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Increased incidence of multiple sclerosis in systemic sclerosis: A nationwide cohort study. Prev Med 2016; 84:6-11. [PMID: 26724518 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous studies showed inconsistent results on the association of systemic sclerosis (SSc) with multiple sclerosis (MS), and are limited by a lack of adjustment for sex and age. The goals of this retrospective cohort study were to evaluate whether SSc is associated with increased incident MS independent of sex and age. METHODS We enrolled patients with SSc from Taiwan's Registry of Catastrophic Illness Database and referent subjects from the National Health Insurance Research Database. Each SSc patient was matched to at most three referent subjects by sex, age, month and year of initial diagnosis of SSc. Incidence of MS in SSc patients and corresponding 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were calculated. Cox hazard regression was used to calculate the hazard ratio (HR) of MS. RESULTS The study enrolled 1171 patients with SSc and 3409 referent subjects. Patients with SSc had higher incidence of MS than referent subjects (9.35 per 1000 person-years, 95% CI=6.86-11.85; 0.13 per 1000 person-years, 95% CI=0.03-0.37, respectively). Similar results also occurred in both men and women. SSc was associated with increased incidence of MS after adjusting for sex and age (HR: 69.48, 95% CI=21.69-222.54). CONCLUSION SSc is associated with increased incidence of MS, independent of sex and age of the patients. Multidisciplinary teams should guide the assessment, treatment, and holistic care of SSc patients to reduce its morbidity.
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Parallel Aspects of the Microenvironment in Cancer and Autoimmune Disease. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:4375120. [PMID: 26997761 PMCID: PMC4779817 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4375120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer and autoimmune diseases are fundamentally different pathological conditions. In cancer, the immune response is suppressed and unable to eradicate the transformed self-cells, while in autoimmune diseases it is hyperactivated against a self-antigen, leading to tissue injury. Yet, mechanistically, similarities in the triggering of the immune responses can be observed. In this review, we highlight some parallel aspects of the microenvironment in cancer and autoimmune diseases, especially hypoxia, and the role of macrophages, neutrophils, and their interaction. Macrophages, owing to their plastic mode of activation, can generate a pro- or antitumoral microenvironment. Similarly, in autoimmune diseases, macrophages tip the Th1/Th2 balance via various effector cytokines. The contribution of neutrophils, an additional plastic innate immune cell population, to the microenvironment and disease progression is recently gaining more prominence in both cancer and autoimmune diseases, as they can secrete cytokines, chemokines, and reactive oxygen species (ROS), as well as acquire an enhanced ability to produce neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) that are now considered important initiators of autoimmune diseases. Understanding the contribution of macrophages and neutrophils to the cancerous or autoimmune microenvironment, as well as the role their interaction and cooperation play, may help identify new targets and improve therapeutic strategies.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Recent studies indicate a role for immune dysregulation in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis, an inflammatory demyelinating and degenerative disease of the central nervous system. This review addresses the current mechanisms of immune dysregulation in the development of multiple sclerosis, including the impact of environmental risk factors on immunity in both multiple sclerosis and its animal models. RECENT FINDINGS CD4 T-helper (Th) cells have long been implicated as the main drivers of pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. However, current studies indicate that multiple sclerosis is largely a heterogeneous disease process, which involves both innate and adaptive immune-mediated inflammatory mechanisms that ultimately contribute to demyelination and neurodegeneration. Therefore, B cells, CD8 T cells, and microglia/macrophages can also play an important role in the immunopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis apart from proinflammatory CD4 Th1/Th17 cell subsets. Furthermore, increasing evidence indicates that environmental risk factors, such as Vitamin D deficiency, Epstein-Barr virus, smoking, Western diet, and the commensal microbiota, influence the development of multiple sclerosis through interactions with genetic variants of multiple sclerosis, thus leading to the dysregulation of immune responses. SUMMARY A better understanding of immune-mediated mechanisms in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis and the contribution of environmental risk factors toward the development of multiple sclerosis will help further improve therapeutic approaches to prevent disease progression.
