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McCormick SM, Gowda N, Fang JX, Heller NM. Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling (SOCS)1 Regulates Interleukin-4 (IL-4)-activated Insulin Receptor Substrate (IRS)-2 Tyrosine Phosphorylation in Monocytes and Macrophages via the Proteasome. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:20574-87. [PMID: 27507812 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.746164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic asthma is a chronic lung disease initiated and driven by Th2 cytokines IL-4/-13. In macrophages, IL-4/-13 bind IL-4 receptors, which signal through insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-2, inducing M2 macrophage differentiation. M2 macrophages correlate with disease severity and poor lung function, although the mechanisms that regulate M2 polarization are not understood. Following IL-4 exposure, suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)1 is highly induced in human monocytes. We found that siRNA knockdown of SOCS1 prolonged IRS-2 tyrosine phosphorylation and enhanced M2 differentiation, although siRNA knockdown of SOCS3 did not affect either. By co-immunoprecipitation, we found that SOCS1 complexes with IRS-2 at baseline, and this association increased after IL-4 stimulation. Because SOCS1 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase, we examined the effect of proteasome inhibitors on IL-4-induced IRS-2 phosphorylation. Proteasomal inhibition prolonged IRS-2 tyrosine phosphorylation, increased ubiquitination of IRS-2, and enhanced M2 gene expression. siRNA knockdown of SOCS1 inhibited ubiquitin accumulation on IRS-2, although siRNA knockdown of SOCS3 had no effect on ubiquitination of IRS-2. Monocytes from healthy and allergic individuals revealed that SOCS1 is induced by IL-4 in healthy monocytes but not allergic cells, whereas SOCS3 is highly induced in allergic monocytes. Healthy monocytes displayed greater ubiquitination of IRS-2 and lower M2 polarization than allergic monocytes in response to IL-4 stimulation. Here, we identify SOCS1 as a key negative regulator of IL-4-induced IRS-2 signaling and M2 differentiation. Our findings provide novel insight into how dysregulated expression of SOCS increases IL-4 responses in allergic monocytes, and this may represent a new therapeutic avenue for managing allergic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M McCormick
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine and
| | - Nagaraj Gowda
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine and
| | - Jessie X Fang
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine and
| | - Nicola M Heller
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine and Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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Abstract
Lung macrophages link innate and adaptive immune responses during allergic airway inflammatory responses. Alveolar macrophages (AMs) and interstitial macrophages are two different phenotypes that differentially exert immunological function under physiological and pathological conditions. Exposure to pathogen induces polarization of AM cells into classically activated macrophages (M1 cells) and alternatively activated macrophages (M2 cells). M1 cells dominantly express proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-1 β and induce lung inflammation and tissue damage. M2 cells are further divided into M2a and M2c subsets. M2a cells dominantly produce allergic cytokines IL-4 and IL-13, but M2c cells dominantly produce anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. M2a and M2c cells are differently involved in initiation, inflammation resolution, and tissue remodeling in the different stages of asthma. Microenvironment dynamically influences polarization of AM cells. Cytokines, chemokines, and immune-regulatory cells interplay and affect the balance between the polarization of M1 and M2 cells, subsequently influencing disease progression. Thus, modulation of AM phenotypes through molecular intervention has therapeutic potential in the treatment of asthma and other allergic inflammatory diseases. This review updated recent advances in polarization and functional specialization of these macrophage subtypes with emphasis on modulation of polarization of M2 cells in asthma of human subjects and animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilong Jiang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhu
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Wei Z, Yan L, Chen Y, Bao C, Deng J, Deng J. Mangiferin inhibits macrophage classical activation via downregulating interferon regulatory factor 5 expression. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:1091-8. [PMID: 27277156 PMCID: PMC4940072 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mangiferin is a natural polyphenol and the predominant effective component of Mangifera indica Linn. leaves. For hundreds of years, Mangifera indica Linn. leaf has been used as an ingredient in numerous traditional Chinese medicine preparations for the treatment of bronchitis. However, the pharmacological mechanism of mangiferin in the treatment of bronchitis remains to be elucidated. Macrophage classical activation is important role in the process of bronchial airway inflammation, and interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) has been identified as a key regulatory factor for macrophage classical activation. The present study used the THP-1 human monocyte cell line to investigate whether mangiferin inhibits macrophage classical activation via suppressing IRF5 expression in vitro. THP-1 cells were differentiated to macrophages by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. Macrophages were polarized to M1 macrophages following stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/interferon-γ (IFN-γ). Flow cytometric analysis was conducted to detect the M1 macrophages. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to investigate cellular IRF5 gene expression. Levels of proinflammatory cytokines and IRF5 were assessed following cell culture and cellular homogenization using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. IRF5 protein and nuclei co-localization was performed in macrophages with laser scanning confocal microscope immunofluorescence analysis. The results of the present study demonstrated that mangiferin significantly inhibits LPS/IFN-γ stimulation-induced classical activation of macrophages in vitro and markedly decreases proinflammatory cytokine release. In addition, cellular IRF5 expression was markedly downregulated. These results suggest that the inhibitory effect of mangiferin on classical activation of macrophages may be exerted via downregulation of cellular IRF5 expression levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiquan Wei
- Guangxi Scientific Experimental Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530001, P.R. China
| | - Li Yan
- Laboratory of Basis and Application Research of Zhuang Medicine Formulas, Zhuang Medicine College, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530001, P.R. China
| | - Yixin Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamics Studies of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530001, P.R. China
| | - Chuanhong Bao
- Department of Pharmacy, Ruikang Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530012, P.R. China
| | - Jing Deng
- Dana‑Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jiagang Deng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamics Studies of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530001, P.R. China
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He M, Ichinose T, Yoshida S, Takano H, Nishikawa M, Shibamoto T, Sun G. Exposure to bisphenol A enhanced lung eosinophilia in adult male mice. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol 2016; 12:16. [PMID: 27087817 PMCID: PMC4832452 DOI: 10.1186/s13223-016-0122-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bisphenol A (BPA) is useful in many manufacturing processes and is also found in commonly used consumer products. Previous experimental studies have reported that perinatal exposure to BPA promotes the development of allergic lung inflammation in childhood and even into adulthood. In this study, the effects of BPA on allergic lung inflammation in adults were investigated in murine lungs. Methods CD-1 mice were orally administrated with 1 mg of BPA/mouse four times at one-week intervals with or without ovalbumin (OVA). The pathologic changes in the airways, cytological alterations in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), levels of inflammatory cytokines/chemokines in BALF, and OVA-specific IgE and IgG1 antibodies in serum were measured in the treated CD-1 mice. In vitro study using RAW264.7 cells, which are macrophage-like cells derived from BALB/c male mice, was conducted. The gene expression of cytokines and chemokines were measured. Results BPA enhanced eosinophil recruitment induced by OVA in the alveoli and in the submucosa of the airway, which has a goblet cell proliferation in the bronchial epithelium. BPA increased Th2 cytokines-interleukin-13 (IL-13), eosinophil-relevant cytokines and chemokines, such as IL-5, and CCL2 induced by OVA, in BALF. BPA induced adjuvant effects on OVA-specific IgG1 production. In the in vitro study using RAW264.7 cells, BPA increased the mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-6, CCL2 and CCL3 compared with the control and OVA groups. Conclusions These results suggest that (1) the exposure of BPA could synergize with an OVA challenge to aggravate the severity of lung eosinophilia in adult mice, possibly by promoting a Th2-biased immune response and (2) the activation of macrophages and inflammatory cytokines released from these cells by BPA could be participating in this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao He
- Environment and Non-communicable Disease Research Center, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122 China
| | - Takamichi Ichinose
- Department of Health Sciences, Oita University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Oita, 870-1201 Japan
| | - Seiichi Yoshida
- Department of Health Sciences, Oita University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Oita, 870-1201 Japan
| | - Hirohisa Takano
- Environmental Health Division, Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 615-8530 Japan
| | - Masataka Nishikawa
- Environmental Chemistry Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Ibaraki, 305-8506 Japan
| | - Takayuki Shibamoto
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Guifan Sun
- Environment and Non-communicable Disease Research Center, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122 China
