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Effect of acetaminophen on osteoblastic differentiation and migration of MC3T3-E1 cells. Pharmacol Rep 2017; 70:29-36. [PMID: 29306760 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND N-acetyl-p-aminophenol (APAP, acetaminophen, paracetamol) is a widely used analgesic/antipyretic with weak inhibitory effects on cyclooxygenase (COX) compared to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The mechanism of action of APAP is mediated by its metabolite that activates transient receptor potential channels, including transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) and TRP ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) or the cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1). However, the exact molecular mechanism and target underlying the cellular actions of APAP remain unclear. Therefore, we investigated the effect of APAP on osteoblastic differentiation and cell migration, with a particular focus on TRP channels and CB1. METHODS Effects of APAP on osteoblastic differentiation and cell migration of MC3T3-E1, a mouse pre-osteoblast cell line, were assessed by the increase in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and both wound-healing and transwell-migration assays, respectively. RESULTS APAP dose-dependently inhibited osteoblastic differentiation, which was well correlated with the effects on COX activity compared with other NSAIDs. In contrast, cell migration was promoted by APAP, and this effect was not correlated with COX inhibition. None of the agonists or antagonists of TRP channels and the CB receptor affected the APAP-induced cell migration, while the effect of APAP on cell migration was abolished by down-regulating TRPV4 gene expression. CONCLUSION APAP inhibited osteoblastic differentiation via COX inactivation while it promoted cell migration independently of previously known targets such as COX, TRPV1, TRPA1 channels, and CB receptors, but through the mechanism involving TRPV4. APAP may have still unidentified molecular targets that modify cellular functions.
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Patrignani P, Patrono C. Aspirin and Cancer. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017; 68:967-76. [PMID: 27561771 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.05.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The place of aspirin in primary prevention remains controversial, with North American and European organizations issuing contradictory treatment guidelines. More recently, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommended "initiating low-dose aspirin use for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and colorectal cancer in adults aged 50 to 59 years who have a 10% or greater 10-year CVD risk, are not at increased risk for bleeding, have a life expectancy of at least 10 years, and are willing to take low-dose aspirin daily for at least 10 years." This recommendation reflects increasing evidence for a chemopreventive effect of low-dose aspirin against colorectal (and other) cancer. The intent of this paper is to review the evidence supporting a chemopreventive effect of aspirin, discuss its potential mechanism(s) of action, and provide a conceptual framework for assessing current guidelines in the light of ongoing studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Patrignani
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences and Center of Excellence on Aging, "G. D'Annunzio" University School of Medicine, Chieti, Italy
| | - Carlo Patrono
- Department of Pharmacology, Catholic University School of Medicine, Rome, Italy.
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53
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Bombardo M, Malagola E, Chen R, Rudnicka A, Graf R, Sonda S. Ibuprofen and diclofenac treatments reduce proliferation of pancreatic acinar cells upon inflammatory injury and mitogenic stimulation. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 175:335-347. [PMID: 28542719 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are administered to manage the pain typically found in patients suffering from pancreatitis. NSAIDs also display anti-proliferative activity against cancer cells; however, their effects on normal, untransformed cells are poorly understood. Here, we evaluated whether NSAIDs inhibit the proliferation of pancreatic acinar cells during the development of acute pancreatitis. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The NSAIDs ibuprofen and diclofenac were administered to C57BL/6 mice after induction of pancreatitis with serial injections of cerulein. In addition, ibuprofen was administered concomitantly with 3,5,3-L-tri-iodothyronine (T3), which induces acinar cell proliferation in the absence of tissue inflammation. The development of pancreatic inflammation, acinar de-differentiation into metaplastic lesions and acinar proliferation were quantified by histochemical, biochemical and RT-PCR approaches. KEY RESULTS Therapeutic ibuprofen treatment selectively reduced pancreatic infiltration of activated macrophages in vivo, and M1 macrophage polarization and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression both in vivo and in vitro. Reduced macrophage activation was accompanied by reduced acinar de-differentiation into acinar-to-ductal metaplasia. Acinar proliferation was significantly impaired in the presence of ibuprofen and diclofenac, as demonstrated at both the level of proliferation markers and expression of cell cycle regulators. Ibuprofen also reduced acinar cell proliferation induced by mitogenic stimulation with T3, a treatment that does not elicit pancreatic inflammation. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our study provides evidence that the NSAIDs ibuprofen and diclofenac inhibit pancreatic acinar cell division. This suggests that prolonged treatment with these NSAIDs may negatively affect the regeneration of the pancreas and further studies are needed to confirm these findings in a clinical setting. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Inventing New Therapies Without Reinventing the Wheel: The Power of Drug Repurposing. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v175.2/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Bombardo
- Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ermanno Malagola
- Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rong Chen
- Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alina Rudnicka
- Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Graf
- Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sabrina Sonda
- Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Biomedical Science, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Newnham Campus, Launceston, TAS, Australia
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Abstract
The regulation of nuclear shape and deformability is a key factor in controlling diverse events from embryonic development to cancer cell metastasis, but the mechanisms governing this process are still unclear. Our recent study demonstrated an unexpected role for the F-actin bundling protein fascin in controlling nuclear plasticity through a direct interaction with Nesprin-2. Nesprin-2 is a component of the LINC complex that is known to couple the F-actin cytoskeleton to the nuclear envelope. We demonstrated that fascin, which is predominantly associated with peripheral F-actin rich filopodia, binds directly to Nesprin-2 at the nuclear envelope in a range of cell types. Depleting fascin or specifically blocking the fascin-Nesprin-2 complex leads to defects in nuclear polarization, movement and cell invasion. These studies reveal a novel role for an F-actin bundling protein in control of nuclear plasticity and underline the importance of defining nuclear-associated roles for F-actin binding proteins in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Pfisterer
- a Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics , King's College London, New Hunts House , Guys Campus, London , UK
| | - Asier Jayo
- a Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics , King's College London, New Hunts House , Guys Campus, London , UK.,b Department of Basic Sciences , Physiology Unit, San Pablo CEU University , Monteprincipe Campus, Madrid , Spain
| | - Maddy Parsons
- a Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics , King's College London, New Hunts House , Guys Campus, London , UK
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55
