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Liu SH, Wu CT, Huang KH, Wang CC, Guan SS, Chen LP, Chiang CK. C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) deficiency ameliorates renal fibrosis in unilateral ureteral obstructive kidney disease. Oncotarget 2017; 7:21900-12. [PMID: 26942460 PMCID: PMC5008332 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis is an important pathogenic feature in chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease, regardless of the initiating insults. A recent study has shown that CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) homologous protein (CHOP) is involved in acute ischemia/reperfusion-related acute kidney injury through oxidative stress induction. However, the influence of CHOP on chronic kidney disease-correlated renal fibrosis remains unclear. Here, we investigated the role of CHOP in unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO)-induced experimental chronic tubulointerstital fibrosis. The CHOP knockout and wild type mice with or without UUO were used. The results showed that the increased expressions of renal fibrosis markers collagen I, fibronectin, α-smooth muscle actin, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in the kidneys of UUO-treated wild type mice were dramatically attenuated in the kidneys of UUO-treated CHOP knockout mice. CHOP deficiency could also ameliorate lipid peroxidation and endogenous antioxidant enzymes depletion, tubular apoptosis, and inflammatory cells infiltration in the UUO kidneys. These results suggest that CHOP deficiency not only attenuates apoptotic death and oxidative stress in experimental renal fibrosis, but also reduces local inflammation, leading to diminish UUO-induced renal fibrosis. Our findings support that CHOP may be an important signaling molecule in the progression of chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shing-Hwa Liu
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University & Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Tien Wu
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-How Huang
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chia Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University & Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Siao-Syun Guan
- Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, Atomic Energy Council, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ping Chen
- Department of Dentistry, Taipei Chang Gang Memorial Hospital, Chang Gang University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Kang Chiang
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Integrated Diagnostics & Therapeutics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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52
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Huang Y, Sun Y, Cao Y, Sun H, Li M, You H, Su D, Li Y, Liang X. HRD1 prevents apoptosis in renal tubular epithelial cells by mediating eIF2α ubiquitylation and degradation. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:3202. [PMID: 29233968 PMCID: PMC5870601 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-017-0002-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells is a key feature of the pathogenicity associated with tubulointerstitial fibrosis and other kidney diseases. One factor that regulates important cellular processes like apoptosis and cell proliferation is HRD1, an E3 ubiquitin ligase that acts by promoting ubiquitylation and degradation of its target protein. However, the detailed mechanisms by which HRD1 acts as a regulator of apoptosis in renal tubular epithelial cells have not been established. In our previous liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) study (Mol Endocrinol. 2016;30:600–613), we demonstrated that one substrate of HRD1 was eIF2α, a critical protein in the PERK-eIF2α-ATF4-CHOP signaling pathway of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Here, we show that eIF2α expression was increased and HRD1 expression decreased when apoptosis was induced in HKC-8 cells by palmitic acid (PA) or high glucose (HG). HRD1 expression was also lower in kidney tissues from mice with diabetic nephropathy (DN) than in control mice. Forced expression of HRD1 also inhibited apoptosis in HKC-8 cells, while HRD1 overexpression decreased the expression of phosphorylated eIF2α and eIF2α. Further analysis indicated that HRD1 interacted with eIF2α and promoted its ubiquitylation and degradation by the proteasome. Moreover, the HRD1 protection of PA-treated HKC-8 cells was blunted by transfection with Myc-eIF2α. Thus, eIF2α ubiquitylation by HRD1 protects tubular epithelial cells from apoptosis caused by HG and PA, indicating a novel upstream target for therapeutic prevention of renal tubulointerstitial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Huang
- Renal Division, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Pathology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of TCM, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of TCM, Nanjing, 210026, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yifei Sun
- Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yizhi Cao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hui Sun
- Renal Division, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Min Li
- Renal Division, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hui You
- Renal Division, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dongming Su
- Center of Pathology and Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yanjiao Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Xiubin Liang
- Renal Division, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China. .,Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China.
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53
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Han SJ, Noh MR, Jung JM, Ishii I, Yoo J, Kim JI, Park KM. Hydrogen sulfide-producing cystathionine γ-lyase is critical in the progression of kidney fibrosis. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 112:423-432. [PMID: 28842346 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE), the last key enzyme of the transsulfuration pathway, is involved in the production of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and glutathione (GSH), which regulate redox balance and act as important antioxidant molecules. Impairment of the H2S- and GSH-mediated antioxidant system is associated with the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD), characterized by kidney fibrosis and dysfunction. Here, we evaluated the role of CSE in the progression of kidney fibrosis after unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) using mice deficient in the Cse gene. UUO of wild-type mice reduced the expression of H2S-producing enzymes, CSE, cystathionine β-synthase, and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase in the obstructed kidneys, resulting in decreased H2S and GSH levels. Cse gene deletion lowered H2S and GSH levels in the kidneys. Deleting the Cse gene exacerbated the decrease in H2S and GSH levels and increase in superoxide formation and oxidative damage to proteins, lipids, and DNA in the kidneys after UUO, which were accompanied by greater kidney fibrosis, deposition of extracellular matrixes, expression of α-smooth muscle actin, tubular damage, and infiltration of inflammatory cells. Furthermore, Cse gene deletion exacerbated mitochondrial fragmentation and apoptosis of renal tubule cells after UUO. The data provided herein constitute in vivo evidence that Cse deficiency impairs renal the H2S- and GSH-producing activity and exacerbates UUO-induced kidney fibrosis. These data propose a novel therapeutic approach against CKD by regulating CSE and the transsulfuration pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Jun Han
- Department of Anatomy, Cardiovascular Research Institute and BK21 Plus, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Junggu, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Ra Noh
- Department of Anatomy, Cardiovascular Research Institute and BK21 Plus, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Junggu, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Min Jung
- Department of Molecular Medicine, BK21 Plus, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Junggu, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Isao Ishii
- Laboratory of Health Chemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Jeongsoo Yoo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, BK21 Plus, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Junggu, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee In Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine and MRC, College of Medicine, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeol-daero 250-gil, Dalseogu, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwon Moo Park
- Department of Anatomy, Cardiovascular Research Institute and BK21 Plus, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Junggu, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea.
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Schwalm S, Beyer S, Frey H, Haceni R, Grammatikos G, Thomas D, Geisslinger G, Schaefer L, Huwiler A, Pfeilschifter J. Sphingosine Kinase-2 Deficiency Ameliorates Kidney Fibrosis by Up-Regulating Smad7 in a Mouse Model of Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 187:2413-2429. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Chen R, Wang L, Liu S, Chen X, Hu Y, Liu H, Zhang H, Jiang Y, Wang Q, Ye D, Li L, Liu D, Pan X, Wei L, Li X, Zhang X. Bcl-3 is a novel biomarker of renal fibrosis in chronic kidney disease. Oncotarget 2017; 8:97206-97216. [PMID: 29228604 PMCID: PMC5722556 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive renal fibrosis in chronic kidney disease (CKD) greatly contributes to end-stage renal failure and is associated with high mortality. The identification of renal fibrosis biomarkers for the diagnosis and the monitoring of disease progression in CKD is urgently needed. Whole-transcriptomic analysis of renal tissues in a unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) mouse model revealed that the mRNA level of Bcl-3, an atypical member of the IκB family, was induced 6.3-fold 2 days after UUO. Compared with renal tissues in sham-operated mice, increases in Bcl-3 mRNA and protein in the renal tissues in the UUO model were accompanied with increases in other markers of renal fibrosis, including human epididymis protein 4 (HE4), a recently identified biomarker of renal fibrosis. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that both Bcl-3 and HE4 were located in the plasma of renal tubule cells. Serum protein levels of Bcl-3 and HE4 rose with the development of renal fibrosis in UUO mouse model. We found that the serum protein levels of both HE4 and Bcl-3 were elevated in CKD patients compared with healthy controls. Moreover, a significant positive correlation between Bcl-3 and HE4 (r = 0.939, p < 0.0001) was observed in CKD patients. These data suggest that Bcl-3 can serve as a novel valuable biomarker of renal fibrosis in CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Chen
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Lunshan Wang
- Clinical Laboratory Department, The Chinese People's Liberation Army 105th Hospital, Hefei 230001, China
| | - Sanhong Liu
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yiming Hu
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Hanshao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Haohao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yuhang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Deji Ye
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Lingling Li
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Dandan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xiaorong Pan
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lixin Wei
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xuemei Li
- Department of Nephrology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100723, China
| | - Xiaoren Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200031, China
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Ulinastatin inhibits renal tubular epithelial apoptosis and interstitial fibrosis in rats with unilateral ureteral obstruction. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:8916-8922. [PMID: 28990075 PMCID: PMC5779974 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of ulinastatin (UTI) on renal tubular epithelial apoptosis and interstitial fibrosis in rats with unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) was investigated. A total of 18 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into the following 3 groups: The Sham group (n=6), the UUO group (n=6), and the UTI group (n=6). In the UUO and UTI groups, the left ureter was ligated to establish a UUO model. Starting from day 1 after surgery, an intervention treatment was performed using normal saline (1 ml/kg/d) and UTI (40,000 unit/kg/d). On day 7 after surgery, 6 rats from each group were sacrificed. In the Sham group, the left ureter was only freed, not ligated; after 7 days of abdominal closure, all of the rats were sacrificed. Blood samples were collected prior to sacrificing the animals to measure the blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (Scr). The incidence of renal interstitial lesions on the obstruction side was observed by hematoxylin and eosin, and Masson staining. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining, and immunohistochemical detection of apoptosis regulator Bax (Bax), apoptosis regulator Bcl-2 (Bcl-2) and caspase-3 were performed to observe the presence of renal tubular epithelial cell apoptosis. The UTI did not have a significant influence on the mouse BUN and Scr levels in any of the groups (P>0.05). Compared with that in the Sham group, renal tissue injury in the UUO group was significantly aggravated with renal tubular dilation, epithelial cell atrophy, renal interstitial inflammatory cell infiltration and fibrous tissue hyperplasia (P<0.01). Furthermore, the renal tubular epithelial TUNEL+ cell number and Bax and caspase-3 levels were increased, and the expression of Bcl-2 was decreased (P<0.01). Following the UTI treatment, the renal interstitial injury at the obstruction side was significantly attenuated (P<0.05), the renal tubular epithelial TUNEL+ cell number, and Bax and caspase-3 levels significantly decreased, and the expression of Bcl-2 was restored (P<0.05). UTI inhibited renal tubular epithelial apoptosis and interstitial fibrosis in UUO rats.