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Wei Z, Wang M, Hong M, Diao S, Liu A, Huang Y, Yu Q, Peng Z. Icariin exerts estrogen-like activity in ameliorating EAE via mediating estrogen receptor β, modulating HPA function and glucocorticoid receptor expression. Am J Transl Res 2016; 8:1910-8. [PMID: 27186315 PMCID: PMC4859920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Estrogen exerts neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects in EAE and multiple sclerosis (MS), but its clinical application is hindered due to side effects and risk of tumor. Phytoestrogen structurally or functionally mimics estrogen with fewer side effects than endogenous estrogen. Icariin (ICA), an active component of Epimedium extracts, demonstrates estrogen-like neuroprotective effects. However, it is unclear whether ICA is effective in EAE and what are the underlying mechanisms. OBJECTIVE To determine the therapeutic effects of ICA in EAE and explore the possible mechanisms. METHODS C57BL/6 EAE mice were treated with Diethylstilbestrol, different dose of ICA and mid-dose ICA combined with ICI 182780. The clinical scores and serum Interleukin-17 (IL-17), Corticosterone (CORT) concentrations were then analyzed. Western blot were performed to investigate the expressions of glucocorticoid receptor (GR), estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and ERβ in the cerebral white matter of EAE mice. RESULTS High dose ICA is equally effective in ameliorating neurological signs of EAE as estrogen. Estrogen and ICA has no effects on serum concentrations of IL-17 in EAE. While the CORT levels were decreased by ICA at mid or high doses, the expressions of GR, ERα and ERβ were up-regulated by estrogen or different doses of ICA in a dosedependent manner. Estrogen induced the elevation of ERα more markedly than ICA. In contrast, ICA at mid and high doses promoted ERβ more significantly than estrogen. CONCLUSION ICA exerts estrogen-like activity in ameliorating EAE via mediating ERβ, modulating HPA function and up-regulating the expression of GR in cerebral white matter. ICA may be a promising therapeutic option for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhisheng Wei
- Department of Neurology, School of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhou 510080, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mengxia Wang
- Intensive Care Unit, Guangdong No. 2 Provincial People’s HospitalGuangzhou 510317, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingfan Hong
- Department of Neurology, School of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhou 510080, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shengpeng Diao
- Department of Neurology, School of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhou 510080, People’s Republic of China
| | - Aiqun Liu
- Department of Neurology, School of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhou 510080, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yeqing Huang
- Department of Neurology, School of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhou 510080, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingyun Yu
- Department of Neurology, School of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhou 510080, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhongxing Peng
- Department of Neurology, School of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhou 510080, People’s Republic of China
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Ignatius Arokia Doss PM, Roy AP, Wang A, Anderson AC, Rangachari M. The Non-Obese Diabetic Mouse Strain as a Model to Study CD8(+) T Cell Function in Relapsing and Progressive Multiple Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2015; 6:541. [PMID: 26557120 PMCID: PMC4617102 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative disease resulting from an autoimmune attack on central nervous system (CNS) myelin. Although CD4+ T cell function in MS pathology has been extensively studied, there is also strong evidence that CD8+ T lymphocytes play a key role. Intriguingly, CD8+ T cells accumulate in great numbers in the CNS in progressive MS, a form of the disease that is refractory to current disease-modifying therapies that target the CD4+ T cell response. Here, we discuss the function of CD8+ T cells in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model of MS. In particular, we describe EAE in non-obese diabetic (NOD) background mice, which develop a pattern of disease characterized by multiple attacks and remissions followed by a progressively worsening phase. This is highly reminiscent of the pattern of disease observed in nearly half of MS patients. Particular attention is paid to a newly described transgenic mouse strain (1C6) on the NOD background whose CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are directed against the encephalitogenic peptide MOG[35–55]. Use of this model will give us a more complete picture of the role(s) played by distinct T cell subsets in CNS autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrée-Pascale Roy
- Department of Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval (Pavillon CHUL) , Québec, QC , Canada
| | - AiLi Wang
