mg starch/day), (2) GTP (500 mg GTP/day), (3) placebo + TC (placebo plus TC training at 60 min/session, three sessions/week), and (4) GTP + TC (GTP plus TC training). Overnight fasting blood and urine samples were collected at baseline, 1, 3, and 6 months for biomarker analyses. Muscle strength was evaluated at baseline, 3, and 6 months. One hundred and fifty subjects completed the 6-month study. RESULTS Significant increases in BAP level due to GTP intake (at 1 month) and TC (at 3 months) were observed. Significant increases in the change of BAP/TRAP ratio due to GTP (at 3 months) and TC (at 6 months) were also observed. Significant main effect of TC on the elevation in serum parathyroid hormone level was observed at 1 and 3 months. At 6 months, muscle strength significantly improved due to GTP, TC, and GTP + TC interventions. Neither GTP nor TC affected serum TRAP, serum and urinary calcium, and inorganic phosphate. CONCLUSION In summary, GTP supplementation and TC exercise increased BAP and improved BAP/TRAP ratio. TC exercise increased serum parathyroid hormone. GTP supplementation, TC exercise, and the combination of the two all improved muscle strength in postmenopausal women with osteopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-L Shen
- Department of Pathology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, BB 198, 3601 4th street, Lubbock, TX 79430-9097, USA.
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Escolar DM, Zimmerman A, Bertorini T, Clemens PR, Connolly AM, Mesa L, Gorni K, Kornberg A, Kolski H, Kuntz N, Nevo Y, Tesi-Rocha C, Nagaraju K, Rayavarapu S, Hache LP, Mayhew JE, Florence J, Hu F, Arrieta A, Henricson E, Leshner RT, Mah JK. Pentoxifylline as a rescue treatment for DMD: a randomized double-blind clinical trial. Neurology 2012; 78:904-13. [PMID: 22402864 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0b013e31824c46be] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether pentoxifylline (PTX) slows the decline of muscle strength and function in ambulatory boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). METHODS This was a multicenter, randomized, double-blinded, controlled trial comparing 12 months of daily treatment with PTX or placebo in corticosteroid-treated boys with DMD using a slow-release PTX formulation (~20 mg/kg/day). The primary outcome was the change in mean total quantitative muscle testing (QMT) score. Secondary outcomes included changes in QMT subscales, manual muscle strength, pulmonary function, and timed function tests. Outcomes were compared using Student t tests and a linear mixed-effects model. Adverse events (AEs) were compared using the Fisher exact test. RESULTS A total of 64 boys with DMD with a mean age of 9.9 ± 2.9 years were randomly assigned to PTX or placebo in 11 participating Cooperative International Neuromuscular Research Group centers. There was no significant difference between PTX and the placebo group in total QMT scores (p = 0.14) or in most of the secondary outcomes after a 12-month treatment. The use of PTX was associated with mild to moderate gastrointestinal or hematologic AEs. CONCLUSION The addition of PTX to corticosteroid-treated boys with DMD at a moderate to late ambulatory stage of disease did not improve or halt the deterioration of muscle strength and function over a 12-month study period. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE This study provides Class I evidence that treatment with PTX does not prevent deterioration in muscle function or strength in corticosteroid-treated boys with DMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Escolar
- Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.
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Nakae Y, Dorchies OM, Stoward PJ, Zimmermann BF, Ritter C, Ruegg UT. Quantitative evaluation of the beneficial effects in the mdx mouse of epigallocatechin gallate, an antioxidant polyphenol from green tea. Histochem Cell Biol 2012; 137:811-27. [PMID: 22331205 PMCID: PMC3353109 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-012-0926-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In two separate previous studies, we reported that subcutaneous (sc) or oral administration of (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) limited the development of muscle degeneration of mdx mice, a mild phenotype model for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). However, it was not possible to conclude which was the more efficient route of EGCG administration because different strains of mdx mice, periods of treatment and methods of assessment were used. In this study, we investigated which administration routes and dosages of EGCG are the most effective for limiting the onset of dystrophic lesions in the same strain of mdx mice and applying the same methods of assessment. Three-week-old mdx mice were injected sc for 5 weeks with either saline or a daily average of 3 or 6 mg/kg EGCG. For comparison, age-matched mdx mice were fed for 5 weeks with either a diet containing 0.1% EGCG or a control diet. The effects of EGCG were assessed quantitatively by determining the activities of serum muscle-derived creatine kinase, isometric contractions of triceps surae muscles, integrated spontaneous locomotor activities, and oxidative stress and fibrosis in selected muscles. Oral administration of 180 mg/kg/day EGCG in the diet was found the most effective for significantly improving several parameters associated with muscular dystrophy. However, the improvements were slightly less than those observed previously for sc injection started immediately after birth. The efficacy of EGCG for limiting the development of dystrophic muscle lesions in mice suggests that EGCG may be of benefit for DMD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Nakae
- Pharmacology, Geneva-Lausanne School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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Reutenauer-Patte J, Boittin FX, Patthey-Vuadens O, Ruegg UT, Dorchies OM. Urocortins improve dystrophic skeletal muscle structure and function through both PKA- and Epac-dependent pathways. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 180:749-62. [PMID: 22192627 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Revised: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/23/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In Duchenne muscular dystrophy, the absence of dystrophin causes progressive muscle wasting and premature death. Excessive calcium influx is thought to initiate the pathogenic cascade, resulting in muscle cell death. Urocortins (Ucns) have protected muscle in several experimental paradigms. Herein, we demonstrate that daily s.c. injections of either Ucn 1 or Ucn 2 to 3-week-old dystrophic mdx(5Cv) mice for 2 weeks increased skeletal muscle mass and normalized plasma creatine kinase activity. Histological examination showed that Ucns remarkably reduced necrosis in the diaphragm and slow- and fast-twitch muscles. Ucns improved muscle resistance to mechanical stress provoked by repetitive tetanizations. Ucn 2 treatment resulted in faster kinetics of contraction and relaxation and a rightward shift of the force-frequency curve, suggesting improved calcium homeostasis. Ucn 2 decreased calcium influx into freshly isolated dystrophic muscles. Pharmacological manipulation demonstrated that the mechanism involved the corticotropin-releasing factor type 2 receptor, cAMP elevation, and activation of both protein kinase A and the cAMP-binding protein Epac. Moreover, both STIM1, the calcium sensor that initiates the assembly of store-operated channels, and the calcium-independent phospholipase A(2) that activates these channels were reduced in dystrophic muscle by Ucn 2. Altogether, our results demonstrate the high potency of Ucns for improving dystrophic muscle structure and function, suggesting that these peptides may be considered for treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Reutenauer-Patte
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Geneva-Lausanne School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
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Tang J, Tang S, Haldi M, Seng WL. Zebrafish Assays for Identifying Potential Muscular Dystrophy Drug Candidates. Zebrafish 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/9781118102138.ch18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Davoodi J, Markert CD, Voelker KA, Hutson SM, Grange RW. Nutrition strategies to improve physical capabilities in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 2011; 23:187-99, xii-xiii. [PMID: 22239883 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmr.2011.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