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Kochel TJ, Goloubeva OG, Fulton AM. Upregulation of Cyclooxygenase-2/Prostaglandin E2 (COX-2/PGE2) Pathway Member Multiple Drug Resistance-Associated Protein 4 (MRP4) and Downregulation of Prostaglandin Transporter (PGT) and 15-Prostaglandin Dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. BREAST CANCER-BASIC AND CLINICAL RESEARCH 2016; 10:61-70. [PMID: 27257388 PMCID: PMC4881873 DOI: 10.4137/bcbcr.s38529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Elevated levels of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) are indicators of a poor prognosis in breast cancer. Using several independent publicly available breast cancer gene expression databases, we investigated other members of the PGE2 pathway. PGE2 is produced by COX-2 and actively exported by multiple drug resistance-associated protein 4 (MRP4) into the extracellular microenvironment, where PGE2 can bind four cognate EP receptors (EP1–EP4) and initiate diverse biological signaling pathways. Alternatively, PGE2 is imported via the prostaglandin transporter (PGT) and metabolized by 15-prostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH/HPGD). We made the novel observation that MRP4, PGT, and 15-PGDH are differentially expressed among distinct breast cancer molecular subtypes; this finding was confirmed in independent datasets. In triple-negative breast cancer, the observed gene expression pattern (high COX-2, high MRP4, low PGT, and low 15-PGDH) would favor high levels of tumor-promoting PGE2 in the tumor microenvironment that may contribute to the overall poor prognosis of triple-negative breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Kochel
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Olga G Goloubeva
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA.; Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amy M Fulton
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA.; Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.; Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Zhang H, Chang YC, Huang Q, Brennan ML, Wu J. Structural and Functional Analysis of a Talin Triple-Domain Module Suggests an Alternative Talin Autoinhibitory Configuration. Structure 2016; 24:721-729. [PMID: 27150043 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2016.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Talin plays an important role in regulating integrin-mediated signaling. Talin function is autoinhibited by intramolecular interactions between the integrin-binding F3 domain and the autoinhibitory domain (R9). We determined the crystal structure of a triple-domain fragment, R7R8R9, which contains R9 and the RIAM (Rap1-interacting adaptor molecule) binding domain (R8). The structure reveals a crystallographic contact between R9 and a symmetrically related R8 domain, representing a homodimeric interaction in talin. Strikingly, we demonstrated that the α5 helix of R9 also interacts with the F3 domain, despite no interdomain contact involving the α5 helix in the crystal structure of an F2F3:R9 autoinhibitory complex reported previously. Mutations on the α5 helix significantly diminish the F3:R9 association and lead to elevated talin activity. Our results offer biochemical and functional evidence of the existence of a new talin autoinhibitory configuration, thus providing a more comprehensive understanding of talin autoinhibition, regulation, and quaternary structure assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Yu-Chung Chang
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | | | - Mark L Brennan
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Jinhua Wu
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA.
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Santio NM, Salmela M, Arola H, Eerola SK, Heino J, Rainio EM, Koskinen PJ. The PIM1 kinase promotes prostate cancer cell migration and adhesion via multiple signalling pathways. Exp Cell Res 2016; 342:113-24. [PMID: 26934497 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The ability of cells to migrate and form metastases is one of the fatal hallmarks of cancer that can be conquered only with better understanding of the molecules and regulatory mechanisms involved. The oncogenic PIM kinases have been shown to support cancer cell survival and motility, but the PIM-regulated pathways stimulating cell migration and invasion are less well characterized than those affecting cell survival. Here we have identified the glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3B) and the forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) transcription factor as direct PIM targets, whose tumour-suppressive effects in prostate cancer cells are inhibited by PIM-induced phosphorylation, resulting in increased cell migration. Targeting GSK3B is also essential for the observed PIM-enhanced expression of the prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2), which is an important regulator of both cell migration and adhesion. Accordingly, selective inhibition of PIM activity not only reduces cell migration, but also affects integrin-mediated cell adhesion. Taken together, these data provide novel mechanistic insights on how and why patients with metastatic prostate cancer may benefit from therapies targeting PIM kinases, and how such approaches may also be applicable to inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niina M Santio
- Section of Genetics and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20500 Turku, Finland; Drug Research Doctoral Programme, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Maria Salmela
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Heidi Arola
- Section of Genetics and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Sini K Eerola
- Section of Genetics and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Jyrki Heino
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Eeva-Marja Rainio
- Section of Genetics and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Päivi J Koskinen
- Section of Genetics and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20500 Turku, Finland.
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Hussein HAM, Walker LR, Akula SM. KSHV gB associated RGD interactions promote attachment of cells by inhibiting the potential migratory signals induced by the disintegrin-like domain. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:148. [PMID: 26912031 PMCID: PMC4766674 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2173-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) glycoprotein B (gB) is not only expressed on the envelope of mature virions but also on the surfaces of cells undergoing lytic replication. Among herpesviruses, KSHV gB is the only glycoprotein known to possess the RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp) binding integrin domain critical to mediating cell attachment. Recent studies described gB to also possess a disintegrin-like domain (DLD) said to interact with non-RGD binding integrins. We wanted to decipher the roles of two individually distinct integrin binding domains (RGD versus DLD) within KSHV gB in regulating attachment of cells over cell migration. Methods We established HeLa cells expressing recombinant full length gB, gB lacking a functional RGD (gBΔR), and gB lacking a functionally intact DLD (gBΔD) on their cell surfaces. These cells were tested in wound healing assay, Transwell migration assay, and adhesion assay to monitor the ability of the RGD and DLD integrin recognition motifs in gB to mediate migration and attachment of cells. We also used soluble forms of the respective gB recombinant proteins to analyze and confirm their effect on migration and attachment of cells. The results from the above studies were authenticated by the use of imaging, and standard biochemical approaches as Western blotting and RNA silencing using small interfering RNA. Results The present report provides the following novel findings: (i) gB does not induce cell migration; (ii) RGD domain in KSHV gB is the switch that inhibits the ability of DLD to induce cellular migration thus promoting attachment of cells. Conclusions Independently, RGD interactions mediate attachment of cells while DLD interactions regulate migration of cells. However, when both RGD and DLD are functionally present in the same protein, gB, the RGD interaction-induced attachment of cells overshadows the ability of DLD mediated signaling to induce migration of cells. Furthering our understanding of the molecular mechanism of integrin engagement with RGD and DLD motifs within gB could identify promising new therapeutic avenues and research areas to explore. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-016-2173-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hosni A M Hussein
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA
| | - Lia R Walker
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA
| | - Shaw M Akula
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA.