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Zhou X, Bai C, Sun X, Gong X, Yang Y, Chen C, Shan G, Yao Q. Puerarin attenuates renal fibrosis by reducing oxidative stress induced-epithelial cell apoptosis via MAPK signal pathways in vivo and in vitro. Ren Fail 2017; 39:423-431. [PMID: 28335679 PMCID: PMC6014507 DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2017.1305409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Puerarin (PR) is an isoflavonoid isolated from the root of the plant Pueraria lobata and has been widely used in traditional Chinese herbal medicine for the treatment of various diseases. Oxidative stress and epithelial cell apoptosis play important roles in the renal fibrotic process. The present study aimed to determine whether or not PR inhibits renal fibrosis by reducing oxidative stress induced-epithelial cell apoptosis. In vivo, unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) induced renal fibrosis, and epithelial cell apoptosis. A total of 24 mice were randomly assigned to four experimental groups: sham, UUO alone, UUO +50 mg/kg PR, and UUO +100 mg/kg PR. In vitro, 200 μM hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) induced epithelial cell apoptosis. The experiments were dived into four groups: control, H2O2 alone, H2O2+50 μM PR, and H2O2+100 μM PR. Tubular injury was measured in the renal cortex of the mice through periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining, and the extracellular matrix (ECM) was measured through Sirius red (SR), immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining, and Western blot. Renal epithelial cell apoptosis was measured through terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP Nick-End labeling (TUNEL), flow cytometry (FCM), and Hoechst assays. The protein expression of NOX4, caspase3, ERK, P38, and JNK was assessed through Western blot. PAS staining showed that PR decreased renal tubular injury in UUO mice. SR and IHC staining demonstrated that PR decreased the accumulation of ECM. PR treatment significantly inhibited epithelial cell apoptosis according to the results of TUNEL, FCM, Hoechst, and Western blot. Furthermore, NOX4 increased in UUO mice and decreased with PR treatment. H2O2-derived oxidative stress activated epithelial apoptosis and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), and PR treatment significantly reversed it. These results suggest that PR treatment ameliorates renal fibrosis by inhibiting oxidative stress induced-epithelial cell apoptosis through MAPK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjun Zhou
- a Department of Urology , Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine , Hubei , China
| | - Chen Bai
- b Department of General Surgery , Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine , Hubei , China
| | - Xinbo Sun
- a Department of Urology , Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine , Hubei , China
| | - Xiaoxin Gong
- a Department of Urology , Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine , Hubei , China
| | - Yong Yang
- a Department of Urology , Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine , Hubei , China
| | - Congbo Chen
- a Department of Urology , Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine , Hubei , China
| | - Guang Shan
- c Department of Urology , Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University , Hubei , China
| | - Qisheng Yao
- a Department of Urology , Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine , Hubei , China
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58
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Felsen D, Diaz BJ, Chen J, Gonzalez J, Kristensen MLV, Bohn AB, Roth BT, Poppas DP, Nørregaard R. Pressure and stretch differentially affect proliferation of renal proximal tubular cells. Physiol Rep 2017; 5:e13346. [PMID: 28904080 PMCID: PMC5599855 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal obstruction is frequently found in adults and children. Mechanical stimuli, including pressure and stretch in the obstructed kidney, contribute to damage; animal models of obstruction are characterized by increased cellular proliferation. We were interested in the direct effects of pressure and stretch on renal tubular cell proliferation. Human HKC-8 or rat NRK-52E proximal tubule cells were subjected to either pressure [0, 60 or 90 mmHg] or static stretch [0 or 20%] for 24 or 48 h. Cell proliferation was measured by cell counting, cell cycle analyzed by flow cytometry, and PCNA and Skp2 expression were determined by qPCR or western blot. Blood gases were determined in an iSTAT system. Proliferation was also assessed in vivo after 24 h of ureteral obstruction. There was a significant increase in HKC-8 cell number after 48 h of exposure to either 60 or 90 mmHg pressure. Western blot and qPCR confirmed increased expression of PCNA and Skp2 in pressurized cells. Cell cycle measurements demonstrated an increase in HKC-8 in S phase. Mechanical stretching increased PCNA protein expression in HKC-8 cells after 48 h while no effect was observed on Skp2 and cell cycle measurements. Increased PCNA expression was found at 24 h after ureteral obstruction. We demonstrate direct transduction of pressure into a proliferative response in HKC-8 and NRK-52E cells, measured by cell number, PCNA and Skp2 expression and increase in cells in S phase, whereas stretch had a less robust effect on proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Felsen
- Department of Urology, Institute for Pediatric Urology, Komansky Center for Children's Health Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Bianca J Diaz
- Department of Urology, Institute for Pediatric Urology, Komansky Center for Children's Health Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Urology, Institute for Pediatric Urology, Komansky Center for Children's Health Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Juana Gonzalez
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | | | - Anja B Bohn
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C., Denmark
| | - Brendan T Roth
- Department of Urology, Institute for Pediatric Urology, Komansky Center for Children's Health Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Dix P Poppas
- Department of Urology, Institute for Pediatric Urology, Komansky Center for Children's Health Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Rikke Nørregaard
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C., Denmark
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Mazzei L, Cuello-Carrión FD, Docherty N, Manucha W. Heat shock protein 70/nitric oxide effect on stretched tubular epithelial cells linked to WT-1 cytoprotection during neonatal obstructive nephropathy. Int Urol Nephrol 2017; 49:1875-1892. [PMID: 28711961 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-017-1658-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mechanical stress is a key pathogenic driver of apoptosis in the tubular epithelium in obstructive nephropathy. Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) and Wilms' tumor (WT-1) have been proposed to represent linked downstream effectors of the cytoprotective properties of NO. In the present study, we sought to evaluate whether the cytoprotective effects of L-arginine in neonatal obstructive nephropathy may be associated with NO-dependent increases in WT-1 and Hsp70 expression. METHODS Neonatal Wistar-Kyoto rats were submitted to complete unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) and treated thereafter with vehicle, L-NAME or L-arginine by daily gavage for 14 days to block or augment NO levels, respectively. Normal rat kidney epithelial cells by NRK-52E were exposed to mechanical stress in vitro in the presence or absence of L-NAME, L-arginine, sodium nitroprusside (SNP), L-arginine + SNP or L-arginine/L-NAME. Induction of apoptosis and the mRNA expression of WT-1 and Hsp70 genes were assessed. RESULTS WT-1 and Hsp70 genes expression decreased in the presence of L-NAME and following UUO coincident with increased tubular apoptosis. L-arginine treatment increased NO levels, reduced apoptosis and restored expression levels of WT-1 and Hsp70 to control levels. L-arginine treatment in vitro reduced basal apoptotic rates and prevented apoptosis in response to mechanical strain, an effect enhanced by SNP co-incubation. L-NAME increased apoptosis and prevented the anti-apoptotic action of L-arginine. CONCLUSIONS L-arginine treatment in experimental neonatal UUO reduces apoptosis coincident with restoration of WT-1 and Hsp70 expression levels and directly inhibits mechanical strain-induced apoptosis in an NO-dependent manner in vitro. This potentially implicates an NO-Hsp70-WT-1 axis in the cytoprotective effects of L-arginine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Mazzei
- Laboratorio de Farmacología Experimental Básica y Traslacional. IMBECU-CONICET (National Council of Scientific and Technical Research of Argentina), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Área de Farmacología, Departamento de Patología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Fernando Darío Cuello-Carrión
- Laboratorio de Farmacología Experimental Básica y Traslacional. IMBECU-CONICET (National Council of Scientific and Technical Research of Argentina), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Neil Docherty
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Walter Manucha
- Laboratorio de Farmacología Experimental Básica y Traslacional. IMBECU-CONICET (National Council of Scientific and Technical Research of Argentina), Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,Área de Farmacología, Departamento de Patología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina. .,Pharmacology Area, Pathology Department, Medical Sciences College, National University of Cuyo, Mendoza, CP5500, Argentina.