There is no current cure for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), and palliative and prophylactic interventions to improve the quality of life of patients remain limited, with the exception of corticosteroids. This article describes 2 potential nutritional interventions for the treatment of DMD, green tea extract (GTE) and the branched-chain amino acid leucine, and their positive effects on physical activity. Both GTE and leucine are suitable for human consumption, are easily tolerated with no side effects, and, with appropriate preclinical data, could be brought forward to clinical trials rapidly.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Davoodi
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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Haramizu S, Ota N, Hase T, Murase T. Catechins attenuate eccentric exercise-induced inflammation and loss of force production in muscle in senescence-accelerated mice. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2011; 111:1654-63. [PMID: 21903878 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01434.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Catechins have a great variety of biological actions. We evaluated the potential benefits of catechin ingestion on muscle contractile properties, oxidative stress, and inflammation following downhill running, which is a typical eccentric exercise, in senescence-accelerated prone mice (SAMP). Downhill running (13 m/min for 60 min; 16° decline) induced a greater decrease in the contractile force of soleus muscle and in Ca(2+)-ATPase activity in SAMP1 compared with the senescence-resistant mice (SAMR1). Moreover, compared with SAMR1, SAMP1 showed greater downhill running-induced increases in plasma CPK and LDH activity, malondialdehyde, and carbonylated protein as markers of oxidative stress; and in protein and mRNA expression levels of the inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor-α and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in muscle. SAMP1 exhibited aging-associated vulnerability to oxidative stress and inflammation in muscle induced by downhill running. Long-term (8 wk) catechin ingestion significantly attenuated the downhill running-induced decrease in muscle force and the increased inflammatory mediators in both plasma and gastrocnemius muscle. Furthermore, catechins significantly inhibited the increase in oxidative stress markers immediately after downhill running, accompanied by an increase in glutathione reductase activity. These findings suggest that long-term catechin ingestion attenuates the aging-associated loss of force production, oxidative stress, and inflammation in muscle after exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Haramizu
- Biological Science Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tochigi, Japan
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Hibaoui Y, Reutenauer-Patte J, Patthey-Vuadens O, Ruegg UT, Dorchies OM. Melatonin improves muscle function of the dystrophic mdx5Cv mouse, a model for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. J Pineal Res 2011; 51:163-71. [PMID: 21486366 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2011.00871.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe X-linked muscle-wasting disease caused by the absence of the cytoskeletal protein dystrophin. In addition to abnormal calcium handling, numerous studies point to a crucial role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of the disease. Considering the impressive results provided by antioxidants on dystrophic muscle structure and function, we investigated whether melatonin can protect the mdx(5Cv) mouse, an animal model for DMD. Male mdx(5Cv) mouse pups were treated with melatonin by daily intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection (30 mg/kg body weight) or by subcutaneous (s.c.) implant(s) (18 or 54 mg melatonin as Melovine® implants) from 17/18 to 28/29 days of age. Isometric force of the triceps surae was recorded at the end of the treatment. The i.p. treatment increased the phasic twitch tension of mdx(5Cv) mice. The maximal tetanic tension was ameliorated by 18 mg s.c. and 30 mg/kg i.p. treatments. Melatonin caused the dystrophic muscle to contract and relax faster. The force-frequency relationship of melatonin-treated dystrophic mice was shifted to the right. In accordance with improved muscle function, melatonin decreased plasma creatine kinase activity, a marker for muscle injury. Melatonin treatment increased total glutathione content and lowered the oxidized/reduced glutathione ratio, indicating a better redox status of the muscle. In light of the present investigation, the therapeutic potential of melatonin should be further considered for patients with DMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef Hibaoui
- Pharmacology, Geneva-Lausanne School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Ljubicic V, Miura P, Burt M, Boudreault L, Khogali S, Lunde JA, Renaud JM, Jasmin BJ. Chronic AMPK activation evokes the slow, oxidative myogenic program and triggers beneficial adaptations in mdx mouse skeletal muscle. Hum Mol Genet 2011; 20:3478-93. [PMID: 21659335 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddr265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A therapeutic approach for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is to up-regulate utrophin in skeletal muscle in an effort to compensate for the lack of dystrophin. We previously hypothesized that promotion of the slow, oxidative myogenic program, which triggers utrophin up-regulation, can attenuate the dystrophic pathology in mdx animals. Since treatment of healthy mice with the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activator 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-D-ribofuranoside (AICAR) enhances oxidative capacity and elicits a fast-to-slow fiber-type transition, we evaluated the effects of chronic AMPK stimulation on skeletal muscle phenotype and utrophin expression in mdx mice. Daily AICAR administration (500 mg/kg/day, 30 days) of 5-7-week-old mdx animals induced an elevation in mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase enzyme activity, an increase in myosin heavy-chain type IIa-positive fibers and slower twitch contraction kinetics in the fast, glycolytic extensor digitorum longus muscle. Utrophin expression was significantly enhanced in response to AICAR, which occurred coincident with an elevated β-dystroglycan expression along the sarcolemma. These adaptations were associated with an increase in sarcolemmal structural integrity under basal conditions, as well as during damaging eccentric contractions ex vivo. Notably, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ co-activator-1α (PGC-1α) and silent information regulator two ortholog 1 protein contents were significantly higher in muscle from mdx mice compared with wild-type littermates and AICAR further increased PGC-1α expression. Our data show that AICAR-evoked muscle plasticity results in beneficial phenotypic adaptations in mdx mice and suggest that the contextually novel application of this compound for muscular dystrophy warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Ljubicic
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Neuromuscular Disease, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5
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Ota N, Soga S, Haramizu S, Yokoi Y, Hase T, Murase T. Tea catechins prevent contractile dysfunction in unloaded murine soleus muscle: a pilot study. Nutrition 2011; 27:955-9. [PMID: 21641774 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2010.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Revised: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 10/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Extended periods of muscle disuse, physical inactivity, immobilization, and bedrest result in a loss of muscle mass and a decrease in muscle force, which are accompanied by an increase in oxidative stress. We investigated the effects of the intake of green tea catechins on unloading-induced muscle dysfunction in tail-suspended mice. METHODS Ten-week-old male BALB/c mice were fed a purified control diet or a diet containing 0.5% tea catechins for 14 d. Thereafter, the mice were subjected to continuous tail suspension for 10 d. On the final day, muscle mass, contractile force production, antioxidant potential, and carbonylated protein levels were evaluated. RESULTS Hind limb unloading caused a loss of soleus muscle weight and muscle force. Intake of tea catechins significantly inhibited the unloading-induced decrease in force in isolated soleus muscle by 19% compared with the control group, although tea catechins did not affect muscle weight. In addition, intake of tea catechins suppressed the decrease in antioxidant potential and the increase in carbonyl myofibrillar protein. CONCLUSION Ingestion of tea catechins minimized contractile dysfunction in skeletal muscle and muscle atrophy in unloaded muscle. This effect might be partly due to the lower oxidative modification of myofibrillar protein through the antioxidant activity of tea catechins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyasu Ota
- Biological Science Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tochigi, Japan.