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Pathogenesis of Type 2 Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) in Renal and Hepatic Fibrosis. J Clin Med 2015; 5:jcm5010004. [PMID: 26729181 PMCID: PMC4730129 DOI: 10.3390/jcm5010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), particularly, type 2 EMT, is important in progressive renal and hepatic fibrosis. In this process, incompletely regenerated renal epithelia lose their epithelial characteristics and gain migratory mesenchymal qualities as myofibroblasts. In hepatic fibrosis (importantly, cirrhosis), the process also occurs in injured hepatocytes and hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs), as well as ductular reaction-related bile epithelia. Interestingly, the ductular reaction contributes partly to hepatocarcinogenesis of HPCs, and further, regenerating cholangiocytes after injury may be derived from hepatic stellate cells via mesenchymal to epithelia transition, a reverse phenomenon of type 2 EMT. Possible pathogenesis of type 2 EMT and its differences between renal and hepatic fibrosis are reviewed based on our experimental data.
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60
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Novel Investigations of Flavonoids as Chemopreventive Agents for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:840542. [PMID: 26858957 PMCID: PMC4695650 DOI: 10.1155/2015/840542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We would like to highlight the application of natural products to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We will focus on the natural products known as flavonoids, which target this disease at different stages of hepatocarcinogenesis. In spite of the use of chemotherapy and radiotherapy in treating HCC, patients with HCC still face poor prognosis because of the nature of multidrug resistance and toxicity derived from chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Flavonoids can be found in many vegetables, fruits, and herbal medicines that exert their different anticancer effects via different intracellular signaling pathways and serve as antioxidants. In this review, we will discuss seven common flavonoids that exert different biological effects against HCC via different pathways.
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Shao C, Shen C, Lu E, Haydon RC, Luu HH, Athiviraham A, He TC, Lee MJ. Damage control: Harnessing prostaglandin E2 as a potential healing factor of tissue injuries. Genes Dis 2015; 2:295-298. [PMID: 26819965 PMCID: PMC4725599 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing prostaglandin E2 by knocking out its inhibitor 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PDGH) or administering a compound that inhibits 15-PDGH was recently found to improve healing in hematopoietic stem cell transplants, colitis recovery, and hepatogenesis after transection in mice. These results are suggestive of pharmacologic therapies or even genetic therapy that could improve patient outcomes, especially since the excess PGE2 and the 15-PDGH inhibitor have proven to be non-toxic. However, elevated levels of PGE2 are associated with increased risk of cancer and blood clotting problems. It would be unacceptable to treat a cancer patient with chemotherapy and replenish the hematopoietic stem cells with the help of PGE2, only to have increased expression of PGE2 and induce another cancer. Therefore, to assess the most therapeutic aspects of PGE2, it is important to consider effects that could induce disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie Shao
- The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Christine Shen
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Emily Lu
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Rex C Haydon
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Hue H Luu
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Aravind Athiviraham
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Tong-Chuan He
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Michael J Lee
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Abstract
Various clinical and epidemiologic studies show that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), including aspirin and cyclooxygenase inhibitors (COXIBs) help prevent cancer. Since eicosanoid metabolism is the main inhibitory targets of these drugs the resulting molecular and biological impact is generally accepted. As our knowledge base and technology progress we are learning that additional targets may be involved. This review attempts to summarize these new developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asad Umar
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Vernon E Steele
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David G Menter
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ernest T Hawk
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
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Amadio P, Baldassarre D, Tarantino E, Zacchi E, Gianellini S, Squellerio I, Amato M, Weksler BB, Tremoli E, Barbieri SS. Production of prostaglandin E2 induced by cigarette smoke modulates tissue factor expression and activity in endothelial cells. FASEB J 2015; 29:4001-10. [PMID: 26065856 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-268383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke (CS) increases the incidence of atherothrombosis, the release of prostaglandin (PG) E2, and the amount of tissue factor (TF). The link between PGE2 and TF, and the impact of this interaction on CS-induced thrombosis, is unknown. Plasma from active smokers showed higher concentration of PGE2, TF total antigen, and microparticle-associated TF (MP-TF) activity compared with never smokers. Similar results were obtained in mice and in mouse cardiac endothelial cells (MCECs) after treatment with aqueous CS extracts (CSEs) plus IL-1β [CSE (6.4 puffs/L)/IL-1β (2 μg/L)]. A significant correlation between PGE2 and TF total antigen or MP-TF activity were observed in both human and mouse plasma or tissue. Inhibition of PGE synthase reduced TF in vivo and in vitro and prevented the arterial thrombosis induced by CSE/IL-1β. Only PG E receptor 1 (EP1) receptor antagonists (SC51089:IC50 ∼ 1 μM, AH6809:IC50 ∼ 7.5 μM) restored the normal TF and sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) levels in MCECs before PGE2 (EC50 ∼ 2.5 mM) or CSE/IL-1β exposure. Similarly, SIRT1 activators (CAY10591: IC50 ∼ 10 μM, resveratrol: IC50 ∼ 5 μM) or prostacyclin analogs (IC50 ∼ 5 μM) prevented SIRT1 inhibition and reduced TF induced by CSE/IL-1β or by PGE2. In conclusion, PGE2 increases both TF expression and activity through the regulation of the EP1/SIRT1 pathway. These findings suggest that EP1 may represent a possible target to prevent prothrombotic states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Amadio
- *Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Centro Cardiologico Monzino, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milan, Italy; and Division of Hematology-Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Damiano Baldassarre
- *Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Centro Cardiologico Monzino, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milan, Italy; and Division of Hematology-Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Eva Tarantino
- *Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Centro Cardiologico Monzino, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milan, Italy; and Division of Hematology-Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Elena Zacchi
- *Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Centro Cardiologico Monzino, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milan, Italy; and Division of Hematology-Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sara Gianellini
- *Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Centro Cardiologico Monzino, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milan, Italy; and Division of Hematology-Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Isabella Squellerio