- Department of Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval (Pavillon CHUL) , Québec, QC , Canada
| | - Ana Carrizosa Anderson
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA ; Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Manu Rangachari
- Department of Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval (Pavillon CHUL) , Québec, QC , Canada ; Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval , Québec, QC , Canada
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Guillot F, Garcia A, Salou M, Brouard S, Laplaud DA, Nicot AB. Transcript analysis of laser capture microdissected white matter astrocytes and higher phenol sulfotransferase 1A1 expression during autoimmune neuroinflammation. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:130. [PMID: 26141738 PMCID: PMC4501186 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0348-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Astrocytes, the most abundant cell population in mammal central nervous system (CNS), contribute to a variety of functions including homeostasis, metabolism, synapse formation, and myelin maintenance. White matter (WM) reactive astrocytes are important players in amplifying autoimmune demyelination and may exhibit different changes in transcriptome profiles and cell function in a disease-context dependent manner. However, their transcriptomic profile has not yet been defined because they are difficult to purify, compared to gray matter astrocytes. Here, we isolated WM astrocytes by laser capture microdissection (LCM) in a murine model of multiple sclerosis to better define their molecular profile focusing on selected genes related to inflammation. Based on previous data indicating anti-inflammatory effects of estrogen only at high nanomolar doses, we also examined mRNA expression for enzymes involved in steroid inactivation. Methods Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) was induced in female C57BL6 mice with MOG35–55 immunization. Fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis of a portion of individual spinal cords at peak disease was used to assess the composition of immune cell infiltrates. Using custom Taqman low-density-array (TLDA), we analyzed mRNA expression of 40 selected genes from immuno-labeled laser-microdissected WM astrocytes from lumbar spinal cord sections of EAE and control mice. Immunohistochemistry and double immunofluorescence on control and EAE mouse spinal cord sections were used to confirm protein expression in astrocytes. Results The spinal cords of EAE mice were infiltrated mostly by effector/memory T CD4+ cells and macrophages. TLDA-based profiling of LCM-astrocytes identified EAE-induced gene expression of cytokines and chemokines as well as inflammatory mediators recently described in gray matter reactive astrocytes in other murine CNS disease models. Strikingly, SULT1A1, but not other members of the sulfotransferase family, was expressed in WM spinal cord astrocytes. Moreover, its expression was further increased in EAE. Immunohistochemistry on spinal cord tissues confirmed preferential expression of this enzyme in WM astrocytic processes but not in gray matter astrocytes. Conclusions We described here for the first time the mRNA expression of several genes in WM astrocytes in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Besides expected pro-inflammatory chemokines and specific inflammatory mediators increased during EAE, we evidenced relative high astrocytic expression of the cytoplasmic enzyme SULT1A1. As the sulfonation activity of SULT1A1 inactivates estradiol among other phenolic substrates, its high astrocytic expression may account for the relative resistance of this cell population to the anti-neuroinflammatory effects of estradiol. Blocking the activity of this enzyme during neuroinflammation may thus help the injured CNS to maintain the anti-inflammatory activity of endogenous estrogens or limit the dose of estrogen co-regimens for therapeutical purposes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-015-0348-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Guillot
- INSERM UMR 1064, CHU Hôtel-Dieu, 30 Bvd Jean Monnet, 44093, Nantes, France. .,Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, France.
| | - Alexandra Garcia
- INSERM UMR 1064, CHU Hôtel-Dieu, 30 Bvd Jean Monnet, 44093, Nantes, France. .,CESTI/ITUN, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France.
| | - Marion Salou
- INSERM UMR 1064, CHU Hôtel-Dieu, 30 Bvd Jean Monnet, 44093, Nantes, France. .,Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, France.
| | - Sophie Brouard
- INSERM UMR 1064, CHU Hôtel-Dieu, 30 Bvd Jean Monnet, 44093, Nantes, France. .,Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, France. .,CESTI/ITUN, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France.
| | - David A Laplaud
- INSERM UMR 1064, CHU Hôtel-Dieu, 30 Bvd Jean Monnet, 44093, Nantes, France. .,Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, France. .,Service de Neurologie, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France.
| | - Arnaud B Nicot
- INSERM UMR 1064, CHU Hôtel-Dieu, 30 Bvd Jean Monnet, 44093, Nantes, France. .,Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, France.