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Nishizawa M, Hara T, Miura T, Fujita S, Yoshigai E, Ue H, Hayashi Y, Kwon AH, Okumura T, Isaka T. Supplementation with a flavanol-rich lychee fruit extract influences the inflammatory status of young athletes. Phytother Res 2011; 25:1486-93. [PMID: 21780209 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2010] [Revised: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Flavanol-rich lychee fruit extract (FRLFE) is a processed lychee fruit extract that is higher in flavanols (monomers, dimers and trimers) than its unprocessed counterpart. FRLFE exerts antioxidant activities in vitro and is expected to protect against inflammation and tissue damage. However, the physiological effects of FRLFE intake have not been explored in vivo. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of FRLFE supplementation on inflammation and tissue damage in young athletes during intense physical training. Twenty healthy male long-distance runners at a university were randomly assigned to receive FRLFE or placebo in a double-blind manner. Blood and serum parameters associated with inflammation, tissue damage and oxidative stress were evaluated before (pre-training), during (mid-training) and after (post-training) a 2-month training period. Some parameters, including the white blood cell count, were significantly modified by FRLFE supplementation. Compared with the placebo group, the change in the serum interleukin-6 level between pre- and mid-training were significantly lower in the FRLFE group, while the change in the transforming growth factor-β level between pre- and post-training was significantly greater in the FRLFE group. These findings suggest that FRLFE supplementation may suppress inflammation or tissue damage caused by high-intensity exercise training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikio Nishizawa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan.
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Zimmermann BF, Gleichenhagen M. The effect of ascorbic acid, citric acid and low pH on the extraction of green tea: How to get most out of it. Food Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Whitehead NP, Yeung EW, Froehner SC, Allen DG. Skeletal muscle NADPH oxidase is increased and triggers stretch-induced damage in the mdx mouse. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15354. [PMID: 21187957 PMCID: PMC3004864 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that oxidative stress contributes to the pathogenesis of muscle damage in dystrophic (mdx) mice. In this study we have investigated the role of NADPH oxidase as a source of the oxidative stress in these mice. The NADPH oxidase subunits gp91phox, p67phox and rac 1 were increased 2–3 fold in tibilais anterior muscles from mdx mice compared to wild type. Importantly, this increase occurred in 19 day old mice, before the onset of muscle necrosis and inflammation, suggesting that NADPH oxidase is an important source of oxidative stress in mdx muscle. In muscles from 9 week old mdx mice, gp91phox and p67phox were increased 3–4 fold and NADPH oxidase superoxide production was 2 times greater than wild type. In single fibers from mdx muscle NADPH oxidase subunits were all located on or near the sarcolemma, except for p67phox,which was expressed in the cytosol. Pharmacological inhibition of NADPH oxidase significantly reduced the intracellular Ca2+ rise following stretched contractions in mdx single fibers, and also attenuated the loss of muscle force. These results suggest that NADPH oxidase is a major source of reactive oxygen species in dystrophic muscle and its enhanced activity has a stimulatory effect on stretch-induced Ca2+ entry, a key mechanism for muscle damage and functional impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P Whitehead
- Discipline of Physiology, Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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Selsby J, Pendrak K, Zadel M, Tian Z, Pham J, Carver T, Acosta P, Barton E, Sweeney HL. Leupeptin-based inhibitors do not improve the mdx phenotype. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2010; 299:R1192-201. [PMID: 20844259 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00586.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Calpain activation has been implicated in the disease pathology of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Inhibition of calpain has been proposed as a promising therapeutic target, which could lessen the protein degradation and prevent progressive fibrosis. At the same time, there are conflicting reports as to whether elevation of calpastatin, an endogenous calpain inhibitor, alters pathology. We compared the effects of pharmacological calpain inhibition in the mdx mouse using leupeptin and a proprietary compound (C101) that linked the inhibitory portion of leupeptin to carnitine (to increase uptake into muscle). Administration of C101 for 4 wk did not improve muscle histology, function, or serum creatine kinase levels in mdx mice. Mdx mice injected daily with leupeptin (36 mg/kg) for 6 mo also failed to show improved muscle function, histology, or creatine kinase levels. Biochemical analysis revealed that leupeptin administration caused an increase in m-calpain autolysis and proteasome activity, yet calpastatin levels were similar between treated and untreated mdx mice. These data demonstrate that pharmacological inhibition of calpain is not a promising intervention for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy due to the ability of skeletal muscle to counter calpain inhibitors by increasing multiple degradative pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Selsby
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Menazza S, Blaauw B, Tiepolo T, Toniolo L, Braghetta P, Spolaore B, Reggiani C, Di Lisa F, Bonaldo P, Canton M. Oxidative stress by monoamine oxidases is causally involved in myofiber damage in muscular dystrophy. Hum Mol Genet 2010; 19:4207-15. [PMID: 20716577 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddq339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies documented the key role of oxidative stress and abnormal production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the pathophysiology of muscular dystrophies (MDs). The sources of ROS, however, are still controversial as well as their major molecular targets. This study investigated whether ROS produced in mitochondria by monoamine oxidase (MAO) contributes to MD pathogenesis. Pargyline, an MAO inhibitor, reduced ROS accumulation along with a beneficial effect on the dystrophic phenotype of Col6a1(-/-) mice, a model of Bethlem myopathy and Ullrich congenital MD, and mdx mice, a model of Duchenne MD. Based on our previous observations on oxidative damage of myofibrillar proteins in heart failure, we hypothesized that MAO-dependent ROS might impair contractile function in dystrophic muscles. Indeed, oxidation of myofibrillar proteins, as probed by formation of disulphide cross-bridges in tropomyosin, was detected in both Col6a1(-/-) and mdx muscles. Notably, pargyline significantly reduced myofiber apoptosis and ameliorated muscle strength in Col6a1(-/-) mice. This study demonstrates a novel and determinant role of MAO in MDs, adding evidence of the pivotal role of mitochondria and suggesting a therapeutic potential for MAO inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Menazza
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
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Qureshi MM, McClure WC, Arevalo NL, Rabon RE, Mohr B, Bose SK, McCord JM, Tseng BS. The Dietary Supplement Protandim Decreases Plasma Osteopontin and Improves Markers of Oxidative Stress in Muscular Dystrophy Mdx Mice. J Diet Suppl 2010; 7:159-178. [PMID: 20740052 DOI: 10.3109/19390211.2010.482041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic options for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), the most common and lethal neuromuscular disorder in children, remain elusive. Oxidative damage is implicated as a pertinent factor involved in its pathogenesis. Protandim((R)) is an over-the-counter supplement with the ability to induce antioxidant enzymes. In this study we investigated whether Protandim((R)) provided benefit using surrogate markers and functional measures in the dystrophin-deficient (mdx)mouse model of DMD. Male 3-week-old mdx mice were randomized into two treatment groups: control (receiving standard rodent chow) and Protandim((R))-supplemented standard rodent chow. The diets were continued for 6-week and 6-month studies. The endpoints included the oxidative stress marker thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), plasma osteopontin (OPN), plasma paraoxonase (PON1) activity, H&E histology, gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of leg muscle and motor functional measurements. The Protandim((R)) chow diet in mdx mice for 6 months was safe and well tolerated. After 6 months of Protandim((R)), a 48% average decrease in plasma TBARS was seen; 0.92 nmol/mg protein in controls versus 0.48 nmol/mg protein in the Protandim((R)) group (p = .006). At 6 months, plasma OPN was decreased by 57% (p = .001) in the Protandim((R))-treated mice. Protandim((R)) increased the plasma antioxidant enzyme PON1 activity by 35% (p = .018). After 6 months, the mdx mice with Protandim((R)) showed 38% less MRI signal abnormality (p = .07) than mice on control diet. In this 6-month mdx mouse study, Protandim((R)) did not significantly alter motor function nor histological criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Muddasir Qureshi
- Department of Pediatrics, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, TX. Earlier, he was associated with Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Evans NP, Misyak SA, Robertson JL, Bassaganya-Riera J, Grange RW. Immune-mediated mechanisms potentially regulate the disease time-course of duchenne muscular dystrophy and provide targets for therapeutic intervention. PM R 2009; 1:755-68. [PMID: 19695529 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2009.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2009] [Revised: 04/23/2009] [Accepted: 04/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a lethal muscle-wasting disease that affects boys. Mutations in the dystrophin gene result in the absence of the dystrophin glycoprotein complex (DGC) from muscle plasma membranes. In healthy muscle fibers, the DGC forms a link between the extracellular matrix and the cytoskeleton to protect against contraction-induced membrane lesions and to regulate cell signaling. The absence of the DGC results in aberrant regulation of inflammatory signaling cascades. Inflammation is a key pathological characteristic of dystrophic muscle lesion formation. However, the role and regulation of this process in the disease time-course has not been sufficiently examined. The transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB has been shown to contribute to the disease process and is likely involved with increased inflammatory gene expression, including cytokines and chemokines, found in dystrophic muscle. These aberrant signaling processes may regulate the early time-course of inflammatory events that contribute to the onset of disease. This review critically evaluates the possibility that dystrophic muscle lesions in both patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy and mdx mice are the result of immune-mediated mechanisms that are regulated by inflammatory signaling and also highlights new therapeutic directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P Evans
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0002, USA.