- *Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Centro Cardiologico Monzino, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milan, Italy; and Division of Hematology-Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mauro Amato
- *Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Centro Cardiologico Monzino, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milan, Italy; and Division of Hematology-Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Babette B Weksler
- *Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Centro Cardiologico Monzino, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milan, Italy; and Division of Hematology-Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Elena Tremoli
- *Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Centro Cardiologico Monzino, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milan, Italy; and Division of Hematology-Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Silvia S Barbieri
- *Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Centro Cardiologico Monzino, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milan, Italy; and Division of Hematology-Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
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64
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Angulo J, Cuevas P, Cuevas B, El Youssef M, Fernández A, Martínez-Salamanca E, González-Corrochano R, Giménez-Gallego G. Diacetyloxyl derivatization of the fibroblast growth factor inhibitor dobesilate enhances its anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic and anti-tumoral activities. J Transl Med 2015; 13:48. [PMID: 25638171 PMCID: PMC4318172 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0413-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dobesilate (2,5-dihydroxyphenyl sulfonate, DHPS) was recently identified as the most potent member of a family of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) inhibitors headed by gentisic acid, one of the main catabolites of aspirin. Although FGFs were first described as inducers of angiogenesis, they were soon recognized as broad spectrum mitogens. Furthermore, in the last decade these proteins have been shown to participate directly in the onset of inflammation, and their potential angiogenic activity often contributes to the inflammatory process in vivo. The aim of this work was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic and anti-tumoral activities of the derivative of DHPS obtained by acetoxylation of its two hydroxyl groups (2,5-diacetoxyphenyl sulfonate; DAPS). METHODS Anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic and anti-tumoral activities of DHPS and DAPS were compared using in vivo assays of dermatitis, angiogenesis and tumorigenesis. The effects of both compounds on myeloperoxidase (MPO) and cyclooxygenase (COX) activities, cytokine production and FGF-induced fibroblast proliferation were also determined. RESULTS Topical DAPS is more effective than DHPS in preventing inflammatory signs (increased vascular permeability, edema, leukocyte infiltration, MPO activation) caused by contact dermatitis induction in rat ears. DAPS, but not DHPS, effectively inhibits COX-1 and COX-2 activities. DAPS also reduces the increase in serum cytokine concentration induced by lipopolysaccharide in rats. Furthermore, DAPS displays higher in vivo efficacy than DHPS in inhibiting FGF-induced angiogenesis and heterotopic glioma progression, with demonstrated oral efficacy to combat both processes. CONCLUSIONS By inhibiting both FGF-signaling and COX-mediated prostaglandin synthesis, DAPS efficiently breaks the vicious circle created by the reciprocal induction of FGF and prostaglandins, which probably sustains undesirable inflammation in many circumstances. Our findings define the enhancement of anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic and anti-tumoral activities by diacetyloxyl derivatization of the FGF inhibitor, dobesilate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Angulo
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Pedro Cuevas
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Begoña Cuevas
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Mohammad El Youssef
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Argentina Fernández
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Eduardo Martínez-Salamanca
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Rocío González-Corrochano
- Departamento de Estructura y Función de Proteínas, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda Ramiro de Maeztu 9, ES-28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Guillermo Giménez-Gallego
- Departamento de Estructura y Función de Proteínas, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda Ramiro de Maeztu 9, ES-28040, Madrid, Spain.
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65
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Kochel TJ, Fulton AM. Multiple drug resistance-associated protein 4 (MRP4), prostaglandin transporter (PGT), and 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) as determinants of PGE2 levels in cancer. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2015; 116-117:99-103. [PMID: 25433169 PMCID: PMC4385402 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme and major lipid product, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) are elevated in many solid tumors including those of the breast and are associated with a poor prognosis. Targeting this enzyme is somewhat effective in preventing tumor progression, but is associated with cardiotoxic secondary effects when used chronically. PGE2 functions by signaling through four EP receptors (EP1-4), resulting in several different cellular responses, many of which are pro-tumorigenic, and there is growing interest in the therapeutic potential of targeting EP4 and EP2. Other members in this signaling pathway are gaining more attention. PGE2 is transported out of and into cells by two unique transport proteins. Multiple Drug Resistance-Associated Protein 4 (MRP4) and Prostaglandin Transporter (PGT) modulate PGE2 signaling by increasing or decreasing the levels of PGE2 available to cells. 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) metabolizes PGE2 and silences the pathway in this manner. The purpose of this review is to summarize the extensive data supporting the importance of the COX-2 pathway in tumor biology with a focus on more recently described pathway members and their role in modulating PGE2 signaling. This review describes evidence supporting roles for MRP4, PGT and 15-PGDH in several tumor types with an emphasis on the roles of these proteins in breast cancer. Defining the importance of these latter pathway members will be key to developing new therapeutic approaches that exploit the tumor-promoting COX-2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amy M Fulton
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA; Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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66
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Structural and mechanistic insights into the recruitment of talin by RIAM in integrin signaling. Structure 2014; 22:1810-1820. [PMID: 25465129 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2014.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Plasma membrane (PM)-bound GTPase Rap1 recruits the Rap1-interacting-adaptor-molecule (RIAM), which in turn recruits talin to bind and activate integrins. However, it is unclear how RIAM recruits talin and why its close homolog lamellipodin does not. Here, we report that, although RIAM possesses two talin-binding sites (TBS1 and TBS2), only TBS1 is capable of recruiting cytoplasmic talin to the PM, and the R8 domain is the strongest binding site in talin. Crystal structure of an R7R8:TBS1 complex reveals an unexpected kink in the TBS1 helix that is not shared in the homologous region of lamellipodin. This kinked helix conformation is required for the colocalization of RIAM and talin at the PM and proper activation of integrin. Our findings provide the structural and mechanistic insight into talin recruitment by RIAM that underlies integrin activation and explain the differential functions of the otherwise highly homologous RIAM and lamellipodin in integrin signaling.
