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Higa LH, Schilrreff P, Briski AM, Jerez HE, de Farias MA, Villares Portugal R, Romero EL, Morilla MJ. Bacterioruberin from Haloarchaea plus dexamethasone in ultra-small macrophage-targeted nanoparticles as potential intestinal repairing agent. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 191:110961. [PMID: 32208325 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.110961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Oral administration of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory drugs have the potential to improve the current therapy of inflammatory bowel disease. Success of oral treatments, however, depends on the capacity of drugs to remain structurally stable along the gastrointestinal tract, and on the feasibility of accessing the target cells. Delivering anti-inflammatory and antioxidant drugs to macrophages using targeted nanoparticles, could make treatments more efficient. In this work structural features and in vitro activity of macrophage-targeted nanostructured archaeolipid carriers (NAC) containing the high antioxidant dipolar C50 carotenoid bacterioruberin (BR) plus dexamethasone (Dex): NAC-Dex, are described. Ultra-small (66 nm), -32 mV ζ potential, 1200 μg Dex /ml NAC-Dex, consisted of a compritol and BR core, covered by a shell of sn 2,3 ether linked archaeolipids and Tween 80 (2: 2: 1.2: 3 % w/w) were obtained. NAC-Dex were extensively captured by macrophages and Caco-2 cells and displayed high anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities on a gut inflammation model made of Caco-2 cells and lipopolysaccharide stimulated THP-1 derived macrophages reducing 65 % and 55 % TNF-α and IL-8 release, respectively and 60 % reactive oxygen species production. NAC-Dex also reversed the morphological changes induced by inflammation and increased the transepithelial electrical resistance, partly reconstituting the barrier function. Activity of BR and Dex in NAC-Dex was partially protected after simulated gastrointestinal digestion, improving the chances of BR-Dex joint activity. Results suggest that oral NAC-Dex deserve further exploration as intestinal barrier repairing agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Herminia Higa
- Nanomedicine Research and Development Centre, Science and Technology Department, National University of Quilmes, Roque Saenz Peña 352, Bernal, B1876BXD, Argentina
| | - Priscila Schilrreff
- Nanomedicine Research and Development Centre, Science and Technology Department, National University of Quilmes, Roque Saenz Peña 352, Bernal, B1876BXD, Argentina
| | - Andrés Martín Briski
- Nanomedicine Research and Development Centre, Science and Technology Department, National University of Quilmes, Roque Saenz Peña 352, Bernal, B1876BXD, Argentina
| | - Horacio Emanuel Jerez
- Nanomedicine Research and Development Centre, Science and Technology Department, National University of Quilmes, Roque Saenz Peña 352, Bernal, B1876BXD, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Alexandre de Farias
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, CNPEM, Caixa Postal 6192, CEP 13.083-970, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Villares Portugal
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, CNPEM, Caixa Postal 6192, CEP 13.083-970, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eder Lilia Romero
- Nanomedicine Research and Development Centre, Science and Technology Department, National University of Quilmes, Roque Saenz Peña 352, Bernal, B1876BXD, Argentina
| | - Maria Jose Morilla
- Nanomedicine Research and Development Centre, Science and Technology Department, National University of Quilmes, Roque Saenz Peña 352, Bernal, B1876BXD, Argentina.