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71
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Evans NP, Call JA, Bassaganya-Riera J, Robertson JL, Grange RW. Green tea extract decreases muscle pathology and NF-kappaB immunostaining in regenerating muscle fibers of mdx mice. Clin Nutr 2009; 29:391-8. [PMID: 19897286 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2009.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2009] [Revised: 08/09/2009] [Accepted: 10/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a debilitating genetic disorder characterized by severe muscle wasting and early death in afflicted boys. The primary cause of this disease is mutations in the dystrophin gene resulting in massive muscle degeneration and inflammation. The purpose of this study was to determine if dystrophic muscle pathology and inflammation were decreased by pre-natal and early dietary intervention with green tea extract. METHODS Mdx breeder mice and pups were fed diets containing 0.25% or 0.5% green tea extract and compared to untreated mdx and C57BL/6J mice. Serum creatine kinase was assessed as a systemic indicator of muscle damage. Quantitative histopathological and immunohistochemical techniques were used to determine muscle pathology, macrophage infiltration, and NF-kappaB localization. RESULTS Early treatment of mdx mice with green tea extract significantly decreased serum creatine kinase by approximately 85% at age 42 days (P< or =0.05). In these mice, the area of normal fiber morphology was increased by as much as approximately 32% (P< or =0.05). The primary histopathological change was a approximately 21% decrease in the area of regenerating fibers (P< or =0.05). NF-kappaB staining in regenerating muscle fibers was also significantly decreased in green tea extract-treated mdx mice when compared to untreated mdx mice (P< or =0.05). CONCLUSION Early treatment with green tea extract decreases dystrophic muscle pathology potentially by regulating NF-kappaB activity in regenerating muscle fibers.
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MESH Headings
- Aging
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use
- Antioxidants/pharmacology
- Antioxidants/therapeutic use
- Biomarkers/blood
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Female
- Macrophages/drug effects
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred mdx
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/pathology
- Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/blood
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/metabolism
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/pathology
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/prevention & control
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Necrosis/pathology
- Necrosis/prevention & control
- Phytotherapy
- Plant Extracts/pharmacology
- Plant Extracts/therapeutic use
- Pregnancy
- Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects
- Random Allocation
- Regeneration/drug effects
- Tea/chemistry
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P Evans
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 338 Wallace Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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72
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Nakazato K, Ochi E, Waga T. Dietary apple polyphenols have preventive effects against lengthening contraction-induced muscle injuries. Mol Nutr Food Res 2009; 54:364-72. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200900145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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74
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Messina S, Bitto A, Aguennouz M, Mazzeo A, Migliorato A, Polito F, Irrera N, Altavilla D, Vita GL, Russo M, Naro A, De Pasquale MG, Rizzuto E, Musarò A, Squadrito F, Vita G. Flavocoxid counteracts muscle necrosis and improves functional properties in mdx mice: a comparison study with methylprednisolone. Exp Neurol 2009; 220:349-58. [PMID: 19786019 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2009] [Revised: 09/18/2009] [Accepted: 09/19/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Muscle degeneration in dystrophic muscle is exacerbated by the endogenous inflammatory response and increased oxidative stress. A key role is played by nuclear factor(NF)-kappaB. We showed that NF-kappaB inhibition through compounds with also antioxidant properties has beneficial effects in mdx mice, the murine model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), but these drugs are not available for clinical studies. We evaluated whether flavocoxid, a mixed flavonoid extract with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and NF-kappaB inhibiting properties, has beneficial effects in mdx mice in comparison with methylprednisolone, the gold standard treatment for DMD patients. Five-week-old mdx mice were treated for 5 weeks with flavocoxid, methylprednisolone or vehicle. The evaluation of in vivo and ex vivo functional properties and morphological parameters was performed. Serum samples were assayed for oxidative stress markers, creatine-kinase (CK) and leukotriene B-4. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), tumor necrosis factor-alpha, p-38, JNK1 expression was evaluated in muscle by western blot analysis. NF-kappaB binding activity was investigated by electrophoresis mobility shift assay. The administration of flavocoxid: (1) ameliorated functional properties in vivo and ex vivo; (2) reduced CK; (3) reduced the expression of oxidative stress markers and of inflammatory mediators; (4) inhibited NF-kappaB and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) signal pathways; (5) reduced muscle necrosis and enhanced regeneration. Our results highlight the detrimental effects of oxidative stress and NF-kappaB, MAPKs and COX/5-LOX pathways in the dystrophic process and show that flavocoxid is more effective in mdx mice than methylprednisolone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Messina
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry and Anaesthesiology, Unit of Neurology and Neuromuscular Diseases, AOU Policlinico G. Martino, 98125 Messina, Italy.