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67
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Dey B, Bishai WR. Crosstalk between Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the host cell. Semin Immunol 2014; 26:486-96. [PMID: 25303934 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The successful establishment and maintenance of a bacterial infection depend on the pathogen's ability to subvert the host cell's defense response and successfully survive, proliferate, or persist within the infected cell. To circumvent host defense systems, bacterial pathogens produce a variety of virulence factors that potentiate bacterial adherence and invasion and usurp host cell signaling cascades that regulate intracellular microbial survival and trafficking. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, probably one of the most successful pathogens on earth, has coexisted with humanity for centuries, and this intimate and persistent connection between these two organisms suggests that the pathogen has evolved extensive mechanisms to evade the human immune system at multiple levels. While some of these mechanisms are mediated by factors released by M. tuberculosis, others rely on host components that are hijacked to prevent the generation of an effective immune response thus benefiting the survival of M. tuberculosis within the host cell. Here, we describe several of these mechanisms, with an emphasis on the cyclic nucleotide signaling and subversion of host responses that occur at the intracellular level when tubercle bacilli encounter macrophages, a cell that becomes a safe-house for M. tuberculosis although it is specialized to kill most microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bappaditya Dey
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - William R Bishai
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
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68
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Cao X, Kong CM, Mathi KM, Lim YP, Cacheux-Rataboul V, Wang X. The use of transformed IMR90 cell model to identify the potential extra-telomeric effects of hTERT in cell migration and DNA damage response. BMC BIOCHEMISTRY 2014; 15:17. [PMID: 25098897 PMCID: PMC4126993 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2091-15-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), the catalytic subunit of telomesase, is responsible for telomere maintenance and its reactivation is implicated in almost 90% human cancers. Recent evidences show that hTERT is essential for neoplastic transformation independent of its canonical function. However, the roles of hTERT in the process remain elusive. In the current work, we explore the extra-telomeric role of hTERT in the neoplastic transformation of fibroblast IMR90. RESULTS Here we established transformed IMR90 cells by co-expression of three oncogenic factors, namely, H-Ras, SV40 Large-T antigen and hTERT (RSH). The RSH-transformed cells acquired hallmarks of cancer, such as they can grow under anchorage independent conditions; self-sufficient in growth signals; attenuated response to apoptosis; and possessed recurrent chromosomal abnormalities. Furthermore, the RSH-transformed cells showed enhanced migration capability which was also observed in IMR90 cells expressing hTERT alone, indicating that hTERT plays a role in cell migration, and thus possibly contribute to their metastatic potential during tumor transformation. This notion was further supported by our microarray analysis. In addition, we found that Ku70 were exclusively upregulated in both RSH-transformed IMR90 cells and hTERT-overexpressing IMR90 cells, suggesting the potential role of hTERT in DNA damage response (DDR). CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our study revealed the extra-telomeric effects of hTERT in cell migration and DDR during neoplastic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Xueying Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Block MD4, Level 1, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117545, Singapore.
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69
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Abstract
The PGE2 pathway is important in inflammation-driven diseases and specific targeting of the inducible mPGES-1 is warranted due to the cardiovascular problems associated with the long-term use of COX-2 inhibitors. This review focuses on patents issued on methods of measuring mPGES-1 activity, on drugs targeting mPGES-1 and on other modulators of free extracellular PGE2 concentration. Perspectives and conclusions regarding the status of these drugs are also presented. Importantly, no selective inhibitors targeting mPGES-1 have been identified and, despite the high number of published patents, none of these drugs have yet made it to clinical trials.