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Visioli F, Davalos A, López de las Hazas M, Crespo MC, Tomé‐Carneiro J. An overview of the pharmacology of olive oil and its active ingredients. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:1316-1330. [PMID: 31270815 PMCID: PMC7056466 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to providing sensory stimuli, usually taste, smell and sight, olive oil contains a range of minor components, mostly phenolic in nature. These components are endowed with pharmacological or pharma‐nutritional properties that are the subject of active research worldwide. Based on our more than 25 years of experience in this field, we critically focus on what we believe are the most pharmacologically prominent actions of the constituents of olive oil. Most of the effects are due to the phenolic compounds in extra virgin olive oil, such as hydroxytyrosol and oleocanthal (which are often mis‐categorized as in vivo antioxidants) and concern the cardiovascular system. Other potentially beneficial activities are still to be investigated in depth. We conclude that—in the context of a proper diet that includes high‐quality products—the use of high‐quality olive oil contributes to achieving and sustaining overall health.Linked ArticlesThis article is part of a themed section on The Pharmacology of Nutraceuticals. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v177.6/issuetoc
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Visioli
- Laboratory of Functional FoodsInstituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados (IMDEA)‐Alimentación, CEI UAM+CSICMadridSpain
- Department of Molecular MedicineUniversity of PadovaPadovaItaly
| | - Alberto Davalos
- Laboratory of Epigenetics of Lipid MetabolismInstituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados (IMDEA)‐Alimentación, CEI UAM+CSICMadridSpain
| | - María‐Carmen López de las Hazas
- Laboratory of Epigenetics of Lipid MetabolismInstituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados (IMDEA)‐Alimentación, CEI UAM+CSICMadridSpain
| | - María Carmen Crespo
- Laboratory of Functional FoodsInstituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados (IMDEA)‐Alimentación, CEI UAM+CSICMadridSpain
| | - Joao Tomé‐Carneiro
- Laboratory of Functional FoodsInstituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados (IMDEA)‐Alimentación, CEI UAM+CSICMadridSpain
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Liu C, Sun Y, Shao Z. Current Concepts of the Pathogenesis of Aplastic Anemia. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:236-241. [PMID: 30864496 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190313113601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal activation of the immune system plays an important role in the pathogenesis of aplastic anemia (AA). Various immune cells and cytokines constitute a complex immune network, leading to bone marrow failure. The known pathogenesis is an increase of the myeloid dendritic cell (mDC)/ plasmacytoid dendritic cell (pDC) ratio, which causes the ratio of T helper (Th)1/Th2 to be skewed in favor of Th1 and eventually leads to an abnormal activation of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL). The antigens that stimulate T cells in the context of AA remain unknown. In this process, regulatory T (Treg), Th17, natural killer (NK) cell, memory T cell and negative hematopoietic regulatory factors are also involved. In addition, genetic background (e.g., chromosomal abnormalities, telomere attrition, somatic cell mutations), abnormal bone marrow hematopoietic microenvironment and viral infection may also contribute to the pathogenesis of AA. This review summarizes the recent studies of the pathogenesis of AA and the current status of AA research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Liu
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan St, Heping District, Tianjin, China
| | - Yingying Sun
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan St, Heping District, Tianjin, China
| | - Zonghong Shao
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan St, Heping District, Tianjin, China
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Tanimoto A, Witaicenis A, Caruso ÍP, Piva HM, Araujo GC, Moraes FR, Fossey MC, Cornélio ML, Souza FP, Di Stasi LC. 4-Methylesculetin, a natural coumarin with intestinal anti-inflammatory activity, elicits a glutathione antioxidant response by different mechanisms. Chem Biol Interact 2020; 315:108876. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.108876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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55