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Barthelmes J, de Bazo AM, Pewzner-Jung Y, Schmitz K, Mayer CA, Foerch C, Eberle M, Tafferner N, Ferreirós N, Henke M, Geisslinger G, Futerman AH, Grösch S, Schiffmann S. Lack of ceramide synthase 2 suppresses the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by impairing the migratory capacity of neutrophils. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 46:280-92. [PMID: 25697397 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ceramide synthases (CerS) synthesise ceramides of defined acyl chain lengths, which are thought to mediate cellular processes in a chain length-dependent manner. In experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS), we observed a significant elevation of CerS2 and its products, C24-ceramides, in CD11b(+) cells (monocytes and neutrophils) isolated from blood. This result correlates with the clinical finding that CerS2 mRNA expression and C24-ceramide levels were significantly increased by 2.2- and 1.5-fold, respectively, in white blood cells of MS patients. The increased CerS2 mRNA/C24-ceramide expression in neutrophils/monocytes seems to mediate pro-inflammatory effects, since a specific genetic deletion of CerS2 in blood cells or a total genetic deletion of CerS2 significantly delayed the onset of clinical symptoms, due to a reduced infiltration of immune cells, in particular neutrophils, into the central nervous system. CXCR2 chemokine receptors, expressed on neutrophils, promote the migration of neutrophils into the central nervous system, which is a prerequisite for the recruitment of further immune cells and the inflammatory process that leads to the development of MS. Interestingly, neutrophils isolated from CerS2 null EAE mice, as opposed to WT EAE mice, were characterised by significantly lower CXCR2 receptor mRNA expression resulting in their reduced migratory capacity towards CXCL2. Most importantly, G-CSF-induced CXCR2 expression was significantly reduced in CerS2 null neutrophils and their migratory capacity was significantly impaired. In conclusion, our data strongly indicate that G-CSF-induced CXCR2 expression is regulated in a CerS2-dependent manner and that CerS2 thereby promotes the migration of neutrophils, thus, contributing to inflammation and the development of EAE and MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Barthelmes
- Pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Klinische Pharmakologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Anika Männer de Bazo
- Department of Neurology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Schleusenweg 2-16, 60528 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Yael Pewzner-Jung
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Katja Schmitz
- Pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Klinische Pharmakologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Christoph A Mayer
- Department of Neurology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Schleusenweg 2-16, 60528 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Christian Foerch
- Department of Neurology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Schleusenweg 2-16, 60528 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Max Eberle
- Pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Klinische Pharmakologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Nadja Tafferner
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Project Group Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (TMP), Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Nerea Ferreirós
- Pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Klinische Pharmakologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Marina Henke
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Project Group Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (TMP), Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Gerd Geisslinger
- Pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Klinische Pharmakologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Anthony H Futerman
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Sabine Grösch
- Pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Klinische Pharmakologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Susanne Schiffmann
- Pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Klinische Pharmakologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
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Chen J, Lin M, Hrabovsky A, Pedrosa E, Dean J, Jain S, Zheng D, Lachman HM. ZNF804A Transcriptional Networks in Differentiating Neurons Derived from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells of Human Origin. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124597. [PMID: 25905630 PMCID: PMC4408091 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
ZNF804A (Zinc Finger Protein 804A) has been identified as a candidate gene for schizophrenia (SZ), autism spectrum disorders (ASD), and bipolar disorder (BD) in replicated genome wide association studies (GWAS) and by copy number variation (CNV) analysis. Although its function has not been well-characterized, ZNF804A contains a C2H2-type zinc-finger domain, suggesting that it has DNA binding properties, and consequently, a role in regulating gene expression. To further explore the role of ZNF804A on gene expression and its downstream targets, we used a gene knockdown (KD) approach to reduce its expression in neural progenitor cells (NPCs) derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). KD was accomplished by RNA interference (RNAi) using lentiviral particles containing shRNAs that target ZNF804A mRNA. Stable transduced NPC lines were generated after puromycin selection. A control cell line expressing a random (scrambled) shRNA was also generated. Neuronal differentiation was induced, RNA was harvested after 14 days and transcriptome analysis was carried out using RNA-seq. 1815 genes were found to be differentially expressed at a nominally significant level (p<0.05); 809 decreased in expression in the KD samples, while 1106 increased. Of these, 370 achieved genome wide significance (FDR<0.05); 125 were lower in the KD samples, 245 were higher. Pathway analysis showed that genes involved in interferon-signaling were enriched among those that were down-regulated in the KD samples. Correspondingly, ZNF804A KD was found to affect interferon-alpha 2 (IFNA2)-mediated gene expression. The findings suggest that ZNF804A may affect a differentiating neuron’s response to inflammatory cytokines, which is consistent with models of SZ and ASD that support a role for infectious disease, and/or autoimmunity in a subgroup of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Mingyan Lin
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Anastasia Hrabovsky
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Erika Pedrosa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Jason Dean
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Swati Jain
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Deyou Zheng
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Dominick Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DZ); (HML)
| | - Herbert M. Lachman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Dominick Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DZ); (HML)
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Analysis of chemokines and receptors expression profile in the myelin mutant taiep rat. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:397310. [PMID: 25883747 PMCID: PMC4390177 DOI: 10.1155/2015/397310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Revised: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Taiep rat has a failure in myelination and remyelination processes leading to a state of hypomyelination throughout its life. Chemokines, which are known to play a role in inflammation, are also involved in the remyelination process. We aimed to demonstrate that remyelination-stimulating factors are altered in the brainstem of 1- and 6-month-old taiep rats. We used a Rat RT2 Profiler PCR Array to assess mRNA expression of 84 genes coding for cytokines, chemokines, and their receptors. We also evaluated protein levels of CCL2, CCR1, CCR2, CCL5, CCR5, CCR8, CXCL1, CXCR2, CXCR4, FGF2, and VEGFA by ELISA. Sprague-Dawley rats were used as a control. PCR Array procedure showed that proinflammatory cytokines were not upregulated in the taiep rat. In contrast, some mRNA levels of beta and alpha chemokines were upregulated in 1-month-old rats, but CXCR4 was downregulated at their 6 months of age. ELISA results showed that CXCL1, CCL2, CCR2, CCR5, CCR8, and CXCR4 protein levels were decreased in brainstem at the age of 6 months. These results suggest the presence of a chronic neuroinflammation process with deficiency of remyelination-stimulating factors (CXCL1, CXCR2, and CXCR4), which might account for the demyelination in the taiep rat.