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60
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Chen JF, Wu QS, Xie YX, Si BL, Yang PP, Wang WY, Hua Q, He Q. TRAP1 ameliorates renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis in mice with unilateral ureteral obstruction by protecting renal tubular epithelial cell mitochondria. FASEB J 2017; 31:4503-4514. [PMID: 28710113 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700283r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction causes renal tubular epithelial cell injury and promotes cell apoptosis and renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis (TIF) progression. TNF receptor-associated protein 1 (TRAP1) is a molecular chaperone protein that is localized in mitochondria. It plays an important role in cell apoptosis; however, its functional mechanism in TIF remains unclear. In this study, we observed the effects of TRAP1 in renal tubular epithelial cell mitochondria in mice with unilateral ureteral obstruction and its function in cell apoptosis and TIF. Results show that TRAP1 could protect the mitochondrial structure in renal tubular epithelial cells; maintain the levels of mitochondrial membrane potential, ATP, and mitochondrial DNA copy number; inhibit reactive oxygen species production; stabilize the expression of the mitochondrial inner membrane protein mitofilin; reduce renal tubular epithelial cell apoptosis; and inhibit TIF. These results provide new theoretical foundations for additional understanding of the antifibrotic mechanism of TRAP1 in the kidney.-Chen, J.-F., Wu, Q.-S., Xie, Y.-X., Si, B.-L., Yang, P.-P., Wang, W.-Y., Hua, Q., He, Q. TRAP1 ameliorates renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis in mice with unilateral ureteral obstruction by protecting renal tubular epithelial cell mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Feng Chen
- Division of Hemodialysis, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China;
| | - Qi-Shun Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yu-Xian Xie
- Division of Nephrology, People's Hospital of Suzhou High-Tech District, Jiangsu University, Suzhou, China
| | - Bo-Lin Si
- Division of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Ping-Ping Yang
- Division of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Wen-Yan Wang
- Division of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Qin Hua
- Division of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Qing He
- Division of Hemodialysis, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Shirazi M, Eslahi A, Sharifi V, Rahimi F, Safarpour A. Evaluation of Caspase 3 Enzyme and TNF-alpha as Biomarkers in Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction in Children- a preliminary report. Pak J Med Sci 2017; 33:315-319. [PMID: 28523029 PMCID: PMC5432696 DOI: 10.12669/pjms.332.11934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the applicability of urinary caspase 3 enzyme and TNF-α as biomarkers in children with ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO). METHODS In this study, 31 unilateral UPJO patients and 33 age- and sex-matched healthy childrens were enrolled. The patients with UPJO consisted of 11 female and 20 male children between the ages of 2 to 62 months old. All participants were evaluated regarding anterior-posterior(AP) diameter and cortical thickness of affected kidney by ultrasonography. Technetium DTPA renal scan and voiding cystourethrogram(to assess vesicoureteral reflux) were performed, pre-operatively. Also, urinary levels of TNF-α and caspase 3 enzyme were checked. Follow-ups included measurement of aforementioned indices in patients: AP diameter and cortical thickness of the affected kidney, as well as TNF-α and caspase 3 levels in urine, three and six months after pyeloplasty. RESULTS The results showed highly significant decrease in urinary TNF-α and caspase 3 enzyme (P values < 0.01), approaching the level measured in children without UPJO after six months. Significant decrease in AP diameter and increase in cortical thickness were also noticed (P values < 0.01). CONCLUSION The results of this study strongly support that TNF-α and caspase 3 levels in urine can be used for improvement monitoring in follow-up of UPJO patients after pyeloplasty and can also be potentially used as determining indices for surgical plan but more studies, especially in patients who are not surgical candidates are needed to confirm our observaitons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Shirazi
- Mehdi Shirazi, Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ali Eslahi
- Ali Eslahi, Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Vahidreza Sharifi
- Vahidreza Sharifi, Urologist, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rahimi
- Fatemeh Rahimi, Educational Manager, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Alireza Safarpour
- Alireza Safarpour, Gastroenterohepatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Jardim DP, Poço PCE, Campos AH. Dact1, a Wnt-Pathway Inhibitor, Mediates Human Mesangial Cell TGF-β1-Induced Apoptosis. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232:2104-2111. [PMID: 27714812 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a worldwide public health problem that affects millions of men and women of all ages and racial groups. Loss of mesangial cells (MC) represents an early common feature in the pathogenesis of CKD. Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is a key inducer of kidney damage and triggers several pathological changes in renal cells, notably MC apoptosis. However, the mechanism of MC apoptosis induced by TGF-β1 remains elusive. Here, we demonstrate for the first time a novel regulatory pathway in which the disheveled-binding antagonist of β-catenin 1 (Dact1) gene is upregulated by TGF-β1, inducing MC apoptosis. We also show that the inhibitory effect of Dact1 and TGF-β1 on the transcriptional activation of the pro-survival Wnt pathway is the mechanism of death induction. In addition, Dact1 mRNA/protein levels are increased in kidney remnants from 5/6 nephrectomized rats and strongly correlate with TGF-β1 expression. Together, our results point to Dact1 as a novel element controlling MC survival that is causally related to CKD progression. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 2104-2111, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Pereira Jardim
- Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Instituto Israelita de Ensino e Pesquisa, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Disciplina de Nefrologia, Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paula Cristina Eiras Poço
- Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Instituto Israelita de Ensino e Pesquisa, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Holthausen Campos
- Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Instituto Israelita de Ensino e Pesquisa, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Zhang J, Fan Y, Zeng C, He L, Wang N. Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid Attenuates Renal Tubular Injury in a Mouse Model of Type 2 Diabetes. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8100589. [PMID: 27669287 PMCID: PMC5083977 DOI: 10.3390/nu8100589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal tubular injury is a critical factor in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy (DN). Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is involved in diabetic nephropathy. Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) is an effective inhibitor of ER stress. Here, we investigated the role of TUDCA in the progression of tubular injury in DN. For eight weeks, being treated with TUDCA at 250 mg/kg intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) twice a day, diabetic db/db mice had significantly reduced blood glucose, albuminuria and attenuated renal histopathology. These changes were associated with a significant decreased expression of ER stress markers. At the same time, diabetic db/db mice had more TUNEL-positive nuclei in the renal tubule, which were attenuated by TUDCA treatment, along with decreases in ER stress-associated apoptotic markers in the kidneys. In summary, the effect of TUDCA on tubular injury, in part, is associated with inhibition of ER stress in the kidneys of diabetic db/db mice. TUDCA shows potential as a therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China.
| | - Ying Fan
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China.
| | - Chuchu Zeng
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China.
| | - Li He
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China.
| | - Niansong Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China.
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Livingston MJ, Ding HF, Huang S, Hill JA, Yin XM, Dong Z. Persistent activation of autophagy in kidney tubular cells promotes renal interstitial fibrosis during unilateral ureteral obstruction. Autophagy 2016; 12:976-98. [PMID: 27123926 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2016.1166317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal fibrosis is the final, common pathway of end-stage renal disease. Whether and how autophagy contributes to renal fibrosis remains unclear. Here we first detected persistent autophagy in kidney proximal tubules in the renal fibrosis model of unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) in mice. UUO-associated fibrosis was suppressed by pharmacological inhibitors of autophagy and also by kidney proximal tubule-specific knockout of autophagy-related 7 (PT-Atg7 KO). Consistently, proliferation and activation of fibroblasts, as indicated by the expression of ACTA2/α-smooth muscle actin and VIM (vimentin), was inhibited in PT-Atg7 KO mice, so was the accumulation of extracellular matrix components including FN1 (fibronectin 1) and collagen fibrils. Tubular atrophy, apoptosis, nephron loss, and interstitial macrophage infiltration were all inhibited in these mice. Moreover, these mice showed a specific suppression of the expression of a profibrotic factor FGF2 (fibroblast growth factor 2). In vitro, TGFB1 (transforming growth factor β 1) induced autophagy, apoptosis, and FN1 accumulation in primary proximal tubular cells. Inhibition of autophagy suppressed FN1 accumulation and apoptosis, while enhancement of autophagy increased TGFB1-induced-cell death. These results suggest that persistent activation of autophagy in kidney proximal tubules promotes renal interstitial fibrosis during UUO. The profibrotic function of autophagy is related to the regulation on tubular cell death, interstitial inflammation, and the production of profibrotic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man J Livingston
- a Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy , Medical College of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center , Augusta , GA , USA
| | - Han-Fei Ding
- b Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center , Augusta , GA , USA
| | - Shuang Huang
- c Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology , University of Florida College of Medicine , Gainesville , FL USA
| | - Joseph A Hill
- d Division of Cardiology, Departments of Internal Medicine and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas , TX , USA
| | - Xiao-Ming Yin
- e Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Zheng Dong
- a Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy , Medical College of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center , Augusta , GA , USA.,f Department of Nephrology , The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University , Changsha , China
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Li M, Tan L, Tang L, Li A, Hu J. Hydrosoluble 50% N-acetylation-thiolated chitosan complex with cobalt as a pH-responsive renal fibrosis targeting drugs. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2016; 27:972-85. [DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2016.1175405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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66
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Kim TW, Kim YJ, Seo CS, Kim HT, Park SR, Lee MY, Jung JY. Elsholtzia ciliata (Thunb.) Hylander attenuates renal inflammation and interstitial fibrosis via regulation of TGF-ß and Smad3 expression on unilateral ureteral obstruction rat model. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 23:331-9. [PMID: 27002403 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2016.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Renal interstitial fibrosis is characterized by excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix, which leads to end-stage renal failure. PURPOSE The aim of this study was to explore the effect of Elsholtzia ciliata (Thunb.) Hylander ethanol extract (ECE) on renal interstitial fibrosis induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). STUDY DESIGN After quantitative analysis of ECE using the high performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array (HPLC-PDA) method, an in vitro study was performed to assess the anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects of ECE, using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß), respectively. METHODS For in vivo study, all male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats (n=10/group), except for those in the control group, underwent UUO. The rats were orally treated with water (control), captopril (positive control, 200 mg/kg), and ECE (300 and 500 mg/kg) for 14 days. RESULTS In ECE, luteolin and rosmarinic acid were relatively abundant among the other flavonoids and phenolic acids. ECE treatment ameliorated LPS-induced overexpression of nuclear factor-κB, tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 and improved oxidative stress in RAW 264.7 cells. Furthermore, ECE treatment suppressed TGF-ß-induced α-smooth muscle actin and matrix metalloproteinase 9 expression in human renal mesangial cells. In the UUO model, 14 consecutive days of ECE treatment improved UUO-induced renal damage and attenuated histopathological alterations and interstitial fibrosis. Moreover, the renal expression of TNF-α, TGF-ß, and Smad 3 were inhibited by ECE treatment. CONCLUSION Taken together, the effects of ECE may be mediated by blocking the activation of TGF-ß and inflammatory cytokines, leading subsequently to degradation of the ECM accumulation pathway. Based on these findings, ECE might serve as an improved treatment strategy for renal fibrotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Won Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jung Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Seob Seo
- Basic Herbal Medicine Research Group, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 305-811, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Tae Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Ra Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Mee-Young Lee
- Herbal Medicine Formulation Research Group, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 305-811, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Young Jung
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, Republic of Korea.
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Wang H, Zhang H, Chen X, Zhao T, Kong Q, Yan M, Zhang B, Sun S, Lan HY, Li N, Li P. The decreased expression of electron transfer flavoprotein β is associated with tubular cell apoptosis in diabetic nephropathy. Int J Mol Med 2016; 37:1290-8. [PMID: 27035869 PMCID: PMC4829130 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Tubular injury is closely correlated with the development of progressive diabetic nephropathy (DN), particularly in cases of type 2 diabetes. The apoptosis of tubular cells has been recognized as a major cause of tubular atrophy, followed by tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Electron transfer flavoprotein β (ETFβ) is known as an important electron acceptor in energy metabolism, but its role in DN was not fully understood. In the present study, we examined the expression pattern of ETFβ using diabetic kidney samples and further investigated ETFβ involvement in tubular epithelial cell (TEC) apoptosis. Human renal biopsy specimens from patients with DN as well as a spontaneous rat model of diabetes using Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima fatty (OLETF) rats, were employed in order to examine the expression of ETFβ and cell apoptosis in kidneys during the development of DN (for the rats, at 36 and 56 weeks of age respectively). Moreover, ETFβ siRNA was used to investigate the role of ETFβ in the apoptosis of renal tubular cells. Our present results showed that the expression of ETFβ in the kidneys was progressively decreased both in patients with DN and OLETF rats, which coincided with progressive renal injury and TEC apoptosis. In addition, the in vitro study demonstrated that knockdown of ETFβ caused apoptosis in tubular cells, as proven by the increased expression of pro-apoptotic proteins and TUNEL assay. Therefore, the findings of our present study suggest that ETFβ plays an important role in renal tubular cell apoptosis during the progression of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Wang
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Haojun Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohong Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese Medicine Hospital of Shaanxi, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Zhao
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Qin Kong
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Meihua Yan
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Bingxuan Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Sifan Sun
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Hui-Yao Lan
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, and Shenzhen Research Institute, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
| | - Ning Li
- Institute of Basic Medical Science, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Ping Li
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P.R. China
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Alpha8 Integrin (Itga8) Signalling Attenuates Chronic Renal Interstitial Fibrosis by Reducing Fibroblast Activation, Not by Interfering with Regulation of Cell Turnover. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150471. [PMID: 26938996 PMCID: PMC4777439 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The α8 integrin (Itga8) chain contributes to the regulation of cell proliferation and apoptosis in renal glomerular cells. In unilateral ureteral obstruction Itga8 is de novo expressed in the tubulointerstitium and a deficiency of Itga8 results in more severe renal fibrosis after unilateral ureteral obstruction. We hypothesized that the increased tubulointerstitial damage after unilateral ureteral obstruction observed in mice deficient for Itga8 is associated with altered tubulointerstitial cell turnover and apoptotic mechanisms resulting from the lack of Itga8 in cells of the tubulointerstitium. Induction of unilateral ureteral obstruction was achieved by ligation of the right ureter in mice lacking Itga8. Unilateral ureteral obstruction increased proliferation and apoptosis rates of tubuloepithelial and interstitial cells, however, no differences were observed in the tubulointerstitium of mice lacking Itga8 and wild type controls regarding fibroblast or proliferating cell numbers as well as markers of endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis after unilateral ureteral obstruction. In contrast, unilateral ureteral obstruction in mice lacking Itga8 led to more pronounced tubulointerstitial cell activation i.e. to the appearance of more phospho-SMAD2/3-positive cells and more α-smooth muscle actin-positive cells in the tubulointerstitium. Furthermore, a more severe macrophage and T-cell infiltration was observed in these animals compared to controls. Thus, Itga8 seems to attenuate tubulointerstitial fibrosis in unilateral ureteral obstruction not via regulation of cell turnover, but via regulation of TGF-β signalling, fibroblast activation and/or immune cell infiltration.