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Draijer C, Boorsma CE, Reker-Smit C, Post E, Poelstra K, Melgert BN. PGE2-treated macrophages inhibit development of allergic lung inflammation in mice. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 100:95-102. [PMID: 26931576 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3mab1115-505r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In healthy lungs, many macrophages are characterized by IL-10 production, and few are characterized by expression of IFN regulatory factor 5 (formerly M1) or YM1 and/or CD206 (formerly M2), whereas in asthma, this balance shifts toward few producing IL-10 and many expressing IFN regulatory factor 5 or YM1/CD206. In this study, we tested whether redressing the balance by reinstating IL-10 production could prevent house dust mite-induced allergic lung inflammation. PGE2 was found to be the best inducer of IL-10 in macrophages in vitro. Mice were then sensitized and challenged to house dust mites during a 2 wk protocol while treated with PGE2 in different ways. Lung inflammation was assessed 3 d after the last house dust mite challenge. House dust mite-exposed mice treated with free PGE2 had fewer infiltrating eosinophils in lungs and lower YM1 serum levels than vehicle-treated mice. Macrophage-specific delivery of PGE2 did not affect lung inflammation. Adoptive transfer of PGE2-treated macrophages led to fewer infiltrating eosinophils, macrophages, (activated) CD4(+), and regulatory T lymphocytes in lungs. Our study shows that the redirection of macrophage polarization by using PGE2 inhibits development of allergic lung inflammation. This beneficial effect of macrophage repolarization is a novel avenue to explore for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Draijer
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology, and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, The Netherlands and Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Carian E Boorsma
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology, and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, The Netherlands and Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Catharina Reker-Smit
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology, and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, The Netherlands and
| | - Eduard Post
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology, and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, The Netherlands and
| | - Klaas Poelstra
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology, and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, The Netherlands and
| | - Barbro N Melgert
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology, and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, The Netherlands and Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
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Markus MA, Napp J, Behnke T, Mitkovski M, Monecke S, Dullin C, Kilfeather S, Dressel R, Resch-Genger U, Alves F. Tracking of Inhaled Near-Infrared Fluorescent Nanoparticles in Lungs of SKH-1 Mice with Allergic Airway Inflammation. ACS NANO 2015; 9:11642-11657. [PMID: 26513457 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b04026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Molecular imaging of inflammatory lung diseases, such as asthma, has been limited to date. The recruitment of innate immune cells to the airways is central to the inflammation process. This study exploits these cells for imaging purposes within the lung, using inhaled polystyrene nanoparticles loaded with the near-infrared fluorescence dye Itrybe (Itrybe-NPs). By means of in vivo and ex vivo fluorescence reflectance imaging of an ovalbumin-based allergic airway inflammation (AAI) model in hairless SKH-1 mice, we show that subsequent to intranasal application of Itrybe-NPs, AAI lungs display fluorescence intensities significantly higher than those in lungs of control mice for at least 24 h. Ex vivo immunofluorescence analysis of lung tissue demonstrates the uptake of Itrybe-NPs predominantly by CD68(+)CD11c(+)ECF-L(+)MHCII(low) cells, identifying them as alveolar M2 macrophages in the peribronchial and alveolar areas. The in vivo results were validated by confocal microscopy, overlapping tile analysis, and flow cytometry, showing an amount of Itrybe-NP-containing macrophages in lungs of AAI mice significantly larger than that in controls. A small percentage of NP-containing cells were identified as dendritic cells. Flow cytometry of tracheobronchial lymph nodes showed that Itrybe-NPs were negligible in lung draining lymph nodes 24 h after inhalation. This imaging approach may advance preclinical monitoring of AAI in vivo over time and aid the investigation of the role that macrophages play during lung inflammation. Furthermore, it allows for tracking of inhaled nanoparticles and can hence be utilized for studies of the fate of potential new nanotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thomas Behnke
- Biophotonics Division, BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing , 12205 Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ute Resch-Genger
- Biophotonics Division, BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing , 12205 Berlin, Germany
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Diaz J, Warren L, Helfner L, Xue X, Chatterjee PK, Gupta M, Solanki MH, Esposito M, Bonagura V, Metz CN. Obesity shifts house dust mite-induced airway cellular infiltration from eosinophils to macrophages: effects of glucocorticoid treatment. Immunol Res 2015; 63:197-208. [PMID: 26476732 PMCID: PMC6035857 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-015-8717-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Although classically characterized by chronic airway inflammation with eosinophil infiltration, asthma is a complex and multifactorial condition with numerous clinical phenotypes. Epidemiological studies strongly support the link between obesity and asthma and suggest that obesity precedes and promotes asthma development, increases asthma severity, and reduces steroid responsivity. Using a house dust mite (HDM) model of airway hyperresponsiveness in C57BL/6 mice, we examined the effects of diet-induced obesity on allergic airway inflammation and its treatment with dexamethasone. When compared to lean mice treated with HDM, obese-HDM