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70
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Guda K, Fink SP, Milne GL, Molyneaux N, Ravi L, Lewis SM, Dannenberg AJ, Montgomery CG, Zhang S, Willis J, Wiesner GL, Markowitz SD. Inactivating mutation in the prostaglandin transporter gene, SLCO2A1, associated with familial digital clubbing, colon neoplasia, and NSAID resistance. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2014; 7:805-12. [PMID: 24838973 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-14-0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
HPGDand SLCO2A1 genes encode components of the prostaglandin catabolic pathway, with HPGD encoding the degradative enzyme 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH), and SLCO2A1 encoding the prostaglandin transporter PGT that brings substrate to 15-PGDH. HPGD-null mice show increased prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), marked susceptibility to developing colon tumors, and resistance to colon tumor prevention by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID). But in humans, HPGD and SLCO2A1 mutations have only been associated with familial digital clubbing. We, here, characterize a family with digital clubbing and early-onset colon neoplasia. Whole-exome sequencing identified a heterozygous nonsense mutation (G104X) in the SLCO2A1 gene segregating in 3 males with digital clubbing. Two of these males further demonstrated notably early-onset colon neoplasia, 1 with an early-onset colon cancer and another with an early-onset sessile serrated colon adenoma. Two females also carried the mutation, and both these women developed sessile serrated colon adenomas without any digital clubbing. Males with clubbing also showed marked elevations in the levels of urinary prostaglandin E2 metabolite, PGE-M, whereas, female mutation carriers were in the normal range. Furthermore, in the male proband, urinary PGE-M remained markedly elevated during NSAID treatment with either celecoxib or sulindac. Thus, in this human kindred, a null SLCO2A1 allele mimics the phenotype of the related HPGD-null mouse, with increased prostaglandin levels that cannot be normalized by NSAID therapy, plus with increased colon neoplasia. The development of early-onset colon neoplasia in male and female human SLCO2A1 mutation carriers suggests that disordered prostaglandin catabolism can mediate inherited susceptibility to colon neoplasia in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishore Guda
- Division of General Medical Sciences-Oncology, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Andrew J Dannenberg
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York; and
| | - Courtney G Montgomery
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | | | - Joseph Willis
- Pathology, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine; University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Georgia L Wiesner
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Sanford D Markowitz
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Departments of Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine; University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio;
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71
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Escuin-Ordinas H, Atefi M, Fu Y, Cass A, Ng C, Huang RR, Yashar S, Comin-Anduix B, Avramis E, Cochran AJ, Marais R, Lo RS, Graeber TG, Herschman HR, Ribas A. COX-2 inhibition prevents the appearance of cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas accelerated by BRAF inhibitors. Mol Oncol 2014; 8:250-60. [PMID: 24345644 PMCID: PMC3943738 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratoacanthomas (KAs) and cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (cuSCCs) develop in 15-30% of patients with BRAF(V600E) metastatic melanoma treated with BRAF inhibitors (BRAFi). These lesions resemble mouse skin tumors induced by the two-stage DMBA/TPA skin carcinogenesis protocol; in this protocol BRAFi accelerates tumor induction. Since prior studies demonstrated cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) is necessary for DMBA/TPA tumor induction, we hypothesized that COX-2 inhibition might prevent BRAFi-accelerated skin tumors. Celecoxib, a COX-2 inhibitor, significantly delayed tumor acceleration by the BRAFi inhibitor PLX7420 and decreased tumor number by 90%. Tumor gene expression profiling demonstrated that celecoxib partially reversed the PLX4720-induced gene signature. In PDV cuSCC cells, vemurafenib (a clinically approved BRAFi) increased ERK phosphorylation and soft agar colony formation; both responses were greatly decreased by celecoxib. In clinical trials trametinib, a MEK inhibitor (MEKi) increases BRAFi therapy efficacy in BRAF(V600E) melanomas and reduces BRAFi-induced KA and cuSCC frequency. Trametinib also reduced vemurafenib-induced PDV soft agar colonies, but less efficiently than celecoxib. The trametinb/celecoxib combination was more effective than either inhibitor alone. In conclusion, celecoxib suppressed both BRAFi-accelerated skin tumors and soft-agar colonies, warranting its testing as a chemopreventive agent for non-melanoma skin lesions in patients treated with BRAFi alone or in combination with MEKi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Escuin-Ordinas
- Department of Medicine (Division of Hematology-Oncology), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mohammad Atefi
- Department of Medicine (Division of Hematology-Oncology), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yong Fu
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ashley Cass
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Charles Ng
- Department of Medicine (Division of Hematology-Oncology), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rong Rong Huang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sharona Yashar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Begonya Comin-Anduix
- Department of Surgery (Division of Surgical-Oncology), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Earl Avramis
- Department of Surgery (Division of Surgical-Oncology), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alistair J Cochran
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Roger S Lo
- Department of Medicine (Division of Dermatology), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Thomas G Graeber
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Harvey R Herschman
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Antoni Ribas
- Department of Medicine (Division of Hematology-Oncology), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Surgery (Division of Surgical-Oncology), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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72
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Le C, Karnezis T, Achen MG, Stacker S, Sloan E. Lymphovascular and neural regulation of metastasis: shared tumour signalling pathways and novel therapeutic approaches. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2013; 27:409-25. [PMID: 24267548 PMCID: PMC4007214 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpa.2013.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The progression of cancer is supported by a wide variety of non-neoplastic cell types which make up the tumour stroma, including immune cells, endothelial cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts and nerve fibres. These host cells contribute molecular signals that enhance primary tumour growth and provide physical avenues for metastatic dissemination. This article provides an overview of the role of blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerve fibres in the tumour microenvironment and highlights the interconnected molecular signalling pathways that control their development and activation in cancer. Further, this article highlights the known pharmacological agents which target these pathways and discusses the potential therapeutic uses of drugs that target angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis and stress-response pathways in the different stages of cancer care.
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Affiliation(s)
- C.P. Le
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - T. Karnezis
- Tumour Angiogenesis Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - M. G. Achen
- Tumour Angiogenesis Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Department of Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - S.A. Stacker
- Tumour Angiogenesis Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Department of Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - E.K. Sloan
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Cancer Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia
- Cousins Center for PNI, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA AIDS Institute and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, USA
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73
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Wang X, Wang L, Wan M, Wu X, Yu Y, Wang L. Fully phosphorothioate-modified CpG ODN with PolyG motif inhibits the adhesion of B16 melanoma cells in vitro and tumorigenesis in vivo. Nucleic Acid Ther 2013; 23:253-63. [PMID: 23848522 PMCID: PMC3723239 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2013.0419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Adhesion to the extracellular matrix and endothelial lining of blood vessels is critical for tumor cells to grow at original or metastatic sites. Inhibition of tumor cell adhesion can be an antitumor strategy. Guanosine-rich (G-rich) oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) can inhibit the adhesion of certain tumor cells. However, no data exist on how inclusion of the CpG motif in the G-rich sequence influences tumor cell adhesion and subsequent tumorigenesis. In this study, in vitro and in vivo assays were used to evaluate how a panel of ODN-containing contiguous guanosines and the CpG motif influenced adhesion of B16 melanoma cells. The results showed that a self-designed ODN, named BW001, containing the polyG motif and a full phosphorothioate modification backbone could inhibit B16 melanoma cell adhesion on a culture plate or on a plate coated with various substances. In vivo data revealed that B16 melanoma cells co-administered with BW001 and intraperitoneally injected into mice formed fewer tumor colonies in peritoneal cavities. This effect was related to the polyG motif and the full phosphorothioate modification backbone and enhanced by the existence of the CpG motif. Additional in vivo data showed that survival of tumor-bearing mice in the BW001 group was significantly prolonged, subcutaneous melanoma developed much more slowly, and lung dissemination colonies formed much less often than in mice inoculated with B16 melanoma cells only. The effect was CpG motif-dependent. These results suggest that BW001 may exert an integrated antitumor effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueju Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Department of Pathology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Liying Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Department of Pathology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Min Wan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiuli Wu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yongli Yu
- Department of Immunology, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Liping Wang
- Department of Pathology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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74
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Suram S, Silveira LJ, Mahaffey S, Brown GD, Bonventre JV, Williams DL, Gow NAR, Bratton DL, Murphy RC, Leslie CC. Cytosolic phospholipase A(2)α and eicosanoids regulate expression of genes in macrophages involved in host defense and inflammation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69002. [PMID: 23950842 PMCID: PMC3742295 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of Group IVA cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2α)
activation in regulating macrophage transcriptional responses to
Candida
albicans infection was investigated.