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Gregorini M, Corradetti V, Rocca C, Pattonieri EF, Valsania T, Milanesi S, Serpieri N, Bedino G, Esposito P, Libetta C, Avanzini MA, Mantelli M, Ingo D, Peressini S, Albertini R, Dal Canton A, Rampino T. Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Prevent Renal Fibrosis in a Rat Model of Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction by Suppressing the Renin-Angiotensin System via HuR. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148542. [PMID: 26866372 PMCID: PMC4750962 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We studied Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSC) effects in experimental Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction (UUO), a fibrogenic renal disease. Rats were divided in 5 groups: sham, UUO, MSC treated-UUO, ACEi treated-UUO, MSC+ACEi treated- UUO. Data were collected at 1, 7, 21 days. UUO induced monocyte renal infiltration, tubular cell apoptosis, tubular atrophy, interstitial fibrosis and overexpression of TGFβ, Renin mRNA (RENmRNA), increase of Renin, Angiotensin II (AII) and aldosterone serum levels. Both lisinopril (ACEi) and MSC treatment prevented monocyte infiltration, reduced tubular cell apoptosis, renal fibrosis and TGFβ expression. Combined therapy provided a further suppression of monocyte infiltration and tubular injury. Lisinopril alone caused a rebound activation of Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS), while MSC suppressed RENmRNA and Renin synthesis and induced a decrease of AII and aldosterone serum levels. Furthermore, in in-vitro and in-vivo experiments, MSC inhibit Human antigen R (HuR) trascription, an enhancer of RENmRNA stability by IL10 release. In conclusion, we demonstrate that in UUO MSC prevent fibrosis, by decreasing HuR-dependent RENmRNA stability. Our findings give a clue to understand the molecular mechanism through which MSC may prevent fibrosis in a wide and heterogeneous number of diseases that share RAS activation as common upstream pathogenic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilena Gregorini
- Unit of Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo and University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Valeria Corradetti
- Unit of Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo and University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Chiara Rocca
- Unit of Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo and University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Eleonora Francesca Pattonieri
- Unit of Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo and University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Teresa Valsania
- Unit of Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo and University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Samantha Milanesi
- Unit of Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo and University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Serpieri
- Unit of Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo and University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giulia Bedino
- Unit of Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo and University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Pasquale Esposito
- Unit of Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo and University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Carmelo Libetta
- Unit of Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo and University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Avanzini
- Laboratory of Transplant Immunology/Cell Factory Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Melissa Mantelli
- Laboratory of Transplant Immunology/Cell Factory Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Daniela Ingo
- Laboratory of Transplant Immunology/Cell Factory Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Sabrina Peressini
- Clinical Chemistry Laboratory Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Riccardo Albertini
- Clinical Chemistry Laboratory Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonio Dal Canton
- Unit of Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo and University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Teresa Rampino
- Unit of Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo and University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Mazzei L, Docherty NG, Manucha W. Mediators and mechanisms of heat shock protein 70 based cytoprotection in obstructive nephropathy. Cell Stress Chaperones 2015; 20:893-906. [PMID: 26228633 PMCID: PMC4595437 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-015-0622-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) is rapidly increased in patients with clinical acute kidney injury, indicating that it constitutes a component of the endogenous stress response to renal injury. Moreover, experimental models have demonstrated that Hsp70 activation is associated with the cytoprotective actions of several drugs following obstruction, including nitric oxide (NO) donors, geranylgeranylacetone, vitamin D, and rosuvastatin. Discrete and synergistic effects of the biological activities of Hsp70 may explain its cytoprotective role in obstructive nephropathy. Basic studies point to a combination of effects including inhibition of apoptosis and inflammation, repair of damaged proteins, prevention of unfolded protein aggregation, targeting of damaged protein for degradation, and cytoskeletal stabilization as primary effectors of Hsp70 action. This review summarizes our understanding of how the biological actions of Hsp70 may affect renal cytoprotection in the context of obstructive injury. The potential of Hsp70 to be of central importance to the mechanism of action of various drugs that modify the genesis of experimental obstructive nephropathy is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Mazzei
- Área de Farmacología, Departamento de Patología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina.
- IMBECU-CONICET (National Council of Scientific and Technical Research of Argentina), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Neil G Docherty
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Walter Manucha
- Área de Farmacología, Departamento de Patología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
- IMBECU-CONICET (National Council of Scientific and Technical Research of Argentina), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Chop deficiency prevents UUO-induced renal fibrosis by attenuating fibrotic signals originated from Hmgb1/TLR4/NFκB/IL-1β signaling. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1847. [PMID: 26247732 PMCID: PMC4558499 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Renal fibrosis, particularly tubulointerstitial fibrosis is considered to be the final manifestation of almost all chronic kidney diseases (CKDs). Herein we demonstrated evidence that CHOP-related ER stress is associated with the development of renal fibrosis in both CKD patients and unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO)-induced animals, and specifically, mice deficient in Chop were protected from UUO-induced renal fibrosis. Mechanistic studies revealed that loss of Chop protected tubular cells from UUO-induced apoptosis and secondary necrosis along with attenuated Hmgb1 passive release and active secretion. As a result, Chop deficiency suppressed Hmgb1/TLR4/NFκB signaling, which then repressed UUO-induced IL-1β production. Consequently, the IL-1β downstream Erk1/2 activity and its related c-Jun transcriptional activity were reduced, leading to attenuated production of TGF-β1 following UUO insult. It was further noted that reduced IL-1β production also inhibited UUO-induced PI3K/AKT signaling, and both of which ultimately protected mice from UUO-induced renal fibrosis. Together, our data support that suppression of CHOP expression could be a viable therapeutic strategy to prevent renal fibrosis in patients with CKDs.
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Jang HS, Padanilam BJ. Simultaneous deletion of Bax and Bak is required to prevent apoptosis and interstitial fibrosis in obstructive nephropathy. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2015; 309:F540-50. [PMID: 26180237 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00170.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Proximal tubular injury and apoptosis are key mediators of the development of kidney fibrosis, a hallmark of chronic kidney disease. However, the molecular mechanism by which tubular apoptotic cell death leads to kidney fibrosis is poorly understood. In the present study, we tested the roles of Bcl-2-associated X (Bax) and Bcl-2 antagonist/killer (Bak), two crucial proteins involved in intrinsic apoptotic cell death, in the progression of kidney fibrosis. Mice with proximal tubule-specific Bax deletion, systemic deletion of Bak, and dual deletion of Bax and Bak were subjected to unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). Dual deficiency of Bax and Bak inhibited tubular apoptosis and atrophy. Consistent with decreased tubular injury, dual ablation of Bax and Bak suppressed UUO-induced inflammation and kidney fibrosis with decreased tubular cell cycle arrest, expression of fibrogenic and inflammatory cytokines, and oxidative stress in the kidney. Bax or Bak deficiency was insufficient to prevent apoptosis and all other aforementioned malevolent effects, suggesting compensatory mediation by each other in the respective signaling pathways. These data suggest that dual ablation of Bax and Bak in the kidney is required to prevent UUO-induced tubular apoptosis and the consequent kidney inflammation and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Seong Jang
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska; and
| | - Babu J Padanilam
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska; and Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Nephrology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
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73
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Boor P, Floege J. Renal allograft fibrosis: biology and therapeutic targets. Am J Transplant 2015; 15:863-86. [PMID: 25691290 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis is the final common pathway of progressive renal diseases. In allografts, it is assessed with tubular atrophy as interstitial fibrosis/tubular atrophy (IF/TA). IF/TA occurs in about 40% of kidney allografts at 3-6 months after transplantation, increasing to 65% at 2 years. The origin of renal fibrosis in the allograft is complex and includes donor-related factors, in particular in case of expanded criteria donors, ischemia-reperfusion injury, immune-mediated damage, recurrence of underlying diseases, hypertensive damage, nephrotoxicity of immunosuppressants, recurrent graft infections, postrenal obstruction, etc. Based largely on studies in the non-transplant setting, there is a large body of literature on the role of different cell types, be it intrinsic to the kidney or bone marrow derived, in mediating renal fibrosis, and the number of mediator systems contributing to fibrotic changes is growing steadily. Here we review the most important cellular processes and mediators involved in the progress of renal fibrosis, with a focus on the allograft situation, and discuss some of the challenges in translating experimental insights into clinical trials, in particular fibrosis biomarkers or imaging modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Boor
- Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, RWTH University of Aachen, Aachen, Germany; Department of Pathology, RWTH University of Aachen, Aachen, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Bratislava, Slovakia
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74
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Wang Y, Liu N, Bian X, Sun G, Du F, Wang B, Su X, Li D. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate reduces tubular cell apoptosis in mice with ureteral obstruction. J Surg Res 2015; 197:145-54. [PMID: 25913488 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2015.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tubular cell apoptosis plays a crucial role in different kinds of renal diseases. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a polyphenol extracted from green tea, has been shown to inhibit renal fibrosis in unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) mice, but its role in preventing tubular cell apoptosis and the underlying signaling mechanisms still remains unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mice subjected to UUO were intraperitoneally administered EGCG (5 mg/kg) for 14 d. Normal rat kidney proximal tubular epithelial cell line NRK-52E was induced by transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1). Periodic acid-schiff and Masson's trichrome staining was used for histologic study. TUNEL, Hoechst staining, and flow cytometry analysis were used to measure the apoptotic status of tubular cells. Western blotting was used to determine the expression of apoptotic-associated proteins and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway proteins. RESULTS EGCG significantly attenuated tubular injury and renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis in the obstructed kidneys of UUO mice. In addition, EGCG prevented UUO and TGF-β1-induced tubular apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. In parallel, protein expression of B-clell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) was upregulated and protein expressions of Bcl-2 accosiated X protein (Bax), cleaved caspase 3, and cleaved poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) were downregulated by EGCG. Furthermore, UUO and TGF-β1-stimulated phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase was inhibited by EGCG. CONCLUSIONS EGCG effectively reduces tubular cell apoptosis induced by UUO and may have potential as a clinical treatment in patients with chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqiu Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Ordos Central Hospital, Ordos, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Bian
- Department of Nephrology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangping Sun
- Department of Nephrology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Du
- Department of Nephrology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Bowen Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuesong Su
- Department of Nephrology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Detian Li
- Department of Nephrology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.