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Zheng Q, Yang T, Fang L, Liu L, Liu H, Zhao H, Zhao Y, Guo H, Fan Y, Wang L. Effects of Bu Shen Yi Sui Capsule on Th17/Treg cytokines in C57BL/6 mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 15:60. [PMID: 25887665 PMCID: PMC4369831 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-015-0572-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Background T helper (Th) 17 and regulatory T (Treg) cells play a critical role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) disease. Bu Shen Yi Sui Capsule (BSYSC), a traditional Chinese medicine formula, has been used clinically for the treatment of MS patients in China. Methods To evaluate the neuroprotective effects and the underlying mechanisms of BSYSC on MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model in C57BL/6 mice was induced with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) 35–55. Th17 and Treg cells and the related cytokines were detected by flow cytometry, ELISA, real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR, western blot and immunohistochemistry. Results We found that BSYSC improved neurological function, reduced inflammatory cell infiltration and damage to the axons and myelin in the brain and spinal cord. BSYSC down-regulated markedly the ratio of CD4 + IL-17+/CD4 + CD25 + FoxP3+ T cells in the spleen, decreased the cytokines of IL-17A, IL-6, IL-23, TGF-beta1 in the brain, and dropped the ratio of IL-17A and FoxP3 mRNA and protein in the brain or spinal cord at different stages. Conclusions The study demonstrated that BSYSC had a strong neuroprotective effect on EAE mice. The protective mechanisms of BSYSC might be associated with mediating the regulation of Th17/Treg cells.
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Wang M, Zhong D, Zheng Y, Li H, Chen H, Ma S, Sun Y, Yan W, Li G. Damage effect of interleukin (IL)-23 on oxygen-glucose-deprived cells of the neurovascular unit via IL-23 receptor. Neuroscience 2015; 289:406-16. [PMID: 25600958 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-23/interleukin-23 receptor (IL-23/IL-23R) has been implicated in many inflammatory diseases. Previous research mainly focused on its ability to induce IL-17 production from T cells. However, few studies have investigated its role in cerebral ischemic injury. The aim of our study was to explore the potential effect of IL-23 on cells of the neurovascular unit (NVU) under an oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) condition and the role of IL-23R in IL-23-mediated effect. OGD of primary cells of the NVU and permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) were used to produce experimental stroke in vitro and in vivo, respectively. IL-23 and IL-23R were detected by immunohistochemistry and western blot in pMCAO mice. Metabolic viability of cultured cells was assessed by MTT assay. The cell-associated proteins (Bcl-2, AQP4 and ET-1) were determined by western blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Immunofluorescence staining and western blot were used to detect the IL-23R expression. The results showed that the expression of IL-23/IL-23R was elevated in pMCAO mice. IL-23 could aggravate neuron damage, astrocyte swelling, and further impair the integrity of blood-brain barrier induced by OGD. In addition, the effect of IL-23 on cells of the NVU is mediated by IL-23R and is likely IL-23R-expression-level dependent. However, there are no such biological properties for the IL-23p19 subunit alone. Our study provides the first evidence that IL-23 has a toxic effect on cells of the NVU under OGD stress, which is mediated by IL-23R. These results not only help us better understand the role of IL-23/IL-23R in brain ischemia, but also provide a potential therapeutic target in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, 23 You Zheng Street, Harbin, 150001 Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - D Zhong
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, 23 You Zheng Street, Harbin, 150001 Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Y Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, 23 You Zheng Street, Harbin, 150001 Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - H Li
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University Provincial Key Lab of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Xuefu Road, 150081 Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - H Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, 23 You Zheng Street, Harbin, 150001 Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - S Ma
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, 23 You Zheng Street, Harbin, 150001 Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Y Sun
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, 23 You Zheng Street, Harbin, 150001 Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - W Yan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, 23 You Zheng Street, Harbin, 150001 Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - G Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, 23 You Zheng Street, Harbin, 150001 Heilongjiang, PR China.