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75
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Dysregulated intracellular signaling and inflammatory gene expression during initial disease onset in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2009; 88:502-22. [PMID: 19454857 DOI: 10.1097/phm.0b013e3181a5a24f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a debilitating genetic disorder characterized by severe muscle wasting and early death in affected boys. The primary cause of this disease is mutations in the dystrophin gene that result in the absence of the protein dystrophin and the associated dystrophin-glycoprotein complex in the plasma membrane of muscle fibers. In normal muscle, this complex forms a link between the extracellular matrix and the cytoskeleton that is thought to protect muscle fibers from contraction-induced membrane lesions and to regulate cell signaling cascades. Although the primary defect is known, the mechanisms that initiate disease onset have not been characterized. Data collected during early maturation suggest that inflammatory and immune responses are key contributors to disease pathogenesis and may be initiated by aberrant signaling in dystrophic muscle. However, detailed time course studies of the inflammatory and immune processes are incomplete and need to be characterized further to understand the disease progression. The purposes of this review are to examine the possibility that initial disease onset in dystrophin-deficient muscle results from aberrant inflammatory signaling pathways and to highlight the potential clinical relevance of targeting these pathways to treat Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
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76
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Spurney CF, Gordish-Dressman H, Guerron AD, Sali A, Pandey GS, Rawat R, Van Der Meulen JH, Cha HJ, Pistilli EE, Partridge TA, Hoffman EP, Nagaraju K. Preclinical drug trials in the mdx mouse: assessment of reliable and sensitive outcome measures. Muscle Nerve 2009; 39:591-602. [PMID: 19260102 DOI: 10.1002/mus.21211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The availability of animal models for Duchenne muscular dystrophy has led to extensive preclinical research on potential therapeutics. Few studies have focused on reliability and sensitivity of endpoints for mdx mouse drug trials. Therefore, we sought to compare a wide variety of reported and novel endpoint measures in exercised mdx and normal control mice at 10, 20, and 40 weeks of age. Statistical analysis as well as power calculations for expected effect sizes in mdx preclinical drug trials across different ages showed that body weight, normalized grip strength, horizontal activity, rest time, cardiac function measurements, blood pressure, total central/peripheral nuclei per fiber, and serum creatine kinase are the most effective measurements for detecting drug-induced changes. These data provide an experimental basis upon which standardization of preclinical drug testing can be developed. Muscle Nerve, 2008.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher F Spurney
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA
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77
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Mok E, Letellier G, Cuisset JM, Denjean A, Gottrand F, Alberti C, Hankard R. Lack of functional benefit with glutamine versus placebo in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: a randomized crossover trial. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5448. [PMID: 19421321 PMCID: PMC2673684 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2008] [Accepted: 04/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oral glutamine decreases whole body protein breakdown in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). We evaluated the functional benefit of 4 months oral glutamine in DMD. Methodology/Principal Findings 30 ambulant DMD boys were included in this double-blind, randomized crossover trial with 2 intervention periods: glutamine (0.5 g/kg/d) and placebo, 4 months each, separated by a 1-month wash-out, at 3 outpatient clinical investigation centers in France. Functional benefit was tested by comparing glutamine versus placebo on change in walking speed at 4 months. Secondary outcome measures were: 2-minute walk test, work, power, muscle mass (urinary creatinine), markers of myofibrillar protein breakdown (urinary 3-methyl-histidine/creatinine), serum creatine phospho-kinase, body composition (fat free mass, fat mass percentage), safety and oral nutrient intake. There was no improvement in the primary end point (walking speed) or in secondary measures of muscle function (2-minute walk test, work, power) in the glutamine group compared with placebo. However, subjects receiving glutamine or placebo showed no deterioration in functional measures over the course of the 9-month trial. No differences in muscle mass, markers of protein breakdown or serum creatine phosho-kinase were observed, except for a blunted increase in fat free mass in the glutamine group which led to a greater increase in fat mass percentage. Glutamine was safe and well-tolerated. Conclusions This trial did not identify additional benefit of 4 months oral glutamine over placebo on muscle mass or function in ambulatory DMD boys. Although apparently safe, current data cannot support routine supplementation in this population as a whole, until further research proves otherwise. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00296621
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Mok
- INSERM Centre D'Investigation Clinique 802, CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
- Pédiatrie Multidisciplinaire – Nutrition de l'Enfant, CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
- EA3813 Laboratoire Adaptation Physiologique aux Activités Physiques, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Guy Letellier
- INSERM Centre D'Investigation Clinique 802, CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
- Pédiatrie Multidisciplinaire – Nutrition de l'Enfant, CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Jean-Marie Cuisset
- INSERM Centre D'Investigation Clinique 9301, CHR&U de Lille, Lille, France
- Service de Neuropédiatrie et Centre de Référence National des Maladies Neuromusculaires, CHR&U de Lille, Hôpital Roger-Salengro, Lille, France
| | - André Denjean
- INSERM Centre D'Investigation Clinique 9202, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Gottrand
- INSERM Centre D'Investigation Clinique 9301, CHR&U de Lille, Lille, France
- EA 3925, IFR 114, Faculté de Médecine, Université Lille 2, Lille, France
| | - Corinne Alberti
- Unité d'Epidémiologie Clinique et INSERM, CIE5, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France
| | - Régis Hankard
- INSERM Centre D'Investigation Clinique 802, CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
- Pédiatrie Multidisciplinaire – Nutrition de l'Enfant, CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
- EA3813 Laboratoire Adaptation Physiologique aux Activités Physiques, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
- * E-mail:
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Dorchies OM, Wagner S, Buetler TM, Ruegg UT. Protection of dystrophic muscle cells with polyphenols from green tea correlates with improved glutathione balance and increased expression of 67LR, a receptor for (-)-epigallocatechin gallate. Biofactors 2009; 35:279-94. [PMID: 19322813 DOI: 10.1002/biof.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a fatal muscle wasting disease caused by the absence of the protein dystrophin. Because oxidative stress contributes to the pathogenesis of DMD, we investigated if a green tea polyphenol blend (GTP) and its major polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCg), could protect muscle cell primary cultures from oxidative damage induced by hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) in the widely used mdx mouse model. On-line fluorimetric measurements using an H(2)O(2)-sensitive probe indicated that GTP and EGCg scavenged peroxide in a concentration-dependent manner. A 48 h exposure to EGCg increased glutathione content but did not alter the expression of proteins involved in membrane stabilization and repair. Pretreatment of dystrophic cultures with GTP or EGCg 48 h before exposure to H(2)O(2) improved cell survival. Normal cultures were protected by GTP but not by EGCg. 67LR, a receptor for EGCg, was seven times more abundant in dystrophic compared with normal cultures. Altogether our results demonstrate that GTP and EGCg protect muscle cells by scavenging H(2)O(2) and by improving the glutathione balance. In addition, the higher levels of 67LR in dystrophic muscle cells compared with normal ones likely contribute to EGCg-mediated survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier M Dorchies
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Geneva-Lausanne School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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79
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Burdi R, Rolland JF, Fraysse B, Litvinova K, Cozzoli A, Giannuzzi V, Liantonio A, Camerino GM, Sblendorio V, Capogrosso RF, Palmieri B, Andreetta F, Confalonieri P, De Benedictis L, Montagnani M, De Luca A. Multiple pathological events in exercised dystrophic mdx mice are targeted by pentoxifylline: outcome of a large array of in vivo and ex vivo tests. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2009; 106:1311-24. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.90985.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The phosphodiesterases inhibitor pentoxifylline gained attention for Duchenne muscular dystrophy therapy for its claimed anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antifibrotic action. A recent finding also showed that pentoxifylline counteracts the abnormal overactivity of a voltage-independent calcium channel in myofibers of dystrophic mdx mice. The possible link between workload, altered calcium homeostasis, and oxidative stress pushed toward a more detailed investigation. Thus a 4- to 8-wk treatment with pentoxifylline (50 mg·kg−1·day−1 ip) was performed in mdx mice, undergoing or not a chronic exercise on treadmill. In vivo, the treatment partially increased forelimb strength and enhanced resistance to treadmill running in exercised animals. Ex vivo, pentoxifylline restored the mechanical threshold, an electrophysiological index of calcium homeostasis, and reduced resting cytosolic calcium in extensor digitorum longus muscle fibers. Mn quenching and patch-clamp technique confirmed that this effect was paralleled by a drug-induced reduction of membrane permeability to calcium. The treatment also significantly enhanced isometric tetanic tension in mdx diaphragm. The plasma levels of creatine kinase and reactive oxygen species were both significantly reduced in treated-exercised animals. Dihydroethidium staining, used as an indicator of reactive oxygen species production, showed that pentoxifylline significantly reduced the exercise-induced increase in fluorescence in the mdx tibialis anterior muscle. A significant decrease in connective tissue area and profibrotic cytokine transforming growth factor-β1 was solely found in tibialis anterior muscle. In both diaphragm and gastrocnemius muscle, a significant increase in neural cell adhesion molecule-positive area was instead observed. This data supports the interest toward pentoxifylline and allows insight in the level of cross talk between pathogenetic events in workloaded dystrophic muscle.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Nutritional supplementation is paramount to the care of severely injured patients. Despite its widespread use in trauma, many areas of clinical nutrition remain controversial and not well defined. The benefit of early enteral nutrition in the care of injured patients has been well established, with further benefit derived by the administration of immune-enhancing formulas supplemented with glutamine, arginine, nucleotides, and omega-3-fatty acids. A new paradigm of pharmaconutrition has been developed that separates the administration of immunomodulatory nutrients from that of nutritional support. The optimal utilization and benefit of pharmaconutrients, however, remains unclear, as does the need for full caloric provision in the early postinjury phase. RECENT FINDINGS Nutrition studies with the greatest reduction in morbidity and mortality are those utilizing specific nutrients. The use of pharmaconutrients to modulate the inflammatory and immune response associated with critical illness seems to provide benefit to critically ill and injured patients. Additionally, studies at least suggest that trauma patients derive comparable if not additional benefit from hypocaloric feeding during the acute phase of injury. SUMMARY Building upon previous well performed studies in trauma patients, the current focus of nutritional investigations center on the use of pharmaconutrients to modulate the inflammatory response and the use of hypocaloric feeds. These practices will be reviewed and evidence presented for their use in critically ill and injured patients.