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Rapa SF, Waltenberger B, Di Paola R, Adesso S, Siracusa R, Peritore AF, D'Amico R, Autore G, Cuzzocrea S, Stuppner H, Marzocco S. Plumericin prevents intestinal inflammation and oxidative stress in vitro and in vivo. FASEB J 2020; 34:1576-1590. [PMID: 31914614 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902040r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are characterized by an inflammatory and oxidative stress condition in the intestinal tissue. In this study, we evaluated the effect of plumericin, one of the main bioactive components of Himatanthus sucuuba (Woodson) bark, on intestinal inflammation and oxidative stress, both in vitro and in vivo. The effect of plumericin (0.5-2 µM) in vitro was evaluated in rat intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-6) treated with lipopolysaccharides from E. coli (10 μg/mL) plus interferon-γ (10 U/mL). Moreover, a 2,4,6-dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (DNBS)-induced colitis model was used to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of plumericin (3 mg/kg) in vivo. The results showed that plumericin significantly reduces intestinal inflammatory factors such as tumor necrosis factor-α, cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression, and nitrotyrosine formation. Plumericin also inhibited nuclear factor-κB translocation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) release, and inflammasome activation. Moreover, plumericin activated the nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2 pathway in IEC-6. Using the DNBS-induced colitis model, a significant reduction in the weight loss and in the development of the macroscopic and histologic signs of colon injury, together with a reduced inflammatory and oxidative stress state, were observed in plumericin-treated mice. These results indicate that plumericin exerts a strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity. Thus, it might be a candidate for the development of a new pharmacologic approach for IBDs treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shara F Rapa
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Birgit Waltenberger
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Rosanna Di Paola
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Simona Adesso
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Rosalba Siracusa
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Alessio F Peritore
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Ramona D'Amico
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Hermann Stuppner
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Basilicata MG, Pepe G, Rapa SF, Merciai F, Ostacolo C, Manfra M, Di Sarno V, Autore G, De Vita D, Marzocco S, Campiglia P. Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Properties of Dehydrated Potato-Derived Bioactive Compounds in Intestinal Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E6087. [PMID: 31816826 PMCID: PMC6928682 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20236087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and oxidative stress are always more recognized as responsible for chronic disease at the intestinal level. Currently, a growing interest is addressed to the discovery of diet-derived products which have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. This work aims to characterize the pharmacological potential of dehydrated potatoes. For this purpose, a simulated gastrointestinal digestion was carried out. The bioaccessible peptides were fractionated on the basis of their molecular weight and tested on intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-6) under oxidative and inflammatory conditions. Our results demonstrate that the tested peptide fractions were able to significantly inhibit tumor necrosis factor-α release and cycloxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression. The tested peptides also showed significant antioxidant activity, being able to both reduce reactive oxygen species (ROS) release, also from mitochondria, and nitrotyrosine formation, and increase the antioxidant response by heme oxygenase-1 and superoxide dismutase expression. Moreover, the peptide fractions were able to significantly increase the wound repair in IEC-6. The obtained results indicate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential of dehydrated potatoes at the intestinal level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Giovanna Basilicata
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano, Italy; (M.G.B.); (G.P.); (S.F.R.); (F.M.); (V.D.S.); (G.A.)
- PhD Program in Drug Discovery and Development, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Giacomo Pepe
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano, Italy; (M.G.B.); (G.P.); (S.F.R.); (F.M.); (V.D.S.); (G.A.)
| | - Shara Francesca Rapa
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano, Italy; (M.G.B.); (G.P.); (S.F.R.); (F.M.); (V.D.S.); (G.A.)
| | - Fabrizio Merciai
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano, Italy; (M.G.B.); (G.P.); (S.F.R.); (F.M.); (V.D.S.); (G.A.)
- PhD Program in Drug Discovery and Development, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Carmine Ostacolo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, I-80131 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Michele Manfra
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Viale dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, I-85100 Potenza, Italy;
| | - Veronica Di Sarno
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano, Italy; (M.G.B.); (G.P.); (S.F.R.); (F.M.); (V.D.S.); (G.A.)
| | - Giuseppina Autore
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano, Italy; (M.G.B.); (G.P.); (S.F.R.); (F.M.); (V.D.S.); (G.A.)
| | - Daniela De Vita
- Department of Environmental Biology, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, I-00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Stefania Marzocco
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano, Italy; (M.G.B.); (G.P.); (S.F.R.); (F.M.); (V.D.S.); (G.A.)
| | - Pietro Campiglia
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano, Italy; (M.G.B.); (G.P.); (S.F.R.); (F.M.); (V.D.S.); (G.A.)