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Wei Z, Deng X, Hong M, Su Q, Liu A, Huang Y, Yu Q, Peng Z. Icariin has synergistic effects with methylprednisolone to ameliorate EAE via modulating HPA function, promoting anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8:20188-97. [PMID: 26884931 PMCID: PMC4723776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-dose methylprednisolone (MP) is a clinically recommended therapeutic regimen for Multiple Sclerosis (MS), whereas some dreadful complications induced by it remain inevitable. Studies implied that estrogens might play neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory roles in EAE and MS and promote glucocorticoid efficacy. Icariin (ICA), a primary active component of Epimedium extracts, also possesses neuroprotective and estrogen-like effects with less adverse complication than estrogen. However, rare study focuses ICA's effects on MS or EAE. OBJECTIVE Our purpose is to determine whether ICA has synergistic effects with MP in treating EAE and explore the possible mechanisms. METHODS C57BL/6 EAE mice were received different dose of ICA combined with MP and single MP treatment. Then, the clinical scores and serum Interleukin-17 (IL-17), Corticosterone (CORT), Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) concentrations were analyzed. Western blot and Flow Cytometry were used to investigate the expression of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and cell apoptosis. RESULTS ICA has cooperative effects with MP in decreasing serum IL-17 and CORT concentrations, up-regulating the expression of GR in cerebral white matter and attenuating the cell apoptosis in spinal cord, especially high-dose ICA combined with MP. CONCLUSION ICA has synergistic effects with MP to ameliorate EAE via modulating hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) function, promoting anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects. ICA could be considered as a promising therapeutic option for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhisheng Wei
- Department of Neurology, School of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityNo. 19 Nonglinxia Road, Guangzhou 510080, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuemei Deng
- Department of Neurology, The Third Hospital of WuhanNo. 241 Peng Liuyang Road, Wuhan 430060, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingfan Hong
- Department of Neurology, School of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityNo. 19 Nonglinxia Road, Guangzhou 510080, People’s Republic of China
| | - Quanxi Su
- Department of Neurology, School of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityNo. 19 Nonglinxia Road, Guangzhou 510080, People’s Republic of China
| | - Aiqun Liu
- Department of Neurology, School of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityNo. 19 Nonglinxia Road, Guangzhou 510080, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yeqing Huang
- Department of Neurology, School of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityNo. 19 Nonglinxia Road, Guangzhou 510080, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingyun Yu
- Department of Neurology, School of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityNo. 19 Nonglinxia Road, Guangzhou 510080, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhongxing Peng
- Department of Neurology, School of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityNo. 19 Nonglinxia Road, Guangzhou 510080, People’s Republic of China
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Williams DW, Anastos K, Morgello S, Berman JW. JAM-A and ALCAM are therapeutic targets to inhibit diapedesis across the BBB of CD14+CD16+ monocytes in HIV-infected individuals. J Leukoc Biol 2014; 97:401-12. [PMID: 25420915 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.5a0714-347r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Monocyte transmigration across the BBB is a critical step in the development of cognitive deficits termed HAND that affect 40-70% of HIV-infected individuals, even with successful antiretroviral therapy. The monocyte subsets that enter the CNS during HIV infection are not fully characterized. We examined PBMC from HIV-positive individuals from 2 distinct cohorts and enumerated monocyte populations, characterized their transmigration properties across an in vitro human BBB model, and identified surface proteins critical for the entry of these cells into the CNS. We demonstrated that the frequency of peripheral blood CD14(+)CD16(+) and CD14(low)CD16(+) monocytes was increased in HIV-seropositive compared with -seronegative individuals, despite virologic control. We showed that CD14(+)CD16(+) monocytes selectively transmigrated across our BBB model as a result of their increased JAM-A and ALCAM expression. Antibody blocking of these proteins inhibited diapedesis of CD14(+)CD16(+) monocytes but not of T cells from the same HIV-infected people across the BBB. Our data indicate that JAM-A and ALCAM are therapeutic targets to decrease the entry of CD14(+)CD16(+) monocytes into the CNS of HIV-seropositive individuals, contributing to the eradication of neuroinflammation, HAND, and CNS viral reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dionna W Williams
- Departments of *Pathology, Medicine and Epidemiology and Population Health, and Microbiology and Immunology, The Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA; and Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience, and Pathology, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kathryn Anastos
- Departments of *Pathology, Medicine and Epidemiology and Population Health, and Microbiology and Immunology, The Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA; and Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience, and Pathology, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Susan Morgello