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75
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da Silva AF, Silva K, Reis LA, Teixeira VPC, Schor N. Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Their Conditioned Medium Attenuate Fibrosis in an Irreversible Model of Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction. Cell Transplant 2015; 24:2657-66. [PMID: 25695732 DOI: 10.3727/096368915x687534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and their conditioned medium (MSC-CM) has been extensively studied. MSCs can repair tissue, reduce local inflammation, and modulate the immune response. Persistent renal tubular interstitial inflammation results in fibrosis and leads to chronic kidney disease (CKD). Unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) is a very well-accepted renal fibrosis model. In this study, we evaluated factors influenced by the administration of MSCs or MSC-CM in the UUO model. MSCs extracted from rat bone marrow were cultivated in vitro and characterized by flow cytometry and cellular differentiation. Eight groups of female rats were used in experiments (n = 7, each), including Sham, UUO, UUO + MSC (obstruction + MSC), and UUO + CM (obstruction + MSC-CM) for 7 days of obstruction and Sham, UUO, UUO + MSC, and UUO + CM for 14 days of obstruction. The MSCs or MSC-CM was administered via the abdominal vena cava after total ligation of the left ureter. After 7 or 14 days, rats were euthanized, and serum and obstructed kidney samples were collected. MSCs or MSC-CM decreased the expression of molecules, such as Col1a1, α-SMA, and TNF-α. We also observed reductions in the levels of caspase 3, α-SMA, and PCNA in treated animals by immunohistochemistry. Our results suggest that the intravenous administration of MSCs or MSC-CM improves fibrosis progression and factors involved in apoptosis, inflammation, cell proliferation, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in Wistar rats subjected to UUO, indicating a potential tool for preventing CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei F da Silva
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, UNIFESP/EPM, São Paulo, Brazil
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Yuan A, Lee Y, Choi U, Moeckel G, Karihaloo A. Chemokine receptor Cxcr4 contributes to kidney fibrosis via multiple effectors. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2014; 308:F459-72. [PMID: 25537742 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00146.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Kidney fibrosis is the final common pathway for virtually every type of chronic kidney disease and is a consequence of a prolonged healing response that follows tissue inflammation. Chronic kidney inflammation ultimately leads to progressive tissue injury and scarring/fibrosis. Several pathways have been implicated in the progression of kidney fibrosis. In the present study, we demonstrate that G protein-coupled chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor (CXCR)4 was significantly upregulated after renal injury and that sustained activation of Cxcr4 expression augmented the fibrotic response. We demonstrate that after unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO), both gene and protein expression of Cxcr4 were highly upregulated in tubular cells of the nephron. The increased Cxcr4 expression in tubules correlated with their increased dedifferentiated state, leading to increased mRNA expression of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-α, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, and concurrent loss of bone morphogenetic protein 7 (Bmp7). Ablation of tubular Cxcr4 attenuated UUO-mediated fibrotic responses, which correlated with a significant reduction in PDGF-α and TGF-β1 levels and preservation of Bmp7 expression after UUO. Furthermore, Cxcr4(+) immune cells infiltrated the obstructed kidney and further upregulate their Cxcr4 expression. Genetic ablation of Cxcr4 from macrophages was protective against UUO-induced fibrosis. There was also reduced total kidney TGF-β1, which correlated with reduced Smad activation and α-smooth muscle actin levels. We conclude that chronic high Cxcr4 expression in multiple effector cell types can contribute to the pathogenesis of renal fibrosis by altering their biological profile. This study uncovered a novel cross-talk between Cxcr4-TGF-β1 and Bmp7 pathways and may provide novel targets for interrupting the progression of fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Yuan
- Department of Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Yashang Lee
- Department of Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Uimook Choi
- Laboratory of Host Defense, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Gilbert Moeckel
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and
| | - Anil Karihaloo
- Department of Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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Zhou Y, Xiong M, Niu J, Sun Q, Su W, Zen K, Dai C, Yang J. Secreted fibroblast-derived miR-34a induces tubular cell apoptosis in fibrotic kidney. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:4494-506. [PMID: 25107369 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.155523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Tubular epithelial cell apoptosis contributes to tubulointerstitial fibrosis but its regulation remains unclear. Here, in fibrotic kidney induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO), we demonstrate that miR-34a is markedly upregulated in tubulointerstitial spaces and microvesicles isolated from obstructed kidney. However, miR-34a is not de novo synthesized by proximal tubular epithelial cells but by fibroblasts after incubation with TGF-β1. miR-34a is markedly upregulated in microvesicles isolated from the cell culture medium of TGF-β1-treated fibroblasts. These microvesicles act as a vector for delivery of upregulated miR-34a from fibroblasts to tubular cells. The fibroblast-derived miR-34a-containing microvesicles induce the apoptosis of tubular cells. The exogenous miR-34a regulates tubular apoptosis by modulating the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. Moreover, injection of exogenous miR-34a-containing microvesicles enhances tubular cell apoptosis in mice. This study suggests that secreted fibroblast miR-34a transported by microvesicles induces tubular cell apoptosis in obstructed kidney. This study reveals a new mechanism whereby microvesicle-mediated communication of miRNA between fibroblasts and tubular cells is involved in regulating tubular cell apoptosis, which might provide new therapeutic targets for renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- Center for Kidney Disease, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 262 North Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210003, China
| | - Mingxia Xiong
- Center for Kidney Disease, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 262 North Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210003, China
| | - Jing Niu
- Center for Kidney Disease, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 262 North Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210003, China
| | - Qi Sun
- Center for Kidney Disease, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 262 North Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210003, China
| | - Weifang Su
- Center for Kidney Disease, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 262 North Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210003, China
| | - Ke Zen
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Chunsun Dai
- Center for Kidney Disease, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 262 North Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210003, China
| | - Junwei Yang
- Center for Kidney Disease, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 262 North Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210003, China
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Inoue T, Kusano T, Tomori K, Nakamoto H, Suzuki H, Okada H. Effects of cell-type-specific expression of a pan-caspase inhibitor on renal fibrogenesis. Clin Exp Nephrol 2014; 19:350-8. [PMID: 25070875 DOI: 10.1007/s10157-014-1011-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The caspase family of enzymes is grouped into two major sub-families, namely apoptotic and inflammatory caspases, which play central roles in the induction of apoptosis, regulation of inflammation and immunity, and cellular differentiation. METHODS The role of caspase activation in tubular epithelium and interstitial cells of 3 lines of transgenic mice with obstructed nephropathy was examined: p35 mice bearing the pan-caspase inhibitor protein expressed by the p35 gene separated from the universal CAG promoter by a floxed STOP sequence were crossed with γGT.Cre and FSP1.Cre mice that express Cre recombinase in the cortical tubular epithelium and FSP1(+) interstitial cells, respectively. The γGT.Cre;p35, FSP1.Cre;p35 and p35 control mice were then challenged with unilateral ureter obstruction (UUO). RESULTS Proinflammatory parameters such as protein levels of active IL-1β subunit and mRNA levels of TNF-α and NOD-like receptor pyrin domain containing-3, and profibrogenic parameters such as interstitial matrix deposition and mRNA levels of fibronectin EIIIA isoform and α1 chain of procollagen type I in the kidneys were significantly increased at 7 days in the FSP1.Cre;p35- and p35-UUO mice, but not in the γGT.Cre;p35-UUO mice. These changes paralleled the numbers of apoptotic nuclei in tubules, but not in interstitial cells, and the protein levels of active caspase-3 subunit in the kidneys of FSP1.Cre;p35-, p35- and γGT.Cre;p35-UUO mice. CONCLUSION This study provides evidence of the critical role of caspase activation in the tubular epithelium, but not in FSP1(+) interstitial cells, in apoptosis and inflammasome induction, leading to proinflammatory and profibrogenic processes in fibrous kidneys with UUO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Inoue
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama-cho, Irumagun, Saitama, 350-0451, Japan
- Division of Project Research, Saitama Medical University Research Center of Genomic Medicine, 1397-1 Yamane, Hidaka, Saitama, 350-1298, Japan
| | - Takeru Kusano
- Division of Project Research, Saitama Medical University Research Center of Genomic Medicine, 1397-1 Yamane, Hidaka, Saitama, 350-1298, Japan
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama-cho, Irumagun, Saitama, 350-0451, Japan
| | - Kouji Tomori
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama-cho, Irumagun, Saitama, 350-0451, Japan
| | - Hidetomo Nakamoto
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama-cho, Irumagun, Saitama, 350-0451, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Suzuki
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama-cho, Irumagun, Saitama, 350-0451, Japan
- Division of Project Research, Saitama Medical University Research Center of Genomic Medicine, 1397-1 Yamane, Hidaka, Saitama, 350-1298, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Okada
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama-cho, Irumagun, Saitama, 350-0451, Japan.
- Division of Project Research, Saitama Medical University Research Center of Genomic Medicine, 1397-1 Yamane, Hidaka, Saitama, 350-1298, Japan.
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama-cho, Irumagun, Saitama, 350-0451, Japan.