- European Biomedical Research Institute of Salerno, Via De Renzi 50, I-84125 Salerno, Italy
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57
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Bioactivities of Centaurium erythraea (Gentianaceae) Decoctions: Antioxidant Activity, Enzyme Inhibition and Docking Studies. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24203795. [PMID: 31652501 PMCID: PMC6832739 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24203795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Centaurium erythraea is recommended for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders and to reduce hypercholesterolemia in ethno-medicinal practice. To perform a top-down study that could give some insight into the molecular basis of these bioactivities, decoctions from C. erythraea leaves were prepared and the compounds were identified by liquid chromatography-high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). Secoiridoids glycosides, like gentiopicroside and sweroside, and several xanthones, such as di-hydroxy-dimethoxyxanthone, were identified. Following some of the bioactivities previously ascribed to C. erythraea, we have studied its antioxidant capacity and the ability to inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGR). Significant antioxidant activities were observed, following three assays: free radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) reduction; lipoperoxidation; and NO radical scavenging capacity. The AChE and HMGR inhibitory activities for the decoction were also measured (56% at 500 μg/mL and 48% at 10 μg/mL, respectively). Molecular docking studies indicated that xanthones are better AChE inhibitors than gentiopicroside, while this compound exhibits a better shape complementarity with the HMGR active site than xanthones. To the extent of our knowledge, this is the first report on AChE and HMGR activities by C. erythraea decoctions, in a top-down analysis, complemented with in silico molecular docking, which aims to understand, at the molecular level, some of the biological effects ascribed to infusions from this plant.
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Marton LT, Goulart RDA, Carvalho ACAD, Barbalho SM. Omega Fatty Acids and Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: An Overview. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194851. [PMID: 31574900 PMCID: PMC6801729 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are chronic, inflammatory processes that affect the gastrointestinal tract and are mainly represented by ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD). Omega 3 (ω3) fatty acids (eicosapentanoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid) show an indispensable role in the inflammatory processes and, for these reasons, we aimed to review the effects of these acids on UC and CD. Databases such as PUMED and EMBASE were searched, and the final selection included fifteen studies that fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The results showed that ω3 fatty acids reduce intestinal inflammation, induce and maintain clinical remission in UC patients, and are related with the reduction of proinflammatory cytokines, decrease disease activity and increase the quality of life of CD patients. Furthermore, the consumption of these fatty acids may be related to a reduced risk of developing IBD. Many studies have shown the beneficial effects of ω3 as adjunctive in the treatment or prevention of UC or CD. Nevertheless, most were performed with a small number of patients and there are many variations in the mode of consumption, the type of food or the type of formulation used. All these factors substantially interfere with the results and do not allow reliable comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ledyane Taynara Marton
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology-Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Marília, Av. Higino Muzzi Filho 1001, Marília 15525-902 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Ricardo de Alvares Goulart
- Gastroenterology Department, University Hospital- Associação Beneficente Hospital Universitário -UNIMAR-Marília, 15525-902 São Paulo, Brazil.
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation-UNIMAR-Marília, 15525-902 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | - Sandra Maria Barbalho
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology-Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Marília, Av. Higino Muzzi Filho 1001, Marília 15525-902 São Paulo, Brazil.
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation-UNIMAR-Marília, 15525-902 São Paulo, Brazil.
- Food Technology School, Marília 17500-000 São Paulo, Brazil.