mice had reduced plasma adiponectin, an anti-inflammatory adipokine, lower eosinophil and higher macrophage infiltration into the lungs and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, increased expression of total, M1, and M2 macrophage markers in the lungs, and enhanced Th2 and non-Th2 cytokine expression in the lungs. While Th2-associated responses in obese-HDM mice were suppressed by systemic dexamethasone, several Th2-independent responses, including total and M1 macrophage markers in the lungs, and lung CXC-motif ligand 1 (CXCL1) levels, were not improved following dexamethasone treatment. Thus, HDM combined with obesity promotes mixed localized inflammatory responses (e.g., M1, M2, Th1, and Th2) and shifts the cellular infiltration from eosinophils to macrophages, which are less sensitive to dexamethasone regulation. Because obese asthmatics exhibit more severe symptoms, lack a predominance of Th2 biomarkers, and are predicted to experience more steroid resistance when compared to lean asthmatics, this model could be used to study blunted steroid responses in obese-HDM mice and to define the macrophages found in the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Diaz
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA
- The Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - L Warren
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - L Helfner
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA
- The Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - X Xue
- The Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - P K Chatterjee
- The Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - M Gupta
- The Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
- Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - M H Solanki
- The Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA
- Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - M Esposito
- Department of Pathology, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - V Bonagura
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA
- The Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
- Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - C N Metz
- The Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA.
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA.
- Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Manhasset, NY, USA.
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Keselman A, Heller N. Estrogen Signaling Modulates Allergic Inflammation and Contributes to Sex Differences in Asthma. Front Immunol 2015; 6:568. [PMID: 26635789 PMCID: PMC4644929 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic airway inflammatory disease that affects ~300 million people worldwide. It is characterized by airway constriction that leads to wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath. The most common treatments are corticosteroids and β2-adrenergic receptor antagonists, which target inflammation and airway smooth muscle constriction, respectively. The incidence and severity of asthma is greater in women than in men, and women are more prone to develop corticosteroid-resistant or “hard-to-treat” asthma. Puberty, menstruation, pregnancy, menopause, and oral contraceptives are known to contribute to disease outcome in women, suggesting a role for estrogen and other hormones impacting allergic inflammation. Currently, the mechanisms underlying these sex differences are poorly understood, although the effect of sex hormones, such as estrogen, on allergic inflammation is gaining interest. Asthma presents as a heterogeneous disease. In typical Th2-type allergic asthma, interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 predominate, driving IgE production and recruitment of eosinophils into the lungs. Chronic Th2-inflammation in the lung results in structural changes and activation of multiple immune cell types, leading to a deterioration of lung function over time. Most immune cells express estrogen receptors (ERα, ERβ, or the membrane-bound G-protein-coupled ER) to varying degrees and can respond to the hormone. Together these receptors have demonstrated the capacity to regulate a spectrum of immune functions, including adhesion, migration, survival, wound healing, and antibody and cytokine production. This review will cover the current understanding of estrogen signaling in allergic inflammation and discuss how this signaling may contribute to sex differences in asthma and allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksander Keselman
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Nicola Heller
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
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Robbe P, Draijer C, Borg TR, Luinge M, Timens W, Wouters IM, Melgert BN, Hylkema MN. Distinct macrophage phenotypes in allergic and nonallergic lung inflammation. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014; 308:L358-67. [PMID: 25502502 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00341.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic exposure to farm environments is a risk factor for nonallergic lung disease. In contrast to allergic asthma, in which type 2 helper T cell (Th2) activation is dominant, exposure to farm dust extracts (FDE) induces Th1/Th17 lung inflammation, associated with neutrophil infiltration. Macrophage influx is a common feature of both types of lung inflammation, allergic and nonallergic. However, macrophage functions and phenotypes may vary according to their polarized state, which is dependent on the cytokine environment. In this study, we aimed to characterize and quantify the lung macrophage populations in two established murine models of allergic and nonallergic lung inflammation by means of fluorescence-activated cell sorting and immunohistochemistry. We demonstrated that, whereas in allergic asthma M2-dominant macrophages predominated in the lungs, in nonallergic inflammation M1-dominant macrophages were more prevalent. This was confirmed in vitro using a macrophage cell line, where FDE exerted a direct effect on macrophages, inducing M1-dominant polarization. The polarization of macrophages diverged depending on the exposure and inflammatory status of the tissue. Interfering with this polarization could be a target for treatment of different types of lung inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Robbe