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Emerging urinary markers of renal injury in obstructive nephropathy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:303298. [PMID: 25101270 PMCID: PMC4101977 DOI: 10.1155/2014/303298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The effects of obstruction on renal function are the consequence of many factors that profoundly alter all components of glomerular function. Besides the acute effects on glomerular filtration rate and tubule function, a chronic obstruction induces tubular and interstitial injury that results from the activation of different pathways. The progression of tubulointerstitial injury leads to chronic renal damage characterized by tubular atrophy, inflammatory cell infiltration, and interstitial fibrosis. Obstructive nephropathy is an evolving disease in which the renal damage continues even after relief of the obstruction. In particular, it has been demonstrated that the time of relief is the most important factor in predicting long-term renal function deterioration. In this setting, the EGF/MCP-1 ratio, urinary NGAL, and urinary KIM-1 are useful early biomarkers of progressive renal damage and could have a potential role in predicting the long-term renal outcome. This minireview summarizes the role of these emerging urinary biomarkers of obstructive nephropathy based on the current understanding of the pathophysiology of renal injury.
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Bai Y, Lu H, Zhang G, Wu C, Lin C, Liang Y, Chen B. Sedum sarmentosum Bunge extract exerts renal anti-fibrotic effects in vivo and in vitro. Life Sci 2014; 105:22-30. [PMID: 24747135 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Sedum sarmentosum Bunge, a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, has a wide range of clinical effects, including anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, and anti-cancer properties. In this study, we determined whether S. sarmentosum Bunge Extract (SSBE) has anti-fibrotic effects on renal tissues. MAIN METHODS We investigated the effects of SSBE on aristolochic acid (AA)-induced injury to renal tubular epithelial cells (RTECs) in vitro and unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO)-induced renal fibrosis in vivo by evaluating epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) components. Furthermore, we examined the expression levels of TGF-β1 and its receptor. KEY FINDINGS In cultured RTECs (NRK-52E), AA promoted renal EMT and ECM accumulation by up-regulating the expression of mesenchymal markers and ECM components and by down-regulating the expression of epithelial markers. In addition, AA induced an imbalance between MMP-2 and TIMP-2 and enhanced expression of TGF-β1 and its receptor. SSBE treatment significantly inhibited AA-induced TGF-β1 expression and prevented the induction of EMT and deposition of ECM. In the UUO rats, tubular injury and interstitial fibrosis were obviously increased. SSBE administration protected renal function, as indicated by reduced serum creatinine levels, and alleviated renal interstitial fibrosis. These anti-fibrotic effects were associated with a reduction in TGF-β1 expression and inhibition of EMT and ECM accumulation. SIGNIFICANCE These findings suggest that SSBE may have therapeutic potential for fibrotic kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongheng Bai
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Hong Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Ge Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, People's Hospital of Luzhou City, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Cunzao Wu
- Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Chengcheng Lin
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Yong Liang
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Bicheng Chen
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China.
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Clavica F, Zhao X, ElMahdy M, Drake MJ, Zhang X, Carugo D. Investigating the flow dynamics in the obstructed and stented ureter by means of a biomimetic artificial model. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87433. [PMID: 24498322 PMCID: PMC3911952 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Double-J stenting is the most common clinical method employed to restore the upper urinary tract drainage, in the presence of a ureteric obstruction. After implant, stents provide an immediate pain relief by decreasing the pressure in the renal pelvis (P). However, their long-term usage can cause infections and encrustations, due to bacterial colonization and crystal deposition on the stent surface, respectively. The performance of double-J stents - and in general of all ureteric stents - is thought to depend significantly on urine flow field within the stented ureter. However very little fundamental research about the role played by fluid dynamic parameters on stent functionality has been conducted so far. These parameters are often difficult to assess in-vivo, requiring the implementation of laborious and expensive experimental protocols. The aim of the present work was therefore to develop an artificial model of the ureter (i.e. ureter model, UM) to mimic the fluid dynamic environment in a stented ureter. The UM was designed to reflect the geometry of pig ureters, and to investigate the values of fluid dynamic viscosity (μ), volumetric flow rate (Q) and severity of ureteric obstruction (OB%) which may cause critical pressures in the renal pelvis. The distributed obstruction derived by the sole stent insertion was also quantified. In addition, flow visualisation experiments and computational simulations were performed in order to further characterise the flow field in the UM. Unique characteristics of the flow dynamics in the obstructed and stented ureter have been revealed with using the developed UM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Clavica
- Department of Urology, sector FURORE, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Bioengineering Sciences, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Bristol Urological Institute, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Xuefeng Zhao
- Bioengineering Sciences, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Motaz ElMahdy
- Bristol Urological Institute, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Marcus J. Drake
- Bristol Urological Institute, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom
- School of Clinical Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Xunli Zhang
- Bioengineering Sciences, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Dario Carugo
- Bioengineering Sciences, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Electro-Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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Bai Y, Lu H, Hu L, Hong D, Ding L, Chen B. Effect of Sedum sarmentosum BUNGE Extract on Aristolochic Acid–Induced Renal Tubular Epithelial Cell Injury. J Pharmacol Sci 2014; 124:445-56. [DOI: 10.1254/jphs.13216fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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83
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Ruan GP, Xu F, Li ZA, Zhu GX, Pang RQ, Wang JX, Cai XM, He J, Yao X, Ruan GH, Xu XM, Pan XH. Induced autologous stem cell transplantation for treatment of rabbit renal interstitial fibrosis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83507. [PMID: 24367598 PMCID: PMC3867441 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Renal interstitial fibrosis (RIF) is a significant cause of end-stage renal failure. The goal of this study was to characterize the distribution of transplanted induced autologous stem cells in a rabbit model of renal interstitial fibrosis and evaluate its therapeutic efficacy for treatment of renal interstitial fibrosis. Methods A rabbit model of renal interstitial fibrosis was established. Autologous fibroblasts were cultured, induced and labeled with green fluorescent protein (GFP). These labeled stem cells were transplanted into the renal artery of model animals at 8 weeks. Results Eight weeks following transplantation of induced autologous stem cells, significant reductions (P < 0.05) were observed in serum creatinine (SCr) (14.8 ± 1.9 mmol/L to 10.1 ± 2.1 mmol/L) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (119 ± 22 µmol/L to 97 ± 13 µmol/L), indicating improvement in renal function. Conclusions We successfully established a rabbit model of renal interstitial fibrosis and demonstrated that transplantation of induced autologous stem cells can repair kidney damage within 8 weeks. The repair occurred by both inhibition of further development of renal interstitial fibrosis and partial reversal of pre-existing renal interstitial fibrosis. These beneficial effects lead to the development of normal tissue structure and improved renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Ping Ruan
- Stem Cell Engineering Laboratory of Yunnan Province, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Command, Kunming, China
| | - Fan Xu
- Stem Cell Engineering Laboratory of Yunnan Province, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Command, Kunming, China
| | - Zi-An Li
- Stem Cell Engineering Laboratory of Yunnan Province, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Command, Kunming, China
| | - Guang-Xu Zhu
- Stem Cell Engineering Laboratory of Yunnan Province, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Command, Kunming, China
| | - Rong-Qing Pang
- Stem Cell Engineering Laboratory of Yunnan Province, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Command, Kunming, China
| | - Jin-Xiang Wang
- Stem Cell Engineering Laboratory of Yunnan Province, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Command, Kunming, China
| | - Xue-Min Cai
- Stem Cell Engineering Laboratory of Yunnan Province, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Command, Kunming, China
| | - Jie He
- Stem Cell Engineering Laboratory of Yunnan Province, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Command, Kunming, China
| | - Xiang Yao
- Stem Cell Engineering Laboratory of Yunnan Province, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Command, Kunming, China
| | - Guang-Hong Ruan
- Stem Cell Engineering Laboratory of Yunnan Province, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Command, Kunming, China
| | - Xin-Ming Xu
- Stem Cell Engineering Laboratory of Yunnan Province, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Command, Kunming, China
| | - Xing-Hua Pan
- Stem Cell Engineering Laboratory of Yunnan Province, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Command, Kunming, China
- * E-mail:
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Improved mitochondrial function underlies the protective effect of pirfenidone against tubulointerstitial fibrosis in 5/6 nephrectomized rats. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83593. [PMID: 24349535 PMCID: PMC3857290 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunctional mitochondria participate in the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Pirfenidone is a newly identified anti-fibrotic drug. However, its mechanism remains unclear. Mitochondrial dysfunction is an early event that occurs prior to the onset of renal fibrosis. In this context, we investigated the protective effect of pirfenidone on mitochondria and its relevance to apoptosis and oxidative stress in renal proximal tubular cells. A remnant kidney rat model was established. Human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (HK2) using rotenone, a mitochondrial respiratory chain complex Ι inhibitor were further investigated in vitro to examine the mitochondrial protective effect of pirfenidone. Pirfenidone protected mitochondrial structures and functions by stabilizing the mitochondrial membrane potential, maintaining ATP production and improving the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number. Pirfenidone decreased tubular cell apoptosis by inhibiting the mitochondrial apoptotic signaling pathway. Pirfenidone also reduced oxidative stress by enhancing manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) and inhibiting intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, which suggested that the anti-oxidant effects occurred at least partially via the mitochondrial pathway. Pirfenidone may be effective prior to the onset of renal fibrosis because this drug exerts its anti-fibrotic effect by protection of mitochondria in renal proximal tubular cells.