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Bourgonje AR, Gabriëls RY, de Borst MH, Bulthuis MLC, Faber KN, van Goor H, Dijkstra G. Serum Free Thiols Are Superior to Fecal Calprotectin in Reflecting Endoscopic Disease Activity in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019. [PMID: 31480545 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8090351.pmid:31480545;pmcid:pmc6769968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Serum free thiols (R-SH) reliably reflect systemic oxidative stress, since they are readily oxidized by reactive species. Here, we aimed to establish concentrations of serum free thiols in IBD and assessed their discriminating capacity regarding endoscopic disease activity. Albumin-adjusted serum free thiol concentrations were measured in 78 IBD patients (31 Crohn's disease (CD) and 47 ulcerative colitis (UC) patients) and 50 healthy controls and analyzed for associations with disease parameters and their discriminative value regarding endoscopic disease activity (n = 54) or fecal calprotectin (n = 36) in patients for which those data were available. Mean serum free thiol concentrations were significantly lower in both CD and UC as compared to healthy controls (19.4 ± 3.1 and 17.8 ± 3.4 vs. 21.1 ± 1.9 µmol/g albumin, P < 0.001). Free thiols highly accurately discriminated between mild and moderate-to-severe disease activity, better than fecal calprotectin (FC) levels (AUC = 0.87, P < 0.001 vs. AUC = 0.76, P < 0.05, respectively) and this was maintained after cross-validation (AUC = 0.89, P < 0.001). Serum free thiols are reduced in IBD as compared to healthy controls and strongly correlate with the degree of endoscopic disease activity. Quantifying systemic redox status in IBD may be a promising, minimally invasive strategy to monitor IBD disease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arno R Bourgonje
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Ruben Y Gabriëls
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin H de Borst
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marian L C Bulthuis
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas Nico Faber
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harry van Goor
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard Dijkstra
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
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60
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Serum Free Thiols Are Superior to Fecal Calprotectin in Reflecting Endoscopic Disease Activity in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8090351. [PMID: 31480545 PMCID: PMC6769968 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8090351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Serum free thiols (R-SH) reliably reflect systemic oxidative stress, since they are readily oxidized by reactive species. Here, we aimed to establish concentrations of serum free thiols in IBD and assessed their discriminating capacity regarding endoscopic disease activity. Albumin-adjusted serum free thiol concentrations were measured in 78 IBD patients (31 Crohn's disease (CD) and 47 ulcerative colitis (UC) patients) and 50 healthy controls and analyzed for associations with disease parameters and their discriminative value regarding endoscopic disease activity (n = 54) or fecal calprotectin (n = 36) in patients for which those data were available. Mean serum free thiol concentrations were significantly lower in both CD and UC as compared to healthy controls (19.4 ± 3.1 and 17.8 ± 3.4 vs. 21.1 ± 1.9 µmol/g albumin, P < 0.001). Free thiols highly accurately discriminated between mild and moderate-to-severe disease activity, better than fecal calprotectin (FC) levels (AUC = 0.87, P < 0.001 vs. AUC = 0.76, P < 0.05, respectively) and this was maintained after cross-validation (AUC = 0.89, P < 0.001). Serum free thiols are reduced in IBD as compared to healthy controls and strongly correlate with the degree of endoscopic disease activity. Quantifying systemic redox status in IBD may be a promising, minimally invasive strategy to monitor IBD disease activity.
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61
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Organometallic Compounds and Metal Complexes in Current and Future Treatments of Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Colorectal Cancer-a Critical Review. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9090398. [PMID: 31443436 PMCID: PMC6770552 DOI: 10.3390/biom9090398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the clinical use of organometallic compounds and metal complexes for therapeutic purposes including treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Their action is based on the inhibition of the inflow of pro-inflammatory cytokines, the elimination of free radicals or the modulation of intestinal microbiota. In addition, these compounds are intended for use in the diagnosis and treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC) which is often a consequence of IBD. The aim of this study is to critically discuss recent findings on the use of organometallic compounds and metal complexes in the treatment of IBD and CRC and suggest future trends in drug design.