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Banerjee T, Sharma SK, Surolia N, Surolia A. Epigallocatechin gallate is a slow-tight binding inhibitor of enoyl-ACP reductase from Plasmodium falciparum. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 377:1238-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.10.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2008] [Accepted: 10/28/2008] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Puttini S, Lekka M, Dorchies OM, Saugy D, Incitti T, Ruegg UT, Bozzoni I, Kulik AJ, Mermod N. Gene-mediated restoration of normal myofiber elasticity in dystrophic muscles. Mol Ther 2008; 17:19-25. [PMID: 19002166 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2008.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Dystrophin mediates a physical link between the cytoskeleton of muscle fibers and the extracellular matrix, and its absence leads to muscle degeneration and dystrophy. In this article, we show that the lack of dystrophin affects the elasticity of individual fibers within muscle tissue explants, as probed using atomic force microscopy (AFM), providing a sensitive and quantitative description of the properties of normal and dystrophic myofibers. The rescue of dystrophin expression by exon skipping or by the ectopic expression of the utrophin analogue normalized the elasticity of dystrophic muscles, and these effects were commensurate to the functional recovery of whole muscle strength. However, a more homogeneous and widespread restoration of normal elasticity was obtained by the exon-skipping approach when comparing individual myofibers. AFM may thus provide a quantification of the functional benefit of gene therapies from live tissues coupled to single-cell resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Puttini
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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83
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Auger C, Mullen W, Hara Y, Crozier A. Bioavailability of polyphenon E flavan-3-ols in humans with an ileostomy. J Nutr 2008; 138:1535S-1542S. [PMID: 18641203 DOI: 10.1093/jn/138.8.1535s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the degree of absorption of flavan-3-ols in the small intestine, human subjects with an ileostomy ingested 200 mg of Polyphenon E, a green tea extract, after which ileal fluid and urine, collected over a 24-h period, were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array and mass spectrometric detection. The data obtained indicated that although approximately 40% of flavan-3-ol intake is recovered in ileal fluid, substantial quantities are absorbed in the small intestine. Moreover, 14 urinary metabolites, comprising sulfates, glucuronide, and methylated derivatives, were identified and quantified. All were metabolites of (epi)catechin or (epi)gallocatechin, representing 47 +/- 2% and 26 +/- 9%, respectively, of the ingested parent compound. These high recoveries indicate that these flavan-3-ols absorbed in the small intestine are much more bioavailable than most dietary flavonoids. No 3-O-galloylated flavan-3-ols or their metabolites were detected in urine. The absence of urinary flavan-3-ol metabolites after ingestion of 200 mg of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate indicates that there is no removal of the 3-O-galloyl group in vivo, and hence, this does not account for the high urinary recovery of (epi)gallocatechin metabolites after ingestion of Polyphenon E. Increasing the intake of Polyphenon E, by feeding doses of 200, 500, and 1500 mg, led to increased urinary excretion of (epi)catechin metabolites but not metabolites of (epi)gallocatechin. Coingestion of 200 mg of Polyphenon E with bread, cheese, or glucose did not significantly modify the absorption, metabolism, and excretion of flavan-3-ols. It does not necessarily follow, however, that the same would occur when flavan-3-ols are ingested with more complex food matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Auger
- Plant Products and Human Nutrition Group, Division of Environmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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Investigation of Debio 025, a cyclophilin inhibitor, in the dystrophic mdx mouse, a model for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Br J Pharmacol 2008; 155:574-84. [PMID: 18641676 DOI: 10.1038/bjp.2008.285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe muscle wasting disorder caused by the absence of the cytoskeletal protein dystrophin. This leads to muscle cell death accompanied by chronic inflammation. Cyclosporin A (CsA) is a powerful immunosuppressive drug, which has been proposed for DMD treatment. CsA also directly regulates the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP), which participates in cell death pathways through the inhibition of cyclophilin D. Here, we evaluated whether Debio 025, a cyclophilin inhibitor with no immunosuppressive activity, improves the dystrophic condition in a mouse model of DMD, through regulation of mPTP. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The potency of Debio 025 to protect mouse dystrophic cells against mitochondria-mediated death was assessed by caspase-3 activity and calcium retention capacity assays. Mdx(5Cv) mice (3-week-old) were treated daily by gavage for 2 weeks with Debio 025 (10, 30 or 100 mg kg(-1)), CsA (10 mg kg(-1)) or placebo. The effects on muscle necrosis and function were measured. KEY RESULTS In vitro investigations showed protective effect of low concentrations of Debio 025 against cell death. Histology demonstrated that Debio 025 partially protected the diaphragm and soleus muscles against necrosis (10 and 100 mg kg(-1), respectively). Hindlimb muscles from mice receiving Debio 025 at 10 mg kg(-1) relaxed faster, showed alteration in the stimulation frequency-dependent recruitment of muscle fibres and displayed a higher resistance to mechanical stress. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Debio 025 partially improved the structure and the function of the dystrophic mouse muscle, suggesting that therapies targeting the mPTP may be helpful to DMD patients.