cPLA2α releases arachidonic acid for the production of
eicosanoids. In mouse resident peritoneal macrophages, prostacyclin,
prostaglandin E2 and leukotriene C4 were produced within
minutes of C.
albicans addition before cyclooxygenase 2
expression. The production of TNFα was lower in C.
albicans-stimulated cPLA2α+/+
than cPLA2α-/- macrophages due to an autocrine effect of
prostaglandins that increased cAMP to a greater extent in
cPLA2α+/+ than cPLA2α-/-
macrophages. For global insight, differential gene expression in
C.
albicans-stimulated
cPLA2α+/+ and cPLA2α-/-
macrophages (3 h) was compared by microarray. cPLA2α+/+
macrophages expressed 86 genes at lower levels and 181 genes at higher levels
than cPLA2α-/- macrophages (≥2-fold, p<0.05). Several
pro-inflammatory genes were expressed at lower levels (Tnfα,
Cx3cl1, Cd40, Ccl5,
Csf1, Edn1, CxCr7, Irf1,
Irf4, Akna, Ifnγ, several IFNγ-inducible
GTPases). Genes that dampen inflammation (Socs3,
Il10, Crem, Stat3,
Thbd, Thbs1, Abca1) and
genes involved in host defense (Gja1, Csf3,
Trem1, Hdc) were expressed at higher
levels in cPLA2α+/+ macrophages. Representative genes
expressed lower in cPLA2α+/+ macrophages (Tnfα,
Csf1) were increased by treatment with a prostacyclin receptor
antagonist and protein kinase A inhibitor, whereas genes expressed at higher
levels (Crem, Nr4a2, Il10,
Csf3) were suppressed. The results suggest that
C.
albicans stimulates an autocrine loop in
macrophages involving cPLA2α, cyclooxygenase 1-derived prostaglandins
and increased cAMP that globally effects expression of genes involved in host
defense and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saritha Suram
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado,
United States of America
| | - Lori J. Silveira
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, National Jewish Health,
Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Spencer Mahaffey
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado,
United States of America
| | - Gordon D. Brown
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United
Kingdom
| | - Joseph V. Bonventre
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,
United States of America
| | - David L. Williams
- Department of Surgery, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, Johnson
City, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Neil A. R. Gow
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United
Kingdom
| | - Donna L. Bratton
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado,
United States of America
| | - Robert C. Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora,
Colorado, United States of America
| | - Christina C. Leslie
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado,
United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora,
Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado,
United States of America
- * E-mail:
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75
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Abstract
Live imaging of the interactions between oncogene-transformed cells and leukocytes in zebrafish reveals that PGE(2) promotes the survival and proliferation of cancer cells. Non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs, like aspirin, are the effective inhibitors of PGE(2) production and could be used with other anti-tumor agents in the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Mione
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany.
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76
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Yang Y, Tang LQ, Wei W. Prostanoids receptors signaling in different diseases/cancers progression. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2013; 33:14-27. [DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2012.752003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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77
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Ma J, Chen M, Xia SK, Shu W, Guo Y, Wang YH, Xu Y, Bai XM, Zhang L, Zhang H, Zhang M, Wang YP, Leng J. Prostaglandin E2 promotes liver cancer cell growth by the upregulation of FUSE-binding protein 1 expression. Int J Oncol 2013; 42:1093-104. [PMID: 23338277 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.1782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer is a common human cancer with a high mortality rate and currently there is no effective chemoprevention or systematic treatment. Recent evidence suggests that prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) plays an important role in the occurrence and development of liver cancer. However, the mechanisms through which PGE(2) promotes liver cancer cell growth are not yet fully understood. It has been reported that the increased expression of FUSE-binding protein 1 (FBP1) significantly induces the proliferation of liver cancer cells. In this study, we report that PGE(2) promotes liver cancer cell growth by the upregulation of FBP1 protein expression. Treatment with PGE2 and the E prostanoid 3 (EP3) receptor agonist, sulprostone, resulted in the time-dependent increase in FBP1 protein expression; sulprostone increased the viability of the liver cancer cells. The protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor, H89, and the adenylate cyclase (AC) inhibitor, SQ22536, inhibited the cell viability accelerated by sulprostone. By contrast, the Gi subunit inhibitor, pertussis toxin (PTX), exhibited no significant effect. Treatment with PGE(2) and sulprostone caused a decrease in JTV1 protein expression, blocked the binding of JTV1 with FBP1, which served as a mechanism for FBP1 degradation, leading to the decreased ubiquitination of FBP1 and the increase in FBP1 protein expression. Furthermore, H89 and SQ22536 prevented the above effects of JTV1 and FBP1 induced by PGE(2) and sulprostone. These findings indicate that the EP3 receptor activated by PGE(2) may couple to Gs protein and activate cyclic AMP (cAMP)-PKA, downregulating the levels of JTV1 protein, consequently inhibiting the ubiquitination of FBP1 and increasing FBP1 protein expression, thus promoting liver cancer cell growth. These observations provide new insights into the mechanisms through which PGE(2) promotes cancer cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ma
- Cancer Center, Department of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, P.R. China
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78
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Han YF, Cao GW. Role of nuclear receptor NR4A2 in gastrointestinal inflammation and cancers. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:6865-73. [PMID: 23322982 PMCID: PMC3531668 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i47.6865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