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62
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Li S, Fu C, Zhao Y, He J. Intervention with α-Ketoglutarate Ameliorates Colitis-Related Colorectal Carcinoma via Modulation of the Gut Microbiome. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:8020785. [PMID: 31317039 PMCID: PMC6601488 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8020785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal microbiome plays a crucial role in promoting intestinal health, and perturbations to its constitution may result in chronic intestinal inflammation and lead to colorectal cancer (CRC). α-Ketoglutarate is an important intermediary in the NF-κB-mediated inflammatory pathway that maintains intestinal homeostasis and prevents initiation of intestinal inflammation, a known precursor to carcinoma development. The objective of this study was to assess the potential protective effects of α-ketoglutarate intervention against CRC development, which may arise due to its known anti-inflammatory and antitumour effects. CRC was induced in C57BL/6 mice using azoxymethane (AOM) and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). Tumour frequency, histological rating, and colonic microbiota were assessed in colonic samples. The findings demonstrated that α-ketoglutarate offered significant protection against CRC development in mice. Furthermore, α-ketoglutarate also exhibited immunomodulatory effects mediated via downregulation of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-22, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and IL-1β cytokines. Finally, intervention with α-ketoglutarate tended to minimise the frequency of opportunistic pathogens (Escherichia and Enterococcus) while increasing the populations of Akkermansia, Butyricicoccus, Clostridium, and Ruminococcus. Taken together, our findings show that dietary α-ketoglutarate intervention may protect against inflammation-related CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Chenxing Fu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Yurong Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Jianhua He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
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63
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Lin R, Piao M, Song Y. Dietary Quercetin Increases Colonic Microbial Diversity and Attenuates Colitis Severity in Citrobacter rodentium-Infected Mice. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1092. [PMID: 31156598 PMCID: PMC6531918 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Disturbed balance between microbiota, epithelial cells, and resident immune cells within the intestine contributes to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) pathogenesis. The Citrobacter rodentium-induced colitis mouse model has been well documented. This model allows the analysis of host responses to enteric bacteria and facilitates improved understanding of the potential mechanisms of IBD pathogenesis. The current study evaluated the effects of dietary 30 mg/kg quercetin supplementation on C. rodentium-induced experimental colitis in C57BL/6 mice. Following dietary quercetin supplementation, the mice were infected with 5 × 108 CFU C. rodentium, and the pathological effects of C. rodentium were measured. The results showed that quercetin alleviated the effects of C. rodentium-induced colitis, suppressed the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-17, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and IL-6 (p < 0.05), and promoted the production of IL-10 in the colon tissues (p < 0.05). Quercetin supplementation also enhanced the populations of Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Clostridia and significantly reduced those of Fusobacterium and Enterococcus (p < 0.05). These findings indicate that dietary quercetin exerts therapeutic effects on C. rodentium-induced colitis, probably due to quercetin’s ability to suppress pro-inflammatory cytokines and/or modify gut microbiota. Thus, these results suggest that quercetin supplementation is effective in controlling C. rodentium-induced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Meiyu Piao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan Song
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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64
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Xie X, He Z, Chen N, Tang Z, Wang Q, Cai Y. The Roles of Environmental Factors in Regulation of Oxidative Stress in Plant. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:9732325. [PMID: 31205950 PMCID: PMC6530150 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9732325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to a variety of environmental factors such as salinity, drought, metal toxicity, extreme temperature, air pollutants, ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation, pesticides, and pathogen infection leads to subject oxidative stress in plants, which in turn affects multiple biological processes via reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. ROS include hydroxyl radicals, singlet oxygen, and hydrogen peroxide in the plant cells and activates signaling pathways leading to some changes of physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms in cellular metabolism. Excessive ROS, however, cause oxidative stress, a state of imbalance between the production of ROS and the neutralization of free radicals by antioxidants, resulting in damage of cellular components including lipids, nucleic acids, metabolites, and proteins, which finally leads to the death of cells in plants. Thus, maintaining a physiological level of ROS is crucial for aerobic organisms, which relies on the combined operation of enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants. In order to improve plants' tolerance towards the harsh environment, it is vital to reinforce the comprehension of oxidative stress and antioxidant systems. In this review, recent findings on the metabolism of ROS as well as the antioxidative defense machinery are briefly updated. The latest findings on differential regulation of antioxidants at multiple levels under adverse environment are also discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiulan Xie
- School of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Zhouqing He