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Call JA, Voelker KA, Wolff AV, McMillan RP, Evans NP, Hulver MW, Talmadge RJ, Grange RW. Endurance capacity in maturing mdx mice is markedly enhanced by combined voluntary wheel running and green tea extract. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2008; 105:923-32. [PMID: 18583385 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00028.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy is characterized by the absence of dystrophin from muscle cells. Dystrophic muscle cells are susceptible to oxidative stress. We tested the hypothesis that 3 wk of endurance exercise starting at age 21 days in young male mdx mice would blunt oxidative stress and improve dystrophic skeletal muscle function, and these effects would be enhanced by the antioxidant green tea extract (GTE). In mice fed normal diet, average daily running distance increased 300% from week 1 to week 3, and total distance over 3 wk was improved by 128% in mice fed GTE. Running, independent of diet, increased serum antioxidant capacity, extensor digitorum longus tetanic stress, and total contractile protein content, heart citrate synthase, and heart and quadriceps beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase activities. GTE, independent of running, decreased serum creatine kinase and heart and gastrocnemius lipid peroxidation and increased gastrocnemius citrate synthase activity. These data suggest that both endurance exercise and GTE may be beneficial as therapeutic strategies to improve muscle function in mdx mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarrod A Call
- Department of Human Nutrition, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, Virginia.
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86
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Mok E, Constantin B, Favreau F, Neveux N, Magaud C, Delwail A, Hankard R. l-Glutamine administration reduces oxidized glutathione and MAP kinase signaling in dystrophic muscle of mdx mice. Pediatr Res 2008; 63:268-73. [PMID: 18287965 DOI: 10.1203/pdr.0b013e318163a259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
To determine whether glutamine (Gln) reduces the ratio of oxidized to total glutathione (GSSG/GSH) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) activation in dystrophic muscle. Four-week old mdx mice, an animal model for Duchenne muscular dystrophy and control (C57BL/10) received daily intraperitoneal injections of l-Gln (500 mg/kg/d) or 0.9% NaCl for 3 d. GSH and GSSG concentrations in gastrocnemius were measured using a standard enzymatic recycling procedure. Free amino acid concentrations in gastrocnemius were determined by ion exchange chromatography. Phosphorylated protein levels of ERK1/2 in quadriceps were examined using Western Blot. l-Gln decreased GSSG and GSSG/GSH (an indicator of oxidative stress). This was associated with decreased ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Muscle free Gln, glutamate (Glu), and the sum (Gln + Glu) were higher in mdx versus C57BL/10, at the basal level. Exogenous Gln decreased muscle free Glu and Gln + Glu in mdx only, whereas Gln was not affected. In conclusion, exogenous Gln reduces GSSG/GSH and ERK1/2 activation in dystrophic skeletal muscle of young mdx mice, which is associated with decreased muscle free Glu and Gln + Glu. This antioxidant protective mechanism provides a molecular basis for Gln's antiproteolytic effect in Duchenne muscular dystrophy children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Mok
- Institut de Physiologie et Biologie Cellulaires, EA 3813, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers 86000, France
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87
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Nakae Y, Hirasaka K, Goto J, Nikawa T, Shono M, Yoshida M, Stoward PJ. Subcutaneous injection, from birth, of epigallocatechin-3-gallate, a component of green tea, limits the onset of muscular dystrophy in mdx mice: a quantitative histological, immunohistochemical and electrophysiological study. Histochem Cell Biol 2008; 129:489-501. [PMID: 18264714 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-008-0390-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dystrophic muscles suffer from enhanced oxidative stress. We have investigated whether administration of an antioxidant, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a component of green tea, reduces their oxidative stress and pathophysiology in mdx mice, a mild phenotype model of human Duchenne-type muscular dystrophy. EGCG (5 mg/kg body weight in saline) was injected subcutaneously 4x a week into the backs of C57 normal and dystrophin-deficient mdx mice for 8 weeks after birth. Saline was injected into normal and mdx controls. EGCG had almost no observable effects on normal mice or on the body weights of mdx mice. In contrast, it produced the following improvements in the blood chemistry, muscle histology, and electrophysiology of the treated mdx mice. First, the activities of serum creatine kinase were reduced to normal levels. Second, the numbers of fluorescent lipofuscin granules per unit volume of soleus and diaphragm muscles were significantly decreased by about 50% compared to the numbers in the corresponding saline-treated controls. Third, in sections of diaphragm and soleus muscles, the relative area occupied by histologically normal muscle fibres increased significantly 1.5- to 2-fold whereas the relative areas of connective tissue and necrotic muscle fibres were substantially reduced. Fourth, the times for the maximum tetanic force of soleus muscles to fall by a half increased to almost normal values. Fifth, the amount of utrophin in diaphragm muscles increased significantly by 17%, partially compensating for the lack of dystrophin expression.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Camellia sinensis/chemistry
- Catechin/administration & dosage
- Catechin/analogs & derivatives
- Catechin/pharmacology
- Creatine Kinase/blood
- Electrophysiology
- Immunohistochemistry
- Injections, Subcutaneous
- Lipofuscin/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred mdx
- Muscle Contraction/drug effects
- Muscle, Skeletal/cytology
- Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/metabolism
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/pathology
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/physiopathology
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Utrophin/analysis
- Utrophin/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Nakae
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Anatomy, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan.
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88
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Nutrition and Polymyositis and Dermatomyositis. NUTRITION AND RHEUMATIC DISEASE 2008. [PMCID: PMC7120298 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-403-2_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
• Chronic muscle inflammation in polymyositis or dermatomyositis causes muscle weakness and fatigue. • The chronic inflammation could lead to a catabolic state and additional loss of muscle mass. • The chronic muscle inflammation could induce a metabolic myopathy. • Body weight may not be reliable to measure muscle loss, rather measurement of body composition is recommended. •For patients with polymyositis or dermatomyositis it is important to provide the body with the right amount of macronutrients and trace elements for maintenance and improvement of body functions. • One recommendation is supplementation with calcium and vitamin D. • Another recommendation is regular physical exercise that during limited periods can be combined with supplements such as creatine, if done under the care of a physician.
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89
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Gáti I, Danielsson O, Betmark T, Ernerudh J, Ollinger K, Dizdar N. Effects of inhibitors of the arachidonic acid cascade on primary muscle culture from a Duchenne muscular dystrophy patient. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2007; 77:217-23. [PMID: 17997295 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2007.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2007] [Revised: 09/13/2007] [Accepted: 10/07/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to elucidate the mechanisms of action for potential targets of therapeutic intervention related to the arachidonic acid cascade in muscular dystrophy. Primary cultures from a Duchenne patient were used to study the expression of dystrophin-1, utrophin, desmin, neonatal myosin heavy chain (MHCn) and Bcl-2 during inhibition of phospholipase A2 (PLA2), cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX). Hypo-osmotic treatment was applied in order to trigger Ca2+ influx and PLA2 activity. Inhibition of PLA2 and LOX with prednisolone and nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) caused a semi-quantitative increase of utrophin and Bcl-2-, and a dose-dependent, quantitative increase of desmin expression, an effect that was augmented by hypo-osmotic treatment. Our results indicate that LOX inhibitors, similarly to corticosteroids, can be beneficial in the treatment of muscular dystrophies.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Gáti
- Neuromuscular Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Linköping University, Linköping SE-58 185, Sweden.