NR4A2 is a transcription factor belonging to the steroid orphan nuclear receptor superfamily. It was originally considered to be essential in the generation and maintenance of dopaminergic neurons, and associated with neurological disorders such as Parkinson’s disease. Recently, NR4A2 has been found to play a critical role in some inflammatory diseases and cancer. NR4A2 can be efficiently trans-activated by some proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway serves as a principal regulator of inducible NR4A expression in immune cells. NR4A2 can trans-activate Foxp3, a hallmark specifically expressed in regulatory T (Treg) cells, and plays a critical role in the differentiation, maintenance, and function of Treg cells. NR4A2 in T lymphocytes is pivotal for Treg cell induction and suppression of aberrant induction of Th1 under physiological and pathological conditions. High density of Foxp3+ Treg cells is significantly associated with gastrointestinal inflammation, tumor immune escape, and disease progression. NR4A2 is produced at high levels in CD133+ colorectal carcinoma (CRC) cells and significantly upregulated by cyclooxygenase-2-derived prostaglandin E2 in a cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)/protein kinase A (PKA)-dependent manner in CRC cells. The cAMP/PKA signaling pathway is the common pathway of NR4A2-related inflammation and cancer. NR4A2 trans-activates osteopontin, a direct target of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway associated with CRC invasion, metastasis, and poor prognosis. Knockdown of endogenous NR4A2 expression attenuates VEGF-induced endothelial cell proliferation, migration and in vivo angiogenesis. Taken together, NR4A2 emerges as an important nuclear factor linking gastrointestinal inflammation and cancer, especially CRC, and should serve as a candidate therapeutic target for inflammation-related gastrointestinal cancer.
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79
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Gomes RN, Colquhoun A. E series prostaglandins alter the proliferative, apoptotic and migratory properties of T98G human glioma cells in vitro. Lipids Health Dis 2012; 11:171. [PMID: 23231886 PMCID: PMC3547780 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-11-171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In many types of cancer, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is associated with tumour related processes including proliferation, migration, angiogenesis and apoptosis. However in gliomas the role of this prostanoid is poorly understood. Here, we report on the proliferative, migratory, and apoptotic effects of PGE1, PGE2 and Ibuprofen (IBP) observed in the T98G human glioma cell line in vitro. Methods T98G human glioma cells were treated with IBP, PGE1 or PGE2 at varying concentrations for 24–72 hours. Cell proliferation, mitotic index and apoptotic index were determined for each treatment. Caspase-9 and caspase-3 activity was measured using fluorescent probes in live cells (FITC-LEHD-FMK and FITC-DEVD-FMK respectively). The migratory capacity of the cells was quantified using a scratch migration assay and a transwell migration assay. Results A significant decrease was seen in cell number (54%) in the presence of 50 μM IBP. Mitotic index and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation were also decreased 57% and 65%, respectively, by IBP. The apoptotic index was increased (167%) and the in situ activity of caspase-9 and caspase-3 was evident in IBP treated cells. The inhibition of COX activity by IBP also caused a significant inhibition of cell migration in the monolayer scratch assay (74%) and the transwell migration assay (36%). In contrast, the presence of exogenous PGE1 or PGE2 caused significant increases in cell number (37% PGE1 and 45% PGE2). When mitotic index was measured no change was found for either PG treatment. However, the BrdU incorporation rate was significantly increased by PGE1 (62%) and to a greater extent by PGE2 (100%). The apoptotic index was unchanged by exogenous PGs. The addition of exogenous PGs caused an increase in cell migration in the monolayer scratch assay (43% PGE1 and 44% PGE2) and the transwell migration assay (28% PGE1 and 68% PGE2). Conclusions The present study demonstrated that treatments which alter PGE1 and PGE2 metabolism influence the proliferative and apoptotic indices of T98G glioma cells. The migratory capacity of the cells was also significantly affected by the change in prostaglandin metabolism. Modifying PG metabolism remains an interesting target for future studies in gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata N Gomes
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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80
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Karnezis T, Shayan R, Fox S, Achen MG, Stacker SA. The connection between lymphangiogenic signalling and prostaglandin biology: a missing link in the metastatic pathway. Oncotarget 2012; 3:893-906. [PMID: 23097685 PMCID: PMC3478465 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Substantial evidence supports important independent roles for lymphangiogenic growth factor signaling and prostaglandins in the metastatic spread of cancer. The significance of the lymphangiogenic growth factors, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C and VEGF-D, is well established in animal models of metastasis, and a strong correlation exits between an increase in expression of VEGF-C and VEGF-D, and metastatic spread in various solid human cancers. Similarly, key enzymes that control the production of prostaglandins, cyclooxygenases (COX-1 and COX-2, prototypic targets of Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)), are frequently over-expressed or de-regulated in the progression of cancer. Recent data have suggested an intersection of lymphangiogenic growth factor signaling and the prostaglandin pathways in the control of metastatic spread via the lymphatic vasculature. Furthermore, this correlates with current clinical data showing that some NSAIDs enhance the survival of cancer patients through reducing metastasis. Here, we discuss the potential biochemical and cellular basis for such anti-cancer effects of NSAIDs through the prostaglandin and VEGF signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Karnezis
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Locked Bag 1, A'Beckett Street, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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