- School of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Nifan Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Zizhong Tang
- School of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yi Cai
- School of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
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65
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Guan G, Azad MAK, Lin Y, Kim SW, Tian Y, Liu G, Wang H. Biological Effects and Applications of Chitosan and Chito-Oligosaccharides. Front Physiol 2019; 10:516. [PMID: 31133871 PMCID: PMC6514239 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The numerous functional properties and biological effects of chitosan and chito-oligosaccharides (COS) have led to a significant level of interest, particularly with regard to their potential use in the agricultural, environmental, nutritional, and pharmaceutical fields. This review covers recent studies on the biological functions of COS and the impacts of dietary chitosan and COS on metabolism. The majority of results suggest that the use of chitosan as a feed additive has favorable biological effects, such as antimicrobial, anti-oxidative, cholesterol reducing, and immunomodulatory effects. The biological impacts reviewed herein may provide a new appreciation for the future use of COS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiping Guan
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Md. Abul Kalam Azad
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanshan Lin
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Sung Woo Kim
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Yun Tian
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Gang Liu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, China
| | - Hongbing Wang
- Hunan Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Changsha, China
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66
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Bourgonje AR, von Martels JZH, Bulthuis MLC, van Londen M, Faber KN, Dijkstra G, van Goor H. Crohn's Disease in Clinical Remission Is Marked by Systemic Oxidative Stress. Front Physiol 2019; 10:499. [PMID: 31080419 PMCID: PMC6497730 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Crohn’s disease (CD) is characterized by chronic and relapsing inflammation of the gastro-intestinal tract. It is assumed that oxidative stress contributes to CD pathogenesis, but systemic biomarkers for oxidative stress in CD are not yet identified. A reduction in free thiol groups in plasma proteins (“plasma free thiols”) reflects systemic oxidative stress since they are prime substrates for reactive oxygen species. Here, we determined the concentrations of plasma free thiols in CD patients and healthy controls and studied the putative correlation with disease parameters. Methods: Free thiols were quantified in plasma of patients with CD in clinical remission [according to the Harvey Bradshaw Index (HBI)] and healthy controls and adjusted for plasma albumin. Albumin-adjusted free thiol concentrations were analyzed for associations with clinical and biochemical disease markers. Results: Mean plasma free thiol concentrations were significantly lower in patients with CD (n = 51) compared to healthy controls (n = 27) (14.7 ± 2.4 vs. 17.9 ± 1.8 μmol/g albumin; P < 0.001). Patients with CD with above-average free thiols had significantly lower CRP levels (median 1.4 [interquartile range] [0.4; 2.6] vs. 3.6 [0.6; 7.0] mg/L; P < 0.05) and BMI (23.6 ± 4.8 vs. 27.1 ± 5.2 kg/m2; P < 0.05). Patients with CD having solely colonic disease demonstrated markedly reduced plasma free thiol concentrations compared to patients with ileocolonic involvement (13.2 ± 1.8 vs. 15.2 ± 2.2 μmol/g; P < 0.05). Finally, plasma free thiol concentrations negatively correlated with biomarkers of inflammation, including hsCRP, SAA, IL-17A (all P < 0.05), and VEGF. Conclusion: Plasma free thiols are reduced in patients with CD in clinical remission compared to healthy controls. Thus, subclinical CD disease activity is reflected by systemic oxidative stress and plasma free thiols may be a relevant therapeutic target and biomarker to monitor disease activity in CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arno R Bourgonje
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Julius Z H von Martels
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Marian L C Bulthuis
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Marco van Londen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Klaas Nico Faber
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Gerard Dijkstra
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Harry van Goor
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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67
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The Bidirectional Interactions between Resveratrol and Gut Microbiota: An Insight into Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Bowel Disease Therapy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:5403761. [PMID: 31179328 PMCID: PMC6507241 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5403761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Dysbiosis and oxidative stress in the gut have contributed to the progression of intestinal inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The current study has reported that enteric bacteria mediate redox homeostasis through the regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Resveratrol, one of the most abundant polyphenols, with poor oral bioavailability, is considered as a scavenger of ROS and other free radicals. Recent studies have shown that resveratrol effectively enhances the growth of Lactococcus lactis and inhibits the growth of Enterococcus faecalis. (1) In terms of the two-way relationship between gut microbiota and resveratrol, resveratrol modulates gut microbiota; (2) in terms of resveratrol biotransformation by gut microbiota, we speculate that gut microbiota could be a target of resveratrol to maintain gut homeostasis. Here, we reviewed the current researches about the cellular signaling pathways in intestinal epithelial cells triggered by gut microbiota in response to oxidative stress. These results suggest that the modulation of the gut microbiota through resveratrol supplementation appears as a promising potential approach for the therapy of inflammatory bowel disease.