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85
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Denby L, Ramdas V, Lu R, Conway BR, Grant JS, Dickinson B, Aurora AB, McClure JD, Kipgen D, Delles C, van Rooij E, Baker AH. MicroRNA-214 antagonism protects against renal fibrosis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2013; 25:65-80. [PMID: 24158985 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2013010072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis is the common end point of progressive renal disease. MicroRNA (miR)-214 and miR-21 are upregulated in models of renal injury, but the function of miR-214 in this setting and the effect of its manipulation remain unknown. We assessed the effect of inhibiting miR-214 in an animal model of renal fibrosis. In mice, genetic deletion of miR-214 significantly attenuated interstitial fibrosis induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). Treatment of wild-type mice with an anti-miR directed against miR-214 (anti-miR-214) before UUO resulted in similar antifibrotic effects, and in vivo biodistribution studies demonstrated that anti-miR-214 accumulated at the highest levels in the kidney. Notably, in vivo inhibition of canonical TGF-β signaling did not alter the regulation of endogenous miR-214 or miR-21. Whereas miR-21 antagonism blocked Smad 2/3 activation, miR-214 antagonism did not, suggesting that miR-214 induces antifibrotic effects independent of Smad 2/3. Furthermore, TGF-β blockade combined with miR-214 deletion afforded additional renal protection. These phenotypic effects of miR-214 depletion were mediated through broad regulation of the transcriptional response to injury, as evidenced by microarray analysis. In human kidney tissue, miR-214 was detected in cells of the glomerulus and tubules as well as in infiltrating immune cells in diseased tissue. These studies demonstrate that miR-214 functions to promote fibrosis in renal injury independent of TGF-β signaling in vivo and that antagonism of miR-214 may represent a novel antifibrotic treatment in the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Denby
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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86
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Yao Y, Yang J, Wang D, Zhou F, Cai X, Lu W, Hu C, Gu Z, Qian S, Guan X, Cao P. The aqueous extract of Lycopus lucidus Turcz ameliorates streptozotocin-induced diabetic renal damage via inhibiting TGF-β1 signaling pathway. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 20:1160-7. [PMID: 23827664 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Renal fibrosis characterized by accumulation of extracellular matrix protein results in chronic renal diseases including diabetic nephropathy. Transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) signaling pathway plays a key role in mediating renal fibrosis. Hence, agents that antagonize TGF-β signaling could be candidate for kidney disease therapy. METHODS We established renal fibrosis model both in vitro with fibroblast cells treated with rhTGF-β1 and streptozocin(STZ)-induced diabetic nephropathy rats model in vivo and evaluated the effect of the aqueous extract of Lycopus lucidus Turcz, the blood-circulation-promoting Chinese herb, on diabetic nephropathy and investigated the mechanism of action. RESULTS We found that Lycopus suppressed rhTGF-β1-induced Smad2 and ERK1/2 activation, down-regulated the expression of TGF-βRI, TGF-βRII, Smad4 and Smad7 in SV40 MES13 cells without inhibiting cell viability. In vivo, lycopus inhibited Smad2 phosphorylation, reduced mRNA level of TGF-β1, ameliorated expansion of the mesangial area in glomerular tissue and reduced the levels of Scr and BUN of serum and total-SOD (superoxide dismutase) activity in STZ-induced diabetic rats. CONCLUSION Lycopus is a novel inhibitor of renal fibrosis by blocking TGF-β signaling pathway and possess a protective effect on renal damage of STZ-induced diabetic nephropathy in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzhang Yao
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Province Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, Jiangsu, China
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87
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Liu W, Li X, Zhao Y, Meng XM, Wan C, Yang B, Lan HY, Lin HY, Xia Y. Dragon (repulsive guidance molecule RGMb) inhibits E-cadherin expression and induces apoptosis in renal tubular epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:31528-39. [PMID: 24052264 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.517573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dragon is one of the three members of the repulsive guidance molecule (RGM) family, i.e. RGMa, RGMb (Dragon), and RGMc (hemojuvelin). We previously identified the RGM members as bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) co-receptors that enhance BMP signaling. Our previous studies found that Dragon is highly expressed in the tubular epithelial cells of mouse kidneys. However, the roles of Dragon in renal epithelial cells are yet to be defined. We now show that overexpression of Dragon increased cell death induced by hypoxia in association with increased cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase and cleaved caspase-3 levels in mouse inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD3) cells. Dragon also inhibited E-cadherin expression but did not affect epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition induced by TGF-β in IMCD3 cells. Previous studies suggest that the three RGM members can function as ligands for the receptor neogenin. Interestingly, our present study demonstrates that the Dragon actions on apoptosis and E-cadherin expression in IMCD3 cells were mediated by the neogenin receptor but not through the BMP pathway. Dragon expression in the kidney was up-regulated by unilateral ureteral obstruction in mice. Compared with wild-type mice, heterozygous Dragon knock-out mice exhibited 45-66% reduction in Dragon mRNA expression, decreased epithelial apoptosis, and increased tubular E-cadherin expression and had attenuated tubular injury after unilateral ureteral obstruction. Our results suggest that Dragon may impair tubular epithelial integrity and induce epithelial apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Liu
- From the Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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88
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Prakoura N, Politis PK, Ihara Y, Michalak M, Charonis AS. Epithelial calreticulin up-regulation promotes profibrotic responses and tubulointerstitial fibrosis development. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 183:1474-1487. [PMID: 24035512 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Renal fibrosis is the common anatomical feature underlying the progression of chronic kidney disease, a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In a previous study, we demonstrated that during development of renal fibrosis in a rat model of unilateral ureteric obstruction, calreticulin (CRT) is up-regulated in tubular epithelial cells (TECs). In the present study, we used in vitro and in vivo approaches to examine the role of CRT in TECs and its contribution to the progression of fibrosis. In cultured renal TECs, CRT overexpression induced acquisition of an altered, profibrotic cellular phenotype. Consistently, the opposite effects were observed for CRT knockdown. Subsequently, we confirmed that critical changes observed in vitro were also apparent in tubular cells in vivo in the animal model of unilateral ureteric obstruction. In agreement with these results, we demonstrate that substantial (50%) reduction in the expression of CRT reduced the development of tubulointerstitial fibrosis at a comparable level through regulation of inflammation, transcriptional activation, transforming growth factor β1-associated effects, and apoptosis. In summary, our findings establish that CRT is critically involved in the molecular mechanisms that drive renal fibrosis progression and indicate that inhibition of CRT expression might be a therapeutic target for reduction of fibrosis and chronic kidney disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niki Prakoura
- Section of Histology, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis K Politis
- Section of Histology, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Yoshito Ihara
- Department of Biochemistry, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Marek Michalak
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Aristidis S Charonis
- Section of Histology, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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89
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Xu Y, Ruan S, Wu X, Chen H, Zheng K, Fu B. Autophagy and apoptosis in tubular cells following unilateral ureteral obstruction are associated with mitochondrial oxidative stress. Int J Mol Med 2013; 31:628-36. [PMID: 23314838 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2013.1232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Tubular epithelial loss has been shown to be responsible for the formation of atubular glomeruli leading to nephron decomposition and interstitial fibrosis in obstructive uropathy. Cells undergoing apoptosis and autophagic cell death play an important role in this process, yet the mechanisms are not fully understood. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether autophagy cooperating with apoptosis is associated with mitochondrial damage and whether oxidative stress plays an important role in the loss of tubular epithelium following unilateral ureteral obstruction. In this model, we demonstrated that there is coexistence of autophagy and apoptosis with tubular atrophy in obstructed proximal tubules. After unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO), autophagy in proximal tubular cells was enhanced steadily up to 7 days in the obstructed kidney and declined thereafter, while apoptosis was induced in a time-dependent manner from 3 to 14 days. Mitochondrial structure and number also changed during UUO. Lipid peroxidation products, NOX4, and NADPH oxidase activity were also increased in the obstructed renal cortex, and peaked at 7 days. In vitro, we showed that H2O2 induced mitochondrial injury leading to autophagy and apoptosis through the Beclin 1 pathway and interference with Bcl-2 expression. Thus, our data demonstrate that oxidative stress leading to mitochondrial damage and driven autophagy-dependent cell death and apoptosis are important mechanisms of tubular decomposition in obstructive nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Xu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, PR China.
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90
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Sakai N, Tager AM. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) signaling through LPA1 in organ fibrosis: A pathway with pleiotropic pro-fibrotic effects. Inflamm Regen 2013. [DOI: 10.2492/inflammregen.33.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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91
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IHG-1 amplifies TGF-β1 signalling and mitochondrial biogenesis and is increased in diabetic kidney disease. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2013; 22:77-84. [DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0b013e32835b54b0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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92
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Kim J, Padanilam BJ. Renal nerves drive interstitial fibrogenesis in obstructive nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2012; 24:229-42. [PMID: 23264683 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2012070678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The signals that drive fibrogenesis after an initiating insult to the kidney are incompletely understood. Here, we report that renal nerve stimulation after ureteral obstruction is the primary profibrotic signal and that renal denervation prevents both fibrogenesis and the inflammatory cascade. Local infusion of neural factors, norepinephrine, and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in denervated kidneys mimicked the fibrotic response observed in innervated obstructed kidneys. Norepinephrine and CGRP act through the α(2)-adrenergic receptor and CGRP receptor, respectively, because blocking these receptors prevented fibrosis, the inflammatory response, and tubular cell death. In tubular epithelial cells, both norepinephrine and CGRP induced apoptosis and the release of profibrotic factors capable of stimulating the differentiation of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts. In conclusion, these data suggest that nerve-derived signaling molecules may drive renal fibrosis and that their suppression may be a therapeutic approach to fibrosis prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinu Kim
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5850, USA
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93
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Kim KH, Park JH, Lee WR, Park JS, Kim HC, Park KK. The inhibitory effect of chimeric decoy oligodeoxynucleotide against NF-κB and Sp1 in renal interstitial fibrosis. J Mol Med (Berl) 2012; 91:573-86. [PMID: 23114611 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-012-0972-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of chronic renal disease is characterized by a progressive loss of renal function and deposition of the extracellular matrix, leading to widespread tissue fibrosis. Much of the matrix in chronic renal disease is synthesized by interstitial myofibroblasts, recruited from resident fibroblasts and circulating precursors. These changes are believed to be derived from epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of tubuloepithelial cells. To develop a novel therapeutic approach for treating renal fibrosis, we examined the simultaneous inhibition of the transcription factors NF-κB and Sp1 in a mouse model of unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). To simultaneously inhibit both NF-κB and Sp1, we developed chimeric (Chi) decoy oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) which contained binding sequences for both NF-κB and Sp1 in a single decoy molecule to enhance the effective use of decoy ODN strategy. Chi decoy ODN significantly attenuated tubulointerstitial fibrosis in a mouse model of UUO compared to scrambled decoy ODN, as demonstrated by the reduced interstitial volume, macrophage infiltration, and fibrosis-related gene expression. Interestingly, Chi decoy ODN also regulated EMT-related gene expression, leading to the inhibition of renal fibrotic changes in vivo and in vitro. The present study demonstrates the feasibility of Chi decoy ODN treatment for preventing renal fibrosis and EMT processes. This strategy might be useful to improve the clinical outcome after chronic renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Hyun Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, 3056-6 Daemyung 4-dong, Daegu, Nam-gu, 705-718, Republic of Korea
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94
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Chang FC, Chou YH, Chen YT, Lin SL. Novel insights into pericyte-myofibroblast transition and therapeutic targets in renal fibrosis. J Formos Med Assoc 2012; 111:589-98. [PMID: 23217594 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2012.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal fibrosis is a disease affecting millions worldwide and is a harbinger of progressive renal failure. Understanding the mechanisms of renal fibrosis is important for discovering new therapies that are required to prevent loss of renal function. Recently, we identified pericytes that line the kidney microvasculature as the precursor cells of the scar-producing myofibroblasts during kidney injury. Kidney pericytes are extensively branched cells embedded within the capillary basement membrane and stabilize the capillary network through tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3 and angiogenic growth factors. Pericytes detach from endothelial cells and migrate into the interstitial space where they undergo a transition into myofibroblasts after injury. Activation of endothelium, pericyte-myofibroblast transition, and recruitment of inflammatory macrophages lead to capillary rarefaction and fibrosis. Targeting endothelium-pericyte crosstalk by inhibiting vascular endothelial cell growth factor receptors and platelet-derived growth factor receptors in response to injury have been identified as new therapeutic interventions. Furthermore, targeting macrophage activation has also been proven as a novel and safe therapeutic approach for pericyte-myofibroblast transition. However, we are still far from understanding the interaction between pericytes and other cellular elements in normal physiology and during kidney fibrosis. Further studies will be required to translate into more specific therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan-Chi Chang
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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95
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Lucarelli G, Ditonno P, Bettocchi C, Grandaliano G, Gesualdo L, Selvaggi FP, Battaglia M. Delayed relief of ureteral obstruction is implicated in the long-term development of renal damage and arterial hypertension in patients with unilateral ureteral injury. J Urol 2012; 189:960-5. [PMID: 23017525 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2012.08.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A delay in the diagnosis and treatment of iatrogenic obstructive ureteral injury is the most important prognostic factor for worse results in terms of lesion repair and renal function recovery. The role of the time of relief in determining the onset of renal failure and arterial hypertension in patients with obstructive ureteral injury was evaluated. In addition, we analyzed the prognostic value of the ratio of urinary epidermal growth factor-to-monocyte chemotactic peptide-1 in predicting long-term renal function deterioration. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 76 patients with obstructive ureteral injury and treated with reconstructive procedures were prospectively enrolled in the study. The ratio of epidermal growth factor-to-monocyte chemotactic peptide-1 was evaluated 4 weeks after the relief of obstruction. After a median followup of 60.8 months, estimated creatinine clearance and (99m)technetium-mercaptoacetyltriglycine scan were evaluated. RESULTS Within 2 weeks of the obstructive ureteral injury 36 patients underwent surgery for relief of obstruction while in the remaining 40 patients the surgery was performed after more than 2 weeks. Significant differences between the 2 groups were observed regarding mean mercaptoacetyltriglycine clearance of the obstructed kidney (p <0.0001), estimated creatinine clearance (p <0.001) and ratio of epidermal growth factor-to-monocyte chemotactic peptide-1 (p <0.0001). There was a direct correlation between mercaptoacetyltriglycine clearance and epidermal growth factor-to-monocyte chemotactic peptide-1 (rs = 0.78, p <0.0001). Patients with a time of relief greater than 2 weeks had a higher incidence of postoperative hypertension. On logistic regression the time of relief was the only significant variable predicting renal function deterioration (OR 1.49, p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Patients who experience delayed relief of obstructive ureteral injury have decreased long-term renal function as suggested by the lower values of estimated creatinine clearance and mercaptoacetyltriglycine clearance, and are at risk for hypertension or exacerbation of preexisting hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Lucarelli
- Urology, Andrology and Kidney Transplantation Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.