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology, Groningen, The Netherlands; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, GRIAC- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, Groningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Christina Draijer
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, GRIAC- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, Groningen, The Netherlands; University of Groningen, Department of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thiago R Borg
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology, Groningen, The Netherlands; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, GRIAC- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marjan Luinge
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology, Groningen, The Netherlands; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, GRIAC- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wim Timens
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology, Groningen, The Netherlands; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, GRIAC- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Inge M Wouters
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Division of Environmental Epidemiology, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Barbro N Melgert
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, GRIAC- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, Groningen, The Netherlands; University of Groningen, Department of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Machteld N Hylkema
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology, Groningen, The Netherlands; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, GRIAC- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Weiss M, Blazek K, Byrne AJ, Perocheau DP, Udalova IA. IRF5 is a specific marker of inflammatory macrophages in vivo. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:245804. [PMID: 24453413 PMCID: PMC3885211 DOI: 10.1155/2013/245804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Revised: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are an integral part of the innate immune system and key players in pathogen clearance and tissue remodelling. Both functions are accomplished by a pivotal network of different macrophage subtypes, including proinflammatory M1 and anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages. Previously, our laboratory identified the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) as the master regulator of the M1 macrophage polarisation. IRF5 was found to be highly expressed in human M1 compared to M2 macrophages. Furthermore, IRF5 dictates the expression of proinflammatory genes such as IL12b and IL23a whilst repressing anti-inflammatory genes like IL10. Here we show that murine bone marrow derived macrophages differentiated in vitro with GM-CSF are also characterised by high levels of IRF5 mRNA and protein and express proinflammatory cytokines upon LPS stimulation. These macrophages display characteristic expression of M1-marker MHC II but lack the M2-marker CD206. Significantly, we develop intracellular staining of IRF5- expressing macrophages and utilise it to recapitulate the in vitro results in an in vivo model of antigen-induced arthritis, emphasising their physiological relevance. Thus, we establish the species-invariant role of IRF5 in controlling the inflammatory macrophage phenotype both in vitro and in in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Weiss
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Katrina Blazek
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Adam J. Byrne
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
- Leukocyte Biology Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Dany P. Perocheau
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Irina A. Udalova
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
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Macrophage heterogeneity in respiratory diseases. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:769214. [PMID: 23533311 PMCID: PMC3600198 DOI: 10.1155/2013/769214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are among the most abundant cells in the respiratory tract, and they can have strikingly different phenotypes within this environment. Our knowledge of the different phenotypes and their functions in the lung is sketchy at best, but they appear to be linked to the protection of gas exchange against microbial threats and excessive tissue responses. Phenotypical changes of macrophages within the lung are found in many respiratory diseases including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and pulmonary fibrosis. This paper will give an overview of what macrophage phenotypes have been described, what their known functions are, what is known about their presence in the different obstructive and restrictive respiratory diseases (asthma, COPD, pulmonary fibrosis), and how they are thought to contribute to the etiology and resolution of these diseases.
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