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90
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Williams IA, Allen DG. The role of reactive oxygen species in the hearts of dystrophin-deficient mdx mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007; 293:H1969-77. [PMID: 17573457 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00489.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is caused by deficiency of the cytoskeletal protein dystrophin. Oxidative stress is thought to contribute to the skeletal muscle damage in DMD; however, little is known about the role of oxidative damage in the pathogenesis of the heart failure that occurs in DMD patients. The dystrophin-deficient (mdx) mouse is an animal model of DMD that also lacks dystrophin. The current study investigates the role of the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on mdx cardiomyocyte function, Ca(2+) handling, and the cardiac inflammatory response. Treated mice received 1% NAC in their drinking water for 6 wk. NAC had no effect on wild-type (WT) mice. Immunohistochemistry experiments revealed that mdx mice had increased dihydroethidine (DHE) staining, an indicator of superoxide production; NAC-treatment reduced DHE staining in mdx hearts. NAC treatment attenuated abnormalities in mdx cardiomyocyte Ca(2+) handling. Mdx cardiomyocytes had decreased fractional shortening and decreased Ca(2+) sensitivity; NAC treatment returned mdx fractional shortening to WT values but did not affect the Ca(2+) sensitivity. Immunohistochemistry experiments revealed that mdx hearts had increased levels of collagen type III and the macrophage-specific protein, CD68; NAC-treatment returned collagen type III and CD68 expression close to WT values. Finally, mdx hearts had increased NADPH oxidase activity, suggesting it could be a possible source of increased reactive oxygen species in mdx mice. This study is the first to demonstrate that oxidative damage may be involved in the pathogenesis of the heart failure that occurs in mdx mice. Therapies designed to reduce oxidative damage might be beneficial to DMD patients with heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwan A Williams
- Bosch Institute, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney F13, NSW 2006 Australia
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91
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Nakazato K, Song H, Waga T. Dietary Apple Polyphenols Enhance Gastrocnemius Function in Wistar Rats. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007; 39:934-40. [PMID: 17545882 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e31803df4bc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Green tea polyphenols have been reported to improve muscle function in dystrophic mice. The chemical structure of apple polyphenols (APP) is similar to that of tea polyphenols; however, their effects on muscle function have not been examined previously. We examined the effects of dietary intake of APP on gastrocnemius function in Wistar rats. METHODS Sixteen male rats (11 wk old) were divided into two groups: the 4.8% APP diet group and the control group (N=8 in each group). Before and after 3 wk of treatment, right-leg tetanic ankle torques were measured. Successive twitch torques (four sessions per minute for 2 min) were also measured to test indications of fatigue. Contralateral (left) legs were used for wet weight measurement and examination of mRNA expression. RESULTS Total-body and muscle weights were similar in both the groups. The adipose tissue weight of the APP group was significantly lower than that of the control group (P<0.05). The isometric torque of the APP group was significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.05). During the 2-min experimental period, the relative twitch torques (compared with the initial value) of the APP group were larger than those of the control group. Statistical significance was observed at 90, 105, and 120 s (P<0.05). Expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha and delta--positive regulators of lipid oxidation--were significantly higher in the APP group than in the control group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION We conclude that dietary APP enhance normal muscle function in Wistar rats. Alteration of lipid metabolism might be one of the mechanisms of this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Nakazato
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Graduate School of Health and Sport Sciences, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan.
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92
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Abstract
Underlying the pathogenesis of chronic disease is the state of oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is an imbalance in oxidant and antioxidant levels. If an overproduction of oxidants overwhelms the antioxidant defenses, oxidative damage of cells, tissues, and organs ensues. In some cases, oxidative stress is assigned a causal role in disease pathogenesis, whereas in others the link is less certain. Along with underlying oxidative stress, chronic disease is often accompanied by muscle wasting. It has been hypothesized that catabolic programs leading to muscle wasting are mediated by oxidative stress. In cases where disease is localized to the muscle, this concept is easy to appreciate. Transmission of oxidative stress from diseased remote organs to skeletal muscle is thought to be mediated by humoral factors such as inflammatory cytokines. This review examines the relationship between oxidative stress, chronic disease, and muscle wasting, and the mechanisms by which oxidative stress acts as a catabolic signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S Moylan
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, 800 Rose Street, Room MS-509, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0298, USA
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93
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Sharma SK, Parasuraman P, Kumar G, Surolia N, Surolia A. Green tea catechins potentiate triclosan binding to enoyl-ACP reductase from Plasmodium falciparum (PfENR). J Med Chem 2007; 50:765-75. [PMID: 17263522 DOI: 10.1021/jm061154d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the mechanism of inhibition of enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase of Plasmodium falciparum (PfENR) by triclosan in the presence of a few important catechins and related plant polyphenols. The examined flavonoids inhibited PfENR reversibly with Ki values in the nanomolar range, EGCG being the best with 79 +/- 2.67 nM. The steady-state kinetics revealed time dependent inhibition of PfENR by triclosan, demonstrating that triclosan exhibited slow tight-binding kinetics with PfENR in the presence of these compounds. Additionally, all of them potentiated the binding of triclosan with PfENR by a two-step mechanism resulting in an overall inhibition constant of triclosan in the low picomolar concentration range. The high affinities of tea catechins and the potentiation of binding of triclosan in their presence are readily explained by molecular modeling studies. The enhancement in the potency of triclosan induced by these compounds holds great promise for the development of effective antimalarial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailendra Kumar Sharma
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi 110067, India
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94
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Radley HG, De Luca A, Lynch GS, Grounds MD. Duchenne muscular dystrophy: focus on pharmaceutical and nutritional interventions. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2006; 39:469-77. [PMID: 17137828 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2006.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2006] [Revised: 09/08/2006] [Accepted: 09/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a lethal X-linked muscle disease resulting from a defect in the muscle membrane protein dystrophin. The absence of dystrophin leads to muscle membrane fragility, muscle death (necrosis) and eventual replacement of skeletal muscle by fat and fibrous connective tissue. Extensive muscle wasting and respiratory failure results in premature death often by the early 20s. This short review evaluates drug and nutritional interventions designed to reduce the severity of muscular dystrophy, while awaiting the outcome of research into therapies to correct the fundamental gene defect. Combinations of dietary supplementation with amino-acids such as creatine, specific anti-inflammatory drugs and perhaps drugs that target ion channels might have immediate realistic clinical benefits although rigorous research is required to determine optimal combinations of such interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- H G Radley
- School of Anatomy and Human Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
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95
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Rolland JF, De Luca A, Burdi R, Andreetta F, Confalonieri P, Conte Camerino D. Overactivity of exercise-sensitive cation channels and their impaired modulation by IGF-1 in mdx native muscle fibers: beneficial effect of pentoxifylline. Neurobiol Dis 2006; 24:466-74. [PMID: 17010631 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2006.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2006] [Revised: 08/01/2006] [Accepted: 08/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-attached patch-clamp recordings on native striated myofibers from adult dystrophic mdx mice revealed a higher occurrence and open probability compared to non-dystrophic wild-type myofibers of a 30 pS voltage-insensitive Ca2+-permeable channel, inhibited by Gd3+, streptomycin and ruthenium red. Myofibers from in vivo exercised animals had higher channel occurrence and/or open probability. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (3.3 nM) induced and/or enhanced channel activity, via PI3 kinase, in wild-type but not in mdx myofibers. Interestingly, in both genotypes the current was silenced by db-cAMP or pentoxifylline, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor. The channel activity/occurrence in pentoxifylline-treated exercised mdx (50 mg/kg/day i.p. for 4-8 weeks) overlapped that of exercised wild-type mice. Thus, a growth factor-sensitive current, likely due to a TRP channel, is activated in vivo by exercise in native striated fibers; its deregulation in the absence of dystrophin may contribute to Ca2+ homeostasis alteration. The possibility to pharmacologically counteract abnormal channel activity discloses important therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Rolland
- Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacobiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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