- Departments of *Pathology, Medicine and Epidemiology and Population Health, and Microbiology and Immunology, The Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA; and Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience, and Pathology, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Joan W Berman
- Departments of *Pathology, Medicine and Epidemiology and Population Health, and Microbiology and Immunology, The Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA; and Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience, and Pathology, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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IFN-β inhibits T cells accumulation in the central nervous system by reducing the expression and activity of chemokines in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Mol Immunol 2014; 64:152-62. [PMID: 25433436 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), are chronic neuroinflammatory autoimmune diseases characterized by axonal loss, demyelination and neurodegeneration of the central nervous system (CNS). Overactivation of CD4(+)T cells, especially the Th1 and Th17 subsets, is thought to play a causal role in this disease. In this study, we investigated the immunomodulatory effects of IFN-β treatment in EAE. IFN-β significantly inhibits disease severity, and decreases levels of CCR2, CCR4, CCR5, CCR6 and CXCR3 in the CNS. This was associated with fewer Th1/Th17 cells expressing these chemokine receptors. Furthermore, levels of their corresponding ligands CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, CCL20, CCL22 and CXCL10 were also reduced, coinciding with reduced CNS inflammation and demyelination. Chemokine expression significantly correlated with disease severity. Furthermore, we demonstrate that IFN-β reduces CCL2/CCL5 induced-T cell migration by inhibiting p38-MAPK and ERK1/2 activation. Our results reveal that IFN-β reduces the expression of chemokines and chemokine receptors expressed by encephalitogenic Th1/Th17 cells, thereby decreasing their migration into the CNS.
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Houldcroft CJ, Petrova V, Liu JZ, Frampton D, Anderson CA, Gall A, Kellam P. Host genetic variants and gene expression patterns associated with Epstein-Barr virus copy number in lymphoblastoid cell lines. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108384. [PMID: 25290448 PMCID: PMC4188571 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) are commonly used in molecular genetics, supplying DNA for the HapMap and 1000 Genomes Projects, used to test chemotherapeutic agents, and informing the basis of a number of population genetics studies of gene expression. The process of transforming human B cells into LCLs requires the presence of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a double-stranded DNA virus which through B-cell immortalisation maintains an episomal virus genome in every cell of an LCL at variable copy numbers. Previous studies have reported that EBV alters host-gene expression and EBV copy number may be under host genetic control. We performed a genome-wide association study of EBV genome copy number in LCLs and found the phenotype to be highly heritable, although no individual SNPs achieved a significant association with EBV copy number. The expression of two host genes (CXCL16 and AGL) was positively correlated and expression of ADARB2 was negatively correlated with EBV copy number in a genotype-independent manner. This study shows an association between EBV copy number and the gene expression profile of LCLs, and suggests that EBV copy number should be considered as a covariate in future studies of host gene expression in LCLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte J. Houldcroft
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Division of Biological Anthropology, Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Velislava Petrova
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jimmy Z. Liu
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Dan Frampton
- Department of Infection, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carl A. Anderson
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Astrid Gall
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Kellam
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Infection, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Sands SA, Tsau S, Yankee TM, Parker BL, Ericsson AC, LeVine SM. The effect of omeprazole on the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in C57BL/6J and SJL/J mice. BMC Res Notes 2014; 7:605. [PMID: 25190469 PMCID: PMC4167283 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-7-605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric disturbances such as dyspepsia are routinely encountered by multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, and these conditions are often treated with gastric acid suppressors such as proton pump inhibitors, histamine H2 receptor antagonists, or antacids. The proton pump inhibitor omeprazole can alter the gut flora and immune responses, both of which can influence the course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS. The objective of the current study was to examine the effect of omeprazole treatment on the development of EAE. Bacterial microbiome analysis of mouse fecal pellets was determined in C57BL/6J EAE mice chronically treated with omeprazole, and spleen immune cell content, clinical scores, weight, rotarod latency, and histopathology were used as outcome measures in C57BL/6J and SJL/J mice with EAE. RESULTS Omeprazole treatment resulted in decreases in Akkermansia muciniphila and Coprococcus sp. and an increase in unidentified bacteria in the family S24-7 (order Bacteroidales) in C57BL/6J mice with EAE. Omeprazole did not alter spleen immune cell content compared to vehicle in EAE mice, but differences independent of treatment were observed in subsets of T cells between early and advanced