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68
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Mileo AM, Nisticò P, Miccadei S. Polyphenols: Immunomodulatory and Therapeutic Implication in Colorectal Cancer. Front Immunol 2019; 10:729. [PMID: 31031748 PMCID: PMC6470258 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphenolic compounds, widely present in fruits, vegetables, and cereals, have potential benefits for human health and are protective agents against the development of chronic/degenerative diseases including cancer. More recently these bioactive molecules have been gaining great interest as anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory agents, mainly in neoplasia where the pro-inflammatory context might promote carcinogenesis. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is considered a major public healthy issue, a leading cause of cancer mortality and morbidity worldwide. Epidemiological, pre-clinical and clinical investigations have consistently highlighted important relationships between large bowel inflammation, gut microbiota (GM), and colon carcinogenesis. Many experimental studies and clinical evidence suggest that polyphenols have a relevant role in CRC chemoprevention, exhibit cytotoxic capability vs. CRC cells and induce increased sensitization to chemo/radiotherapies. These effects are most likely related to the immunomodulatory properties of polyphenols able to modulate cytokine and chemokine production and activation of immune cells. In this review we summarize recent advancements on immunomodulatory activities of polyphenols and their ability to counteract the inflammatory tumor microenvironment. We focus on potential role of natural polyphenols in increasing the cell sensitivity to colon cancer therapies, highlighting the polyphenol-based combined treatments as innovative immunomodulatory strategies to inhibit the growth of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Mileo
- Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy Unit, Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostic and Technological Innovation, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Nisticò
- Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy Unit, Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostic and Technological Innovation, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Miccadei
- Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy Unit, Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostic and Technological Innovation, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
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69
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Zhang P, Jiao H, Wang C, Lin Y, You S. Chlorogenic Acid Ameliorates Colitis and Alters Colonic Microbiota in a Mouse Model of Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis. Front Physiol 2019; 10:325. [PMID: 30971953 PMCID: PMC6446884 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the mitigating effects of dietary chlorogenic acid (CGA) on colon damage and the bacterial profile in a mouse model of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. C57BL/6J mice were randomly assigned to receive one of the following treatments: (i) basal diet; (ii) basal diet with 2% CGA; (iii) basal diet with 2.5% DSS or (iv) basal diet with 2% CGA and 2.5% DSS. Following a 2-week pre-treatment period, mice in the DSS and CGA-DSS groups received 2.5% DSS in drinking water for 5 days, while the other two groups received sterile water. Compared to DSS alone, CGA was found to reduce the disease activity index, myeloperoxidase activity and tumor necrosis factor-α levels in colon tissues (P < 0.05). CGA also ameliorated DSS-induced inflammatory responses, reduced colon shortening and decreased the histological scores (P < 0.05). In an evaluation of the relative abundances of bacteria in the fecal microbiota, we found that CGA reversed the decrease in diversity caused by DSS and improved the relative abundance of organisms in the genus Lactobacillus (P < 0.05). These results indicate that CGA maintains intestinal health and reduces DSS-induced colon injury by decreasing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and restoring intestinal microbial diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Huanli Jiao
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Chunli Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuanbang Lin
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Shengyi You
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
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70
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Nobre CB, Sousa EO, Camilo CJ, Machado JF, Silva JM, Filho JR, Coutinho HD, Costa JG. Antioxidative effect and phytochemical profile of natural products from the fruits of “babaçu” (Orbignia speciose) and “buriti” (Mauritia flexuosa). Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 121:423-429. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.08.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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