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96
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Hsieh TJ, Hsieh PC, Tsai YH, Wu CF, Liu CC, Lin MY, Wu MT. Melamine Induces Human Renal Proximal Tubular Cell Injury via Transforming Growth Factor-β and Oxidative Stress. Toxicol Sci 2012; 130:17-32. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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97
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Liang A, Wang Y, Woodard LE, Wilson MH, Sharma R, Awasthi YC, Du J, Mitch WE, Cheng J. Loss of glutathione S-transferase A4 accelerates obstruction-induced tubule damage and renal fibrosis. J Pathol 2012; 228:448-58. [PMID: 22711583 DOI: 10.1002/path.4067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione transferase isozyme A4 (GSTA4) exhibits high catalytic efficiency to metabolize 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), a highly reactive lipid peroxidation product that has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various chronic diseases. We investigated the role of 4-HNE in the mechanisms of unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO)-induced fibrosis and its modulation by GSTA4-4 in a mouse model. Our data indicate that after UUO, accumulation of 4-HNE and its adducts were increased in renal tissues, with a concomitant decrease in the expression of GSTA4-4 in mice. As compared to wild-type (WT) mice, UUO caused an increased expression of fibroblast markers in the interstitium of GSTA4 KO mice. Additionally, increased autophagy and tubular cell damage were more severe in UUO-treated GSTA4 KO mice than in WT mice. Furthermore, GSK-3β phosphorylation and expression of Snail, a regulator of E-cadherin and Occludin, was found to be significantly higher in UUO-inflicted GSTA4 KO mice. GSTA4 over-expression prevented 4-HNE-induced autophagy activation, tubular cell damage and Snail nuclear translocation in vitro. The effects of long-term expression of GSTA4 in restoration of UUO-induced damage in mice with the GSTA4 inducible transposon system indicated that release of obstruction after 3 days of UUO resulted in the attenuation of interstitial SMAα and collagen I expression. This transposon-delivered GSTA4 expression also suppressed UUO-induced loss of tubular cell junction markers and autophagy activation. Together, these results indicate that 4-HNE significantly contributes to the mechanisms of tubule injury and fibrosis and that these effects can be inhibited by the enhanced expression of GSTA4-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anlin Liang
- Nephrology Division, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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98
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Inoue T, Suzuki H, Okada H. Targeted expression of a pan-caspase inhibitor in tubular epithelium attenuates interstitial inflammation and fibrogenesis in nephritic but not nephrotic mice. Kidney Int 2012; 82:980-9. [PMID: 22785176 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2012.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The caspase family of enzymes participates in apoptotic and proinflammatory reactions in any cell. Here we studied the role of caspase activation in the tubular epithelium of diseased kidneys using mice transgenic for the baculovirus pan-caspase inhibitor p35 gene held in a nonexpressed state (control mice) but target-expressed in the renal proximal tubule cells when crossed with mice expressing Cre recombinase under the control of the γ-glutamyltransferase promoter. Proinflammatory and profibrogenic parameters such as the number of monocytes and fibroblasts in the kidneys were significantly increased at 28 days in the control mice, but not in the renal tubule-targeted mice expressing p35 in a nephrotoxic serum nephritis model of disease. These cellular changes paralleled the number of apoptotic tubular cells and protein levels of active caspase-3 in the kidneys at 7 and 28 days of both the control and proximal tubule-targeted mice. Surprisingly, all of these parameters were not significantly affected at 7 and 28 days by targeted p35 expression in tubular epithelium when compared with nontargeted control mice in a model of adriamycin nephrosis. Thus, our study shows the critical role of caspase activation in the tubular epithelium in apoptosis along with proinflammatory and profibrogenic processes in nephrotoxic serum nephritis but not adriamycin nephrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Inoue
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
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99
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Ienaga K, Park CH, Yokozawa T. Protective effect of an intrinsic antioxidant, HMH (5-hydroxy-1-methylhydantoin; NZ-419), against cellular damage of kidney tubules. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 65:559-66. [PMID: 22749566 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2012.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
HMH (5-hydroxy-1-methylhydantoin; NZ-419) is a mammalian creatinine metabolite and an intrinsic antioxidant. HMH prevents the progression of chronic kidney disease in rats when a sufficient amount is taken orally. We assessed whether intrinsic and higher levels of HMH could protect tubular epithelial cells, LLC-PK(1) cells, against known cellular damage caused by xenobiotics, such as cisplatin and cephaloridine, or by hypoxia/reoxygenation treatment. Both cell damage and peroxidation, monitored as the leakage of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and malondialdehyde (MDA), respectively, from cells into the media, were inhibited by HMH in a concentration-dependent manner. The minimum effective concentration of HMH (2.5 μM) seemed to be too low for HMH to only be a direct hydroxyl radical scavenger. Additional antioxidant effect(s) inhibiting reactive oxygen species generation and/or modulating signal transduction pathways were suggested. The possibility that intrinsic HMH could be a protectant for the kidney was indicated. At the same time, for sufficient inhibition, higher concentrations than intrinsic HMH concentrations may be necessary. Patterns of efficacies of HMH on LDH and MDA against different kinds of cellular damage were compared with our reported data on those of corresponding, naturally occurring antioxidants. A common and specific inhibitory mechanism as well as common target(s) in kidney injuries were indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuharu Ienaga
- Nippon Zoki Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Hiranomachi Nichome, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-0046, Japan
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100
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Jin Y, Ratnam K, Chuang PY, Fan Y, Zhong Y, Dai Y, Mazloom A, Chen EY, D'Agati V, Xiong H, Ross M, Chen N, Ma'ayan A, He JC. A systems approach identifies HIPK2 as a key regulator of kidney fibrosis. Nat Med 2012; 18:580-8. [PMID: 22406746 PMCID: PMC3321097 DOI: 10.1038/nm.2685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Kidney fibrosis is a common process that leads to the progression of various types of kidney disease. We used an integrated computational and experimental systems biology approach to identify protein kinases that regulate gene expression changes in the kidneys of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transgenic mice (Tg26 mice), which have both tubulointerstitial fibrosis and glomerulosclerosis. We identified homeo-domain interacting protein kinase 2 (HIPK2) as a key regulator of kidney fibrosis. HIPK2 was upregulated in the kidneys of Tg26 mice and in those of patients with various kidney diseases. HIV infection increased the protein concentrations of HIPK2 by promoting oxidative stress, which inhibited the seven in absentia homolog 1 (SIAH1)-mediated proteasomal degradation of HIPK2. HIPK2 induced apoptosis and the expression of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition markers in kidney epithelial cells by activating the p53, transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)-SMAD family member 3 (Smad3) and Wnt-Notch pathways. Knockout of HIPK2 improved renal function and attenuated proteinuria and kidney fibrosis in Tg26 mice, as well as in other murine models of kidney fibrosis. We therefore conclude that HIPK2 is a potential target for anti-fibrosis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanmeng Jin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
- Department of Nephrology, Ruijin Hospital, Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Krishna Ratnam
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Peter Y. Chuang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Ying Fan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Yifei Zhong
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Yan Dai
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Amin Mazloom
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
- Systems Biology Center New York (SBCNY), New York, NY
| | - Edward Y. Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
- Systems Biology Center New York (SBCNY), New York, NY
| | | | - Huabao Xiong
- Immunobiology Center, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Michael Ross
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Nan Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Ruijin Hospital, Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Avi Ma'ayan
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
- Systems Biology Center New York (SBCNY), New York, NY
| | - John Cijiang He
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
- James J. Peters Veteran Administration Medical Center, New York, NY
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