disease in C57BL/6J mice as well as between the two strains of mice at an advanced disease stage. Omeprazole caused no difference in clinical scores in either strain, but significantly lowered weight gain compared to vehicle in the C57BL/6J mice with EAE. Omeprazole also did not alter rotarod behavior or hindbrain inflammatory cell infiltration compared to vehicle in both strains of mice with EAE. Rotarod latency did reveal a negative correlation with clinical scores during active disease in both mouse strains, but not during clinical remission in SJL/J mice, suggesting that rotarod can detect disability not reflected in the clinical scores. CONCLUSIONS Despite alterations in the gut microbiota and weight gain in the C57BL/6J EAE model, omeprazole had no effect on multiple measures of disease activity in C57BL/6J and SJL/J mice with EAE, supporting the notion that omeprazole does not substantially influence disease activity in MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Sands
- />Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, 66160 KS USA
| | - Sheila Tsau
- />Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, 66160 KS USA
| | - Thomas M Yankee
- />Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, 66160 Kansas City, KS USA
| | - Brooks L Parker
- />Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, 66160 Kansas City, KS USA
| | - Aaron C Ericsson
- />Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Mutant Mouse Regional Resource Center, University of Missouri, 4011 Discovery Drive, 65201 Columbia, MO USA
| | - Steven M LeVine
- />Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, 66160 KS USA
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Neirinckx V, Coste C, Franzen R, Gothot A, Rogister B, Wislet S. Neutrophil contribution to spinal cord injury and repair. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:150. [PMID: 25163400 PMCID: PMC4174328 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-014-0150-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injuries remain a critical issue in experimental and clinical research nowadays, and it is now well accepted that the immune response and subsequent inflammatory reactions are of significant importance in regulating the damage/repair balance after injury. The role of macrophages in such nervous system lesions now becomes clearer and their contribution in the wound healing process has been largely described in the last few years. Conversely, the contribution of neutrophils has traditionally been considered as detrimental and unfavorable to proper tissue regeneration, even if there are very few studies available on their precise impact in spinal cord lesions. Indeed, recent data show that neutrophils are required for promoting functional recovery after spinal cord trauma. In this review, we gathered recent evidence concerning the role of neutrophils in spinal cord injuries but also in some other neurological diseases, highlighting the need for further understanding the different mechanisms involved in spinal cord injury and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Sabine Wislet
- GIGA Research Center, Neurosciences Unit, Nervous system diseases and treatment, University of Liège, Avenue de l'Hôpital, 1, Liège, 4000, Belgium.
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Mony JT, Khorooshi R, Owens T. Chemokine receptor expression by inflammatory T cells in EAE. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:187. [PMID: 25071447 PMCID: PMC4081975 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines direct cellular infiltration to tissues, and their receptors and signaling pathways represent targets for therapy in diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). The chemokine CCL20 is expressed in choroid plexus, a site of entry of T cells to the central nervous system (CNS). The CCL20 receptor CCR6 has been reported to be selectively expressed by CD4(+) T cells that produce the cytokine IL-17 (Th17 cells). Th17 cells and interferon-gamma (IFNγ)-producing Th1 cells are implicated in induction of MS and its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). We have assessed whether CCR6 identifies specific inflammatory T cell subsets in EAE. Our approach was to induce EAE, and then examine chemokine receptor expression by cytokine-producing T cells sorted from CNS at peak disease. About 7% of CNS-infiltrating CD4(+) T cells produced IFNγ in flow cytometric cytokine assays, whereas less than 1% produced IL-17. About 1% of CD4(+) T cells produced both cytokines. CCR6 was expressed by Th1, Th1+17 and by Th17 cells, but not by CD8(+) T cells. CD8(+) T cells expressed CXCR3, which was also expressed by CD4(+) T cells, with no correlation to cytokine profile. Messenger RNA for IFNγ, IL-17A, and the Th1 and Th17-associated transcription factors T-bet and RORγt was detected in both CCR6(+) and CXCR3(+) CD4(+) T cells. IFNγ, but not IL-17A mRNA expression was detected in CD8(+) T cells in CNS. CCR6 and CD4 were co-localized in spinal cord infiltrates by double immunofluorescence. Consistent with flow cytometry data some but not all CD4(+) T cells expressed CCR6 within infiltrates. CD4-negative CCR6(+) cells included macrophage/microglial cells. Thus we have for the first time directly studied CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in the CNS of mice with peak EAE, and determined IFNγ and IL17 expression by cells expressing CCR6 and CXCR3. We show that neither CCR6 or CXCR3 align with CD4 T cell subsets, and Th1 or mixed Th1+17 predominate in EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyothi Thyagabhavan Mony
- Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark Odense, Denmark
| | - Reza Khorooshi
- Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark Odense, Denmark
| | - Trevor Owens
- Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark Odense, Denmark
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